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n wOP.KSHOP: CARBON MONOXIDE AND (VO dg.nctres. filrer cigare4cs, and filter cigarettes with perfora+ed filter tips. As shown in Fig. 5, the smoker of cigarettes with perfanted filmr lips must smoke twice as intensely in order to inhale Ihe same amount of tar, nicotine, and CO that is delivered in Ihc smoke of a leading conventional Glter cicarene. CIGARETTE SIDESTREAM SMOKE `a The smoke generated behceen puffs is called sidestream smoke. In Table A we 25 20 loa 51 9 co /i f i5 20 25 '.A 35 IO W5 50 PUFF VOILVE-4L _ Fln 5-Y/cidn of CO. r and nicu.m nstrvam emose or cnn.rclic:,af Gner nEor s(F) nnnLhcr Cgereun INFI, and ogx .¢s ~uA perfoaled Nar iip.(PF) a a fw~nion o/puR.olum.. L , 1

HOFF.yANV, ADAMS. AND WyNDER J. COr rD I 1 0 1 . ] •! f T ! S U ~r i~ PUrr NV.BER - FIG. 3. Volume percentage CO and CO. of smoke of individuaf puffs of nonGlter cigarettes (3) ) selective reduction of CO in the mainstream smoke whether the perforated filter tip is hollow or filled With cellulose acetate fiber (7)_ The cigarettes with air dilution by either line perforated cigarette paper aneLror perforated filter tips have significantly reduced draw resistance. This-factor and the lower concentration of tar and nicotine in the air-diluted smoke may induce the smoker to take puffs of greater volume and smoke more intensely than he would smoke cigarettes with nonperforated filter tips. This xould lead to higher velocity of the air around the burning cones of these cigarettes and thus the smoker may not really benefit from the smoke dilution by perforated filter cigarettes. Recemly, we studied this question on one each of the most popular types of U.S. plain ~1 ~ i -- :~-' - i i o I ~ i ,a. 1aN.e - i i a~ I~~ 1 i 1 I ~"" i o O p<n tuEe ~ T 1 I. GA.liner T- i FtG. A. Reduction of CO by smoke dilution in cicarenes wilh perforated filter tips (7). opy:i5hr ~:

pLI L _ NOFFMnNN, ADAMS, AND wYNDER - TABLE 3 Errrcn or Au Dnimnc n. CG.en. Mu.naior .cu C.een. D+mrm D.a.• uiLa . - SamDle VemdaJon (`hl CO Impl CO. Imgl _IV«!m C -th linc pedoradons 52 56 39 4 .:iparum C •Gnoun - . 6- pcr(aniions . - 17 1 1 52e Reduu;onl7l - 67 ~8J TABLEY Coannacn or ql..vrna S-o.o R~nn m Sror.rrae.r S'.o.r ISSI m ef.r•sr.ua Sno•r t V SI' MS CuCOn m oaide Greon diodae Am ~ 0=a0 ms 90 µF HyErop npanide 330 vp Dima6y Ivvoramke 10-85 np Tar - 30-YJ me Nlcnrmc ' " 1= 5 mg Phcnnl W'1I0 yg GIC~6ol 130= 60 µg Beneo(aiCnene 9-a0 ng • NonGlin 6pamuc. SS SI S I , . el t__ _ • TABLE 5 Lr.m or C.e>n. Mo'uanr u Puuo P.wru Pouc rm r. n Toe.ccu CO CO P.ace Ivvml Plnce Iv^..nl CGr SU STea~.ar Trvn 40 Fo.cr 3 4 o 0.8 H,coc noures 30-SD Aveimdnm 1 a= a a CAar n - ,_s Pml rnnm 7-9 Fempbozr - Smallconferenr< 20 ~Smating c moanmrnr 19.e : gJ Svnm raElu. S-^0 Nun+r..olL~g camwmmcm 3 U_ 0.8 lEerirt fcor6all ganal uv Ji • T.Ne C+setl on Eau fmm Rdr. IS. I 11. v

wORKSHOP. CARBON MONOXIDE AND CVD '0~ - - - - , ~ , - ~ r Icyeo-..,,a.o. n~ cw~~.uaq,,.. ~soa'e J ~, --- ---- : 5 2 ~ ~.~.t.~e ,nlrmt Fe-'_- CarFen monoxide concentranons and Iemperatures throughout the longitudinal axis of a burning cigarette during the second puff I5L The importance of the air velocity in the burning cone is demonstrated by the significant increase of CO in the smoke «•ith increasing puff volume. 6likami r•r n!. - have shou-n this phenomenon withh the increase of the COlCO, ratio (Table 2) (6). f- The same trend can be observed when the velocity in the burning cone issiw% O~~ ;tC~ecaked errasedue to restriction of air flosr- through the cigarette filter. The simplest case is a comparison of the CO and CO. content of the smoke of early puffs with that of late puffs of a cigarette. As the cigarette is smoked and the tobacco column shortens, there is less-influx of air through the membrane and this produces increased velocity of the air passing through the burning cone. From the first puff to the last (10th) puff of a cigarette. COi increases from 3.7 to 5.4 voK'c. or by about 40 1~c, uhereas CO increases from 0.95 to 1.95 vol9c, or by more-than I00°c ( (Fig. 3) (3). - - Finally, the importance of the smoke dilution by air has been shown with _ line-perforated cigarette paper by Rickards and Owens (Table 3) (9). In recent years filter cigarettes tvith perforated tippinc paper have been introduced on the -- A ~market for lountarA iou-nicotine ciearettes.n7heseah v~~ ti'that carbon monoxide can be selectivelv reduced. In Fig. 4,data by Norman demonstrate a~''r ~;--J -~-Fcr/n.,lnr.7bzCn ~ . ' Sn:.Jn C~w'(r T.4BLE'- Ertc~ or Prr. Vorr-sic oV CO Asn CO- Co\cx«rt.rro\ n$aio.[ PuR.olumc (ml'sec) Puftnum6er CO• /,al:r) CO, ~ ( r) CO• CO; (ml'cig) (mL'cig) CO.CO, (.ol <) 5.0 9.0 0.17 0.29 0.06 0-11 0.?8 7.5 8.8 0.18 0.36 0.10 0.19 0 'S t00 8.3 0.68 0-85 0.46 0.38 0.40 1?.5 8.0 0.71 0.89 0.'8 0.72 0.39 I5.0 7.3 0.'0 0.89 0.6? 0.80 0.39 17.3 7.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 i.00 0.50 2_.5 7.0 1.04 0-s7 1.34 1.12 0.50 ' Rclative values to standard puft35 rn1: sec. Cr ~- -- - N ~ - -- - --- -- - - - - - \: . i ~ ~ 0

. , i I „~.- TArs ~f 9 °jr~~•~~s r .lrVa!•TI.{annlcLLe•OL'V-I%In119)9/ S,l ~Werles. .. . AL•1 '6 G1Q/4fe r ;; i aJ: ~. ~ rpg .: a/l -}' Q aA „n, rPj ~Il~CC7V c°netYrens pq this cr ormadbn and Analysis of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette ainstream and Sidestream Smoke''r.a DrerRro+ H fAl.~d.v• SOHN D- ADINS• AND EXNsT L. WYNpER A'uJor Ouno r.a/rmr/nr Ddeare P.rrnuiou. Amrrlmn IfenhF Fmmdniinn, L'olLallu,.M1i+ )"nrl /0545 Grbnn mono.ide is one ohE[ Ihme clcararc smnle mnalruems whleh hz.e Fem iudped nlA.ly~u ontribm[[olheM1eahhhmrdsolsmoling."COVSformedinlhebur h1g e:Pm e by eci•L`ion of n•olaldc carbonaccroua m r. by rcduaion of-CO_. and b- pyrolys: orno ~olv ma r pdmariscdWlossandecllulmeI~ke ed Is Th dduGon by porou. 6gareue pper or by perfora:ed L1her ripv. During the smuldein5 nf a e.partnm beI• een puffs abom 2.5 times more CO is formed [Aan dunng auual smokmF Thr rvleasa of CO in side ar[am smoke from lobacm producls bzs on occasiun Icd lo ehom Icrm oeeunence af up lo 5U ppm of CO in enclosed environmenrs. INTRODUCTION bes ay ¢~nenny lno onlrol Ihe Co rnr n Ihe buming ciga, A number of studies have reported carboxyhemoglobin levels of up to I I^ in the blood ofcigarette smokers. These reports as well as aherclinical observaliuns have motisatcd the Advisory Committee oTAlhe U.S. Surgeon Ocneral onSmoking and Health to judge carbon monoxide together with "lar" and nicotine as the compounds in cigarette smoke mosl likel)' to contribute to the health hazards of ne'` /i<smoking (13).ABurning tobacco has also been discussed ax-rKerw-ueav3'as a curl- r6s^nf/ tnbulie~[O po7lution in enclosed environmeNs /10. 11. IG)- lTese as xell as other aspec!s have resulted in an increased interest in Ihe formaion. {~- '`edunion~an nalvsis of CO in tobacco products and its emission into the envi- ronmenti IOn..f;^,,.r a..l a-r[..[rGM_ ..) FORMATION OF CAROON MONOXIDE - The tobacco eolumn of a ci_eareue is ssrapped in a gas permeable membrane - which permits air to enler into the tobacco column dunne smoking and gas vapon to diffuse [hroueh Ihe membrane into Ihe environment (Fig. 1]. In a convenlional Glter cigarette the diffusion of air Ihrnue_h Ihe wrapper of the Gller tow is signiG- cantly lower than it is through cis'areHe paper acsaAtdifFa-siora-oFwnlhrovgh Ihe 4/eF - wrapperand'uinder ofa eigar. The bumin€ cone is hardly permeable and air enters I onl) along Ihe surface near Ihe edgee of the burning wrapper. During actual ~ smoking, therefore. primarily Ihe tobacco close to the periphery of the column is '- eonsumed whereas bet W een puffs the tobacco of the inner core of the column is burned and generates sidestream smoke- 3 ' Prn[aace al aWrL'hnC on Carbon gtouoaide a.,d Caldiora:cular Dirrase. 6VOnvnrua bp ir Amoiaan HeahA }omdadon and [he Frdval kleatrh pTrce, Fednal Republic ofGermany. Herlm. Uem[er G', 1978 . r ho J~LJof'Cbcmid Smdio on Toba-.co Smolc" a5upponN bh•n!oual Canco Insluwe Orarm I-CP3.`Kd ard CA-1]613. / `l

HOFFMANN, ADAMS, AND WYNDER EXT sa [ _ 4AS EYLPO25 MR ri / yd - r ` iTCR AR Rm1 RG. 1. Schematic representation of flowof gases and vapors in a burning cigarette. The actual formation of CO occurs in and close to the burning cone by several nechanisms. More than 50S of the oxygen in CO derives from 2lsrwspheri~ rtEy'ge'ifas demonstrated by Johnson er a1. in studies with "Or (Table I) (5). Thiaa- °111^^r- rh°t msr rh _~a~of the CO is formed by oxidation of carbonaceous natter. Other investigators have shown that 40-45% of the CO in mainstream . moke is-{efaiedb}'1pyroh•sis of the tobacco filler and wrapper with cellulose and r z;wh, ~' :ellulose-like materials as major precursors (I, 2, 4)- The carbon monoxide con- p :entrationAthrouchout the loneitudinal axis of the tobacco column ot-ihe~etaa~ /)/~.rca.i,tii l d 5 Th ' ( e resu ts are , y by Johnson ci a )- >uff was the subject of another stu . ( rresented in Fig. 2 with the longitudinal gas temperature profile throughout the i :igarette superimposed (8). The peak temperature during puffing slightly precedes . the exothermic combustion including oxidative CO formation. The concentration ' of CO drops very rapidly as some of it is lost from the coal. In the area of the char . line of the burning cicarette, the CO concentration reaches its first plateau. This is : followed by the second CO formation peakk which is most likely given by the CO, - reduction in the hot zone. A third and last CO formation occurs in the pyrolysis i zone. The negative slopes behind the region of CO formation are caused by its rapid diffusion through the membrane of the wrapper- Based on these considerations. one can conclude that the yield of CO in the mainstream smoke of a cigarette is a function of the amount of tobacco and paper burned during pufLng. the concentration of the pyrolytic precursors, the tempera- ture profile of the tobacco during pufiing and the permeability of the wrapper for the ounrard diffusion of CO. The CO concentration in the inhaled smoke is also a function of the permeability of the filter membrane which affects the air dilution of the smoke. - - - - - TAHLE 1 D~T , QET'ICr U••lTH }.E,^ c1.1 RErECCr Ci CIO; Rrtl E. I Rt, • CO Atmosphcric oxy€cn incorporation Portion (mg) Sldestream 56 56 Mainstteam 22 58 r--_ - . r I I

. "' N"ORK9HOP, CARBp.\ pOND%IDE AND CVD have summarized the sidestrcam'mainslfeam ralios of some smoke consliluenls. Accordincly, the CO concentration is about 2.5 timcs higher in 5idestrcam Ihan in mainsueam smoke. The ratio for tar is about 1.7 and for nicotine about 2.7. Although Ihe sideslream smoke is direcdy diluled as il is rffeased: il hss on occasio given rise to devated CO levels in enclosed environmenis/cspecially in rooms with ;t p low air currents or poor ventilatien. In Table;d~e hav~4fimmarized some of the reporled values Cor CO inollut~d ]obacco s oke; 2lmosphue~, These environ. menis uere analqied underactually prevailing condilions. and not in ecperimcntzl settings. Although on occa5ion 50 ppm CO and sometimes estn higher values have bcen reported forencironments polluted wilh tobacco smoke, such eslreme condi- _ tions has'e occurred only for short time inlervals. The most obvious solution to the problem of indoor air pollution by cigarette smoke is to increase air circulalion. New' studies are indicated for the reduction of CO in tobacco sidestrezm smok e_ At present we are not aware of research programs in this area. REFERENCES - 1. Baktrr.R.R. Formalionofoxidcso(carbon b) p)roh':I•.ofwbaiao.Bnr.. Tn6n(L.nrh.8,16-•t . (1975. 2. Balrr. R. R., and K]bum. K. D. The dlslnbusinn of gases wilNn Ihe combustion coal of a dgareue. Be/v- la6ol f r:rA. 7, M-8] 119]31 ]. Brvnncnann. K_ D, a.nd HoRmac.n. D. Chemical smdics on tobacco smnke. YXIV. A quannu- live mc:hoA for arbon aide and carbon dimide in eigar ne and c smoke. J ' C6.o~~nrov-Sn IJ.-O-:3119'p. l Bunon. H. R. T}onal dec mpov ofm, o. V.lnpuc ' of¢mpan e on lhr formo~,iun o/ cutvn nenaade and curton Emeide 6me TuM1nrft-rh,B.79-B1 rl9'p). 1. Johnson. w. R.. Po.ell. DD ii., Hale. R. w and Konifcld. R. A.Incerpnra~lrn o! almosphu¢ upen r-.pon e( c.Eart mole C6n ~ lnJ. Lrnd•.n 13, 41 ._ ~ 19!9. 6. Uikami.l1^SVO.Id_andKaburaki.K.Efcctsof`somefacmnoncarponn deconecnl.aIbn m uem smoka of a clgar .e. Srl . Pap. Cev . Rrs.Jnu.laenu V~mrci~n C•,rp 1)s, vv-msuru - L Norman v. The effecl or perfoomd repinp wper on me Yield uf vanous smoke c mr•unenrv Benr Ta6c[O.n'n 8. O.dene. L S. Reauron mechannms ir: me buming oFareoee i"e Rr.e,n Chemislr, uf Nemraf Reduns Incu6eg Tobaceo-' lN. J. rina- Ed.)d pp. a1^b9 Th PbJip ?lorne. Ine. Ser. 5'ork. 19-6 9. Rmkards. J C.. ar:d O, em. K. F.,Jr. Enecl orpornur ngveue n-Penon lhe sald nri6e m .apor Chus aad c .n pnrcuLsle phase cmry+n af eigarri e smolr. v---=uh ICRC fnn . rer ecSo.Cmr19f6 Win . nnf Sahm.FonhCardlna - c IU. RshnCOC Rnc. /ECJEn enlal tobacco smole vRrcn an the nbn smoker. Rupon from a Work.hcp. Seun1. l. RerCDr.. Su,•pl. 91, 1- Po e 19]!). 11. Sehmdia.1 , Hotlreunn. D.. and R'PnEee E. L. The innuenceof mFawn smnlr on inJour am- sCheres. Pm. IIrJ. L 66-9J 119751. - IL Schue¢Ir. D--AC En.irmmenl.al SmdS of Ihe Ambicm Air in Ihe Pomlac Slzdium. Nosemhv _r 16.1915,11.-F-161 unpuErnhed dala. Il. U.5 5 nn Ge..=na1 "The )1ez::A Conu quenca or SmoGng."" OHE'F P.lI SolH5 V) ). 1e p.r~l19-158./19:J. ~ .7 Ie. Wakeh]-'H.R R.En•IronmentatearSonmonoJdeLOmc,pzrelmamukln8-AcnJque Prn. AJed.6.n5-5}sU9:r). r .. .. -- . .. . ~vC II- 9~/_ •:hc!<s }Jr IsyC.n2n /