Tobacco Documents Online

Tobacco Reporter ! March 1973 Lebanon bans cigarette ads/a.~." Lebanon's Health 1V[Jnistr)' has de- cided to stop all cigarette advertise- ments. The Ministry has requested the ]nformation Ministry to ban ~dl such advertising at radio and tv networks, in news papers, cinemas and public posters. [] T!53811808

FORT LAVOE~D~M.E I~ETROPOLIT~I ARE~ APR 24 1972 i- Arab ati0ns ,. : !sUffer Rise in Heai-t Ills the emergi~ countries of the ~ab wo~]d-hi[h~amon~ ~em a sJ~cant ~c~a~ ~ heart disea~s. ~ ~ys Dr. A.H. Taba, East M~ite~nean ~ector'of W~rld He~ O~an~fion WHO: '~Mo~ ~ple in develop~g c0~es of the Midge East are affec~ by cardiovascular ~... w~ch a~, to some extent~-a~oc~te~ ~ "~ ~ counties are ~aduaHy'shi~ng ~m a pea~nt ~ral society to an ~ndu~ralize~ urban one, an increase e~ironmenta]ly induced heart disorders is to be expected" ADVANCES IN pre~tiv~ ~edicine h~ve led to a decrease ~ mo~allty rates throughout the area. Egypt-has seen a sha~ d~p from an all-time high of.28 per 1,0~ But its increasing concentra~on 0n I~ust~ as a way of life is adding neurotic stresses of which easy-going Arab ~san~ were formerly ~norant. ]ro~caHy, it was ~he ancient E~p~ians, ~scove~ng that • e p~e was "the speech ~f ~e.hea~,~' who first ela~rated a ~onsi~ent pneumatic sy~em. ~ • . " ACCORDIN~ TO Dr. Taba, the questibn is for Arab states to. ave~ "through sensible environment" the rising tide hea~ ailmen~ .which accounts for up to 50 per cent of aH dea~s ~ the h~hly developed countries. ' " "." "' . Hospital ~co~s in ~he ar~a a~eadfreflect a tr6uble~me a~ay of di~rde~ rang~g from high blood pre~ure a~ocia~d with affluence to rheumatic fever and heart diseases of in- fec~ous ofi~. • " Contra~ to widely held belief, they are not a s~cific evQ ~f middle age .but affect children too. Thrre is mounting evidence that many late-age ailments have.their roots in' c~dh~. THE MAIN CULPRIT ~ ~e Arab states, whe~ ch~dren account for a high p~po~ion of the population, is rheumatic hea~ disease resulting f~m a common throat ~fection. Penc~an can halt ~e ~ea~ and WHO ~s~ted in setting up an exten~ve control p~gram recency in ~e Qu~yub d~- trjqt north of Cairo, where some 17,000 children live in 44 v~es. , Additional~, a special clime has been ~ounded in the s~w of the G~at Pygmies of Gi~ for ~t~ea~ wi~h a~ ~o~ for ~a ~ai~ag, has a~ady t~ea T!53811809

The rioult~r~l Eoonon~y o~ I~ebanon ERS-Foraign U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ° ECONOM|C RESEARCH SERVICE Ti53811810

Physical features ................ . . .. 1 Ix~tlon an~ size .................. 1 Topo6Taphy ......................... 1 Cllma%e ............................ 1 Agricultural sector of the ee~mcmy ... 3 Foo~ consumptioa ................ 19 Agricultural patterns ................ 3 Iamd use ........................... 3 ~rlcultural zones ................. ~ Size of farms and land tenv~e ...... 6 ~0%Ioa pr~cticee ............... 7 ~~tion ...................... 7 0~i~ p~c~es ................. 9 Agrioul%ur~l Inatitllti~Is ............ i0 Rese~rmh ........................... i0 Extension .......................... i0 Eau~tlon .......................... 11 Cooperatives ....................... ii Transportation an~ mrketin8 .... 19 Agrlcultm~1%~ade .............. 22 Tz~le w~th the U~ted States .... 24 Crop production ...................... 12 Ol%ves ............................ 14 A~lee ............................. 14 Gr~pes . Wh~t ............................. 16 Other ~ratns ....................... 16 Beam~ aria ~e~s ..................... 16 Ve6e%ables ancl melon~ .............. 17 Tobea~o ............................ 17 Su~a~ ~e~s ........................ ~7 Pro~ects for agriculture ....... 25 Selecte~l referemcea ............. 27 il TI53811811

Letenc~, a ~ c~Au~ry abont the size o~ the 5~ate o~ Ccenectlcut, is lo~ated c~ the e~stern shore of the Medlterraneen Sea. It has a po~tl~ people; about half of th-: receive intone i~ /~. ~rlcult~re, hoverer, is not the pred~t ecc~c activity, l~ather, ove~. ~0 percent of the fr~n trade, commerce, and other sources. Agrioultuz~l a~tlvitAes are ~L~Ited by the country's predce~nantl~ mountainous topograph7 vhlch ~nlts the develolzaent of fa~. C~I~ about c~e-fourth of the land is use~ for cz~p production, be remainder is mainlM used as rangeland for migratory flocks of sheep an~ go~ts. 0~ the cultlv~te~ ~re~, more than c~e-hal~ is terraced land developed alon~ the mountain slopes. Tke country has a Med~terrane~u clln~te ~it~ ~Inte~ zaAns and sunder droughts. Lrrlgntlon systems have been developed through the years; about c~e-i~l~ o~ the cul~iv~ted ~and no~ receives irrAgatic~ ~ter. Population pressure o~ the land is gre~t and ~and prices ~ ~h. ~st f~e~ p~e ~ ~pi~ ~ ~se ~bor-~ e~t, f~ze~ ~ o~er i~ ~t ~ inc~se p~u~.. ~e p~uc~ ~ ~ts ~ we~bles f~r ~ ~s" p~ ~ be a p~ble ~te~se in ~. ~ ~e l~'s ~e ~ ~e~ ~ ~ts ~d ~e~b~s A few l~rge dairy an~ poultry far~s ~hich ~ere developed during ~he l~50's use medern producti~ an~ ~rketing ~ethods. ~ese fazms m~rket their products m~inly in the urban n~rkets of ~el~c~. C~npetitic~ fr~n foreign count~ies~ ho~ever~ is a ea~or problem and ma~ re~ expansion. Le~anou is a net in, otter of agricultural cce~odAtles. Grains an~ iAve an~ for me~t are the prlnclp~l i~ports although su~stantlal quan~i~les o~ other foods aze also i~ported. Co~to~, v~ol, an~ hides an~ ~klns are amon~ the n~z~ood a~rlc~ural imports, s~ne of "~.tch a~re reex~orte~. The govexmmm~t's agricu~zsl policy is ge~ex~l.~ /aAssez i~£re. U~nrever, sc~e assistance to agrlcul~Are ie gi~ t~ various pro~raal--such s8 price support8, export subsidles, an~ in~rt quo~--to sti~te production and to develop :arkets. Further e~e~slou of fez: output is expected over the next ~e~ years. Zucre~ses are e~pected m~inl~ in ~he high-valued crops as more land is Irrigate~, nev ~hnlques are In~roduced, an~ ne~ m~rkets develope~. Poultry and :Alk productlou rill probably :£~:~ree~se ~ut not ~ey~d a self-eu~ficlency ~vel. SustaAned increases in other ill TI53811812

cro~s ~ not irA'o~e~ble iz~ vietr o~ the ~te~ laz~ the country ~rill have sz~ iz~cz~emiz~g i~o~ recAulre~e~t for es~ecla].~ gz~s a~ ].i~stock pro~uc~, to LEBANON ORIENTATION AND AGRICULTURAL AREAS SYKIA Agricultural area N BEIRUT U.S. Department of Agriculture ~*-~ International boundary ..... Province (mul~ita~:at) boundary • National capital ® Province (mut~lfacat) capital ~ Railroad, selected T!53811813

Eccn,'~c Research Service Loc~ti~ and Size ~e~no~ is a re~tively ~ c~ ~ at ~e ~s~ ~d of ~e SOU~ ~d S~St. ~e c~ ~s ~ ~d ar~ of ~015 sq~e ~les. ~les ~ ~e M~~ C~st (a~ the lo~est ~ ~ ~e c~), less t~ 65 ~les in~d s~ its ~de6~ point. TWo mounf~4u ranges d~ninate ~he Le~no~ countryside--the Le~anc~ and the Anti- Lebau~ ~un~A~ns. B~th ranges extend from north to south parallel ~o ~he coast. The ]~ma VsJLley, sometimes referre~ to as ~he '~rea~basket of ~e Nation" an~ calle~ in biblical times ~he "Granary of Rome," lles between the mountain ranges and is ~ of The I~anon Mountains, which ~n s~e places vlrtu~lly rise from the Medlterran~, form the eastern border of a narro~ but fertile strip of land al~ the ~st. q~ts strip widens in pl~ces to for~ sedimentary plains at the mouths of nmuerous streams f~a% originate c~ ~he upper slopes of the mountains. The laxEest of these plains is the Akkar Plain in northern Le~anen. The Legmen ~oun~tns ~ the west are c~~z~ fO~ a S~~ ~ Of a~t 8,~ feet. N~nerous sprlng-fed ~o~ntaAn streets c~ the western slopes are the c~untry's m~or source of Irri~ti0~ ~ter. The upper mountain slopes are chaA~c~erlzed b~ porous cretaceous limestone that absorbs winter rains an~ melting snows. Water w~rks its ~y down ~h these porous rocks; whe~ It reaches the impermeable stratum expose~ ~ the lo~er s~pes, it is force~l ~o the surface as sprin~s. The ~ekaa Valle~ is restively level, sloping less than 2 percent fr~n the edge the 2 mountain ranges to the center of the valley. Tw~ ~or rivers, the an~ the Litani~ dx~in ~bis valley. The ~tes flow~ north~ar~ into Syria, an~ Litani, southward and west~d into the F~lite~raneau Sea. The Anti-Le~an~ Mountains, ~hlch X'Ase ~ ~e ~s~ si~e of ~e ~ V~, ~e not ~ ~as ~e ~ ~~s ~e~ ~. ~e ~e~p~, ~e Ja~ al I~ (a~% 8,~ feet) at ~ no~ ~ of ~ ~e ~ ~ H~ (a~t 9,~ fe~) at ~e s~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m~ ~r. The c~i~e of ~ebanon is ~:eat~ In~lue~ed ~ the M~dlte~ranean, ~he scarce of of the raln~, an~ ~ the le~anc~ Mc~nteAns, ~h~ch de~Ine to a large extent -I- TI5381181

Leban~ ~tains, ~h~ d~poeit ~ch of their ~ist~re oa the co~s#~l pleln and, e~ theY rise, o~ ~he western slopes. 0~ the upper slopes where ~,ch of the precipitat~c~ falls as snow, the ~ average is nearly 60 inches. ~ the coastal st-rip, the prec~pita~toa averages ~ inches per year £n the south and 3~ inches per ~r" in Re north. The Lebanou Mountains cast a ra/n shadow to the east resulting in much less pre- cipitation in %he Bekaa Valley and the Anti-lehanc~ Mountains. The eastern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains receive only about half as much rainfa3_l as the western slopes. In the Bekaa Valley, ~e average ~nuu~l rainfall v~ries fro~ 24 inches in the sou~h to about 8 or 9 inches in the north. Preclpi~tiea in the An~i-Lebanou M~tu~J.ns is no~ very plentiful except in the high altitudes-of the Mount Herman area, where average moisture acc~mul~tic~s exceed ~O inches per year. Moisture falls mainly during the winter months of December, January~ and Feb~. During the summer months of Y~y through September, the country experiences a drought period when only abou~ ~ percent of the ann~al precipit~tlon oec~rso The Medlterraneen Sea ~ud the Lebanon Mountains ~iso affect temperature and hu- midity. Along the coast where %he temper~tttre £s mild and frosts are rare, tropical or semitropical crops are grown. Temperatures decrease at higher altitudes, but frosts are not too severe on ~he western slopes of the Le~enc~ Mountains because of ~mspering effect of %he Me~Iterraneem. Humidity along the seawaz~ side of the Lebanc~ Mountains is higher than in the rest of the country. However, %he mo~er~tin~ effect of sea on the temperature keeps %he area from ~eing too uncomfortable. In fact, the western sloges of the Lebanon Moun~ins are a popu/ar s~mer resort area. East of the Lebenc~ Moun~alns and in the ~eks~ Valley, the c~'hnate is more ~inen~al. A~%ho~h average temperatures vary little fr~n tho~e ~lc~ the coast, winters can ~e very cold~ with temperatures dropping to less ~mn ~0o F. Su~ners are extremely hot and ~ry with te~eratures often exceeding 100o F. So~l___Es ~n general, the soils of Le~uon are poorly suited for a~riculture. Steep elopes with ~hin l~yers of soil over bedrock are found over m~ch of %he country. Good m~n- a6ement and extensive use of terraces are needed to preserved, this limited soll covering. Soils of Lebanc~ are c3asslfled into 6 general associati~s--Lithosols mostly from llmesto~e, Lithosols fr~n marl, Terra Rossa soils, Ba~n Forest soils, Regosols, and Reddish Brown soils. The Lithosols~ Terr~ Ross~, and Brown Forest ~re the shallow, stony soils, loc~e~ on the mountain slopes. Of %he three, Li%hosols are the most ex~ensive. Llthosols from limest~e are soils of 8ood tilth that are predominantly reddish slays. Lithosols ~ marl ~re high in llme aon%en% and ten~l to he sof~ an~ flottry in textllre; they are not as go(xl as Lithosols from llmesf~ne as ~he soil surface tends %0 crust, m~hi~ cultiv~tlng alfflcult. ~he Terr~ Rossa soils, although similar to the Lithosols, are loeate~ on a slightly more favorable terrain, For this reason, the areas where they are fmmd aze more extenslve3,7 terra~e~ ~nd more intensively cultivate~. -2- T!538118"

Reddish Brown so~ls are found in ~he Beksa Valley. They h~ve ade%ua~e plant nutrients, except for nitrogen. Low seasonal rainfe~ll an~ ht6h evaporation~ however~ limit %heir produc~vl~7. The ~eo6r~phic locatica of Lehanc~ has influenced ~e c~cter of its p~le. ~or ~ ~s ~m ~ k~ a c~kl ~tle~ for ~de~ Muslims and Chrls~lans are the 2 mJor reli~ous groups in Lebanon, an~ govern- men~l offices are eA/~ca~ed, b~ oust~n, ~o members of these faiths. Social an~ ~uc~s are lar~el~ coat.ned ~ those o~ ~he name Lehan~'s 196~ populati~ ~as estima~e~ at 2 mllLt(m persons, which In~Ica~es a density of about 500 ~eople per square m~le. W1th ~n~7 about ~e-%~s~er of the I~ tilla~le, the populati~ pressure ~ the lan~ is great. Co~y aSo~t 50 percent of the labor" fore re~eive intone directl~ from ~he farm, end n~ny of these supplement their incomes ~h n~ns6r~ultuml Jobs. THE A~RICULTURAL SECTOR OF TH~ ~0M~ A~Iculture is not the ~minant sector of the e~onc~,. Over 80 pez~ent of the n~tio~'s income is i~u n~mf~rming p~rsults; services, in sll forms, account ~or the ma~o~ por~Io~. The L~nese have a l~ngs~andln~ reputation as traders and merchants, and ~eiru~, the capital, is well known as an international tm~Ang po~. In ad~itlon, the country's ~a~i~n an~ mil~ cllm~te attract tourists, which adds to the natlo~al i~ ol~.e. ~rieulture con~butes about o~e-ha~.~ ~he ~lue of ~ g~ p~uc~ ~n ~he C~. It ~des ~d ~es for d~es~c c~s~. v~e ~c~ ~~ ~e pr~~ Is u~ less. Use Eebanon has = total Isnl are~ of approx~matel3" 2,470,000 ac~s. R~t es~tes of ~S n~l~ ~ Is US~ aS ~~ ~or she~ ~ ~s. -3- Ti538118

: 1,000 :Frult~ ancl. nuts - ~ k o3/ves . ~ 6 O~pe~ ................................. - : ~5 • 6 Apples .................................. : ~ .2 ~a . 5 3 ~ ~ ............................. : 21.0 : : ~o • 8 0 ~..~e~ ............. . ............... : I.~ Po~e ~s ~a ~ow ~s~e ........... : ~7.6 ~i ~ ~ ......... : ~.~ : Pe~ent~e of to~l Percent 37.9 8.7 8.7 3.1 .8 3.3 1.5 8.0 1.8 6.2 2.~ 1.2 .2 I.i 16.7 The U. S. ;~ricultural Attache in I~anc~ reports the 19~ e~op ~ as sra/na 1~5,~X) e~cres, to~a.eco 1;%~00 a~res, end1 su~'.az' bee~a ~,~:)0 seres. Source: ~oo~ an~ ~ricul%~re Or=~nlza~ion of the Unlte~ Nations. FA0 Mediterranean Development Pro~ect Countr~ Re~o~t--LeSanon. Rein_e, 1959. Of ~he eu~ti~t~l e.re~ more ~ ~ h~s ~em developed over ~he een~u-ies from ~ term/n through the use o~" terl~ees, which preserve the shallow soils from ero- s~o~ anc~ conserve the ~.lz~l r~n~3.~, The rest o~ the cu~t~vatec~ area ~s loc~1 on Crops Erowin~ in the smmner require ~rpplemental irrig~T~lc~. ~e ~% of ~ Gene~.l.l,7, su~ststenee crope--wlnT~-r Wheat, "barley, and pulses--to~e~her olives, figs, and Erapes a~e ~TO~n Cn nc~irrl~d lan~ ~hlle hiEh-valued ~rui~a and resembles a~e pruduee~l on ~he ilTi~a~e~ -r!538.11~