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1346 GASTRO~%'TEROLOCY Vol. IO3. No. 4 sa. Fong LYY. Newberne P,'vf. Zinc de6ciency and methyiben- zylnitro~amine-indu~ed esophageal cancer in rats. J Haft Cancer Lint 1978:6I:1~5-150. 59. Van Rensburg SJ. Dt~ Bruyn DB. Van Schalkwyk D~. motion of methylbe, nzylnitrnsamine.induced esophageal cancer in rats by sul~llnical zinc deficiency. Nutr Rap int 19~0:22:891-899. 60. YanK CS. Miao J. Yan~ w. Huang M. WanS T. Xue EL You $. Lu J, Wu J. Diet and q4tamin nutrition of the high oesopha. geal cancer risk population in Linxian. China. Cancer 1982;4:154-164. 61. Bielke F, Dietary vitamin A and human lung cancer, lnt J Cancer 1975:15:$61-~65. 62. Nettesheim P. Williams ML The influence of vitamin A on the susceptibility of die rat lung to 3-methylcholanthrene. Lqt J Cancer 1976;1;:~$I-3b'7. 63. Decadi A. Liati P, NeSri E. Franceschi S. La Vecchi, C. Vita- min A and other dint .a~ factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer i987;10:29-37. 64. Thuroham DL Zhen~ SF. Mu~oz N. Crespi bf, Grassl A. Hambidge M. Chai TI~,, Comparison of riboflavin, vitamin and zlnc status of Ch!nese populatinns at kigh and low for esophageal cance~, Nutr Cancer 1985:7:131-143. 65. Ca! HY, Cuo ZR, Lin P.Z. Huang L, Cunn X/. Inhibitory effect of retincic acid on ~rcinogenesis at" the forastomach in mice. Res Cancer Pre~" Treat 1978:14:12-19. 66..'dirvish KS. Effects o(vitamins C and E on N.rdtmso com- pound formation, c~rcinogenesis, and cancer. Cancer 1986;.58:1843-1850. 67. Victora CG. bfuAoz N. Day NE. Baccelos LB. Pecci~ DA. Brags ~ Elot beve~ges and oesophageal cancer in s~uth- ern Brazil: a case-control study, lot J Cancer 1987:39:.710- 68. Ghadlrian P. Thermai irritation and aesophageal cancer in northern Iron. Canceri 1987:60:1909-1914. 09. Nakac~i K. ~mai K, H~hivama Y, Sasoba T. The Joint etfects of two factors in the ~etioio~ of cesaphageal cancer in pan. Epidamiol Comm~un Heal~ 1988;42:355-364. 70. MuflozN. Vlctora CC.~esp| M, Saul C. Bra~ NI~ Coo'so P. Hot mate drinking and. precancerous lesions of the oesop]~- ~ an ~pic s~rvcy tn suuthera Brazil Int J Cancer 1987:39:798-709. ~. Ylozis N, lvankovi¢ S~0 Lehnert T. Effect of thermal in|ury and oral administration of N-methyl-~-nitro-N.nitmsogun- anidine on the davelol~ment o~'oesophageal tumors in Wistar rats. Oncolo~r lg84:4~:36-.3fl. 72. C.respt M, Mu~oz N. Grassi A, Shen Q, Wang K], Lin JJ. Pre- conorlesions ofoesophageal cancer in a low-risk population in China: Camparisqn with high-risk populatinn, lot J Cancer lg64:34:sgg-602. ~3. bfui~oz N, Crespi M, Grassi A. Wang GQ, Shen Q. Li Precursor le~ions of:oesophageal cancer in hi,h-risk popula- tion in Iron and Chin,,. Lancet 1982:1:876-879. 74. Chang-Claude JC. Whrendo~ J, Liens QS. Rei YC. Mufloz N. Crmpi M. l~aedsch R,Thurnham Dl, Correa P. An epidemio- logical study of precursor lesions of esophageal cancer among young persons in a high-risk population in Huixian. China. Cancer Xes 1990;.50".22~8-2274. 75. 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Oclober I ETIOLOGY OF ESOFHAGEAL CANCER 1347 101. 102. 103o I06. 109. 11o. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. stomach, and prox!mal duodenum. Hura ~t~| 1582: 13:423-448. • Hill MJ. Bacterial meiabolism and human carcinogenesis. Mud Bull M'dler EC. Miller ~A~ CarcinoSens and mutagans that may o~ur in food. Cance~" 1986;58:1795-1803. Linxian Research Tedm ~r the Prevention and Treatment of E,~phageal Cancer. Depa~meut of Chemical Etiology Cancer Institute of C~inese Academy of Medical Research Institute f6r the Prevention and Treatment of Esopha~at Cancer o~Henan Province. Determination of the nitrite contents in th~ ~aliva and gas~c iulce in the popula- tion in Linxian. Res .P-cancer Prey Treat 197~:1:17-20. Welsh Ti. Belti..,os N~, Hamilton SR. Baterial e~phasitis in immunommpromise~, patients. Arch Intern Mud 1586; 146:1345-1.348. de Villiers E-M. Hete~geneity of the human popillomavirus Iroup. J Viroi 1989;,6.q;4898-4903. 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Human pilIoma vires and carcinoma of the oe.~,ophagu~. N Earl l Ided 19e5:312:1~0% Hills ~, Ma~|ius KA. Markowitz S. L~aacson C. Human pillomavims Lq~'ection related to esophageal carcinoma in black South Africans. South Afr Mud J 19~6:69:.44~-44S. de Boreas RJ, Acevedo F. ,Mir~lles ~. ~ijares P. 5quamous papilloma of the esophagus diagnosed by cytology..~eport of C~to119~3~487~. 118. To--inn ~. N~ ~ Na~u G. ~o~1o V: ~ndylom~to~ ~kopI~ I~on of the ~p~ ~ study ~th dem- c~on of ~om ~ ~t~n by the i~una~xl- ~e t~que. It~l J G~t~nteml 1~:2~-2~ 11~ ~e MJ. ~p~ ~ Pate~n AC ~on ~w~n ~n ~pifio~ and ~r~ o~ the ~a~ in ~ ~ ~, Shimo~ ~ l~ue T. ~uwano ~ Su~i ~G. Papil~ma~ and ~ge~ ~n~rin ~eJa~- ~ and ~ln~e. ~t~nte~lo~ 121. Ku~ki J. Demeter T. Ste~et GF. S~kin ~ Human ~pill~ ~z~ ~NA in ~phage~ ~nom~ ~n~t 1~6~3- I~ ~ng M. Ho~ng U. ~u~a~ S. Ho~ld B. F~r V. ~n ~piHo~ ~ t~ tl in a ~1 ~e of~phas~ and bmn~ial ~piHomatm~ ~nd J Inf~ Dh 1~ ~ng F. Sy~lne~ Shun Q. Ji H. 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O~phaseal ~noma-- sea~h for a ~ble ~] ae~ol~ ~nS mol~ul~ hyb~- in~ive ~o~ ~no~ ~n~ the ~[~e~e chain ~o~ ~ J Surg Penni 1~9;13~21-224. t3L ~ke S~ Ma ~ Wo~ ~S~ta~ G, ~ U B~ C~ Hu~n ~loma~ ~ ~p~geal ~usmo~ ~ ~noma. Clan Penni 131 ~n8 F, ;anatu~en E. Pik~nen P. Syrjanen S, S~]~nen ~ ~phageal ~uamo~ ~1[ ~pillom~: Failure to deter human ~pi[[o~ DNA by in situ hyb~di~tion and ~iy~e~e ~n ~actio~ S~nd J G~enteml I991: ~35-543. I33. ~r Ha~en ~ The role of ~ms~ in human tumo~ Adv C~cer ~ 134. R~man B. ~e herbert bi~emt~[ de,ninon • e ~ou~ Curr Top M[~iol Imm~ 196~4~1-79. 1~. N~h G. R~ J. He,tic ~pha~ti~ a ~on ~e of ~hesezi ulce~tion. Hum Path~ 1974:5:33~345. I3~ ~gh:~a~¢ CL Wolf DL Ma~uc~ ~ ~lyer WR, Heretic BATCo document for Mayo Clinic 28 March 2002

1348 CHANG E;" AL, GASTRO~-".'TEROLOGY VoI. I03. No. 4 esophasitis in p~.~tlents with cancen anzemortem diagnosis by brush cytologl¢. Cancer 1977139:223-~6. 137. Bu.~s DH, Schary~M. Her~s virus infectinn 0 f the esopha~,,us and other viscer~I~ orsans in adults. Am J M~ 1979:66:457- 462. 138. Fishbein PC. Tuihfll P.. l~essel H, Fr/edman H. Snap~ W~. Herpes simplex ~.-~ph~gitis: a cause of upper.gastrointestl- n~,l bleeding. Dis~t Dis $ci 1979:.24:~0-544. 139. Mr.Yay JS. Day D.W. Herpes simplex oesopha~itis. Histopa- thology 198217:409-420. 140. Feiden W. Borch~.rd F, Burr|s KF. Pfitzer P. Herpes oesopha- ~itis. L L/ght ml ,~-oscoptcal and inm~unohf~tochemicai vest|serious. Virc~. owe Arch [PA1 1984;404:167-176. 141. Matsumoto J. Sumiyoshi A. Herpes simplex esophagitis--a study in autopsy ~eries. Am J Clin Patho11985:84:96-99. 147- A~h~ F~, Lee ~ Nnsh'ant TT. Herpetic mopha~ti= a dla~- nost~c challenge it, hnmun~ompromised patients. Am J Gastmenterc| 143. Warren KG. Brow~$M. 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Hal/and JFo Associat/on of Ep- stein-Bert virus with th3mio candnoma. N EuSI-J--Med 1985;312:I295-1299, Webs LM, Movahed LA. Butle~ AE, Swanson SA, Frierson HF Jr.. Cooper PH. Colby TV, ~ SE. AnalysL~ of lympho- epithelinma and lymphoepltheltoma-Iike case|homes for stein-Bert viral genomes by in situ hybdd/zat]on. Am J Surs Patho| 19891,11:625--631. Kitchen VS, Halbert M. Francis ND, Los~n RPH, Lewis Boylstun AW, Pinching AJ, Harris JRW. Epstein-Barr vies a.~,ociated oesophageal ulcen in AIDS. Gut 1990:31:1223- 1225. Cohen SM. Pu~tilo DT. ElIw~in LE. Pivotal role o~ inc~eesed cell pmllferatiou in human ca~cinossn~is. Mod Patho| 1991:4:371-387- 170. 172. Received November 18.1991. Accepted April 7,1992. Address requests for reprints to: Fuju Chang. M.D., Ph.D., De- partment of Pathology. University of Kuopio. Post Office Box 1627. S. F-70Z~I. Kuop[o. Fin.land. Supported in part by a research srant from the Union Interna- tional Cnntre le Cancer (to F.C-| and in par~ by a r~earch grant ~rom the Finnish Cancer Society and a research contract (I04~051} from the Medina| Research Coun,-~! of the Academy of Finland. The authors thank Pirkko Karttunen. Kaarina Hoi~ren. Helena ~emii~nen. Ella 8eder~en.Varis. and Ritva Sormuneu/'or skill- ~ul technical a~tance. 0 0 O~ BATCo document for Mayo Clinic 28 March 2002

i BATCo document for Mayo Clinic 28 March 2002