Tobacco Documents Online

Miesner et al. (1988) used both continuous and integrated methods to monitor in five office buildings in metropolitan Boston. Both filters and nephelometer were used to measure in 12 offices, one conference room and a designated smoking room of a large nonsmoking office to 1200 µg/m3 in the designated smoking room. Short-term nephelometer readings ranged from zero in a nonsmoking office to 1200 pg/m3 in the same smoking room mentioned above. Particulate Concentration in Offices Repace and Lowry (1980) measured particulate levels in various indoor public facilities both in the absence and presence of smoking. For nonsmoking locations such as restaurants, libraries, a church, and a bakery, the mean indoor RSP level was less than 60 µg/m3. Measurements taken in public facilities in the presence of smoking are shown on Table 5. Measurements range from 86µg/m3 for an eight minute measurement in a sandwich restaurant by other researchers using continuous monitoring methods to measure particulate levels in public facilities are presented in Table 6. Besides monitoring in offices, Miesner et al. (1988) also took continuous and integrated RSP measurements in numerous public facilities including: a library, museum, school, subway, bars and restaurants. They found that for most public buildings where no smoking was present the particulate levels were low, usually less than 30 µg/m3. Levels in transportation facilities such as the subway and bus stations were slightly higher with a mean integrated measurement of 63 µg/m3. Higher concentrations were found in smoking areas such as bars, restaurants and a public smoking room with a mean integrated measurement of 79 µg/m3 and a standard deviation of 44 µg/m3. Concentration of Other Components of ETS Numerous researchers have looked at other tracers for ETS. Because of its high specificity for tobacco smoke and its presence in high concentration nicotine is a promising choice. McCarthy et al. (1987) also measured indoor nicotine levels in smoking and nonsmoking homes. The home nicotine values ranged from an average of 0.1 µg/m3 in the nonsmoking households to 4.2 µg/m3 in the smoking households. The presence of low nicotine values in some of the nonsmoking households can be accounted for by visitors to the home who were smokers. A number of studies have used integrated readings to determine nicotine levels in offices and public buildings. A selection of these studies are presented in Table 7. Cigarettes are also known to be a source of cadmium. Lebret 70

Spengler et al. (1981) measured 24-hour respirable particulate levels in 55 homes in six U.S. cities. The mean monthly concentration across cities is presented in Figure 3 with indoor particulate levels are similar to the outdoor levels. Table 4 shows the respirable particulate levels in the homes as a function of the number of smokers. The actual amount of smoking in the home was not reported. The researchers concluded that the major source of indoor particulates in smoking homes was cigarette smoke. Each smoker in the home raised the mean respirable particulate level by 20 µg/m3. Further analysis of the data by Dockery and Spengler (1981) showed that each cigarette smoked in the home increased the mean respirable particulate levels by 0.88 µg/m3. In air conditioned homes, the respirable particulate levels increased by 2.11 gg/m3 per cigarette per day. This increase was probably caused by recirculation of indoor air which reduced the cigarette smoke dilution. , _, . . More recently Spengler and colleagues (1986) analyzed RSP data from over 200 homes in Watertown, MA. Homes with smokers had RSP concentrations of 30 to 35 gg/m3 higher than nonsmoking homes. RSP concentration and the number of cigarettes smoked per week were highly correlated. Models based on this data predict a contribution of 0.77 µg/m3 per cigarette per day. This would mean a pack of cigarettes would increase the indoor RSP concentration by 15.5 µg/m3. McCarthy et al. (1987) placed fixed monitors in homes for two consecutive 24 hour sampling periods. The RSP measurement was highly correlated with the consumption of cigarettes in the home. The indoor RSP values for smoking households were consistently higher than those for nonsmoking homes to 56 gg/m3 in smoking homes. Particulate Concentration in Offices Using a piezobalance, Weber and Fischer (1980) monitored 44 workrooms at seven different companies in Switzerland. The workrooms had varying levels of smoking. A number of samples were taken in each room over a two day period. After subtracting the particulate levels found in an unoccupied room, the mean particulate level for the 492 samples taken was 133 µg/m3 with a standard deviation of 130 µg/m3. The maximum concentration measured was 962 µg/m3. Quant et al. (1982) used a piezobalance, to monitor three offices. The offices were divided into cubicles with half-wall partitions and contained both smoking and nonsmoking areas. offices were monitored continuously for one work week. Figure 4 shows the results of continuous monitoring in one of the offices. For the three offices, the ten hour day averages ranged from 37µg/m3 to 89 µg/m3. 69

from 0,3 µg/m3 to 2.5µg/m3 for children_from nonsmoking and smoking families respectively. A child's personal nicotine is highly correlated with the consumption of cigarettes in the home while the personal RSP was not. This implies that although there are multiple sources of RSP, the majority of ETS exposure is from the child's home. I Spengler et al. (1985) had 101 nonsmoking volunteers from Kingston/Harriman, Tennessee wear personal respirable suspended particulate monitors for 3 days. Nonsmokers were divided in two groups: those who lived with a smoker and those who did not. Outdoor and indoor particulate levels were taken for comparison. Results showed that personal exposure was not correlated with outdoor concentrations but that ETS significantly increased an individuals personal concentration profile. In Spengler and Tosteson (1981) 45 nonsmoking adults were monitored for RSP for 18 days. They were also divided into two groups: those exposed to ETS and those who were not. Area monitors were also placed inside and outside. Personal exposure was higher than both indoor and outdoor measurements. On average the individual exposure was increased by 20 µg/m3 among those who reported exposure to ETS. cotinine is a major metabolite of nicotine. McCarthy et al (1987) measured cotinine levels in the urine and saliva of 81 nonsmoking children. Nicotine levels in the air were also monitored as was RSP. They found a high correlation between personal nicotine levels and cotinine indicating a quantitative relationship may exist. They did however, find high variability. Coultas et al. (1987) measured cotinine in the saliva of 1360 nonsmoking children and adults. They found an increase with the number of smokers in the home at all ages. However, household variability was wide and even 304 of the nonsmokers living in a no smoking home had detectable cotinine levels. summary _ 1. Environmental tobacco smoke is the primary contaminant causing elevated RSP levels in enclosed spaces. 2. Environmental tobacco smoke can be a substantial contributor to the level of indoor air pollution concentration of benzene, acrolein, N-nitrosamine, pyrene and carbon monoxide. 3. Measured exposures to respirable suspended particulates are higher for nonsmokers who report exposure to ETS. 72 ------ --------- ---- -- --- ----------

ao/u. 1_nnla cPet Yl l_ ,n... ...I laq MYLtIVIb q.•I(It, ..p\ (r wnun .ww qOi/KM (ara~na r'uuuls I Wb YYIW(1 fOO1M11_ ((NI M ~ryll )/1(It1 0 .Ils\~ I I ( I Yldl I ( I MY31• . llillaal_ 1 I 4.11(11 ~IMIU,.I(RP11• _ IWIILI y1Nl 0.~y ~.~ K(Y.(../V K(+YI(h1• ((I~IYtU ~~ V(1/1 Y.(/ 1 WI. ~ YAIO WY -11Y .u114U -----1-',--)- f11101 ~14tl ~~ FIGURE 2. Schematic of an Atmospheric Aerosol Surface Area Distribution Shoving the Three Modes, Main Source of Mass for Each Mode, the Frincipal Process Involved in Insetting Mass into Each Mode, and the Principal Removal Mechanisms Source: Whitby (1978)

141(5):383-400, 1982. HILLER, F.C., MCKII6RER, H.T., MAZDNDER, M.H., WILSON, J.D., BONE, R.C. Deposition of sidestream cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract. American Review of Respiratory Disease 125(4):406-408, 1982. HINDB, W.C., FIRST, M.M. Concentrations of nicotine and tobacco smoke in public places. New Enoland Journal of Medicine 292(16):844-845, 1975. HOFFMAN, D., HALEY, N.J., BRIINNElW1, x.D., ]1DANS, J.D., IIYNDER, E.L. Cigarette Sidestream Smoke: Formation. Analysis and Model Studies on the uctake by Nonsmokers. Paper presented at the U.S.-Japan meeting on the new etiology of lung cancer, Honolulu, March 21-23, 1983. INGEBRETHSEN, B.J., SEARS, B.B. Particle Size Distribution of the Sidestream Smoke. Paper presented at the 39th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Montreal, October 2-5, 1986. J4, C., SPENGLER, J.D. Room-to-room variations in concentrations of respirable particles in residences. Environmental Sciences and Technoloov 15(5):592-596, 1981. JUST, J., BORHOWSRA, M., M71ZIARKA, S. Zanieczyszcenie dymen tytoniwym powietrza kawiarn Warszawskich (Tobacco smoke in the air of Warsaw coffee rooms). Roczniki Pantstwowego Zakladu Hycienv 23(2):129-135, 1972, KEITH, C.H., DERRICK, J.C. Measurement of the particles size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by the confuge. Journal of Colloid Science 15:340-356, 1960. LIIS, J., RIIHN, H. Verteilung verschiedener tabakrauchbestandteile auf haupt-und nebenstromrauch (eine ubersicht) (Distribution of various tobacco smoke components among mainstream and sidestream smoke (a survey).- Hietraoe zur Tabakforschunc International 11(5):229-265, 1982. LEADERER, B.P., CAIN, II.B., ISBEROFF, R. Ventilation requirements in buildings: 2. Particulate matter and carbon monoxide from cigarette smoking. AtmosDheric Environment 18(1):99-106, 1984. LEBRET, E. Air Pollution in Dutch Homes, Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, 1985. LEBRET, E., McCARTHY, J., SPENGLER, J.D. A survey of time- activity patterns in Kingston/Harriman. Methods and Support for Modelled Data. Presented at Quality Assurance in Air Pollution Measurements Conferences, Boulder, Colorado, October 14-18, 1984. 74 m .j ~ O 00 N 0o U1

TABLE 4. Respirable Particulate Levels as a Function of Number of Smokers SMAW e~ Nu.li. IHu IpqhY w..4N 4.i.W. No rk.n I mwk.. X Y~1,IM ryW u rwuw ..P&. W •u 114 tu ! 8rYm I 4r/lat Yylr 70.4 eti f. edr. 4 MrR eiqi. s3J 11.s sOVSRl#wWw.Ln1Uu 7

McCARTHY, J., SPENGLER, J., CHANG, B. A personal monitoring study to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. pSoceedinos of the 4th International Conference on Indoor Air Oualitv and Climate, Berlin (West), 17-21 August 1987. MIESNER, E.A., RUDNICE, B.N., PRELLER, L., HU, F.C., SPENGLER, J.D., OZAAYNAR, H., NELSON, W. Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cooperative Agreement No. CR-813526-01-0, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA (1988). MUAAMATSU, M., UMEMURA, S., OKADA, T., TOMITA, H. Estimation of personal exposure to tobacco smoke with a newly developed nicotine personal monitor. Environmental Research 35(l):218-227, 1984. NEAL, A.D., WADDEN, R.A.S., ROSENBERG, B.H. Evaluation of indoor particulate concentration for an urban hospital. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 39(7):578-582, 1978. PORBTENDORFER, J., SCERAUE, A. Concentration and mean particle size of the main and side stream of cigarette smoke. Staub-Rein. 32:33-36, 1972. QIIACEENBO88, J.J., HANAREH, M.S., SPENGLER, J.D., LETZ, R. Personal monitoring for nitrogen dioxide exposure: Methodological considerations for a community study. Environmental International 8(1-6);249-258, 1982. QUACKENBOSS, J.J., SPENGLER, J.D., EANAREH, M.S., LET3, R., DIIFFY, C.P. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide: relationship to indoor/outdoor air quality and activity patterns. Environmental Science and Technology 20:775-783, 1986. QIIANT, P.R., NELSON, P.A. BE, G.J. Experimental measurements of aerosol concentration in offices. Environment International 8:223-227, 1982. REPACE, J.L., LOWREY, A.H. Indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, and public health. Science 208:464-472, 1980. REPACE, J.L., LOAREY, A.H. Tobacco smoke, ventilation, and indoor air quality. American Society of Heatino. Refrigerating. and Air-Conditionina Enaineers. Inc.. Transactions 88 (part 1):895-914, 1982. BAHDMA, H., EUBAMA, M., MUNHAHATA, S. OHSIIMI, T., BIIGApARA, S. The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke: 1. Acidic components. $gitraee zur Tabakforschunc 12(2):63-71, 1983. 75

TABLE 2. Mean Percent Time Spent in Various Locations for Three Population Groups phase Ioution population group rorken nonrorken studenta combined touls summer .inter home (SDI 59.3111.9) 75.2112.1/ 66.3 (12.5) 65.. (13.31 outside ISDI 12.319.11 ' 12.919.9/ 15.0 (9.3) 13.7 (9..1 motor vehicle (SD) S.6 (t.21 4.4 /2.71 3.3 (t.31 4.4 (..31 .nrk/.chool ISD1 15.5 (10.91 0.2 (0.8) 4.4 (7.61 a4 (10.61 other indoor. (SD) 7.0 (6.1) 7.2 (6.4) 9.0 (9.61 6.1 (8.21 N 137 32 177 346 ' hom. (SDI 6&1 a1.0 $3.3 (e.o 66.1 (10.1) 673 (11.5) outside ISDI 3.3 (5331 1.9 (2.0/ 3.9 (3.3) 3.5 (4.21 mowr vehicle /SD) 3.6 13.61 4.3 (2.51 3.3 12.61 4.2 (..11 .wk/aahool (SDI 16.6 (10.4) 3.0 (7.1) 19.5 (7.5) 17.9 (9.71 ather indoon (SD) 6.4 (6.01 7.6 (3.31 7.3 (6.2) 7.0 (6.1) N 127 26 176 329 Source: Quackenboss et al. (1986)

TABLE 1. Mean Percent and Standard Deviation of Tlme Allocation in Various Locations by Work or School Classification Subgroup lmlia lkm.m.Yr 9mlrt puWww whA o01a/ l.nis Idr.iJi Omreret's Ta.i .Y peaep.eY, Nar l1.71 Oll 41.0 LLN 67a Nsl QAL. a1lb (a17Q 017b paq (171YI OuWd. $i! LC lan tO IOIM a0r (3Sl1 Oi7) . oMU Oail n0.74 (7A71 1(alw whitl. /q UI aa/ UY 744 Idl Q.UI 0.7U KIH G.37) Od71 Hm 0" LAmn 4.01 S7J1 faD u11 31f0 ttm QSD 00.611 (fSl (107q (IZN) (lli!) faekiea /!i 0.11 0A0 T]7 042 124 (ilp 0.711 001 Qbl pJq (Illl Nar .od.n 284 1 170 176 11.71 12.03 4.10 pISA Rali (iAq (1f.1p (10.06) P.711 Nus6r I a 4 17 $ ' M Wra. r,r..~~~.n W a.M.N Mfnla 'i~...~rinr rnep.r wn W W. u. rW Yw r M+..fnu.1~./. a0{aQ DW IY.. Q~ r.l IIses

REFERENCEa BADRE, R., OCILLERN, R., ABRAN, N., BOUTDIN, N., DIINAB, C. Pollution atmospherique par la fumee de tabac (Atmospheric pollution by smoking). Annales Pharmaceuticues Francaises 36(9/10):443-452, 1978. BRIINNEMANN, X.D., ADAISB, J.D, EO, D.P.B., BOFFNANN, D. The influence of tobacco smoke on indoor atmospheres: 2. Volatile and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in main- and sidestream smoke and their contribution to indoor pollution. Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Sensing fo Environmental Pollutants, New Orleans, 1977. American Chemical Society, 1978, pp. 876-880. CANO, J.P., CATALIN, J., BADRE, R., DUNAS, C., VIALA, A., GDILLERMB, R., Determination de la nicotine par chromatographie en phase gazeuse: 2. Applications (Determination of nicotine by gas-phase chromatography: 2. Applications). Annales pharmaceuticues Francaises 28 (11):663-640, 1970/ COULTAS, D.B., HOWARD, C.A., PEAEE, G.T., 6EIPPER, B.J., SAMET, J.N. Salivary cotinine levels and involuntary tobacco smoke exposure in children and adults in New Mexico. American Rev. Resc. Dis. 136:305-309, 1987. CIIDDEBACR, J.E., DONOVAN, J.R., BURG, N.R. Occupational aspects of passive smoking. American Industrial Hvciene Association Journal 37(5):Z63-267, 1976. DOCRERY, D.A., SPENGLER, J.D. Indoor-outdoor relationships of respirable sulfates and particles. Atmosnheric Environment 15(3):335-343, 1981. DUZUBAY, T.G., STEVENS, R.II. Ambient air analysis with dichotomous sampler and x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Environmental Science and Technoloav. 9(7):663-668, 1975. ELLIOTT, L.P., ROWE, D.R. Air quality during public gatherings. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 25(6):635-636, 1975. FIRST, N.N. Environmental tobacco smoke measurements: Retrospect and prospect. Eurocean Journal of Resciratorv Diseases 65(Supp. 133):369-376, 1984. HARLOS, D.P., NARBIIRY, M., BANET, J., SPENGLER, J.D. Relating indoor NOZ levels to infant personal exposures. AtmosDheric Environment, 21(2):369-376, 1987. BARNSEN, R., EFPENBERGER, E. Tabakrauch in verkehrmitteln, wohn un arbeitsraumen (Tobacco smoke in transportation vehicles, living and working rooms). Archiv fur hvfiene und bakteriolooie m 73 .I ~ O m N cc »'a