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R'ALTER M. HAAG ~ 22. "The Industrial Environmcnl-lts Evaluation and Control," U.S. Governmcnl Printing Office, Washington. D.C., 1973. 23. Sheinbavm, M., and Stern, A. C. Tailpipc exhaust systems for garage ventilation. K. Y. .9nrc Dept. Lnhor-tfonrh. Ree. 29, 25-28 (1950). 24. Sperkach. I. E.. and Tumanov, G. V. Cleaning gas (rom Ihe interbell spcc of a 1719 blast fumacc. _ Steel USSR 6, 355-356 (1976)] - - - 25. Stover, R. D. "Conirol of Carbon Monoxide Emissions from FCC Units by Ultracat Rcgcneralion," AIChe Workshop 6, 1975. - oNei9hr ! k

_-"- WORKSHOP: CARBON MONOXIDE AND CVD Cylinders and other containers of CO shall carry a label.stating: - ' - CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) DANGER __ COLORLESS ODORLESS GAS - - MAY BE FATAL IF INHALED - DO NOT BREATHE GAS HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR MAY BE EXPLOSIVE Areas where 8-hr TWA exposures to carbon monoxide exceeding 25 ppm are likely to occur shall be posted with a sign stating: - CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) DANGER HIGH CONCENTRATIONSDfAY BE FATAL ' - PROVIDE ADEQUATE VENTILATION ' HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN AI MAY-BE-E-36PL0 IVE _ SEEK IMMEDIATE htEDICAL ATTEN ANY OF TH BELOW SYAtPrpplS -EXPERIENCE I - Severe Headache ~ 2Di i ~ zz ness -- lrfAI~A.C[~ 3-Nauseaaridvomiting I _ GAS MASKS ARE LOCATED: (Specifc location io be filled in by employer) In the event of an emergency, the use of approved respiratory protective equipment may be necessary for evacuation purposes or during clean up of the area. For entry into or escape from an environment containing not over 20,000 ppm, which is not deficient in oxygen, for total exposure period of not more than 30 min a Type N gas mask should be used. For work in atmospheres containing up to 100% CO, a pressure-demand type self-contained breathingg apparatus should be used. For fire-5ghting applications, a demand or pressure-demand type self- contained breathing apparatus should be used. All respiratory protective equipment shall be selected so as to insure satisfac- tory facepiece fit. Each user shall be instructed and tested in the proper use of respiratory protective devices and each such device shall be used and maintained in accordance with the provisions of the American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection ANSI Z-88-2, 1969. Appropriate measures shall he implemented to assure that the release into the workplace environment of carbon monoxide in excess of the ceiling value of 200 ppm is prevented. For areas in which large amounts of CO are stored, used, or emitted, or areas within the workplace through-which large amounts of CO are transported shall be provided with sufficient approved respiratory protective de- vices and shall be readily accessible to persons who may be located in the area to • assure a timely, orderly evacuation by all persons in the event of accidental, massive release of CO. Employees who work with CO should be apprised of all hazards, be cognizant of relevant symptoms, and be familiar with proper handling procedures and ap- --t ----------- - - ---- --- - i _ __ ~olo-_---------~--~ I

WALTER M. HAAG . ~_ propriate emergency procedures. Since container leaks represent a potential for exposure, each container in which CO is stored shall be examined for leaks upon its arrival at the establishment or upon filling and shall be reexamined periodically at least every 3 months. If the amount of CO stored has the potential of reaching concentrations of 500 ppm, an automatic visual and audible alarm should be employed in such areas. Monitoring the environmental exposure of not only the area but also the personal exposure of employees is essential to avoid medical problems. If the CO concentration is near the standard continuous monitoring should be accomplished by means of monitoring-equipment capable of determin- ing the CO concentration in the workplace environment within 5% of the actual value. Obviously, records of the personal and environmental monitoring should be maintained by employers._ ~ - HAZARD PREVENTION The control recommendations discussed can contribute to preventing hazard- . ous exposure of employees to CO. The use of effective control technology is the - only means of assuring a workplace free of exposure to harmful agents. Three of the four components of control technology were briefly touched upon previously. These three are: (a) respirators as a subset of personal protective equipment, (b3 monitoring or warning systems, and (c) work practices and procedures. The fourth component is engineering controls- The lack of such technology or its application is attested to by the continual occurrence of occupational diseases and injuries. It is possible to prevent occupational health problems through the application of ~> hazard-prevention technology in the workplace. During rule-making processes, it has frequently become evident that there is insufficient information on the availability of technology to achieve the recom- mended exposure limit. NIOSH is currently attempting to ensure that at least one t t:ontrol method (without the use of personal protective devices) exists for achieving or approaching the recommended exposure limit In this process, NIOSH has determined that a critical unmet need exists for the documentation, evaluation,- development, and application of effective control technology for limiting worker exposure to potentially hazardous agents in the workplace. Clearly, the development of procedures for minimizing or eliminating hazardous exposures which can result in occupational illness and injury requires a coopera- e tive spirit and coordinated effort among employers, employees, academia, and government. Management needs to implement health and safety programs, pro- vide safe and healthful working conditions, and adhere to Federal and State stan-dards. Individual workers are responsible for complying with company require- ments. ments. Academia must educate a sufficient number of profcssionais and stimulate interest in occupational safety and health. The government should be the central promoter and coordinator of nationwide effort to improve safety and health condi- tions tions in the workplace environment through collation of data, research, training, Iand assistance. NIOSH proposes to play a key part in this government role. PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL Effec[ive prevention of occupational hazards involves the design and implemen- tation tation of a series of control techniques that function together as a system. The creation of an effective control system requires a detailed knowledge of the - oN .i9ht -Ej_ _ I ~ . e r

E041p___ _ __ WALTER M. HAAG ~ Substitution involves the replacement of hazardous materials, processes, or pieces of equipment with less or no ts hazardous ones. Substitution may be the least -expensive as well as the most-poitive method of controlling an occupational . hazard. Usually, CO isencountered in industry as a waste product of the incom- plete combustion of carbonaceous fuels. Unfortunately, nonhydrocarbon fuels are neither cheap nor readily available; therefore, substitution of alternate materials is not always feasible. Diesel fuel is being considered actively as the energy source for future automobiles. A 1973 study showed that the CO emissions were lowered when diesel fuel was used within a regenerative turbine combustor (13). Control efforts must be centered on the combustion process itself, to minimize the forma- tion of CO (5, 6. 25). This can be accomplished through the establishment of the proper air/fuel ratios by the use of combustion monitoring equipment, and by the maintenance of adequate exhaust-stack draft through a proper supply of make-up air to the industrial building- Substitution of propane-fueled.or electric-powered lift trucks for gasoline-powered_ equipment can reduce or eliminate the CO hazard in factories and warehouses. - - Isolation can be achieved by the use of a physical barrier, or by the separation of the worker from the exposures_ource in space and time. Physical barriers can be .effective for the control of CO. The barrier can be in the form of an enclosure around the worker, as is the case for crane operators or blast furnace operators, or around the process, such as an enclosed, ventilated tunnel for the cooling of foundry molds. For some workers such as toll booth operators or tunnel patrol ,' officers, an automatic continuous CO-monitoring system and the provision of some control measure is essential. A 1972 study looked at a positive-pressure ventilation system to reduce levels of CO in the breathing zone of toll-booth attendants (21). Remotely controlled processes can isolate the worker from the hazard genera- tion point by a distance. Special care must be taken in the-design of industrial plants to isolate the exhaust stacks from combustion processes. This will prevent the inadvertenCrecirculation of CO into the workplace by an exhaust stack placed too close to a building-supply air inlet and can do much to prevent an unnecessary exposure. Local exhaust ventilation used alone, or in combination with substitution and isolation, is a powerful and versatile method for removing air contaminants from • the workplace environment. The method is limited in that the source of the con-t taminant must be in a fixed location or move in a defined pattern. Perhaps the best known example of local-exhaust ventilation applied to the control of CO is the tailpipe exhaust system commonly seen in automotive service garages. There has been much research in this area over the years (11, 23). - . Dilution ventilation can occur naturally or by mechanical means. Mechanical ventilation is-superior to natural ventilation to the extent that air currents are dictated primarily by the location and quantities of exhaust and supply air movers, rather than by weather factors. While not as desirable as the other control meth- ods, dilution ventilation is almost always required as a supplement to those other techniques as few are I00% effective in preventing the release of CO in the workplace. z - -- IICopiri9hi' . Pt?~-ildyPlt~N, <I I I -~ ! ~ I

IrD /.__ I_ WALTER'M. HAAG ~ General design criteria for local exhaust Systems Can be found in references (2, i I 19, 22). i ~ (b) Workplace Enriroiunenl _ • ~ Once a chemical agent has escaped into the general workplace some degree of i . control still may be achieved. However, control at this stage is generally more j t difficult and less effective than the previously discussed control at the point of - 1 ~ origin. General workplace control measures normally are used as adjuncts to control measures which are applied at the source. '- One method of general workplace con_ trol involves removal of the hazard from d I th ce environment. General (dilution) ventilation and use of room I rtiAr=rt.,.,/a' cleanin Geographical loca- devices are exam les of this conce t g p p . e plant (possibly permitting open construction) and environmental pollu- lion tion standards will affect the,applicablity of these control methods. Intake air for b. ventilation systems should be drawn from an uncontaminated atmosphere so as 0t+t.to avoid the intake of contaminated exhaust air from the plant itself or other .9' sources of contamination outside the plant. - 6Nyf A second method of general workplace control involves the use of good work practices Good work practices begin with the proper structuring of duties re quired in the worker's job to reduce any potential e~pasarrto~ nimum. The y~7~I i also involve the application-of common sense an gc{d od judg~men the worker. "' '~ during the performance.of required production and rraiatefra fe functions. - `r(c) Worker - - - The third type of control for occupational exposure to hazards involves control measures that are implemented on individual workers. Personal protective equip- ment (PPE) is a means of isolating the worker from the exposure hazard. This area of protection includes respirators,-supplied air and impermeable suits, gloves, goggles, safety glasses, hard hats, safety footwear, and various other types of- clothing used for protection. - Of this grouping, one of the most widely used devices is the respirator. The recommended use conditions for the various types of respirators are set forth in the "NIOSH/OSHA Respirator Decision Logic" (15). It should be recognized that the respirators protect the worker only against certain specific types ofsubstances and in certain concentration ranges depending on the type of equipment-used. In order to have an effective respirator program it must meet the minimum require- ments as set forth in 29 CFR 1910.34. This program must include proper selection ; of equipment, training of personnel, supervision and enforcement, and an-ade- , quate maintenance program as described in "A Guide to Industrial Respiratory : Protection"(1). Worker isolation also can be achieved through the use of physical i enclosures (booths). - f (d) Moniroring ~ An effective monitorinewarning program is essential to the proper function and ; maintenance of a control system, and is always a desirable addition to any control ~ system. This program should consist of a monitoring/warnVing device, planned maintenance and calibration.procedures, and a plan of action to be implementedr- oNri9hr

WORKSHOP: CARBON/MONOXIDE AND CVD hazards involved, the points of origin of the hazards, routes of occupational expo- sure, and control options. - (a) Source - - Prevention of occupational exposure by control at the source of the hazard is generally the preferred means of control. One method of prevention at the source . involves substitution of a nonhazardous or less hazardous material for the sub- stance of concern. Material substitution offers the intrinsic advantage of com- pletely removing a hazardous material from the workplace. However, the ability to find suitable substitutes for a given material is by no means certain, and the substitute materials may themselves present some (lesserZ degree of hazard. The application of other control measures therefore may be necessary even after mate- rial substitution has been achieved. Process modification is a second method of controlling hazards at the source. Existing processes often were not designed to meet current occupational health standards. A reevaluation of process options with occupational health require- ments included as a constraint often will identify process modification as an effec- tive control measure.-In general, processes which are continuous, as opposed to intermittent of batch, are likely to be less hazardous from an occupational expo- sure standpoint. Processes should be designed to contain hazardous materials within enclosed equipment to the greatest extent possible, and to minimize the potential for contamination of the workplace. - Equipment modification is a commonly used means of control. blodification of pieces of process equipment which present particularly serious exposure prob- lems is usually a less costly change than modifying an entire process. Equipment should be redesigned to contain hazards within the equipment, to avoid the gener- ation of material or energy hazards-into the workplace, and to require minimal - maintenance. When maintenance is required, the equipment design should permit performance of this maintenance with minimal hazard to the workers involved. Isolation of stored materials, equipment, and the process is a fourth means of controfling hazards at the source. Isolation involves the use of a barrier between a hazard and those who might be affected by the hazard. The barrier may be pro- vided by a physical structure or by distance. Enclosure normally requires ventila- tion of the enclosed area. Limiting employee access to certain areas during hazardous operations also may be an effective means of isolation. Computerized process control, automation of various maintenance procedures, and the general concept of remote processing also help to isolate processes and equipment. Poten- tial problems involved with isolation can include accessibility of equipment for maintenance and the potential for exposure of workers during maintenance _operations. Afifth means_of controlling the source of emissions is local exhaust ventila- lion_ Local exhaust ventilation involves the use of hoods that direct a flow of air ~ across the-emission point and into the hood. Sufficient air flow must be utilized to- ~ result in an air velocity at the emission source sufficient to capture and convey the ~ chemical agent into the hood and to convey it through the ventilation system '_ducting. An adequate supply of air must be provided ided to replace the air exhausted. ~ 7he make-up air, in some cases, may be used to assist in the local exhaust control. ~1- - ~ Copy`3hr ~

WALTER M. HAAG _ ------ ~ physical agents, it is appropriate that workplaces be investigated for CO expo- sures and those exposures^reduced. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recognized that CO was a serious health hazard to working men and women. As such, it produced a criteria document in 1972 for a recommended standard for occupa- tional exposure to CO based primarily on health effects. This early criteria document was reviewed by consultants, professional societies, government agencies, and others with interest and responsibility in occupational safety and health. Most of the reviewers were of the opinion that basing the recommended standard on cardiovascular effects was justiGed. None of the reviewers proposed any other biologic effect of CO for primary consideration. When this document was transmitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor, August 3, 1972, it was felt that engineering technology was available to achieve the recommended limits of 35 ppm deter- mined as a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure for an 8-hr.workday. How- ever, at that time no study was made regarding the time necessary to achieve the recommended limits. ' Control of employee exposure to CO at his place of employment at the limits stated will: (a) prevent acute CO poisoning, (b) protect the employee from delete- rious myocardial alterations associated with levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in excess of 5 0, and (c) provide the employee protection from adversetiehavio manifbstations resulting from exposure to low levels of CO. / ~'t What is meant by "methods to reduce CO levels at the workp;ac~?f' The fir chapter of the NIOSH criteria document contains recommendation~s-tfo control ling worker exposure to CO. Are these the same? I don't think so. To "reduce" CO levels, one is preventing hazardous exposure and thus a problem. To "control'- worker_exposure, one is approaching a problem as if it already existed. The line , between preventive and corrective medicine is small, but the conceptual approach to the problem by the practioners is the _great dichotomy." _ - -- _ _NIOSH CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS ~ The NIOSH criteria document for a recommended standard (19) indicates that occupational exposure to CO shall be controlled so that no worker shall be ex- posed at a concentration greater ihan 35 ppm determined asTWA exposure for an 8-hr workday, as measured with a portable, direct reading, hopcalite-type CO meter calibrated against known concentrations of CO, or with gas-detector tube units certified under Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 84. In addition, no level of CO to which workers are exposed shall exceed a ceiling concentration of 200 ppm. Because employees with cardiovascular disease may not be protected by an occupational exposure to 35 ppm of CO, a medical program should be instituted consisting of preplacement and periodic examinations in_ations with special attention to the_ cardiovascular system and to medical conditions which could be exacerbated by exposure to CO. Such a medical program could also provide the opportunity for conducting antismoking programs for high-risk employees. opyr(9hr r? i t

_ 1.~_r uo1-__ . WORKSHOP: CARBON MONoXIDE AND CVD -- --~-- - I when the monitor indicates a problem. The monitoring devices may be built into the process or control equipment in order to measure the operating parameters, - or they may be installed so_as to measure levels of hazards in the workplace envi- - ronrnent. The presence of a complex control system and the lack of adequate warning properties for the substance being controlled makes monilorinfl,sarning devices a virtual necessity. Monitoring/warning devices may indicate an emer- gency situation or the need for specific maintenance procedures on the process equipment, or control systems,.as well as indicating the mode of operation for the control system (i.e., the use ofpersonal protection until process/control problems can be solved). (e) Education - - Educa[ion in the need for an^application of controls for occupational health hazards is essential to any control system. Management must be educated in the need for controls. Process and design engineers, as well-as the industrial hygiene personnel, must be aware of both the principles of control and of various control - options. Supervisors must be trained in the recognition of hazards related to specific processes and equipment. Finally, workers who are generally responsible for the operation and maintenance of control systems must be made aware of the occupational hazards which they face, and of the control measures which are to be followed in order to avoid occupational illness or injury both in routine and emer- gency operations. _ METHODS TO REDUCE CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURE Forty to-sixty years ago, and even today, the approach to solving exposure to hazards was to vary the work schedule oPemployees_ In addition, to encourage the workers to accept certain jobs in which the hazards were known, employers offered special financial incentives.-This hazardous duty pay still exists. In the last 20 to 30 years, the approach used by employers relied heavily upon ventilation. The ventilation solutions were as simple as opening windows and doors to take advantage of the natural environment to the more mechanical solu- tions that utilized fans, air ducts, hoses, etc. In some cases, the mechanical solution was to improve the general workplace environment and as time pro- gressed the solutions were more tailored to specific work sites. This last decade a0d today, the solutions are more sophisticated to take advan- tage of the advancing knowledge of science and engineering. There is considerable effort being directed to source prevention through improved combustion pro- cesses and catalytic conversion (3, 9, 12, 24)._Although the national program to l gj control CO emissions from motor vehicles7ias raised serious questions concerning the feasibility of the control program and the processes through which control policies are established,-there continues to be attention focused on the CO prob- lem (4, 8, 14, 17). Peterson (20), in the NIOSH publication "The Industrial Environment, its Evaluation and Control," lists the four basic principles for controlling the occupa- tional environment as substitution, isolation, ventilation, and education. Not all of these principles are applicable to every form of hazard, but all occupational hazards can be controlled by the use of at least one of them. -t ---- ---- -- - -- Copy "9:,r (x N N N N N ~

Ir r t•ll .. WORKSIIOP: CARBON MONOXIDE ANU CS'D I Because CO is odorless and colorlcss and is usually present as an unwanted byproduct of the combustion process, the hazard of CO exposure is Iinked direclly -to worker awareness. An effective worker education program is-necessary to - instruct workers in the proper use and maintenance of combustion equipment, and - continuous monitoring devices are necessary to warn of eminent hazard. I A study found that in a metropolitan area, total travel by automobile resulted in a mean CO exposure nearly twice that of rail mass transit. This raises the possibil- ity that going to and-from work may be a prime exposure time to CO. The implications for-alternate transportation schemes such as fast lanes, smaller en- gines, pooled movement, air conditioning, etc., are tremendous (7, 16). t - I- REFERENCES I. "A Guide to Industnal Respiratory Protection," NIOSH Publication 76-189. 2. "ACGIH Industrial Ventlation-a Manual of Recommended Praclices," 151h ed. Committee on - Industrial Ventilation, 1978- - ~ ~ 3. An6nymous. Preciprtator-cycionz combine cuts CO-boiler emissions. Oil Gns J, 75. 56 1977). 4. Anonymous. "Reducing Pollution From Selected Energy Transformaiion Sources,' ~,1230- Graham and Trolrnan, London, 1976. . ~I 5. Beale, N- R., and Hodgetts. D. Inlet valve throttling and the effects of mixture prepanlion and I turbulence on the-exhaust gas emissions of a spark ignition eneine-bur. .lrerh. &R. rL: ndon) Proc. 190, 13--21 (t976). 6. Bolton, M. S. and Taylor, D. S- Simple combustion efficiency indicator for automobile engines. Washington, D.C., 1973. 21. Rossano, A. T., Jr.. and Alsid, H. F. "Evergreen Point Bridge Toll Booth Veniilation Study." NTIS: PB221161, 1972. • 11. Hanna. G. M., and Bmler, K. E., Jr. Design airflows for proper ventilation of scrvice garages. Air Fiig. 20-25 (October- 1967). - 12. Kobylinski, T. P., Hamniel, 1. J., and Swift, H. E. Porous silica beads. Ind. &rg. {'hem. Prod. Res- Der'elop. 14; 147-150 (1975). - - 13. laPoinle, C W., and Schullz, W. L. `Comparison of Emission Indexes Within a Turbine Com- bustor Operated on Diesel Fuel or Methanol: " SAE Paper 730669. 1973. 14. Leaderer, B. P., Slolwijk. J. A. L, and 7agraniski, R. T. Health Benefits Due to Reductions of CO Levels. Ertt'nort Aranoge. 1, 131-137 (1976). 15. Lynch. J. R., Leidel, N. A., Nelson, R. A., and Boggs, R. F. "The Standards Completion Program Draft Technical Standards Analysis and Decision fqgics," NTIS: PB282989/AS, 1978- 16. Myronuk, J. D. Ingestion of carbon monoxide by occupants of vehicles while idling in drive-up facility hnes. Water Air Soil Poflur. 7, 203-213 (1977). - - 17. Ncwhall, H. K., and EI Messiri, I. A. "Combustion Chamber Designed for Minimum Engine Exhaust Emdrssions," SAE Paper 70049i, 1970. - 18.-Nicholas, D. ~ and Shah, Y. T. Carbon monoxide over a platinum-porous fiber glass supponed catalyst- Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Devdop- 15, 35-40 (1976). - 19. "Occupational Exposure lo Carbon Monovide," U.S. Printing Office, Washinglon, D.C., 1972. 20. Peterson, J. E. Principles for controlling the occupational environment, in "The Industrial ~ Environment-ils Evaluation and Control,'_ pp_ 51t-517. U.S. Government Printing Office. (1976). 10. Gille11,1. E. Preventing emissions from manufacturing processes by suitable process design. An Ocrup. Hvg. 19.301-308 (1976)- Afeas. Control 6, 399-400 (1973). - 7. Conese, A. D.- and Spengler, D. Ability of fixed monitoring station to repreant personal carbon monoxide exposure. J. Air. Pollut. Conrrof Assoc: 26, 1144- 1150 /1976). 8. Croke, K. G.. Croke, E. J.. and Zerba. R. O. "Economic Analysis of Trnsponatinn Emission Control Strategies," Proc. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 69Ih Annu. Mecling, 1976. 9. Gilbert. L. F. Precise combustion-control saves fuel and power. Chem. Eng. 83, 145- 150 - CoP).,3V,r iia

n[v[nnv[ uEOmana B.IICO-Ixx) (,19J91 -_.y--_ - -_ _ __ . -. - .- - -.. _ ~. L1 ; IS SBt- T h , Indlcate zl1 a Methods to Reduce Carbon Monoxide Levels - _ _ at the Workplace' , n n ~ Ot QBSlies. r.umaf or Ei'.:^• r. i ~s or Nrs ~ c'_ WAI-rea hf_ Hwwca !-ji-°`rl_ D6r rt o/Phyrical Scirncrr and Engin ing. Nm nal Ine e for Or'n~,pm nol • SuJ,, ond Heallh. United Srmes Depnnmrnr nf Hrnh, Eercrarion and t411u.c. Roben A. TaJ liTboramrirr. Cinrlnnmr, Ohio 45226 ~X g~a"Ir? sWa+.cO Robcn A- Taft !ab a6]6 C I ti IS kway C' . I Oh'ro 6 Sy~ _ _ ~ T-- ~ ' Ptormed at a Workshnp on Carbon Monoaide and Cardiovascular Diseaze, sponsored by I6c - tLmencan Health F d- and Ih F d al R publ or G y, Bc I Oc ob<e 10-12 14/g. 'Address for tvpr t-. R 1Ler M H--g D or, D - r YM1YSkaI 5c" n and EnG'<cnr6. ved Onobcr t), 19] dj-&14 , T Cardiov scular disease and death a tribuled to shr uorkplacc eeposurc lo carbon ide (CO) onbe reduc<d. It is pozsiUle In contml tbe rcmmal of CO threugh <dsling cng^nmnng pnaciplea znd-techniquei Hwe•<r, it is dcsinblc thal the muhadz Ihar rcducn the formatlon of CO and prevent its introdunion inta the workplace be develop<d and utilieed. - Perhsoe the greatest long-tcrm Ingedy of tMay'a vandard is that fuiurc Clar.u, .Alch o0en can meet more srringent standards. are not requited nor have the incenu.e tn dn so ~ under ing Rderal po6c . Ther eed to develop a r.fso r e perfnrm ` - .undzrd'`sennrepl as pzn of Ih<impl<memanon oflhe Occupal onal Safny and Healih An Thegreal<slpetrntlaltoelirvinale(mur<occupzllonalheahhproblemsrols.ahlhcepyr- ... tunity so encourage new plact desi~krf<du:e worker uposure. Ihus gr.atl (~y c3imlcztingfwure problcros - ~ U The o cept of neym e pefform n slandards has e <¢d in rEe cnrol of gerral mal pollutiun fn the ambient v andl . IIIt gen rallyr cepmacd that eonnol of emizzlons from ncw and fumn plants is usuallY ezsier than eomrol of emh4ons fro ing oldcr ptams. WTzt do<s not seem n he uod<rslood is thar <omrol of em6smns in Ih<workplace .ill faequ<nlly . preent gene-ral enrironmenral eontaminalion as •.ell. TTC ~ problem is pe entcd at the s The opportunlty to ...... t ha ardnu. ecpna e Io CO e i. 11 mnsl be nken by those vho ha.<a knoaedge urCO. and shared with profesvionals. 'manaCem<nr, and emplayees d Ihere mz9y is to be z reducllon of CO le.els zt the working pla¢. The bancGU arc nol unly the sarety and heaLh of employees, but the eon o. or mergy and ,. ials. the earinnofn<Wproducteandn<we npponzu ' ene.Thrs p n mid -ugorbendus -- ean be the result of zchlevini mcthoduo reduc< COle.cls al the vorting plnee. _I - . - . . . . f- - INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in many industrial nations. In an effort to achieve a betler understanding of this disease,inereasing attention by scientists and physicians is being directed to the question of uhether carbon monoxide (CO) relates to the pathogenesis of aneriosclerosis and the : development of specific cardiovascular diseases. Since the induslrial environment ' is often the primary source of exposure to many toxic materials and harndul -F- -- --- --- - - - r OI1P _ I - - Ib31-]Itx]90GYk-bY-q10]mo ' cwn,a. c r.9 ar - ... n... L. _ _9,Pr=,19g ,