NYSA TI Multipage 2
Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups
Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Office ott Smoking and Health
Fields
- NYSA numbers
- 0241 B1793 02C
- Named Organization
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
- American Cancer Society
- American College of Physicians
- American Journal of Public Health (periodical)
- American Medical Association (physicians group)
Professional trade group representing American physicians.- American Psychological Association (professional trade group)
Trade group for psychological/mental health professionals- American Public Health Association (Public health organization)
Professional organization for people working in public health- Archives (National Archives and Records Administration)
- Arizona State University
- Battelle Memorial Institute
- Boston University School of Public Health
- Brown University
- Bureau of the Census
- California Department of Public Health
- Center for Health Statistics
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- Clinical Research (scientific periodical)
- Columbia University
- Department of Commerce (DOC)
- *Department of Health and Human Services
- Emory University
- Federal Trade Commission (Enforcement agency for laws against deceptive advertising)
Enforces laws against false and deceptive advertising, including ads for tobacco products. Ensures proper display of health warnings in ads and on tobacco products;collects and reports to Congress information concerning cigarette and smokeless tobacco advertising, sales expenditures, and the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes.- Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Government Printing Office (GPO)
- GPO (government printing office)
- Harvard School of Public Health
- Harvard University
- *Health and Human Services (HHS) (use United States Department of Health and Hum (US)
- Health Resources and Services Administration
- Henry Ford Health System
- House of Representatives
- Indian Health Service
- Johns Hopkins University
- Johnson Foundation
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (Scientist produced tumors on mice, 1954, using cigarette tar)
A scientist at Sloan-Kettering (Wynder?) painted tar on the backs of mice and produced tumors, in 1954- National Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
- National Center for Health Statistics (Keeps statistics on health-related matters)
Plaintiff- National Health Survey
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (An addiction research center in Baltimore, MD)
An addiction research center located in Baltimore, MD- National Institutes of Health
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- National Medical Association
- Northeastern University (in Boston)
- Office on Smoking and Health
Responsible for creating reports on the health effects of smoking. Created by the Public Health Service.- Ohio State University
- Oxford University
- Preventive Medicine (periodical)
- Public Health University (Located in Bangkok, Thailand)
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Foundation, funds tobacco control and health projects)
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute
- San Diego State University
- Senate
- Tobacco Control Section
- TRW, Incorporated (Tests Rocket Engines)
- U.S. Department of Commerce
- University of British Columbia (Located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada)
- *University of California (use specific branch)
- University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)
- University of California San Diego
- University of California San Francisco
- University of Connecticut
- University of Michigan
- University of Minnesota
- University of New Mexico
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
- University of San Francisco
- University of Texas
- University of Texas at Austin
- University of Utah
- University of Wisconsin
- American Cancer Society
- Named Person
- Altman, David G.
- Andujar, Marco
- Atchison, Ruth
- Austin, Austin
- Baldwin, Cheryl
- Bales, Virginia S.
- Bedford, Mary
- Bellantoni, Christine V.
- Bennett, Glen L. (National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute)
Wrote "The Effects of Passive Smoking and Day Care on Respiratory Illnesses in Children"- Berg, Maureen
- Bernstein, Marissa
- Blum, Alan Mayer M.D. (Doctors Ought to Care (DOC) Founder, Plaintiff Expert)
- Broome, Claire V.
- Brown, L. Jackson
- Buchanan, Joyce
- Byrd, W. Michael
- Carabello, Ralph S.
- Castro, Felipe G.
- Chase, Irene Reveles
- Chen, Moon S., Jr.
- Chen, Yun
- Choi, Portia S.
- Chrismon, Jeffrey H.
- Coast, Ivory
- Cobb, Nathaniel
- Collins, Janet L.
- Collins, Robert J.
- Coultas, David B.
- Cummings, K. Michael
- Davis, Ronald M.
- Deasy, Karen M.
- Delgado, Jane L.
- Dreyer, Ellen C.
- Elder, John
- Elliott, Rita
- Eriksen, Michael P., Sc.D. (Center for Disease Control, Director of Smoking & Health)
Plaintiff- Escobedo, Luis G.
- Faulkner, Dorothy L.
- Fiore, Michael C., M.D., M.P.H. (Director of Tob. Research and Intervention Program, U of Wis)
Plaintiff- Franks, Adele M.
- Freeman, Harold E.
- Gamba, Raymond J.
- Gingrich, Newt (Speaker of the House after Republicans regained control of H)
Speaker of the House after Republicans regained control of House in 1994- Giovino, Gary A.
- Glynn, Thomas J., Ph. D.
Plaintiff- Goldstein, Michael G.
- Gore, Albert (Vice- President)
- Grau, Perry
- Gregory, Sarah
- Hahn, Robert A.
- Hatch, Lillian E.
- Hawks, Betty Lee
- Headen, Sandra W.
- Henningfield, Jack Edward, Ph.D. (Pharmacologist, Johns Hopkins U, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
Plaintiff- Hess, Elizabeth L.
- Holbrook, John H.
- Horton, Reta N.
- Houston, Thomas
- Hull, Frederick L.
- Jackson, Rudolph S.
- Johnson, Elaine M.
- Johnson, Valerie R.
- Kaufman, Nancy J.
- Keenan, Nora L.
- King, Gary
- Kingsley, Beverly S.
- Lawrence, Leonard E.
- Leone, Sierra
- Lew, Rod
- Lich, Edward
- Lloyd, Douglas S.
- Lloyd, Gayle
- Mackay, Judith (Director, Asian Consultancy on Tobacco Control, Hong Kong)
- Manley, Audrey E.
- Marks, James S.
- Martin, Gerardo
- Marx, William T.
- McAlister, Alfred, Ph.D.
Defense- Mcdonald, Margie
- Mcgee, Paulette Clark
- Mcginnis, J. Michael
- McGinnis, J. Michael, M.D.
Plaintiff- Mclaughlin, Linda A.
- Merritt, Robert K.
- Michaels, Jennifer A.
- Mills, Barbara A.
- Mowery, Paul D.
- Newcomb, Michael D.
- Norman, Leslie A.
- Nyholm, Ward C.
- Orleans, C. Tracy
- Orleans, Tracy C., Ph.D.
Plaintiff- Pechacek, Terry F.
- Peddicord, John P.
- Perry, Cheryl Leigh, Ph.D. (Behavioral Scientist, U of Minnesota, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
Plaintiff- Pierce, John P., Ph.D. (Epidemiologist, U of CA, San Diego, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
- Powell, Felicia A.
- Pritchett, Anne M.
- Reece, Donald H.
- Remington, Patrick L., M.D., M.P.H. (Epidemiologist, Wisconsin Dept. of Health, Anti-Tobacco Expe)
Plaintiff- Remington, Richard D.
- Richter, Patricia A.
- Rigotti, Nancy A., M.D. (Internist, Harvard Med. School, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
- Robinson, Robert G.
- Rothenberg, Richard B.
- Samet, Jonathan M.
- Satcher, David, M.D., Ph.D.
- Schooley, Michael W.
- Sharp, Donald J.
- Shelton, Dana
- Siegel, Michael B.
- Singer, Beverly R.
- Spangler, Matthew B.
- Sugarman, Jonathan R.
- Taylor, R. L.
Defense- Temple, Ruth
- Timmerman, Catherine T.
- Trujillo, Michael H.
- Walton, Sam M.
- Warner, Kenneth E., Ph.D (Plaintiff's expert, health care costs)
Plaintiff- Weston, Raymond
- Wilkenfeld, Judith P., J.D. (Attorney, FTC, FDA, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
Plaintiff- Williams, Jerome
- Williams, Peggy E.
- Wilson, Eve J.
- Wolman, Beatrice K.
- Wright, John
- Wynder, Ernst L., M.D. (Epidemiologist, Sloan Kettering, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
1993 First scientist to report in 1950 on the carginocencity of cigarettes in rats painted with tar. Assistant at Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research Directed the American Health Foundation (AHF) from 1984 to his death in 1998.- Zhu, Bao Ping
- Andujar, Marco
- Date Loaded
- 27 Jan 2005
- Box
- 8762. Federal -1 998 -A-S
- Folder
- Surgeon General's Rpt "Tob. Use Among U.S Racial/Ethnic Minoriy Groups"
- Division
- Federal Relations
Document Images
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CDC
Tobacco Use Among
U.S. Racial/Ethnic
Minority Groups
African Americans
American Indians and Alaska Natives
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Hispanics
A Report of the
Surgeon General
E •
xecutlve Summary
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Office ott Smoking and Health
T!15962497
Suggested Citation
U.5. Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial~Ethnic
Minority Groups--A.~'can Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans
and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smok-
ing and Health, 1998.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, D.C., 20402, S/N 017-001-00527-4.
Use of trade names is for identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
T115962498
THESECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
W~SHINGTON, O,C. 20~0|
The Honorable Newt Gingrich
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
Dear Mr. Speaker:
I am pleased to transmit to the Coggress t~e Surgeon General's report
on the health consequences of smoklng, entltled Tobacco Use Among U.S.
Racial~Ethnic Minority Groups. This report is mandated by Section
8(a) of the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 (Public Law
91-222) and includes the health effects of smokeless tobacco products,
as mandated by Section 8(a) of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco
Health Education Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-252). The report was
prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is the first Surgeon General's repo~#t to focus on tobacco use
among four U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups: African Americans,
American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asizhn Americans and Pacific
Islanders, and Hispanics. It provides a single, comprehensive source
of data on each racial/ethnic group's pa~terns of tobacco use,
physical effects related to tobacco smoking and chewing, societal and
psychosocial factors associated with tobacco use, and a selection of
specific tobacco control programs. Armed with accurate data, health
professionals can plan appropriate programs to address more
effectively the health needs of these groups.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United
States. Certain racial/ethnic minority populations remain at
high risk for using tobacco and often bear a disproportionate
share of the human and economic cost of tobacco use. For
instance, African Americans suffer the highest death rates from
several diseases caused by smoking. Although some recent
declines in lung cancer trends are encouraging, we have reason
for great concern about recently reported increases in rates of
smoking among African-American and Hispanic high school students.
According to estimates from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, over
the next 50 years, the size of these :[our racial/ethnic minority
groups is expected to increase dramatically, becoming almost half
of the U.S. population by the year 20!50. This projection clearly
indicates the need to develop effective strategies to prevent
tobacco-related disease and death in these four minority
population groups.
Enclosure
5Q6"~a /. S~ala 1 ~
T!15962499
THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
WASHINGTON. O.f,~. 20201
The Honorable Albert Gore,
President of the Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Jr.
Dear Mr. President:
I am pleased to transmit to the Congress the Surgeon General's report
on the health consequences of smoking, entitled Tobacco Use Among U.S.
Racial~Ethnic Minority Groups. This report is mandated by Section
8(a) of the Public Health Cigarette Smoki~.g Act of 1969 (Public Law
91-222) and includes the health effects of smokeless tobacco products,
as mandated by Section 8(a) of the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco
Health Education Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-252). The report was
prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This is the first Surgeon General's report to focus on tobacco use
among four U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups: African Americans,
American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific
Islanders, and Hispanics. It provides a single, comprehensive source
of data on each racial/ethnic group's patterns of tobacco use,
physical effects related to tobacco smoking and chewing, societal and
psychosocial factors associated with tobacco use, and a selection of
specific tobacco control programs. Armed with accurate data, health
professionals can plan appropriate programs to address more
effectively the health needs of these groups.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United
States. Certain racial/ethnic minority populations remain at
high risk for using tobacco and often bear a disproportionate
share of the human and economic cost of tobacco use. For
instance, African Americans suffer the highest death rates from
several diseases caused by smoking. Although some recent
declines in lung cancer trends are encouraging, we have reason
for great concern about recently reported increases in rates of
smoking among African-American and Hispanic high school students.
According to estimates from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, over
the next 50 years, the size of these four racial/ethnic minority
groups is expected to increase dramatically, becoming almost half
of the U.S. population by the year 2050. This projection clearly
indicates the need to develop effective strategies to prevent
tobacco-related disease and death in these four
population groups.
Enclosure
minority
T115962500
Foreword
The United States of America is a rich blend of cultures. This diversity
demands close attention from the agencies and in4ividuals responsible for pro-
tecting the public's health. For too long in tobacco control, attention to diversity
has been less consistent than is necessary for planning and developing effective
health programs. As a result, we sometimes lack sufficient information on which
to base tobacco control interventions. With this report, we begin to address such
problems and point the way to filling these gaps in knowledge.
Tobacco use causes devastating disease and premature death in every
population in the U~ted States. For four major U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups--
African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and
Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics--patterns of tobacco use, adverse health effects,
and the effectiveness of interventions need to be understood in terms of tobacco's
cultural and socioeconomic effects on the members of these groups. This report
describes the complex factors that play a part in the growing epidemic of diseases
caused by tobacco use in these four groups.
Since 1964 when the first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health
was released, this report is the first to focus exclusively on tobacco use among
members of these four racial/ethnic groups. Together these groups constitute about
25 percent of the U.S. population, and that proportion is growing rapidly. Public
health program~ must effectively address the health needs of this significant pro-
portion of people. Such action is of paramount importance to reducing tobacco
use in the United States and meeting national health objectives for the year 2000.
We hope that this report will provide the basis for renewing our commitment to
develop more effective tobacco control programs and policies for people of every
rac.ial and ethnic background. In addition, the report can be used by parents and
communities as a tool to develop their own solutions. With continued diligence,
we shall strive to reach and exceed whenever possible our stated health goals by
the year 2000 and reduce the enormous health burden caused by tobacco products.
Claire V. Broome, M.D.
Acting Director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
and
Acting Administrator
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Ti15962501
Preface
from the Surgeon General,
U.S. Department o/Health and H~:man Services
Effective strategies are needed to reduce tobacco use among members of U.S.
racial/ethnic groups and thus diminish their burden of tobacco-related diseases
and deaths. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable disease and
death in the United States. There is enormous potential to reduce heart disease,
cancer, stroke, and respiratory disease among members of racial and ethnic groups,
who make up the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population.
This Surgeon General's report is the first to address the diverse tobacco
control needs of the four major U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups--African
Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, .&sian Americans and Pacific
Islanders, and Hispanics. This report is also the only single, comprehensive source
of data on each group's patterns of tobacco use, physical effects related to tobacco
smoking and chewing, and societal and psychosocial factors associated with
tobacco use.
The findings detailed in this report indicate that if tobacco use is not reduced
among members of these four racial/ethnic groups, they will experience increas-
ing morbidity and mortality from tobacco use. The toll is currently highest for
African American adults. Findings also suggest that some close, long-term rela-
tionships between tobacco companies and various racial/ethnic communities could
hamper U.S. efforts to lower rates of tobacco use by the year 2000. Also notable is
the support that members of racial/ethnic groups have shown for legislative
efforts to control tobacco use, sales, advertising, and promotion.
As this report goes to press, discouraging news comes from a report
published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the Youth Risk
Behavior Survey about tobacco use among African American and Hispanic high
school students. Past-month smoking increased among African American students
by 80 percent and among Hispanic students by 34 percent from 1991 through 1997.
The consistent decline once seen among young African Americans has sharply
reversed in recent years. Past-month smoking prevalence increased from 13 per-
cent to 23 percent among African Americans and from 25 percent to 34 percent
among Hispanics.
Although cancer remains common in Americans of all racial and ethnic groups,
the pattern of increasing lung cancer deaths in the 1970s and 1980s among African
American, Hispanic, and some American Indian and Alaska Native subgroups
has been halted or reversed for some groups from 1990 through 1995. Some en-
couraging news from Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 1973-1995: A Report Card for
the U.S. was just published by the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer
Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The report described
lung cancer trend data from 1990 through 1995 for African Americans, Asian Ameri-
cans and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. Lung cancer death rates declined
significantly for African American men and for Hispanic men and women from
iii
TI15962502
1990 through 1995; death rates did not change significantly for African American
women or for Asian American and Pacific Islander men or women..a/though lung
cancer trends may continue to decline among some racial/ethnic groups for sev-
eral more years, recent increases in smoking prevalence among adolescent African
Americans and Hispanics and among Asian American and Pacific Islander adoles-
cent males, coupled with the lack of decline among American Indian and Alaska
Native adults, do not bode well for long-term trends in lung cancer.
One purpose of this report is to guide researchers in their future efforts to
garner more information needed to develop effective prevention and control pro-
grams. Several significant research questions need to be addressed. For example,
why are African American youths smoking cigarettes in lower proportions than
youths in other racial/ethnic groups? How does :~cculturation affect patterns of
tobacco use among immigrants to the United States? What are the differential
effects of gender on tobacco use among members of certain racial/ethnic groups?
What racial- and ethnic-specific protective factors and risk factors will promote
the development of culturally appropriate interventions to prevent and control
tobacco use? And to what extent are culturally specific tobacco control prod'rams
necessary to curb tobacco use among racial/ethnic populations? While research-
ers are redirecting their focus, federal, state, and private tobacco control parmers
need to address program issues, such as how to develop and evaluate culturally
appropriate prevention and cessation interventions.
This report includes examples of numerous racial- and ethnic-specific
tobacco control programs used in communities across the country. These and other
racial/ethnic group-specific programs must be disseminated to all areas of the
country., where program planners can develop their own strategies, taking into
consideration the cultural attitudes, norms, expectations, and values of the
targeted cultural groups.
In each of these endeavors, we will succeed onlv if we are sensitive to our
cultural differences and similarities. I challenge federal a.nd state agencies as well
as researchers and practitioners in the social, behavioral, public health, clinical,
and biomedical sciences to join me in the pursuit of effective strategies to prevent
and control tobacco use among racial/ethnic groups. By meeting this challenge,
we will progress toward achieving the nation's year 2000 tobacco-related health
objectives and will help to prevent the unnecessary disabilit.~; disease, and deaths
that result from tobacco use.
David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D.
Surgeon General
and
Assistant Secretary for Health
TI 15962503
Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial~Ethnic Minority Grozrps
Acknowledgments
This report was prepared by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services under the general direc-
tion of the Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and HeaIth Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
Claire V. Broome, M.D., Acting Director, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
James S. Marks, M.D., M.RH., Director, National
Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Pro-
motion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Virginia S. Bales, M.P.H., Deputy Director, National
Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Pro-
motion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Michael P. Eriksen, Sc.D., Director, Office on Smoking
and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Pre-
vention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
The editors of the report were
Gerardo Martin, Ph.D., Senior Scientific Editor, Profes-
sor, Department of Psychology, University of San Fran-
cisco, San Francisco, California.
Gayle Lloyd., M.A., Managing Editor, Office on Smok-
ing and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Valerie R. Johnson, Senior Editor, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Anne M. Pritchett, Technical Editor, Cygnus Corpora-
tion, Rockville, Maryland.
Contributing authors were
Neal L. Benowitz, M.D., Professor and Chief, Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine,
Pharmacy, and Psychiatry,, School of Medicine, Uni-
versity of California, San Francisco, California.
Alan Blum, M.D., Associate Professor, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Ronalcl L. Braithwaite, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Di-
vision of Behavioral Sciences and Heaith Education,
Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Felipe G. Castro, M.S.W., Ph.D., Director, Hispanic
Research Center, and Associate Professor, Deparmaent
of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe,
Arizona.
Moon S. Chen, Jr., Ph.D., M.P.H., Professor, Depart-
ment of Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio.
David B. Coultas, M.D., Associate Professor of Medi-
cine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Luis G. Escobedo, M.D., M.P.H., Medical Epidemiolo-
gist, Office on Smoking and Health, National Center
for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Dorothy L. Faulkner, Ph.D., M.RH., Epidemiologist,
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Larri L. Fredericks, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Scientist,
American Indian Cancer Control Project, Medical Re-
search Institute, Berkeley, California.
Gary A. Giovino, Ph.D., ChieL Epidemiology Branch,
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Center:; for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Sandra W. Headen, Ph.D,, Assistant Professor, Depart-
ment of Health Behavior and Health Education, School
of Pubhc Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina.
Felicia Schanche Hodge, Dr.P.H., Principal Investiga-
tor and Director, Center for American Indian Research
and Education, Berkeley, California.
Nancy J. Kaufman, R.N., M.S., Vice President, Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, New Jersey.
T115962504
Surgeon General's Report
Juliette s. Kendrick, M.D., Medical Epidemiologist,
Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Gary King, Ph.D., Assistant Professor and Coordina-
tor, Urban Health Research Program, School of Medi-
cine, University of Connecticut Health Center,
Farmington, Connecticut.
Beverly S. Kingsley, Ph.D., M.P.H., Epidemiologist,
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Rod Lew, M.P.H., Health Education Director, Asian
Health Services, Oakland, California.
Ann M. Malarcher, Ph.D., Epidemiologist, Office on
Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Dis-
ease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Robert K. Merritt, M.A., Health Scientist, Division of
Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Michael D. Newcomb, Ph.D., Professor, Department
of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles,
California.
John P. Peddicord, M.S., Computer Scientist, Office on
Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Dis-
ease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Richard Pollay, Ph.D., Professor of Marketing, and
Curator, History of Advertising Archives, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.
Amelie G. Ramirez, Dr.P.H., Associate Professor, De-
partment of Family Practice, University of Texas, and
Director, South Texas Health Research Center, San
Antonio, Texas.
Patricia A. Richter, Ph.D., M.P.H., Toxicologist, Office
on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Robert G. Robinson, DnP.H., Associate Director for
Program Development, Office on Smoking and Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Richard B. Rothenberg, M.D., M.RH., Professor, De-
partment of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory
University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Jonathan M. Samet, M.D., Chairman, Department of
Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Michael W. Schooley, M.P.H., Epidemiologist, Office
on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Dana Shelton, M.P.H., Epidemiologist, Office on Smok-
hag and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Michael B. Siegel, M.D., M.P.H., Assistant Professor,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts.
Charyn D. Sutton, President, The Onyx Group, Bala
Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.
Scott L. Tomar, D.M.D., Dr.P.H., Assistant Professor,
Department of Dental Public Health and Hygiene,
School of Dentistry, University of California, San Fran-
cisco, CalEornia.
Bao-Ping Zhu, M.S., M.B.B.S., Ph.D., Visiting Scientist,
Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia.
Reviewers were
Jasjit S. Ahluwalia, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., Assistant Pro-
fessor of Medicine, Emory University School of Medi-
cine, Atlanta, Georgia.
David G. Altman, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Depart-
ment of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Grav School
of Medicine, Wake Forest Universit2,; W'mston-Salem,
North Carolina.
vi
T115962505
