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SMOKING BEHAVIOR: MOTIVES AND INCENTIVES I' EDiTeo eY WILLIAM L DUNN, JR. V. H. WINSTON A SONS 1973 Washington, D.C. DISTRIBUTED BY 7HE 1tA1S78D PRESS DIVISION OF JOHN WILEY & SONS New York Toronto London Sydney

I nH PREFACF This, then, is the question that was put to the St. Martinn conferees: "What are the motivational mechanisms sustaining cigarette smoking behavior?" Their replies make up this volume. These published proceedings do not of themselves cortect for the aforementioned cross talk deficiencies among the disciplines. Nevertheless the contributors have been well rubbed against each other in the course of this exncise. Only with time will we know if cross•fectilization occurred. The conference was sponsored by ThaCouneJ for Tobacco Researrh-USA., Inc. Sn W!!!vm L. Dunn,lr. MC December, 1,972

. C.opyright O 1973, by V. H. Wao ston t Sons. Inc. AB rights resesved. No pan of this book may be reproduad in eny form,, by photostet, microform, seerierd system,.or eny other mesns, without the prior written permission of the puhtisher.. V. H. Winston A Sons, fne., Publishers 1511 K Se. N.W., Wishinpon, D.C. 20005 Distributed solely by Nshted Pms Division, John Wiley & Sons, inc., New York. LlArary M Caqfreu firnbpnY N IYb/krfbn Lb7e: Dunn,WilBam L. Smokingbeharior. Includes biblloQaplum. 1. Smoking-Psyeholojiaf.speces. L Titk.. [DNLN: 1. Behavior. 2. Nieosine-Possoning. 3.. Smoking. QV 137 D923s 19731 HF7S9.S6DSS 615:78 72-13271 ISBN D470622746-X Printed in the. United States of America

CONTENTS Vii IFFERENCES S. An Explanation of Methods 171 ................... 67 Results 177 Discussion 192 References 195 12 THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON MOOD CHANGE,. ING TO THE ACCO SMOKE, . ................... 3 Norman W. Heimstra. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 General Methods 198 Resufts 199 Discussion 205 Refarences207 Inhaled in theForm of n It Is Injected 13 GENERAL COMMENTS ON PROBLEMS OF MOTI VATION trawnous Injections rnthe Mauth 85 SPTUAL MODELS AS O' RELEVANT TO SMOKING, Neal E. Miller ................... 209 Needs Versus Drives 209 Delay Weakens Reinforcement 210 Three Mechanisms Motivating Self•Adninistration 210 Why Are Animals Less Strongly MotrvatedThan People? 211 Test for Joyfufl as Well as Stressful Arousal 212 Musrxinic Versus Nicotinic Coding in the Brain? 213 References 213 Jr. ................ 93 14 15 :E OF THE SMOKING .................... 113 .................... 147 16 I HABITS OF NERVOUS .................... 157 :E, CONDITIONED 'ONSE MEASURES 17 .................... 171 SOME COMMONALITIES AMONG THE PRECEDING REPORTS OF STUDIES ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SMOKING, JosephD.. Ma»rarzo ................................... : .215 References 218 SMOKING ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES IN SEVEN PRELITERATE SOCI ETI ES, Alberf Dmron ............................. 219 Subjects and Methods 220 Results 220 Discussion 229 Conclusion and Summary 230 References 230 COLD TURKEY IN GREENFIELD. IOWA: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY, Francis d Ryan ..................... ..231 Procedures 232 Results 233 Some Final' Comments 240 References 241 MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICTS ENGENDERED BY THE ON-GOING DISCUSSION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING, Alan 8 Meye,. Lucy N. Friedman, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld .......... 243 Introduction 243

eA Ie any foan.mpn; Mit)tant y t Saas. tnc.,. CONTENTS Prefaoe xi 1 SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS,NaasSalye . . ... ........ 7 2 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF NICOTINE AND TOBACCO SMOKING, EdwerQ F. Domino........................... 6 Introduction. 6 Behavioral Effects. In Animals 9 Neurolopioal Effects in Animals 14 Effects of Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine on the Patellar ReRez of Man 20 Conclusions 29 Refaenees 29 3 FURTHEROBSERVATIONSON.NICOTINEASTHEREINFORCING AGENT IN SMOKING,.Murray E: Jarvik .... ............... 33 Summary Statement 45 ~ References 49 . 4 NICOTINE•RELATED NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMSANDDIFFERENCES,HkherB.£mnan.:~' ... 51 Brain Indoleamine Changes 52 Cellular Specificity of Nicotinarelated Central Effects 55 NicotineJnduced Central Cholinergic Effects 66 Differential Housina Neurochemical Status and Nicotine Uptake 67 '35 Cholineryk Effects of Differential Housing and Nicotine 6B N CerebraLProtein SYnqmis: The Interactive Effects of Nicotine QD and Differential Housing 60 ~ Y

I A CONTENTS 6 ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTIC EEG DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NONSMOKERS, BrbereB.Brown .................................... .............................. 67 Introduction 67 Method 68 Results 70 Discussion 72 12 T References 78 A 6 SOME RECENT OBSERVATIONS RELATING TO THE ABSORPTION OF NICOTINE FROM TOBACCO SMOKE, A.K.Anniuge ...................................... 83 A Comparison of the Effects of Nicotine Inhaled in the Form of Totracco Smoke W ith the Effects When it is Injected 13 G Directly into the Bloodstream 83 R Effects on the Brain of Small Multiple Intravenous Injections of Nicotine 85 Effects of pH on Nicotine Absorption from the Mouth 85 References 90 7 8 9 10 11 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS AS APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF MOTIVATION IN CIGARETTE SMOKING, Rrllian L. Dunn,.Jr . ................. .93 Introduction 93 14 S, On Methods 03 S' On Models 102 .k Summary 107 References 108 15 S; PERSONALITY AND THE MAINTENANCE OF THE SMOKING S HABIT, FL J. Eyaenck ................................. . .113 Resulrts 131 References 142 NESBITT'S4ARADOX, Sunley Sfiachter ................... .147 References 155 1 6 C TRE RELATIONSHIP OF SMOKING AND HABITS OF NERVOUS TENSION,CrolineBedN/7Aomas ......................... 157 A Summary 189 References 169 C7 CO EFFECTS OF N SUPPRESSION ICOTINE ON AVOIDANCE, CONDITIONED N m AND AGGRESSION RESPONSE MEASURES .j 17 M IN ANIMALS A ND MAN, N D Randd R. Hukir insnn and Gnax S Emley ................... .171 ~ A Introduotan 171

PREFACE Early in his areer some 50 years ago, Clark L Hutl, foremost among American psychologists, described his ongoing research efforts as a search for "_..a clue to the charm which tobacco has for those accustomed to its use.^ HuO~ never found that clue. When I first became associated with the cigarette industry in 1961, ! arrr across a contractual survey in which one of the questions asked of the smoker respondents was "Why do you smoke?" Of those whose reply went beyond thee cliche, "It's a habit," about half of themm said"It stimulates me." The other half said "It relaxes me." How to reconcile the remarkable polarity of these responses has Intrigued but escaped me over the years. In January, 1972, a representative group of life, behavioral and soeialscientists convened on St. Martin Island of the lesser Antilles to reflect upon human cigarette smoking behavior. It was hoped that such a conference would redirect the scientific community's interest to the fundamental motivational question which has gone unanswered since Clark Hull posed it a half century ago, and which has not been given the priority It deserves during the past decade. It was further hoped thatt the conference would correct for a dearth of m0erdisdpline eross talk among those conducting research on smokitg. The pharmaeologistswere bent upon understanding the modifying effect of nicotinee and other smoke constituents upon biochemical proasses. The psychologists were seeking to fit their observations into theoretical models of learning and personality, looking chiefly at the differences between smokers and nonsmokers. The sociologistcwem documenting the refractoriness of the habit m face of massive dissuasion campaigns. The anthropologists were still recording the brushfuedike geugraphic diffusion of cigarette smoking and Its integration into the cultural m pattemsof technology-remote peoples. Common to all of these efforts was the. ~ relevance of the data to the problem of smoker motivation, yet little was happening ~ in the way of idea exchange. ~ xi w h

eiii CONTENTS Responses to the Campaign Special Settings 249 244 18 SMOKINGBEHAVIOR.1953AND 1970::THE MIDTOWN MANHATTAN STUDY, Leo Sro/e and Anita Kasaen Fischer ........ 255 Conclusion 264 References 265 19 ETHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO SMOKING. RidrardJ. Hiskeyand Eselyn 8. Harner ..................... 267 Some Effects ot. Nicotine and Glucose 267 Possible Consequences of the Relationship Between.Nicotine and Glucose 271 Nicotine, Bioeneryetic Deficiency, and the Biology of Behavior 273 Tests of. Hypothesis 276 Summary 279 References 279 t; H A 20 THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE SMOKING PROBLEM, iaulF. Laranrleld .................................... 283 L Referenees 286 E• N 21 THE MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN CIGARETTE SMOKING: R A SUMMARY, Seymour S%ry ........................... , .287 References 295 R N Authalndex ........................................... 297 Subjectlndex........................................... ..... 305 S( GO CD tJ Op ~ N N ~ PL Jc AI N. Fa Ss E: Lc Ca

0: THE MIDTOWN Lrita Kaasen Fischer ........ 255 1NTERACTIONSANDTHEIR LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numlkn in parentheses indicate the peges on wrticA the autaors contrvbunons tiegfn. A. K. Armitage, Tobacco Research Council Laboratories, Hanogate, England (83) Barbara B. Bmwn, Veterans Administration Hospital at Sepulveda, California (67) ..................... 267 Albert Damoa, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (219) . 267 Edward F. Domino, University of Michigan,:Mn Arbor, Michigan (5) *%hip Between Nicotine and d theBiology of OKING PROBLEM,, ........................ 3 William L. Dunn,.]r., Philip Morris Research Center, Richmond, Virginia (93) Graa: S. Emley, Fort Custer State Home, Augusta, Michigan (171) Walter B. Essman, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York (51) Hana ]. Eysenck, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, Denmark Hill, London,SE 5, U.K. (113) Anita Kasxn Fischer, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N Y. (255) LucyN. Friedman, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. (243). :IG..nETTE SMOKING:. ...................... 87 Evelyn B. Hamer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,. Pennsylvania (267) Norman W. Heimstra, University of South.Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota (197) Richad ]. Hirkey, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (267) ......................... 287 Ronald R. Hutchinson,. Fort Custer State Home,.Augusta, Michigan (171) Murray E. Jamk, University of California, Los Angeles Center for the Health Scienas, Los Angeles, California (33) ...................... 706 Seymour S. Kety, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston,.Massachusetts (287) Paul F. Lararsfeld, Columbia University, New York, N.Y.(243, 283) Joseph D. Mataano, University of Oregon Medical School (215) Alan S. Meyer, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. (243) Neal E. Miller, The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y. (209) Francis ). Ryan, Philip Morris Research Center, Richmond, Virginia (231) Stankry Schachter, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. (147) Hans Selye, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada (1) Leo Srole, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York,. N.Y. (255) Caroline B. Thortas,The Johns Hopkins UnivesssitySchool of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (157) x (Z (D N m ~ ~ W 0