Tobacco Documents Online

T153811798

4813 -- 4~i4 4815 4816 4817 CAMPBELL- JOHNSON LIMITED Swi~s C~ntt~, I0 W~dour Strc~t, Londo- WIY SMCKING AND ~LTH . ~yn~sis of Press~ Radio a~ Television ~ag~ ~a%urda~ Se~Zember 27 - Monday September 29 1980 A: NATIONAL. Health Education Council chief to quit Two ar¢icles say that Alis~air 5~ckie,' "controversial director- general of the Heal~h Education Council" is leaving his joy'because his "highly personal and aggressive style of campaigning does no% fit in with %he councills new sober image of i~self". One item describes the process of his leaving as being "eased ou¢" and the other as being "effectively sacked". Both articles go on ~o describe ~he work that he did in hitting out at ,,an~i-heal~h factions- through advertising, particularly men%ioning his campaign agains~ smoking with the poster of the naked pregnan¢ woman smokin~ a cigarette and %he poscers against che "s0-called" ~ew Smoking Ma~erlal~.$gr~ose failure he was blamed. However! neither article re~orzs cha% Mr ~ck~e has said %ha~ he has beensacked,.-nor ~hat-D~'EZ~a/ILloyd, chairman of ~C~ ha~ said so. What is reported are the feel~ngs of other members of council who have said that ~oo much of che council~ money has been spent on media campaigns, and tha% "5~ckie~s provocative style was seen by some academics as ou~ of key and unproduc¢ive,,. I% is therefore thought tha~ Zhe council may now be looking for a more ~cademlc figure "who will work more easily ~hrou~h diploma¢ic channels channels,,. (See also i%ems 4743,4540) (Sunday Times, September 28, Guardian September 29) ~he-t~ nFlom %.bread tha~ cured a 40£a-day smoker - A piece describes how Mr Edw'ard Palm~ a life-lon~ 40-a-day smoker~ was able to completely give up smoking because of a nylon,s%bread which was put through his ear by an acupunctur~s~o The nylon %hread is described as affecting a flow of energy, which ~hen allows more oKygen ¢o enter %he bloods~ream~ reducing the nicotine level which causes the czavln~. (Sunday Express, Sep¢ember 28) You hear %hose cheers7 A humorous piece by Mar%in White ~al~s abou% how his wife has given up smoking in favour of eating huge amounts of chocolate. (Daily Mail, September 29)B: pROVINCIALI 400 n~ed not have died " A drive ag£in~¢ ~moking has been s~arCed by a St Albans doc¢or who claims it cos~ the lives of mo/e ~han 400 people in the.dis~ric~ %his year. Dr Dagid Pheaz, co~su1%an~ physician a% S% Albans Hospi%alIhad'~ecen%l~ made acall ~o the. Ioc~l council %o ban the advezZlsing.o~ clgare%%es in taxis (4773) and because %hls was refused he has made his attack. He said "AdverZising on %ax~s is only a small thing bu~ if we can s~imula%e %he public into being more .in~erested in prevention, ~hen maybe we will cut preventable diseases". {Her~s. Advertiser, St A1bans, September 19) C: RADIO & TELEVISIC~ In a ra~io ~nterview with Mr John Sever, Labour MP, and Sir Christopher Foxley-Norr~s, chairman of FORE~T, Mr Sever talks abou~ why h~ is going to r~-introduce a Bill ~nZo Parliament banning all smoking from-c~a~z~%s.~nd %h~.a%res, ~hich has already been un- successful. Mr Sever believes %ha% there would be a Io% of support for such a Bit1, since "from ~he latest surveys we learn (that majorizy of people in BriZain) are non-smokers". Sir Christopher argues %his po~n~, saying that for one thing iT is "very very bad" to introduce a law which is unenforceable- for example the ban on smoking on the Glasgow underground railway introduced by ~he Glasgow and ~n[cipal Authorlt~. The Drouram~e ends w~h Mr Sever sav~nm T!538117~c

4818 48"19 48~0 tha~ he doesn't accept ~hat a ban on s~oking in cinemas and ~hea~res is unenforceable;"i¢ would be difficult you would be asking a Io~ of people ~o co-op~ra~e wi~h i~", he believes tha~ ~hey mould co-o~erateo (Radio Hallam "~ews"~ Septenber 23) Respiratory disorders In a long article on respiratory disorders by Dr~w~.~_~ lecturer in clinical pharmacy, University of As¢on in B~rmingham,and Dr Stillman~ general medical prac~itioDer in Crawley Sussex, ~hey write that in the case of chronic bronchitis "non-lnfectlve Irritants can also be partly responsible| by far th~ most £mp0rtant of these is tobacco smoke~ although environmental hazards are still an ~mportant factor, p~rticularly as ~he seeds of ~hi$ disorder are sown many years before its full effects become manifest." They continue that "recognition of the tell-t~le signs of recurren~ acute bronchitis associated with one of ~he risk factors mentioned, particularly smoking, can lead in the vast majority of cases to a cessation of the inevitable deterioration to chronic bronchitis if appropriate steps - stopping smoking plus any necessary action on potential envlrortmental risk factors - are ~aken soon enough.,, As far as smoking 9oes they suggest ~hat ~he pharma¢is~ should set a corre=t example as the res~ of the medical profession has done~ "largely speaking~, and that they should promote campaigns "emph- as£sing the importance of clean a~mospheric environments bo~h home and at work°" (Pharmaceutical Journal, London, September 20) E: CC~0NWEALTH & FOREIGN Sto~ smokin~ in five days An ~tem talks abou~ the success of the 5-day cure for smoking which has achieved grea~ popularity in France. • (La Liberte de I~¢, September I) Lebanon de¢lares war on cigarettes An ~%em reports that Leb~n~ Ministry of'Hea1~h has started a ,,stiff" campaign against smoking~ins~sting 6n health warnings for all cigarette advert±semen,s on televlsion~ radio and in the press, ¢o be followed by warnings on all packets~ "Smoking is a major cause of cante~ lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases,,. The Minlste~ of Heal~h~Talal Mere~bi~said that similar warnings must also be printed on all local and imported cigarette packe~s sold in Lebanon. The warning must be printed ~n a space equivalent to not less than 10~ of ¢he total size of the advertisement oE television commercial. A~ ¢he bottom of the piece is another item saying that from O~ober 1 all cigarette packets in Jordan will bear a label warning against smoking hazards. It will say that smoking ~s a major cause of dlsease~ particularly lung cancer and diseases of the heart and (Middle East Health~ London~September) Ti53811800

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The U.S. is a m~or tobacco supplie~ ~ "" i ~merican ble~dedfilte~ cigarettes util~zi~.q leaf zobacco ~n ~g~pt because-of.~e ~- " ~ minimum of 1.1 million poueds of larity of the American blended ~/p~'~ig~r:. and Flue-cured tobaccd. The utilization of e~te. Impor~ from the U.S: in!1979."were ..' American tobacco is dnl|kely to resumeto about 18.7 million pounds or 28~'~)~f::l~h~h:",." " • "'" " " .... the prm1975 levels untd the hostd.oes have total imports compared to a 30%. s~a~.~n ..., . : • 1978:. Th.e. U'S. shape .will likely." ~.c~¼t~e.:.i: ::, " in :the. ~,ange of 28-30%. About tobacco imports ~m theU.S;.. andS=5% Algeria's: stow as a former the .c.iga~t~ ~oker~ ent for h~h. also"has ,ext... ..wbrld.i~ would::'g enablin corn oil -. I~(~r line,since t'ob~cc~ in "1979"~o~" leaf tobacco w~ra = 1.4millio~ ~a~out 992 Ti'ti~ .,1". agre~m~n~!"i:~igr~d'" i~ above compa're"~il~h iml~or~.. pounds..,ir~. .i97~•.includin pounds fPom l~,u.s:~:.-:.:.: ~n 1976" be'carise.- of erlcan =ts domestm~ leaf2. recent~/~rs;-. T153811802

co havb. co- sive" con1 revenue SU concentrated. This .~as govem~neht feel', t~a~'~, selling: ;# should b~ whate~er Actual. ~ • '~ '~ ~ T15381180:

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CAMPBELL-JOHNSON ~ndon WIV 3HG Te~=~o~e: 01-7~ 7617 Te~ ~0~ HILNDL LIMITED. SMOKING AND HEALTH Synopsis of Press, Radio and Television Coveraqe Received Wednesday April 16 1980 A: NATIONAL 3741 3742 3743 3744 3745 Wanted: A Minister for Health~ not Sickness A long article by Peter Draper asserts %ha% a health minister should be ma~ing a much more positive contribution to Cabinet discussions of international trade than can be done by somebody who is "a ~reasury mole at the DHSS", as Mr Patrick Jenkin was once described. Such a minister should be arguing strenuously for a massive reduction in a wide range of expensive imports - from %he most obvious one of ±obacco, %o ±he slightly less obvious ones like butter and sugar. The rest 6f %he article is primarily concerned with die% and smoking is no% mentioned. (Guardian April 16) Drive for Ciqarette Ads Curb Julia Langdon of the Political Staff reports %ha% growing campaign %0 press %he governmen~ for more res%rictlons on cigarette advertising has led %o formation of an all party Parliamentary pressure group co-ordinate activities. Mr David Ennals has announced the firs% meeting is to be held on April 23 with the backing of the Health Education Council and ASH. (Guardian April 16) Smokina Warnln9 . a~~~ A short report from Beirut says th s become the latest country %o insist on %he'%~t~~f a health warning to all packets of cigarettes and tobacco advertisements. The yarning will read: "Smoking is a major cause of cancer~ lung disease and cardiovascular disease.- (Daily Telegraph Aprll 16) Making. the most of i% An 84 year old reader from Eire writes to say ~ha~ he has smoked 20 cigarettes a day since he was 20.. Smoke fumes are less lethal %hart motor fumes. "Anyway, why worry? .-We are all going up in smoke one of these days." (Da~ly Telegraph Aprll 16) Weed I'/arfare The President o~(Kenya ~as risked offending a big tobacco manufacturer wichita ~dopoly on cigarette making.in his country by banni~'~okinq in'all public places. In neighbouring Tanzania, "economic constraints have been allowed ¢o overshadow %he Governmen%,s sense of social responsibility.,, The sta¢e orbed tobacco enterprise has denounced the Kenyan restrictions and the WHO w~rnlng of TI53811805

3746 3748 3749 ' 3750 smoking as a serious hazard in %he Third World as ploys designed ±o sabotage ±he economies of ha%ions dependen% on %~bacco. (~inancial Times~April 16) ~ The High Cos% of Marke%ing Ne~ Produc%s An ar%icle by David Fishlock on %he economics of marke±ing new drugs no%es %ha% ~he to~al recorded number of dea%hs in Britain in 1977 from toxic effec%s of drugs used %herapeutically was 518. The figure gives {o cause for complacency by %he drug indus%ry, but i% should be compared wi%h%ha% of 34,000 ~vho died the same year from lung cancer, ~hen %he carcinogenici%y of tobacco smoke has been es%ablished beyond doubt since %he early 60's. (Financial Times April 16) Smoke Signils Over Whitehall An editorial article says that %he Governmen% need waver no more over its stand wi%h %he tobacco indus%ry. The previous night% Panorama programme revealed that the manufac%urers know %hey have lost %he fight ~gains% tighter advertising and promo%ional regula±ions. No serious reformer wants to prohibi% smoking, and most of ~he 20 million smokers would no% stop. Bu% action %o restrict promo%ion is realis%ic because this ~ill help to prevent young people from %aking up %he habi%. A tougher new advertising code ~ill be useful, but is only a firs% step. A comprehensiue strategy against~ smoking, including all governmen% depar%men%s involved with the industry, is needed. Sir George Young will find other Whi%ehall departmen%s just as dlfferen% fo dragoon as the tobacco indus%~y.. Bu% he has a solid case and must be helped~o persevere. (GuardianApril 14) (We are sorry for the acciden%al omission of %his item from yesterday% synopsis) B: PROVINCIAL Harsher Tobacco Laws Urged The West Midlands Regional Health Authority wan%s to see a ban on all tobacco advertising and promotion, including spor%s sponsorship. Mrs Joan Richardson, Health Education Officer for Hereford and Worcestershire~is delighted and said %ha% a letter had recently been sent %0 every General Prac%itioner in her coun%y area, because doc%ors are regarded as prime educators on smoking. (Birmingham Pos% April 2, Worces%ershire Evening Ne~s April 4, Coventry Evening Telegraph April 4) • Time %0 Stub Ou% Our Bad'Health Record --An ar%icle by Russell Fairgrieve, Health Ninister for Sco%land~ is published to mark World Health Day. is s%rongly an%i-smoking and he expresses his determina%ion %0 fight vigorously a~alnst %he habit. (Evening Ex~press, Aberdeen April 7) Drav~ing At%ention The northern branch of ASH has been embarrassed'by accidental revelation %hat one of i%s best %~-orkers ms a heavy smoker. (The Jc~rnal, Newcas%le-upon-Tyne, April 9) T153811806

-3 - 3751 3752 3753 That Silly Habit ....... A Merseyside reader who smoked for 48 years has just stopped and feels immeasurably better. Giving up is simple. You just stop. (Liverpool Echo April 9) I'm Goina up in Smoke - and I don't care. An article by Olga Craig, the only smoker in the Features department of her nevtspaper, defends her right to indulge her habit. She first encountered cigarettes ~hen she was 14, but did not reveal that she had becom~ a smoker until she ~.las 18. The objections which followed from her parents only confirmed her in her habit and her consumption rose considerably. She has no interesting experiences of how she tried to give up; any nails are going into her own coffin; and the colleagues who share her room are going to have to suffer along with her. (Belfast News Letter March 8) C: RADIO AND TELEVISIC~ Panorama: "Tobacco - A pzin~ Industry?" This strongly anti-smoking programme opened with a shot of Sir George Young, ~unior Health Minister, saying: "The tobacco industry is a successf~l industry made up of very big companies operating internationally who are selling a product which they regard as a legal one, that's legitimate for them to sell~and they're using all the commercial means at their disposal t~ defend their interest. They are a very.effective, well organised lobby." With an immediate.switCh to events in Brazil, as a Third World country, the programme went on %0 illustra~e the mountain of medical evidence against ~moking and %he large profits ~vhich the manufacturers are making from it. Interviews followed with Mr Alan Long (president of BAT's Brazilian operation) and Dr Jim Green (ex-director of research at BAT). The latter said "that in a nutshell what ~e can show is that smoking is a very serious causal factor as far as the smoking population is concermed." He also remarked that industry scientists world wide referred to ICOSI (described as a Brussels based organizati~ with a low profile and the object of making sure that companies are consistent in their ans~vers on smoking and health) as the "Flat-Earth Society". The programme wen% on to describe the mysterious circumstances of the closure of the German tobacco industry's Research Institute~ and then moved swiftly through a series of brief interviews or snippets of film covering a variety of anti-smoking topics - the British Goverru~ent~s views on smoking, the effect of the budget, sports sponsorship, the views of ~ Joseph Califano, Maryland State Senate investigations into smoking, the .quashing of an advertisement for preferential insurance for non-smokers, the production of tobacco in the United States and in Third World countries and its contribution to their economies. The programme faded out with the cameras running on a silent ~r Alan Lon~, who had just been advised, off-camera, not to answer the question: " If you believed that smoking were harm-~ul or if you had been told that smoking were harmful, to health, would you continue to market your products in the v~y that ~ou ~o?" (BBC TV "Panorama" April 14 ) D: PERIODICAL ) Nil E: C~D~tLTH ~NDFOREIG~ ) • TI53811807

Tobacco Reporter ! March 1973 Lebanon bans cigarette ads/a.~." Lebanon's Health 1V[Jnistr)' has de- cided to stop all cigarette advertise- ments. The Ministry has requested the ]nformation Ministry to ban ~dl such advertising at radio and tv networks, in news papers, cinemas and public posters. [] T!53811808

FORT LAVOE~D~M.E I~ETROPOLIT~I ARE~ APR 24 1972 i- Arab ati0ns ,. : !sUffer Rise in Heai-t Ills the emergi~ countries of the ~ab wo~]d-hi[h~amon~ ~em a sJ~cant ~c~a~ ~ heart disea~s. ~ ~ys Dr. A.H. Taba, East M~ite~nean ~ector'of W~rld He~ O~an~fion WHO: '~Mo~ ~ple in develop~g c0~es of the Midge East are affec~ by cardiovascular ~... w~ch a~, to some extent~-a~oc~te~ ~ "~ ~ counties are ~aduaHy'shi~ng ~m a pea~nt ~ral society to an ~ndu~ralize~ urban one, an increase e~ironmenta]ly induced heart disorders is to be expected" ADVANCES IN pre~tiv~ ~edicine h~ve led to a decrease ~ mo~allty rates throughout the area. Egypt-has seen a sha~ d~p from an all-time high of.28 per 1,0~ But its increasing concentra~on 0n I~ust~ as a way of life is adding neurotic stresses of which easy-going Arab ~san~ were formerly ~norant. ]ro~caHy, it was ~he ancient E~p~ians, ~scove~ng that • e p~e was "the speech ~f ~e.hea~,~' who first ela~rated a ~onsi~ent pneumatic sy~em. ~ • . " ACCORDIN~ TO Dr. Taba, the questibn is for Arab states to. ave~ "through sensible environment" the rising tide hea~ ailmen~ .which accounts for up to 50 per cent of aH dea~s ~ the h~hly developed countries. ' " "." "' . Hospital ~co~s in ~he ar~a a~eadfreflect a tr6uble~me a~ay of di~rde~ rang~g from high blood pre~ure a~ocia~d with affluence to rheumatic fever and heart diseases of in- fec~ous ofi~. • " Contra~ to widely held belief, they are not a s~cific evQ ~f middle age .but affect children too. Thrre is mounting evidence that many late-age ailments have.their roots in' c~dh~. THE MAIN CULPRIT ~ ~e Arab states, whe~ ch~dren account for a high p~po~ion of the population, is rheumatic hea~ disease resulting f~m a common throat ~fection. Penc~an can halt ~e ~ea~ and WHO ~s~ted in setting up an exten~ve control p~gram recency in ~e Qu~yub d~- trjqt north of Cairo, where some 17,000 children live in 44 v~es. , Additional~, a special clime has been ~ounded in the s~w of the G~at Pygmies of Gi~ for ~t~ea~ wi~h a~ ~o~ for ~a ~ai~ag, has a~ady t~ea T!53811809

The rioult~r~l Eoonon~y o~ I~ebanon ERS-Foraign U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ° ECONOM|C RESEARCH SERVICE Ti53811810

Physical features ................ . . .. 1 Ix~tlon an~ size .................. 1 Topo6Taphy ......................... 1 Cllma%e ............................ 1 Agricultural sector of the ee~mcmy ... 3 Foo~ consumptioa ................ 19 Agricultural patterns ................ 3 Iamd use ........................... 3 ~rlcultural zones ................. ~ Size of farms and land tenv~e ...... 6 ~0%Ioa pr~cticee ............... 7 ~~tion ...................... 7 0~i~ p~c~es ................. 9 Agrioul%ur~l Inatitllti~Is ............ i0 Rese~rmh ........................... i0 Extension .......................... i0 Eau~tlon .......................... 11 Cooperatives ....................... ii Transportation an~ mrketin8 .... 19 Agrlcultm~1%~ade .............. 22 Tz~le w~th the U~ted States .... 24 Crop production ...................... 12 Ol%ves ............................ 14 A~lee ............................. 14 Gr~pes . Wh~t ............................. 16 Other ~ratns ....................... 16 Beam~ aria ~e~s ..................... 16 Ve6e%ables ancl melon~ .............. 17 Tobea~o ............................ 17 Su~a~ ~e~s ........................ ~7 Pro~ects for agriculture ....... 25 Selecte~l referemcea ............. 27 il TI53811811

Letenc~, a ~ c~Au~ry abont the size o~ the 5~ate o~ Ccenectlcut, is lo~ated c~ the e~stern shore of the Medlterraneen Sea. It has a po~tl~ people; about half of th-: receive intone i~ /~. ~rlcult~re, hoverer, is not the pred~t ecc~c activity, l~ather, ove~. ~0 percent of the fr~n trade, commerce, and other sources. Agrioultuz~l a~tlvitAes are ~L~Ited by the country's predce~nantl~ mountainous topograph7 vhlch ~nlts the develolzaent of fa~. C~I~ about c~e-fourth of the land is use~ for cz~p production, be remainder is mainlM used as rangeland for migratory flocks of sheep an~ go~ts. 0~ the cultlv~te~ ~re~, more than c~e-hal~ is terraced land developed alon~ the mountain slopes. Tke country has a Med~terrane~u clln~te ~it~ ~Inte~ zaAns and sunder droughts. Lrrlgntlon systems have been developed through the years; about c~e-i~l~ o~ the cul~iv~ted ~and no~ receives irrAgatic~ ~ter. Population pressure o~ the land is gre~t and ~and prices ~ ~h. ~st f~e~ p~e ~ ~pi~ ~ ~se ~bor-~ e~t, f~ze~ ~ o~er i~ ~t ~ inc~se p~u~.. ~e p~uc~ ~ ~ts ~ we~bles f~r ~ ~s" p~ ~ be a p~ble ~te~se in ~. ~ ~e l~'s ~e ~ ~e~ ~ ~ts ~d ~e~b~s A few l~rge dairy an~ poultry far~s ~hich ~ere developed during ~he l~50's use medern producti~ an~ ~rketing ~ethods. ~ese fazms m~rket their products m~inly in the urban n~rkets of ~el~c~. C~npetitic~ fr~n foreign count~ies~ ho~ever~ is a ea~or problem and ma~ re~ expansion. Le~anou is a net in, otter of agricultural cce~odAtles. Grains an~ iAve an~ for me~t are the prlnclp~l i~ports although su~stantlal quan~i~les o~ other foods aze also i~ported. Co~to~, v~ol, an~ hides an~ ~klns are amon~ the n~z~ood a~rlc~ural imports, s~ne of "~.tch a~re reex~orte~. The govexmmm~t's agricu~zsl policy is ge~ex~l.~ /aAssez i~£re. U~nrever, sc~e assistance to agrlcul~Are ie gi~ t~ various pro~raal--such s8 price support8, export subsidles, an~ in~rt quo~--to sti~te production and to develop :arkets. Further e~e~slou of fez: output is expected over the next ~e~ years. Zucre~ses are e~pected m~inl~ in ~he high-valued crops as more land is Irrigate~, nev ~hnlques are In~roduced, an~ ne~ m~rkets develope~. Poultry and :Alk productlou rill probably :£~:~ree~se ~ut not ~ey~d a self-eu~ficlency ~vel. SustaAned increases in other ill TI53811812

cro~s ~ not irA'o~e~ble iz~ vietr o~ the ~te~ laz~ the country ~rill have sz~ iz~cz~emiz~g i~o~ recAulre~e~t for es~ecla].~ gz~s a~ ].i~stock pro~uc~, to LEBANON ORIENTATION AND AGRICULTURAL AREAS SYKIA Agricultural area N BEIRUT U.S. Department of Agriculture ~*-~ International boundary ..... Province (mul~ita~:at) boundary • National capital ® Province (mut~lfacat) capital ~ Railroad, selected T!53811813

Eccn,'~c Research Service Loc~ti~ and Size ~e~no~ is a re~tively ~ c~ ~ at ~e ~s~ ~d of ~e SOU~ ~d S~St. ~e c~ ~s ~ ~d ar~ of ~015 sq~e ~les. ~les ~ ~e M~~ C~st (a~ the lo~est ~ ~ ~e c~), less t~ 65 ~les in~d s~ its ~de6~ point. TWo mounf~4u ranges d~ninate ~he Le~no~ countryside--the Le~anc~ and the Anti- Lebau~ ~un~A~ns. B~th ranges extend from north to south parallel ~o ~he coast. The ]~ma VsJLley, sometimes referre~ to as ~he '~rea~basket of ~e Nation" an~ calle~ in biblical times ~he "Granary of Rome," lles between the mountain ranges and is ~ of The I~anon Mountains, which ~n s~e places vlrtu~lly rise from the Medlterran~, form the eastern border of a narro~ but fertile strip of land al~ the ~st. q~ts strip widens in pl~ces to for~ sedimentary plains at the mouths of nmuerous streams f~a% originate c~ ~he upper slopes of the mountains. The laxEest of these plains is the Akkar Plain in northern Le~anen. The Legmen ~oun~tns ~ the west are c~~z~ fO~ a S~~ ~ Of a~t 8,~ feet. N~nerous sprlng-fed ~o~ntaAn streets c~ the western slopes are the c~untry's m~or source of Irri~ti0~ ~ter. The upper mountain slopes are chaA~c~erlzed b~ porous cretaceous limestone that absorbs winter rains an~ melting snows. Water w~rks its ~y down ~h these porous rocks; whe~ It reaches the impermeable stratum expose~ ~ the lo~er s~pes, it is force~l ~o the surface as sprin~s. The ~ekaa Valle~ is restively level, sloping less than 2 percent fr~n the edge the 2 mountain ranges to the center of the valley. Tw~ ~or rivers, the an~ the Litani~ dx~in ~bis valley. The ~tes flow~ north~ar~ into Syria, an~ Litani, southward and west~d into the F~lite~raneau Sea. The Anti-Le~an~ Mountains, ~hlch X'Ase ~ ~e ~s~ si~e of ~e ~ V~, ~e not ~ ~as ~e ~ ~~s ~e~ ~. ~e ~e~p~, ~e Ja~ al I~ (a~% 8,~ feet) at ~ no~ ~ of ~ ~e ~ ~ H~ (a~t 9,~ fe~) at ~e s~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m~ ~r. The c~i~e of ~ebanon is ~:eat~ In~lue~ed ~ the M~dlte~ranean, ~he scarce of of the raln~, an~ ~ the le~anc~ Mc~nteAns, ~h~ch de~Ine to a large extent -I- TI5381181

Leban~ ~tains, ~h~ d~poeit ~ch of their ~ist~re oa the co~s#~l pleln and, e~ theY rise, o~ ~he western slopes. 0~ the upper slopes where ~,ch of the precipitat~c~ falls as snow, the ~ average is nearly 60 inches. ~ the coastal st-rip, the prec~pita~toa averages ~ inches per year £n the south and 3~ inches per ~r" in Re north. The Lebanou Mountains cast a ra/n shadow to the east resulting in much less pre- cipitation in %he Bekaa Valley and the Anti-lehanc~ Mountains. The eastern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains receive only about half as much rainfa3_l as the western slopes. In the Bekaa Valley, ~e average ~nuu~l rainfall v~ries fro~ 24 inches in the sou~h to about 8 or 9 inches in the north. Preclpi~tiea in the An~i-Lebanou M~tu~J.ns is no~ very plentiful except in the high altitudes-of the Mount Herman area, where average moisture acc~mul~tic~s exceed ~O inches per year. Moisture falls mainly during the winter months of December, January~ and Feb~. During the summer months of Y~y through September, the country experiences a drought period when only abou~ ~ percent of the ann~al precipit~tlon oec~rso The Medlterraneen Sea ~ud the Lebanon Mountains ~iso affect temperature and hu- midity. Along the coast where %he temper~tttre £s mild and frosts are rare, tropical or semitropical crops are grown. Temperatures decrease at higher altitudes, but frosts are not too severe on ~he western slopes of the Le~enc~ Mountains because of ~mspering effect of %he Me~Iterraneem. Humidity along the seawaz~ side of the Lebanc~ Mountains is higher than in the rest of the country. However, %he mo~er~tin~ effect of sea on the temperature keeps %he area from ~eing too uncomfortable. In fact, the western sloges of the Lebanon Moun~ins are a popu/ar s~mer resort area. East of the Lebenc~ Moun~alns and in the ~eks~ Valley, the c~'hnate is more ~inen~al. A~%ho~h average temperatures vary little fr~n tho~e ~lc~ the coast, winters can ~e very cold~ with temperatures dropping to less ~mn ~0o F. Su~ners are extremely hot and ~ry with te~eratures often exceeding 100o F. So~l___Es ~n general, the soils of Le~uon are poorly suited for a~riculture. Steep elopes with ~hin l~yers of soil over bedrock are found over m~ch of %he country. Good m~n- a6ement and extensive use of terraces are needed to preserved, this limited soll covering. Soils of Lebanc~ are c3asslfled into 6 general associati~s--Lithosols mostly from llmesto~e, Lithosols fr~n marl, Terra Rossa soils, Ba~n Forest soils, Regosols, and Reddish Brown soils. The Lithosols~ Terr~ Ross~, and Brown Forest ~re the shallow, stony soils, loc~e~ on the mountain slopes. Of %he three, Li%hosols are the most ex~ensive. Llthosols from limest~e are soils of 8ood tilth that are predominantly reddish slays. Lithosols ~ marl ~re high in llme aon%en% and ten~l to he sof~ an~ flottry in textllre; they are not as go(xl as Lithosols from llmesf~ne as ~he soil surface tends %0 crust, m~hi~ cultiv~tlng alfflcult. ~he Terr~ Rossa soils, although similar to the Lithosols, are loeate~ on a slightly more favorable terrain, For this reason, the areas where they are fmmd aze more extenslve3,7 terra~e~ ~nd more intensively cultivate~. -2- T!538118"

Reddish Brown so~ls are found in ~he Beksa Valley. They h~ve ade%ua~e plant nutrients, except for nitrogen. Low seasonal rainfe~ll an~ ht6h evaporation~ however~ limit %heir produc~vl~7. The ~eo6r~phic locatica of Lehanc~ has influenced ~e c~cter of its p~le. ~or ~ ~s ~m ~ k~ a c~kl ~tle~ for ~de~ Muslims and Chrls~lans are the 2 mJor reli~ous groups in Lebanon, an~ govern- men~l offices are eA/~ca~ed, b~ oust~n, ~o members of these faiths. Social an~ ~uc~s are lar~el~ coat.ned ~ those o~ ~he name Lehan~'s 196~ populati~ ~as estima~e~ at 2 mllLt(m persons, which In~Ica~es a density of about 500 ~eople per square m~le. W1th ~n~7 about ~e-%~s~er of the I~ tilla~le, the populati~ pressure ~ the lan~ is great. Co~y aSo~t 50 percent of the labor" fore re~eive intone directl~ from ~he farm, end n~ny of these supplement their incomes ~h n~ns6r~ultuml Jobs. THE A~RICULTURAL SECTOR OF TH~ ~0M~ A~Iculture is not the ~minant sector of the e~onc~,. Over 80 pez~ent of the n~tio~'s income is i~u n~mf~rming p~rsults; services, in sll forms, account ~or the ma~o~ por~Io~. The L~nese have a l~ngs~andln~ reputation as traders and merchants, and ~eiru~, the capital, is well known as an international tm~Ang po~. In ad~itlon, the country's ~a~i~n an~ mil~ cllm~te attract tourists, which adds to the natlo~al i~ ol~.e. ~rieulture con~butes about o~e-ha~.~ ~he ~lue of ~ g~ p~uc~ ~n ~he C~. It ~des ~d ~es for d~es~c c~s~. v~e ~c~ ~~ ~e pr~~ Is u~ less. Use Eebanon has = total Isnl are~ of approx~matel3" 2,470,000 ac~s. R~t es~tes of ~S n~l~ ~ Is US~ aS ~~ ~or she~ ~ ~s. -3- Ti538118

: 1,000 :Frult~ ancl. nuts - ~ k o3/ves . ~ 6 O~pe~ ................................. - : ~5 • 6 Apples .................................. : ~ .2 ~a . 5 3 ~ ~ ............................. : 21.0 : : ~o • 8 0 ~..~e~ ............. . ............... : I.~ Po~e ~s ~a ~ow ~s~e ........... : ~7.6 ~i ~ ~ ......... : ~.~ : Pe~ent~e of to~l Percent 37.9 8.7 8.7 3.1 .8 3.3 1.5 8.0 1.8 6.2 2.~ 1.2 .2 I.i 16.7 The U. S. ;~ricultural Attache in I~anc~ reports the 19~ e~op ~ as sra/na 1~5,~X) e~cres, to~a.eco 1;%~00 a~res, end1 su~'.az' bee~a ~,~:)0 seres. Source: ~oo~ an~ ~ricul%~re Or=~nlza~ion of the Unlte~ Nations. FA0 Mediterranean Development Pro~ect Countr~ Re~o~t--LeSanon. Rein_e, 1959. Of ~he eu~ti~t~l e.re~ more ~ ~ h~s ~em developed over ~he een~u-ies from ~ term/n through the use o~" terl~ees, which preserve the shallow soils from ero- s~o~ anc~ conserve the ~.lz~l r~n~3.~, The rest o~ the cu~t~vatec~ area ~s loc~1 on Crops Erowin~ in the smmner require ~rpplemental irrig~T~lc~. ~e ~% of ~ Gene~.l.l,7, su~ststenee crope--wlnT~-r Wheat, "barley, and pulses--to~e~her olives, figs, and Erapes a~e ~TO~n Cn nc~irrl~d lan~ ~hlle hiEh-valued ~rui~a and resembles a~e pruduee~l on ~he ilTi~a~e~ -r!538.11~

Table 2.-oIand use es+._tm~tes~ Acres Percent ~,000 3.o 21,000 9.0 ~96,000 Le.0 50,000 2.0 296,000 i~.0 3~6,000 i~.o 18e,ooo 7.~ ~,6~6,oo0 66.6 A~rioultural Zones Althou~h Letano~ is relstlvely smell, the country is able to grow a ~lety of crops because of the cc~bin~tlohs of cllm~te, topography, soil, and availability of The narrow coastal strip is the most intensively farme~ land in I~hano~, espe- cia3_l~ the central section between Tripoli and Tyre. Here the hot~ ~amp, subtropical c]/m~te f~vors the growln~ of hlgh-valued citrus fruits, tenants, and vegetables on In the northern ooastal region (Akkar Plain) s~ne citrus fruits are grown, but most of the area is too win~y and ool~. This region primaril7 produces Krain; mush of the ]and is ~l.-'y-~,r~ed. The sm~ll areas that are Irrigate~ are devote~ malnl7 to sugarcsne, peanuts, end s~e eot~. There are a number of d±Stinc% a~TIoultuA~I zones on the western slopes of the ~ ~ns. ~ere ~e c~s~l p~ bl~ ~ the ~er f~t~ ~e o~ve is ~e p~cl~l c~. O~s are us~ ~ ~ ~i~~, ~c~ ~. W~ ~ere soll ~ molst~e ~e ~ble. At elevations of 1,500 to 2,500 feet, "where a more temperers climate is encountered, striae l~rults SuCh as pee~hes and plums are produced. The apple zone is at a still higher altitude, where the climate is even more teeq~rate, l~vomble apple prices have encouraged fathers to expend this zone into the stonef~t area, ~ut quality ~pples are mo~e difficult to pro~u~e at the lower elevations. Apples thrive best at abaft S,O00 feet in Lebanon. Above the apple zone is an alpine ~r~zi~ and forest re~on. This roc~ are~ is no~ ~uited for cultiva~ton and in most places is more su~ed for forest than for The Bekaa Valle~ is the largest i~ are~ in Lebanon, but it is not fa~ as intensively as the coastal plain. In the valley, stout one-half of the --tlon's wheat ~rop an~ two-thlrds of the ~rapes are produced. Althou6h s~ue ]and is Iz~i~ated, most TI53811:

Intensive ~pi~8 in ~ra~1~Ice~. Tree i~A~a, gra~es~ vegetables, 1~a~oee, au5 ~m a~e ~he p~In~ipel ~I~p8 of 1;he IxTi~ste~ s~e~o. ~ in 1~he ~Lley ~z~ genaral~r ~s~ge: ~ thee ~e~ui~Ang ten~ag, sn~ use =~:e :~hanlz~1 e~ui1~en~. The Anti-Eeban~n Mounta/ns a~e not very i~t ~riculturalIM. S~ae s~Htere4 fiel~s of ~u are ha~reste~ where c~n~Ltlous permit, ~ut ~,¢h of ~hls eultivateA is hel~ in fallow ~¢h year. The a~es is ssln17 uae~ as x~e for the n~ms~/c Size of Farsm an~ Ian~ T~n~e A typical fax~er lives in ~e of the 1,500 ~o ~,000 villages a~attere~ througho~% Lebanon. He is a member of a closely knit family sn~ oc~A~.t~r; ~ot~ 8x'e~;17 i~e c~es slovlM to the fe~m an~ manM ~T~e to ~he cities in sesA~h of an e~sier v~7 of llfe. - 6 - " TI538118t~

l;~;ure 2.--The Beka~ Ve~lle~--kno~n in Bil)llual l~Lme8 ~8 ~;he "~y of Rome." A ~ew relativeS7 le~e farn~ in Le~u~ are n~tn~7 ~rain ~ ~n the Bekea Valley and ~he Akk~ Plain. ~t has been estimated that ~he &vere~e holdin~ of ~he 136~0OO farmland owners Is le~e 1;han 5 acres. Productic~Pmctices ~ ~e larger feA:~, mechanlza~t~ has pro~ressel ~reat~ in the past i0 to 15 yeasts, and ~ sc~ne, grain enm~Ines b~ve x~pl~ce~ ~hreshing sled~. Ms~ of the Tl5381182O

---

~ o~ ~e semiazt~ x~.gl~s to the Intensive ~araing In izrAga~-4 sre~ vhere a n~nbe~ o~ ~rops ~y be pro~uce~ in a sln~le year. -9- TI,538'i"

InterorOpl~Lng is practiced, e~ in the orchard areas. Fast~aturing crops are inte~planted vith slov-~turing tree crops, thus e~abllng fa~ers to harvest high- value crops vhile orchards are reachin~ bee~ing age. Use ~f eomner~ial fex~llizer, pesticides, and herbicides ~s lnc~s~ ~p~ ~ ~% ~8. ~gh p~ce8 ~ve ~ ~ ~d ~or ~ ~ e~~ for use h~c~l c~s. C~i~l f~i~zer is ~ ~n~ by ~e mo~ p~ssl~ ~ers, as a~ h~blci~s ~d pesticides. B~o~ 19~, a~ c~ial fe~zer ~s ne~ ~ ~ze Use of pesticides is limited for similar reasons but in this case other problems also exist. Many older orchards have ~rees plante~ so close to~ether that a con- tinuons leaf cover makes spray cover~e dAfficult. ~n other areas, poor spraying equil~nent or not adherin~ to aprs~ln~ schedule or tech~Lque contributes to poor spray coverage. AGRICULTURAL INSTIT~TI~S Research in Lebenon is carried c~ through 6 research atations--a centr~l station at Tall A1 Amar~l and 5 substations located throughout the country. Experimental work ~nd resee~h in virtu~l~ &l~ phases of ~gricultv_~l production a~e beAn~ conducte~ by competent scientists and techn±clans, and great progress has been made in recent yeers. Recent agricultnAral research has been focused on: Biological control of fruit insects (the Mediterranean frttlt fly, ~he olive fl~It fly, scale insects on citrus fruit, and mites on apples), chemical fertilizer experiments on vegetable crops, and feediag trials for dairy an~ beef cattle. ~he M:Lnietry of A~rlculture is also Investi- Eatin~ the possibility of replacing ~oats with Iraqi sheep. The F~uit Office is ex- perlmentln~ with refriEera~on, espeei~l~y for fresh ~Tapes~ as a means of Improvln~ their marketing position. A serious problem, however, is how ~o reach the fe~mers with research results; agricultural schools re~ch onl7 s limited number. Extension Lebanon's AgrlcultnAral E~tenelon Depar~__e~t was orEanized in 19~ under the Ministry of Agriculture. It is inereasln~ its s~ope of operation; in 196A it operate~ fr~ 34 regional cen~ers ~x~ghout Lebanon. In 1961, the del~r~nent s~ed publi~h- ing agrlcultur~l ~u].letlns. These Include discussions on the control of plant animal diseases; poulTA-y, citrus, apple, and almond production; soil ana~Tsis~ and a6ricultural cooperatives. The extension service is improving its or~anlzation and its personnel, and is slo~M overcoming the reluctance of many farmers to s~cept the nev technology in~o- duced by its agents. This reluctance is l~rt~7 due to a resistance to Change~ and ~ to a lack of cc~t~Aden~e in an a~e~t ~ ~ nc~a~ ~e~k~roun~. In spite of veaknesses of the extension program, researc~ and extension informa- tion is ree~hieg some of the villages. In add/tlon, sm~ll farmers living near the more pro6ressive cc~m~rci~l farms can observe the results of improved practices and may eventuate7 adopt the methods used. TI53811823

nee' the school ~rlth e~oou.m~t[~ results. Educ~'l;tc~ has been e'~eeeed ~- Leban,'~ /'oz" many year% and unlverst'r.,tes -,l;.Betru~ "been ~ecogn.1.ee~l ~s ee,~.ters of' le~rn.tn~ for e,'r, turles. Ara'b:Le is the ]a.u&,ua~e ot' ummll~ prin~ed in both Amble and F~eneh and a~ .e~_imes ~n E~/eh. ~ebenc~'s l±teraey r~te, es~ma~d at over 80 percents ~s ~he highest am~ the Arab Sta~ee. A~ricultural education in Le~:~uoa ~s of Tered at the American Unl~era£~ of ~e~rut, the Na~£enal School of A~ricultu~e in Beirut, and at 3 government trainin~ centers located in ~he rural areas. A Ford Founda~ic~ ~rant of $1 millic~ helped ~ es~b~sh ~e Co~e of ~c~- ~e at ~e ~e~ ~~ of ~t. ~e ~~ offers a ~-~r c~e ~n ~eul~ ~d ~o ~ ~~ p~. ~ a~~ ~e ~vers£~7 ~e~tes a ~ In ~e ~ Va~ for res~h ~d ~~ of a mo~ p~e~l ~e. The National S~hool of A~rlculture In Beirut ofTers a 3-year course in prac~cal and ~heoretleal ~E~Icul~re st ~he secondary school level. Graduates usual~7 emplo~ent In ~overn~ent or a6T~cultur~17 rel~te~ Indu.tr~es. Government tralni~ center's offer a more practlc~l. 3-year course. Graduates ~hls course are expected ~o becc~e farm mana6ers; many, however3 seek nonagricultural Jobs. Al~hon~h most Lebanese reco6n~ze the v~lue of education, ,~ny of those at~en~ ~oca%ic~u~l schools a~e not attracted ~y ~icul%~r~l st~es. Job upportuni~ies fo~ man educate~ in s~le~ifi~ a~rloul%~tre are llmi~e~ by the reluctance of fathers ~ chan~e3 and many who can afford hi~her e~ucati~ are attractea to other flelds. The need for a6Ticu~l e~ucatlon, Inform~i~ an~ improved mana~erlal ~Ices is evldent throughout the country. Sc~e ofTiclals belteYe ~t more a~r~eultural educ~Ic~ st lower-school levels wou~l s~imul~te wider Snte~est ~ more advanced levels. It is not e~sy for the ~vere~e farmer in Le~eno~ to obtain credit, especial~7 st interest r~tes he can s~ford to 1~. He h~s little ~o offer as securi~ an~ must re17 on expensive loans from private moneylenders. TI53811824

CRO~ PRO~UTI~I~ The topography, soil, and climate of Lebanon permit a hlgb/y dlverslfie~ a~rlculo %~re. The value of crop ~n~duc~Lcn is estlmate~ at about 80 ~ercent of ~o~al agricul- tural production. Of the crops pro~uce~, fruits rank far ahes~ of uther crop groupings. Grains, legumes, and other dry-farmed, low-value crops ~ve decline~ in importance in recur years~ as more ~d is being diverted to i~tit an~ vegetable crops. Pr~luc~I.c~ of citrus frol~ in Zebe.uon is cc~c~r~e~ on ~he coastal sup where soils are fertile, Ircigatlo- wa~er is avail~ble, an~ ~mper~ures are mil~. Ci~us fruits are am~ Lebanon's most valuable crops an~ as a ~roup are one of l~s lead/ng agrleul¢ur~l exports. The amoun¢ of citrus produ~io~ c~an~ed little durin~ the l~O's but increased significantl~ during ~he ~O's and early ~@60's as new groves came into bearl~ and im~rove~ cul~urml practices were intro~uce~. Pro~uc~Ic~ increase~ about ~0 percent du~n~ ~he past ~ee~de, ~l~.U~ to an estimates 156,000 metric tons for 196~/65 Oranges ~re ~he lee~li~ citrus fruit in Lebanon, followe~ by lemons, ~an~erines,. g~pefz~it, blt~e~ oranges, e~d sweet ~Imee. The Shamo~ti orange is the most ~aklng up ~bout ~ perceut of the to~ orange crop. lu~ercropplng is ccam~ in ~he citrus are~, where temperatures are mild an~ the h~midlty even. Interl)lanT, in8 bananas wi~h cl~ has prov~ .~o be the mo~t ule of irri~ land, a~ khe~Ic~ is tale of ~he few pkees in the worl~ where ~his is profitable. Generally, cllm~te f~vorlng one crop is no~ sui~abls for ~he other. Most of Le~enon's citrus groves are areal1, or part of a ':~llnage"' cr gar~ culture, zs~sin~ in size ~ 2 to 10 acres with the mn3.l~ hol~s in the ~ori~y. ~ of i0 acres or more are ~s~e. ~y uein~ ~he Sax~en-cult~tre metho~--In~er- plmn~n~ a ciT~s with o~her Irrlg~l crops--It is cou~n for a family ~o make living on lit~3e more than 1 acre. ~he size an~ shape of many of the T~x~races plus close plsn~n~ of ~rees, especl- al~y in older groves, make ~he use of mechanical equipment difficult, if no~ impossible. Close plentin~ also prevents a~uate ~pray coverage. T15381 "I 825

: it000 metric "betas Wh~t ............ - 5~ 25 20 35 50 ~5 ~0 Barley ........... : 19 ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ 8 Co~ ............. : ~ 2 2 3 2 2 2 ~b~ .......... : ? 3 2 2 2 2 2 ~ ~dp~s ... : 2 3 1 2 3 ~ 5 : ~..~ ........ : 37 ~ 3o 36 ~ ~ 65 P~u~s, ~she~. : 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 To~cco .......... : 3 ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ 5 ~ beets ....... : 0 5 i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0~es .......... : ~ 75 7~ ~ ~ ~3 ~o ........... :~ 35 ~ ~ e7 33 38 ~ple. ............. : 26 52 ~7 ~ 73 ~ 85 -O~e~ ............ : ~ ~ ~ ~ 85 ~ 85 ~s4~esh ....... " 9 8 5 7 8 6 6 0~ve~ ............ : ~ 28 ~ ~3 31 ~ 35 ~'. ........ 23 8 ~ 15 25 ~ 27 ~9 ~ ~ ~ ~s ............. : 2 3 2 2 ~ ~ 5 ~ .P~eltminary. ~ Includes other citrus fruits. ~/ Abo~t 50 per~mt ~Z ~ ~1, ~9 pe~t cow~ ~ p~c~t g~t~ ~ ~t she~ ~d 1 p~t ~a~. One of the recognized needs of the Lebanese frui% lndustry is-more refriger~ted facilities for transporting fruit over land. Few refrigerated t~u~ks or rall~y cars are available. However, refrigerated ships are use~ for ocean Shil~ent. Most truck ~anspor~a~l~ Is acco~p~Lished during the winter mo~ths when ~ratures permit %TIps of several The Syrian Arab Republic has been, an~ cc~tinues to be, the m~Jor ,~rhet for Lebanese oranges. In recent G.~x~s, especlall7 mince qu~11~y h~s been impro~e~, a lar~er portion has been shipped to E~stem Europe. Although production wi~l probably continue ~o expend, the future of Lebanon's frult In~us~ry appeax~ ~o ~e based c~ ablli~y to lmp~o~e the qu~it~y of present produc~i~ in order to expan~ expo=ts to the hisher v~lue~ European mrket. I i I Tt53811826

in Indochl~'s high n~untains. It ls well ad~pted to the climate in Lebanon and ~an withstand rel~ive~ low temperatures. Benana productio~ has increase~ ~re~tly In recent years with most of the 1no,ease bein~ exported to nelghborinE co~ntr±es~ ~A:Ln~y ~he Syrian Al~b Repub~'Lc~ Ir~q~ Jordan, and Iran. Production incrensed frc~ 1%000 metric t~s in 19~2/~ to a high of 26,000 =etrin t~s In 1963/6~. O~ves Olive productio~ ~tes back thousands of years; some trees reported to be over thousand years oi~ ere still bearing fl~uit. Olives are ~ throughout I~banon, malnlM in ncnirri~ate~ areas on the lower slopes of the Lebanon Mountains. About 10~000 to 11,0~O ~tx'ic t~s of olives are consumed each ~eer as fruit an~ the remainder of the orop iS pressed for oil. Olive oil is the m~in cooking oil used in I~banon and comprises about half of all ell consumed. Lebanon is usually a small net e~or~er Of olive oil~ ~ithou~h in some ~ears it may i~por~ a gre~er mnotuat. Production varies frc~ year to yesr due to the fruiting char~c~erietlc of the olive Which usu~l~ results in a good crop every second year. Weather eon~It~ons also affect yield as the crop is d~en~ent on rainf~l and usually receives no supplemen~l irrlgatlon. The Soury variety appes~s to be the best adapted to She noun~ and comprises a~ut two-thirds of a/1 olives ~rown. I~ a~ effox~ to ex~i~a~e the olive frtttt f~ ~h~t causes h~vy ~t~e to the olive crop, the MAnie~ry of Agriculture distributes technical bulletins on the sub~eot and makes insecticides available to falters. Apples are the most rapidly expandAng fruit crop in Lebanon. F~n a 193~-39 e.vera~e Of ~ 2,000 metric ~;ons, production has in~reased to an estimeted 8~,000 Most of the &l~ple orchards are loe~te~ on the upper slopes of the Lebanon Moun~ns at elevations arouna 3,~O0 feet ~here ~ cooler climate favors produ~tic~ of hIEh- quali~ ~pples. FsvoraSle prices in recent years have ~npted farmers to p~ant apple trees at lower sltitudes, ~here productio~ is more difficult. Insects an~ fungus cause extensive damage each year, ~t progress is bein~ m~de in eontrolllng these pests. Haryesting, which sta~ In ~ui7, is usually oceq~le~ I~ September. The ~ ~ ~n ~e~ s~e for ~8 a~ ~es~t, ~, ~, ~ eo~ s~e O~ in recent years h~s modern grading and packing equipment been used. Pre- viously, &ll spples ~e grsde~ and packe~ by hand, an~ & forel~n buyer could never be sure of the fruit's quali~y. To~, Governm~t officials and fruit exporters hsve in'brodueed a system of ~x~des ~ s~andszds. This system, to~e~,her vith the use of Ti538118

~he modern grs~lir~, packin6, and storage fac£1i~ies, helps to ~aln~a~n ~he untfor~ product needed to expend ~he export market. The most popular apple ve~le~tes ~ in Lebauo~ and found In foreSEn ms~ke~ are.the Golden Delicious and Red Delicious. Hoverer, most of the va~.e~.es ~ in the Uu~ed States also ~rov In Le~n~. Grapes, like olives, are ~rown T~rou6hout Lehanc~ ~ut are mainly ec~cen~te~ in the Beks~ V&lley where about 70 percent of the crop is grown. The Lebanese consume all their own Erape productic~ and usually supplement it with ~mpo~s. About ~0 per~on~ of ~he crop is consumed as fresh grapes while ~he re- maln~er is processed in%o alcoholic hever~es~ ~olasses~ and reislns. Product£c~ ~nereased frc~ a prewar (1935-39) avera6e of about 50,000 me~c tons to an estim~ted 8~000 metric ~o~s in 1~. Modern methods of ~-~l~lv~tio~ in additi~ to a @re~er use of improved v~vle%ies have been larEely reslx~sible for the increase. ~kny far~ers, however, s~ill clin~ ~o the traditional productic~ methods. Figs are an important d~st~c food crop ~Town ~uw~hout ~. ~uc~ n~ incr~s~ in r~t y~s ~ ~ns c~s~t at ~d 6~ ~ 8,~ ~c ~s. ~st of the c~ is c~ io~ eider of ~ ~gs ~e ~o~ ~ n~bo~ c~es bu~ ~ese are 6~~ ~set by ab~t ~ eq~l ~t of l~-~k~ ~gs ~% ~e ~o~. ~e q~ of ~ese ~gs Is g~e~ n~ ~d Fl~ure 6.--Grape production in the Bekaa Valley. the ~ruund by short sticks. -15- Grape wIJ~ea are ~ close Ti53811828

Gr~lns o~cul~r ~e ~r~est ~re~ of ~ group of crops Erovn in T~nC~. They produce~ a~nost e~uslve~ ~ ~tu~rrlga~ed 3~n~ ~nd in areas too e~d for o~her crops. cu~Lv~ed area and abou~ three-fourths of the ~ud devot~l ~o gr~tns o l>~ot~b~r a l"Lttle more ~ hair of the county's vhe~t crop is produced in ~he ~ Valley vhere ~ a~e larser and vhere t~pro~ed pz~xluction practices are more extensive~,y ~hest is we~ adapted to the se~lsrl~ ~uds of Lebanon. It is p~anted in the ~ and l~sted dur~n~ ~s~ ~--e, and ~u~ ~hus u~l~z~ng the vtnter rains and rescuing early ~n the s~mer before the effects of the d~ se~s~ become ~oo severe. pr~lucttc~ f~Lls to meet the co~ntzT's needs. As a result, Le~anc~ t:ports about perce~t of its ~ne~t requtre~ent durtn~ good years and more durln~ O~ou~ht years. ~k~rle~ is ~rovn c~ st=llar so~lJ ~nd ~nder slmt]a~ mo~s~tre cc~t~Lc~s as whea%. X~ occupies about c~e-fl~th of ~he are~ devoted ~o ~ins and 18 produced :sln~y for ~tves~ock feed. L~ke ~he~t, ~r~e q~antl~£es of be~ley must be l~ported to :ee~ 8cq~ee'~L~ needs. Other Gr~tns Corn~ ~rsln sorghum~ and z~ce are a~so g~vn in Let~ncn but ~n ~ese ~ns ~e p~ in the ~ ~d ~ ~ In ~e ~er or ~ ~e not ~ ~ ~~ce~ h~er~ ~ no~ ~ p~uc~ Beans and l~ss Dry beans, peas, chlckpeas~ ~e~'~Lls~ and l~rcadbeane are produce(l ~ ~ q~- ~es ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ the a~e~ Ti5381182

V~etat]~ prod~cti~ like i~it prod~ti~ b~e i~reaaed m~bm~tin]~ ~ re~t ~ears. It n~ oc~plea about 8 I~r~t o~ the culti~ted ~ ~ o~ ~nlch £e do~ble- cropp~. Most of .the productlc~ is on lrrt~ted l~nd. Po~oes, cni~s, watemelcns, tomatoes, and cucmabars occupy the ~rgest area an~ a~ ~he most valuable of the ~rke~ ~ products. Potatoes outrank other products, in ~alue and in area devoted ~o ~hem, ~ abOtt~ 2 T~) i. With the excepti~ of potatoes, tomatoes, an~ o~ic~s, most of the vegetable melon produc~to~ is consumed in Le~ncn, s sl~xificant amount being c~nsumed 1~ tourists. However, there me~ be good markets for many f~esh vegetables in neighboring countries when ~nprove~ pr~essln~ and ~sportins facilities sre ~evelol~. Until then, forei6n ex~hanEe earned ~ vegetable produc~£c~ is no~ expected to increase substantially. ~o~eeo of tobe.eeo. Grc, rlz~ to'beeeo ls ec:s:L~lez'ecl. ~ prol"J.table business ~cxa~sred with 'the al- Scull amounts of crops o~her than those discussed shove sre produced in Le~ucn; pro~ab~,7 the ~oat importer of these is sugar beets. Sm~ll quantttAes of ~ane h~e been produced for man~ years on ~he Akk~r ~ and a1~ut 300 mettle tens of sugar are no~l17 processed fr~n T~is source. In 19~0, however, sugar beets were Introduced in the Bekaa V~ an4 in 1959 a sugar be~t factory ~s opened. Th~ ~ produ~t~ ross sharPl7 to ~,'tel~. 3,000 metric ~s of refined ~uga~, and in 1961 comparable pro- duetion reached 5,000 ~e~Ae tens. D~ing 1~, an estin~ted 80,000 ~e~i~ ~s of ~ beets ve~e produced, ~hl~h were processed into &hou~ The Lebanese =ensures abou~ 1~0,0~ metrlo tons of sugar While productic~ of livestock products is re~o~nized as s vary l~portant I~rt of the Le%anese aSTA~Ul~Aral e~on~, the size of this produn~ion is Not one7 is most of the produetto~ ecnsume~ in the local rallies Where it is difficult to estAm~e volume, but the rel~tAve~7 free ~i~r~tAo~ of livestock a~ross the S~rian border makes It hard to de~A~ine the propox~ that is produced locally. ~erefore~ estimsl~S ~tYen for ~1 products in table 3 should be viewe~ prinotl~lly from the s~lpoln~; Of rel~tAve ~portanee of ~he C~t~le in Lebanon ~re eustce~ril7 used for ~ ~ ~e ~se. ~~ ~e~ a~ s~ h~ ~ ~ for ~ p~e~m~ ~e ~i~l ~1 is us~ ~~ as ~ ~ ~ s~~ ~s ~ ~ ~~, ~ ~, ~ no ~ ~ for -17- TI53811830

lndustry with the aid of U.S. technical assistance. Purebre~ Holster, cattle have bee~ Importe~ for breeding imrposes and a program of artifici~l insemination has been introduced. Daughters of native cows crossed with Holstein bulls have more than ~oubl~l the milk production of their dams. Modern dairy farms, although still scarce, in lebanon, increased in numbers from 3 in 1952 to 16 in 1957- These farms had an average of 50 cows each. Lebanon lacks good pasturel~n~, an~ most of the modern dairymen feed their herds in dry lots. Rough~e is obtained from t~e Beka~ Valley or Syria. Some feed concentrates are domestically pro- duced, but many are imported from Syria. Milk, me~t, skins, and ~ir are the main products produced from goats. Goats are popular not only because of the products derived fro~ them~ but also because of their ad~ptability to the rocky slopes and their abil~ty to survive on crude ve~etatlon. However, excessive Erazing by goats has been largely responsible for the depletion of much of Lebanon's forest are~, and legislation ~s passe~ in 1950 to restrict grazing. rlr~e hi~ r~ forest areas pr~luce llt~le Er~zlng~ and it is generally a~reed that it would be better in the long run for much of this area to be reforested. Sheep also graze the pasturelan~s of Lebanon, but in smaller numbers than 8~ts. They are largely of the fat-taile~ species and are raised for meat, fat, wool, and milk. Milk is pro~essed into cookln~ butter, and the fat from the sheep ~ails into cooEing fat. and PoultrT_ ..P/0~. ucte For years poultry conslstml of sm~ll far~ flocks that searched for much of their own foo~. During the 1950's~ there were rapid technic~l ~vancements. T~day the industry includes ~ number of mo~eru broiler- an~ e~E-pro~ucing farms. Most of these have bee~ financed by businessmen sn~ are large economic units. Lebanon is now one of the leading plxylucers of poultry in the Middle E~st. Egg pro~uctiou h~s risen sharply in recent years. In 19~9, a reported 3,000 metric tons of e@gs were produced. Three years later in 1962, production was estimated at ~,000 metric tons and estimates for 1963 and 196~ are 5,000 metric tons. In spite of this rapid increase, Lebanon has continued to Impor~ eggs. The production 'of poultry ~e~t h~s also ~een increasing rapl~ly %o keep ~ee ~e incr~s~ d~d. ~ 19~9~ ~on p~uced ab~t 3,~ m~c ~s~ or mo~ ~o-~ of ~e ~ty cons~ d~es~. ~uc~ for i~ ~s esti~ ~ be 8~ metre ~s. The predominant breeds for broiler production are ~he N~ Ha~pshires and White Pl~mouth Rocks. Rhode Island Reds and White I~ghorns are the popular egg-produciug breeds. Except for chickens, little poultry is raised. Other Livestock A few hogs are raise~ an~ marketed among Le~anese Christians but the hog popula- tion Is ~. ~ ~e ~s~s of ~, the ~e-f~ ~ is the ~st Horses; ~les, ~ ~els are s~o u8~ f~ ~ ~ ~spo~ bu~ ~e less n~s. ~e f~ b~es ~t ~st ~e k~t for ~ ~d for ~. T15381183~

percent of the ~ milk producti~ Is consume~ fresh; the re~aining 20 percent consumed mainly Sn f'orm of white cheese, laban (artifielal~y soured milk): and in in~ustrial ~akin~. Although domestic productio~ is increasing, Leb~nc~ appears certain ~o continue to impor~ large quantities of dairy products to s~tisfy ~he ever-incre~stng demand. The lebanese consumption of d~iry products is over twice the domestic productio~ of fresh milk. Meat annually £n Lebanon~ only s sm~ll percentage is produced locally. The imported meat, m~inly £n the form of live anime.ls (princil~lly sheep, ~cats, and c~tt~e)~ comes p~ly from Syria an~ Turkey. Few hogs ~re imported. More ~ half of the animals are slaughtered o~rcial~7 but refri~era~ion is scarce and me~t must ~e oonsumed In ~ re~h~tlvel7 short ¢.t:e. Religious do~trtne Influences wh~,t, kind of meat i~ ~onsumed and how It is prepared. The M~Blims ent me~T, from animals slaughtered accor~in~ to religious laws~ but do not ea~ pork. About ~, ~00 metric ~o~s of meat (mainly preserved) is imported annually to supplement live auin~l Imports. FOOD CGNSUMI~ION According to the standards used in the Worl~ Foo~l ~u~et, 1970, prel~re~ 5y the U.S. Departmen~ of A~ricul%~re, the I~anese ~tet w~s &dequate furi~ the 19~9-61 perlo~ with the exception of a slight deficiency in pulse protein. Thls~ however, is expecte~ ~o be corrected ~y 1970. TRANSPORTATION AND Transport~tlo~ facilities ~re quite well ~evelo~ in I~anon. The country is served by & railroad ~hat connects She ci~ies &lo~g ~he coast, crosses the country from Beirut to Dama.scus~ and extends north in the ~eka~ Valley fran about the center of Leb~nc~ into Syria. Roads are also being improved for the "u~e of" an increasing number of cars and trucks. The principal means of transporting farm produce ~o market is by truck or pack animal. Road imprevmuents have enabled ~ growing nmnber of farmers to use trucks, although m~ny farmers still rely on p~ck animals ~s ~helr ancestors ~Id before them. Msny farmers canno~ afford trucks bec&u~e their farms ere sm~ll and are loc~ted on the rugged slopes of the moun~'.ains. Marketing f~cilities for ag~culturml products are often no~ adequate. 0~*the- farm s~ors~e is limi~ecl and often w~steful. Most of ~he domes~i~ food supply is pro- ceased in the villages where it rosy not be practical to use modern ~echniques and TI53811832

-- 60 .... 60 -- 60 37.7 363 5 ~o 2 /i ~2 28 I~ S.8 83 -- 15 -- -m 16 -- 16 ~o.i 98 33 17 ~2 -- 28 6 ~ 13.8 26 179 11 17 -- 173 37 1~6 85.~ 57 275 19 1~I -- 1~3 30 lm3 77.3 I~0 Zo ...... ZO -- ~o 6.3 31 9 ...... 9 -- 9 5-7 22 9 $ .... 13 -- 13 8.2 35 -- 3 .... 3 -- 3 1.9 5 z 3 .... ~ -- ~ 2.5 30 equipment. ~ut progress has ~een m~e in prucess~n6 and marketin~ facilities and in ~c~es e~ecia~ for ~o~ c~~es--e.g.~ Lebanese a~ricul'~tr~l l~Oltcy has 8enere.lly favored laissez faire or~ a% lee.st, mintmum of go~emmen~ control of eeo~c~ie e~tivl~tes. Su~idies, production an~ o~her me,cures ec~7 uee~ in o~her counties ~o ~ppor~ a6ricul~l prices income h~e bee~ applied to sc~e produc%s. Tsr~s on a~ri~ul%~tral pr~xlucts ere more ~he level de~ermlne~l ~y suppl7 anA ~em~nd~ are a~plled ~o c~ ~ f~w crop.. Mom~ impose of a~r~Icul~ural cc~ma:.~i%les a~e euh~ec~ %0 i~iffs an~or ~ive restric~c~s. Tariffs fall into 3 main classes--preferen%lal, normal, TI53811833

quent agreements between lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, ~yp% and lraq give each co~y the l~Avile~e of trading with each of the others mxprocessed far~ products o~ ~ut~ free ba~ls and l~ocessed item~ with a 25 .perce~t preferential tariff. ~heat certain other esse~'t~.a~ food~ enter the country d~y ~-ee, althoW.~ i~x~m ~st h~ve import licenzes, which are usually easil~ obtained. The normal tariff rate is used c~ imports from most nc~-Arab co~utries. The ~ rate Is limited to a few nc~icultu~al products; e.g.j me~n~m rates apply to certain products fr~n Japan. Altho~h certain essential commodities such as wheat and wheat flour ~re free of tariffs, a fee of $6.~0 ~er to~ for imported wheat and up to $31.97 per ~n for porte~ flour Ss collected by the Wheat Ot~ice on imports frc~ countries other than the Syrian Arab Republic. Most of Le~enon's non-Arab tre~e results from ~ilateral trade a~ree~ents. ments exist between ~ E~stern and ~est~n countries, ~i~h I~hen~n showi~ no preference for either. Expo~ l~censes are needed for agricultural products such as livestock, meat, gr~In, E6yptian co~, fats and oils, and su~. Subsidies are given, sub~ect ~o cabinet approv~l, to encourage.the export of Le~enese fruit. These Include payments on fruit that is graded and l~cke8 according to specified s~an~ards an~ l~al pay- ment for transportation costs, ~he amount dependi~ on the port of destination. .Price support and ~uan~tt7 c~trol The LebanAse fiovermnent fixes the price to the farmer for wheat, ~rley, su~v beets, tobacco, and silk cox:otis. Whea~ and barley prices are supported through a prggram administered by the ~he~t Office, a seml-autc~nons govermne~t organization. Prices vere scheduled to be sup- ported durln~ the 196~/65 crop year at a level between $~.63 an~ ~.~i ~er b~shel for durum wheat, / depending on class and ~rade, au~ between $2.28 and ~.~6 for semihard and soft wheat. ~is is the ~ level of suppor~ that was glv.en, for crop. Top-gra~e barle~ ~s to be mapported at ~ level between ~1.16 an8 ~1. ~1 per bushel for the 196~/6~ crop. The Wheat Office was or~s~ized under the M~nistry of wh~t i~s. It ~s a~o gi~ ~e re~ibi~ ~ for ~s, ~ch ~ be ~ for ~ ~t ~ce's au~o~ty ~ p~se g~n ~ s~ ~ces for ~e ~c~e ~ra ~ ~ ~ ~ ~r~ The growers' sel~ln~ price for sugar bee~s was to be raised oo a schedule calling for an increase e~ch year ~ $~.~0 per ~ric to~ in l~6H, to $1~.~0 in 1~6~, to ~I.00 in 1965, and to $~5-~0 in 1966. This price guarantee is expected to increase s~ar pro~ucti, on. The tobacco industry is con~r~lled t~ a government-sponsored m~opolM ~fl~ich has the authority to c~trol production throb acreage control so that the farmer's price falls within a range set up by the M~nlstry of FAnance. In an effort to ensure a market for domestic tobacco, the Lebanese Gov-~r~ment has announced certain steps to be take~ over a perio~ of time to ~Lmit the sale ~f certain types an~ bran~s of im- ported ci6~es. ~Y 1967, an amount of d~mes't~.c ~ equal to ÷~he to~acco in ~he -21- TI53811834

allowe~ Imported circle-tree must be pur~base~ fr~n 5~,~ers. Imports of oriental- flavored oi~arettes h~ve no~ been allowed siuce ~d-196~. The S~lk 0ff~ce re~da~es the prices paid for silk eo~ocne t~ a purchase pro6~sm and is generally resl~nsible for ~he proaotic~ of silk production. Th~s of Tlce an a~eney ~pemt~v~ ~r~n the M/nlstry of' Ag~cu~tre. Develolx~nt Plens In 1~6~ the Lebanese Government anuounc~ a Five-Year Development Plan, to be ~l~anced peril7 by royalties frc~ oil pipelines and p~rtl~ from ~he re6ul~r ~ud~et. Pro~ects to provide electricity, ~o improve ~ater supplies IncludlnK %~ter for lrri- ga~0~ ~nd to improve roads to rur~l vi~-l~6es ~re the main reassures. About three- quarters of ~he $1~0 mill~c~ bud6eted for the ~len are to be use~ ~or these ~ro~ec~s. In 1963~ the Government's "Green Plan" ~s Introduced. This plan is for ~he re- habilitation of a6ricul%ural lands over a lO-year period. An initial sum of ~.7 mil- ltc~ ~as &ll~ate~ for %he pro~ec~ as well ~s $12.9 ~11~ to ~e use~ hy ~he A~rioul- ~tre, Industry, an~ Re~l Es%~%e Credit Bank ~o ex~en~ credit %o partlci~ti~ fathers. Work continues on the Lt~ni P~oJe~t for developin~ h~roelectric power ~d i~- ~. As ~e p~t p~e~s ~ e~le~, m~e ~cul~l ~ is ~er i~g~on; ~ c~t~ ~s~ acres ~ ~ be~ a~ ~ ~e ~i In 1959~ %he Lebanese Government es~abllshe~ a ~t ~ ~e ~n ~e ~ ~ee. ~~ ~e n~ o~~l~ ~ not ~ ~u~ ~ set p~ces, It ~ a~ lnc~sl~ the Inc~e of ~t ~e~ by ~er ~s. ~e r~tes ~e ~ ~ ~c~ of ~o~ ~t, p~s ~e use of co~ o~ ~~ ~ques, ~ p~es ~e ~i~ ~ pres~ ~d ~e set~ ~ of n~ ones. Subsidies are pa~d to fruit exporters to compensate for some of the T~anspor- ~on cost, the amount of suretY7 be~ dep~ent ~ dis~auce s~pped. In additl~ ~he ~o~r~ operates cold storage and p~ck~ p~an%s which help ~o prostate exports. The Governmen~ ~c~l sssla~e p~d~ ln~st ~8 for ~l~e ~d Other ~overn~e~tal actions and progress have been a~6p%ed in ~he past~ most of which were alme~ at increastn~ a~TI~UI~Ur~I production an~ ~~ ~o~ ~d d~s~c ~ts. ~ s~ of ~8e p~ forei~ ~ci~e~ ~ ~ the AGRICI/LTURAL TRADE lm~en~ ~s an unfavorable ~lance of tre~e, vlth imports um.~Uy 5 times or more ~re~ter than exports. However, Income fr~n tuurists~ transit faciltties~ commerce, Ti53811835

.,~cul'l;u.ral exports are a~ :l.~x~-tan't part o~ Le~n's trade (table .5). Fruit-° eepeci~ll~ • most o~ I~n~8 l~z~shs~le are ma~or ~51e 5 .--Le~u~: ~mn%i%y an~ ~lue of expo~s, 1961-63 : ~uantlty : Value C~o~i~y : : 1961 : 196e : 1963 : 1961 : 196~ : 1963 Other a~rlcultural ................................. 3,766 To~al s~icul%'ursl ........................... : : N~rlcultural .................................... : 111, 5~ All empor~s " 13e 078 : A~Ilcul%ural expo~s as ~ 9e~en~a~e of ~ expoS: 1~.~ i~000 dol/ars - - - ~, 7~1 ~, 608 ~,975 3~709 2,056 3,~9 e, 050 e, ~ i,~00 1,129 837 8n 8, 7~I 10,239 27,990 30,175. 61, ~53 65,379 for 1963. R~pub~lque Le~anaise, Sta~Is%i~ues 8u C~mme~e Ex~zleu~, 1961, !9~, an~ 1963. In 1961-63, ~z~ul~ural expor%s ave~ a~mt 35 pez~mt of %he value of ~o~s. But ~TI~UI%U~I i~O~S ~ g~n~zall~ m~ %h~n %~Ice the value of rural expo~s an~ usually accuunt f~r &~% s fif~ of all ~ i~poz~s--such as co~, beans, an~ peas--are reexporte~, espe~lal~y those that c~ ~ nelghborin~ Ara~ countries. I~1~n~ is a ~or ship~ country for West Asian a~ri~ultur~l ex~s. -23- T~53811836

Table 6.--Lebanon: Q~ant~y and value of imports, 1961-63 A~rlcultural (select~i) Live animals ......... Cottonse~ .......... l~ans and peas ....... : ]~rley ............. : Cotton .............. : Hides and skins ..... Butter ............ .. Cheese ..... . ........ : Wool ........ o .. o • • • ,. : 128.7 176.9 177.9 : 39.8 52.0 52.4 : 30.7 49.1 ~0.0 12.0 ~.8 34.0 52.7 ~9.9 54.8 5.5 7.9 4.3 4.8 5.8 7.~ 2.0 2.3 2.5 4.1 3.9 ~.8 •: 29.3 36.1 45,1 .: ~6.~ 19.1 16.1 4.5 3.3 4.~ • : 57.1 35.6 30.0 • : .7 2.0 2.2 : • : 3.0 2.7 3.6 • : 17.1 18.6 23.9 O~her agricultural .............................. Total agrlcul,Atral .......................... Ncnagricultur~l .................................. . : " : ..... i~000 aollare ..... 12,930 13,019 13,359 6,6~ 10,250 12,6~ 2,925 3,78~ ~,,075 1,~ ~,6~ 3,8~ i, 153 5,~ 3,~ 2,~ 2,3~ 3,~6 3,~ 5,618 3,~3 1,1~ i, 813 2,215 1, ~1 i, 1,2~ i, 393 1, 959 1,659 ~,151 e,~ ~,7~ 1,~3 ~,971 e~ 1,~7 ~, 383 58, 5~ 81, ~ 81, 538 e9Z, TBZ ~,7~ e~,~8 All imports ......................................... : 350,R81 335,860 331,866 : ....... Percent A~ricultural imports as a percentage of total imports: 16.7 2~.i 2~.6 "'~ Values oompute~ at 1 Le~anc~ pound • ~O.33 for 1961, $0~'3~ for 196~, and ~0'.'3~3 for 1963. ~ I, O0O head. ~ Mainly dry milk. S~n~r~e: ~publlque ~banalse, St~tistl%ues ~u Co~:~erce E~erieur, 1961, 1962~and 1963. TRADE WITH THE DNITED STATES The United States is second ~v to the United ~ingd~n as a ~upplter of Lebanese imports. However, mos~ of ~he co~mod/tles which Lehano~ buys from the United States are no~a~rieult~ral; agricultural co~modi~ies ~ccoun% for less ~han ~e-flfth of the ~i. Of these agricultural commodities, the m~or ~es are wheat flour, animal fee~s, and vegetable oil (table 7). United States imports fr~n lebano~ are relatively small con~ared to U.S. exports ~o la~,=o~ ($8.~ mILli~ vs. $57.0 milli~ :~.n 196~.) imports account for abo~t three-fourths of the total imports fro~ Leban~. Principal agricultural commodities ~hich the U~l~e~ States 1~,vs fr~n Leban~ are wool, tobacco, sausage casings, and sheep and l~mb skins. TI538118~

T~hle 7.--U.S. ex~oz~s ~o Leh~n~n~ 196~, I~63, ana 1~6~ Co.~o~t~ • : : IK7 339 6~9 ~ If any, Incluaed in other agrlculture. ~ Includes n~fat &ry milk, $~i, 300. ~t~e overall output of Lebanese agrlcul~tre pr~mlse8 to increase over the nex~ s~veral years. Increases are expecte~ to c~e ~hief1,7 fr~ s co~tlnuln6 chan~e to In- ¢enslve crop (maln~ fruit ~nd v~getables) an~ livestock (mainly" poultry ana dairy pro- duct£~). But ~he increase in overall out~u% is no~ expec~e~ to be spe~tlar. NOt O~ly ~oe~ Le1~nc~ have "the problem of too many peuple on i~ llmiT~1 agricult~rsl l~n~s ~u% ~he generall~ low l~rel of income of farmers ~Iscours~es intro~uc~io~ of modern - 25 - TI,538118,?.

Table 8.--U.S. ~or~. ~ ~e~anon, 196~, !963, an~ 19~ C~Uty ~nantlty : Value 1963 " 196~ : 196~ :. 1963 : 196~ A6rlcultural (selecte~) : : Thou. Tho~. Thou. : ~o~rs do~rs ~o~ ~f ........ : Lb.: 2,~ 2,~3 1,853 : i,~ 1,371 i,~ casi~s ....... : ~. : ...... : ~ 759 ~9 ~ s~ns... : ~. : ~ 757 i,~3 : ~ 2~7 8~ s~ns ............ : ~. : 96 ~5 331 : 38 61 ~3 se~ .......... : ~. : ~ ~6 387 : ~ $3 7~ se~s .......... : ~.: ~3 ~ ~ : i~ 3 ~i ............ : ~. : 18 ~ 2~ : ~ 3 5 nuts ....... : ~.: 98 i~7 0 : ~3 67 0 ~cul%~l .... : - : ...... : 52 61 69 ~t~1.. : - : ...... : 3,~3 5,1~8 5,~7 " 6~ ~ P~7 e 9~ N~cul~l • : : : : • ............ • ..... ~ e~ 6 675 8 e36 'Le~ano~ depends principally on foreign countries in mrketing citrus fruits and apples, while ~he marketing of fresh vegetables depends mainly en the domestic market and is dlrectl~ rel~ted to the to~vlst trade. As more M~ is brought under £rrigatlon~ the ~otentlal for fruit and ve~e~able produQtion ~ill increase. ~s~antial InQrease in income, however, ~ill depend o~ the a~l]Aty of the Lebanese ~o ~evelop new markets. Extension of livestock products m~y be limited by production costs. Competition • ~ foreign poultry and dair~ products wi~.l pro~a~17 reTar~ rapid expansion in this Althou~h the government iS nOt expected to Introduce "~l-Aff8~ q~otas, or price ~upports to protect d~aestlc production, it is encouraging the consoli~atlo~ of land- hol~i~s and more efficient agricultural production. S~rong traditi~s and however, m~ke progress slow. TI53811839

Food and ~grlcu~.ture Or~anlzatloa of the Unite@ Nations 1959- Mediterranean Development Project Country Study: Kibanoa. P~me, July. l~banon, Direction C~grale des Douanes (General Customs Bureau) 1961, I~o~, 19~3- Statisti~ues du Commerce Ext~rleur (Forei~ Tr~ Statistics), Beirut o Middle East Institute 1958. Middle East. ~'o~._l, Vol. 12, Wa~hlngton, D.C. 195~-58.' "l~ctorial Review of'H0x~icult~ral Projects, Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture. U.8. Operations Mission to Lebanon, Beirut. Re~aj 1965. Economic Develol~nent in the Near East and North Africa. Mar~h. Near East Report, S~h, Antolue 196~-i~3. The Agricultural-Guide of Lebanon. Beirut. Suheon~ae~ors' Monograph, The Republic of Leb~uc~, Vol. 1 and 2. 1956. Human Relations Files, Inc., New Haven, Conn. United Nati~s. Dep~r~t of Economic and Social Affair~, Econc~i~ Develoi~nent in the Middle East, S~ppl~nent to World Economic Sur~ey, New York, various issues. Production Yearbook, various years. U.S. Dep~r~ment of Agriculture, Economic Research Service 1~. Notes on the A~rieultur~l Eco~c~M of Lebanon. Sept. i~6~. Agricultur~l Policies of Foreign Governments Inclu~i~ Trade Policies Affecti.g Agriculture. Agr. ~andbook 13~, Mar~h. 196~. The World Food Budget, 1970. ~orei~n Agr. Econ. Rpt. 19, Oct. i~5. The 196~ Africa and West Asia Agricultural SAtuatlon. ERS-Forelgn 117, March. U.S. Department of the Interior, ]~u-~su of Reclamation 195~- Development Pl~n for the Litanl River ~asln, Republic of Lebanon, Vol. i. U.S. 0perat%~ ons Misslon--Lebanon. 1953, 1955, 1957, 1959. Lebanon. A~can Eabassy, Beirut. 1955. Lebanon. Annual Report, Agricultural Division. Beirut. (Mimeographed). ~956 . Agricultur~l a~ Rel~ted Inf~tion ~ to ~he S~pubS~Ic of Lebanon for A~cult~ural Technicians. Beirut. (Mimeographed). -27- T!53811840

l~mOE A~D FE~ PAID U.S. ~ 0~ AGRIC~ .". Turiea • llll & Knoelton, Inc. ~-9-~5 150 E. 4~nd St. 10017 TI5.3811841