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I 0 -4 V. INDOOR AIR QUALITY: A NATIONAL SURVEY OF OFFICE WORKER ATTITLIDES

I ND OO R AI R QZIA LITY: A NATIONAL SURVEY OF OFFICE WORKER ATTITCIDES Sponsored by HONEYWELL TECHNALYSIS ,~. Honeywell Inc. Minneapolis, MN 55408 February 1985 For further information, contact: Mary S. Sprague Honeywell Technalysis 380 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10017 (212)512.0614

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SUMMARY.......•.......•.• .................................... 2 METHCQOLOGY ...................... ..•............. ............ 4 office workers... ........................................ 4 Sampling procedure ....................................... 5 Sampling tolerznces ...................................... 6 ANALYSIS....................................«...........,.... 8 1. The office environment .................. ........•.•..• 8 2. How workers perceive air quality in the office........ 12 3. What helps or hinders gaod~air quality? ............... 18 4. The nature of problems with air quality in the office. 21 5. Management response to the issue of air quality in the office ......................................... 25 6. Why are women more critical than men of the air quality where they work?................. .......•••••• 31 7. How offices are equipped to clean air ................. 35 APPENDIX A: Demographic composition of t-he sample............ 40 APPENDIX B: The questionnaire............ ......•.••••.••••••• 41

2/ SUMMARY Office workers rank lighting, temperature, and air quality as the top three factors when considering~what makes an office a productive place in which to work. And two of these important factors - temperature and air quality -- are also considered at least somewhat serious problems by a plurality of office workers. In responding to these and later questions, women were consistently more critical and less satisfied than men with their general office environment. (Section 1) Office workers are generally satisfied with air quality in the workplace. But a significant minority (24%) complain that cigarette smoke, poor ventilation, and pollution are primarily responsible for "only fair" or "poor" air quality where they work. Of the total office worker population surveyed, over half believe that better air quality would result in a more productive work environment. (Sections 2, 3) One in five office workers say that air quality often or sometimes interferes with their ability to do their job. These workers reaffirm that the main problems with the air quality where they work are • poor ventilation • inadequate heating or cooling t cigarette smoke. (Section 4) Overall, more than two-thirds (67%) of office workers give top management a favorable review for its concern about the issue of air quality in the office. Support for management is strongest among those who enjoy excellent air quality and good~working conditions. Thus, women, who~are more likely to operate under conditions less conducive to good air quality, are somewhat more critical of management's efforts. But even among women, a 59% majority consider top management to be "very" or "somewhat" concerned about air quality in,the office. (Section 5) QD O .a O CJ' ~ ~ ~~

l . - - ~- ~. . - - 3/ women are more likely than men both to have difficulty doing their job because of poor air quality and to say management is not concerned about air quality. Several ways in which their working conditions differ from those of men may be partially responsible for their more negative perception of air quality. women are, for example, more likely ' s to work in open offices a to work in areas without windows a to spend more than one-half their time at a computer terminal. (Section 6) According to office workers, just over four in ten offices today are equipped with facilities to clean or filter the air. Tenants in newer buildings are more likely to enjoy this feature than those in buildings that are 20 years of age or older. In more than one-half of the cases (58%), air cleaners are perceived to be part of the air conditioning or heating system - with the remaining units being evenly split between large floor or ceiling cleaners and' small desk-top models. Windows are reported to be a standard'feature in two out of three offices or work areas. (Section 7)

4/ METHODOLOGY This analysis reports the findings of a survey of worker attitudes toward the office environment. The tables show the responses of all participants and -- when these are statistically significant as indicated on page 7-- the responses of specific demographic groups. In some tables, responses may not add up to 100% either because multiple responses were permitted or because percentages were rounded off to whole numbers. The survey questionnaire was developed, designed, and~analyzed by Public Attitudes, the research division of Carl Byoir and Associates. Interviews were conducted between August 29 and September 19, 1984, by International Communications Research of Media, Pennsylvania. Office workers This survey was conducted among a random selection sample of adult Americans that • are 18 years of age or older • currently work outside their home more than 20 hours a week in an office or in an office-type setting~(that is, at a desk, table, or computer terminal) • work in an office-type setting in which five or more persons are employed. In all, the questionnaire was administered to 600 office workers with these characteristics.

5/ Sampling procedure To ensure that the responses elicited'from the sample were statistically representative of office workers nationwide, the following sampling procedure was used: (1) Because several persons in a household may be office workers, the ratio between male and female office workers was estimated through a preliminary pretest. This ratio was then adjusted to reflect the actual population of males and females in the United States. A quota system was used to ensure that the final sample would accurately represent the actual percentages of male and female office workers nationwide. (2) To avoid over-representing any geographical area, stratified random sampling was employed, with an independent random sample drawn from within each stratum. In this case, nine strata were defined to agree with the nine Census Divisions (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), and interviews were allocated proportional to each of these nine Divisions. (3) Contacts were made using random digit dialing, a technique whereby a computer randomly generates telephone numbers in order to avoid~interviewing only those with listed and published telephone numbers. (4) Telephone calls were made to households on weekday evenings. They were controlled by time zone so that all calls were initiated between 5:00 p.m. and 9:30 p.m. local time in each time zone. (5) Once a contact was made, potential respondents had to pass a series of screening questions in order to be eligible for inclusion in the survey. The screen was designed to ensure that all participants met the definition of "office worker" described in the previous section. On average, the "screening" questions took three minutes to administer. Once the respondent had been selected, the actual interview required approximately seventeen minutes to complete.

61 . _--_- ~__- __ 1 6/ Sampling tolerances A11 random sample surveys are subject to a "sampling error" - that is, the extent to which the actual results may differ from the results that we would have obtained if we had interviewed the whole population from which the sample was drawn. The size of such sampiing~errors depends largely on the nunber of interviews conducted. The following tables may be used in estimating sampling error. They indicate the range (plus or minus the figure shown) within which the results of repeated samplings in the same time period could be expected to vary 95% of the time, assuming that the same sampling procedure, the same interviewers, and the same questionnaire were used. (That is, the chances are 95 in 100 that the sampling error is not larger than the figures shown.) Table A shows how much allowance should be made for the sampling error of a percentage in tables reporting the aggregated responses of the entire stratified random sample among 600 office workers. TABLE A Recommended allowance for sampling error of a percentage entire sample (600) (In percentage points at 95 in 100 confidence level): percentages near possible error (+) 10% 2.4% 20 3.3 30 3.7 40 4.0 50 4.1 60 4.0 70 3.7 80 3.3 90 2.4

7/ In ca,.par:ng survey results in-two subsar,,ples -- such as r=_n and women -- how la_,e nust a difference between the two results be tefore cne can be reason,,ayy sure that it reflects a real diffarence? Ta::Le 3 indicates the number of percentage points which must be allowed for when ccmparing the opinions expressed by two subsampies. T48LE 8' Recemmended allowance for sampling error of the difference between two subsanoles (In percentage points at 95 in 1Wconfidence level) percentages near 20 or percentages near 80 500 400 300 200 100 Size of subsamole 500 - - - - 8.6% 400, - - - 6.8 8.8 300 - - 6.4 7.1 9.0 200, - 6.8 7.1 7.8 9.6 100 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.6 11.1 percentages near 50 500 - - - - 10.7A 400 - - - 8.5 11.0 300 - - 8.0 8.9 11.3 200 - 8.5 8.9 9.8 12.01 100 10.7 11.0 11.3 12.0 13.9

8/ • ANALY5I5 1. The office envircnment In this benchmark survey on air quality in the office, the opening questi^ns sought to determine the role air quaSity plays in contributing to a produc'+::' office environment. While not the most Prequently mentioned~item, the nature of the air is indeed amcng t`~e tcp three factors (after lighting and temperature)~ that office workers cite as having arvimpact onitheir productivity. In a follow-up question about potential problem areas, air quality is situated about midway between the most important concerns (temperature and noise) and the least important ones (lightingiand dirty surroundings). This position foreshadows later findings, which suggest that office workers might well be responsive to improvements in air quality, but they are not likely to take an aztivist role in,requesting improvements in this area. Office workers do consider air quality an important ingredient in creating a productive working environment, but they do not consider it a critical problen. Thus the survey suggests that it is up to management to be a self-starter whenlit comes to improving the physical comfort of its workers by providing,better air quality. Later findings show that, at the very least, workers acknowledge management efforts in this area, and the opening questions in the survey suggest that management efforts to improve air quality will lead to greater productivity. Respondents were first asked to consider a number of things that may contribute to making an office or work area a productive place in which to work. More than two out of three respondents cite lighting (87%), temperature (78X)~, and a.ir quality (68%) as "very" important factors affecting the office environment. Not far behind is overall housekeeping - how clean and orderly the office is - which is mentioned~as very important by 63% of office workers. While factors relating to privacy and prestige rank below these fundamental ~ items affecting physical comfort, they are still considered:"very" important p by large numbers of office workers. Over half say the size of the office or C1' ~ workspace (56%) and quiet (55%) are of paramount importance, and another 41% feel distance to co-workers is very important in helping to create a W productive environment. The only aesthetic factor listed -- whether the office has been.recently redecorated -- is seen as comparatively less important, being cited~by just over a quarter of respondents (277%) as a very i:nportant factor in helping to increase office productivity.

9/ Wcmen are more likely than men to rank each of the preceding eight items as ve_y important in making the work 3_ea a productive place. In four r_,ises, these differ.nces are ,^.artic:Aarly striking: • the size !)f the office or workspace (anong women c8'K say this is very important, among men only 49%)~ • whether the nfFice has been recently red?l.orated (women 38%, men! 22;'0) • ter)perature (women 87;, men 73%) a overall housekeeping (women 71%, men 581'. In contrast, the gap !,etween the sexes narrows considerably regarding two issues affecting office prnr.uctlvity: • quiet (women 57% very important, men 54;) • how close you are in distance to other workers (women 45%, rnen 38% ) .

10/ TABLE 1 Question. Many things can help to make an office or work area a productive place to woru in -- that is, a place where you can get your work done quickly and efficiently. Do you personally feel that [each item listed] is very, sc,rewhat, not very, or not at all important in helping to make an office or workspace a proU:ictive place to work? • very important somewhat important not very not at all imoortant important not su.e lighting 87% 11% 1% 1% - temperature 78 20 2 - - the nature of the air 68 25 . 5 1 2 overall housekeeping 63 31 5 1 1 the size of the office or workspace 56 37 5 2 1 quiet 55 35 6 3 2 how close you are in distance to other workers 41 44 9 5 2 whether the office has been recently redecorated 27 42 20 10 -1 3AsP. All respondents (600).

11/ In order to determine how the physical environment of the workplace affects office workers, respcndents next were asked'about five things that people working~in officQs may or may not see as problems. Notably, none of the five items mentioned is considered by a majority as a "very" or "scmewhat" serious problem where they work. However, about four in ten.office workers do say that temperature (4756)~, noise (41°G), and air quality (39°~) are at least somewhat serious problems for them. It is interesting.to note that lighting, which was earlier cited as tae nunber one factor affecting office worker productivity, is well down~the list of problem areas. Slightly less than one-third (320)~ of office workers mention lighting as a very or somewhat serious problem. An equal number (32%) cite dirty surroundings. TABLE 2 Cuestion. And here are some things that people working:in offices may or may not consider problens. In the office or area where you work is/are [each item listed]':a very, somewhat, not very, or not at all seriaus problem? very somewhat not very not at all not serious serious serious serious sure temperature noise air quality lighting dirty surroundings 19% 28% 20% 33% 1% 16 25 21 37 1 13 21 18 44 - 18 14 16 52 - 17 15 20 49 - Base. All respondents (6C0).

12/ 2. How workers oerceive air ^ualitv in the of`ice Most office workers seem highly satisfied witn air quality in the workplace. But a detailed exaninaticn of their attitudes reveals a significant negative response as well. On the whole, office workers express a high level of satisfaction with the air quality where they work. Nearly one in three (32%) consider the air quality to be "excellent" and another 44% rate it as "good." But 24% express dissatisfaction with air quality, saying it is "only fair" (18%) or "poor" (6%). Thus nearly one in four of those surveyed rate the air quality where they work no better than fair or poor. These workers have little trouble coming up with specific reasons for their evaluation. Cigarette smoke, poor ventilation, and pollution are blamed most often for having a negative impact on air quality. Notably all of these problems have solutions - ranging from the relatively simple designation of smoking/no smoking areas to the more complex ' installation of air conditioners or cleaners. Improving~air quality may well increase productivity. Over half of the workers surveyed think that better air quality would make their office a more productive place to work in. Women, who are more critical than men on air quality issues, are also among the most ardent supporters of this concept and are likely to be highly receptive to management efforts to improve air quality. Three variables seem to influence how office workers perceive air quality where they work. Among those more likely to be critical of air quality in the office are • women • those who work in crowded workspaces • those who occupy buildings that are 20 or more years old.

13/ T .7AELE 3 WuesVon. Just in general -- Co you feel tie air quality where you work is excei ent, good, only fair, or poor? excPllent good only fair poor don't know All resoondents 32% 44% 16% 6% 1% Gender rt'.aie 3514 45% 14% 4% 1% female 25 43 25 9 - Hcw crowded"work area is very/scmewhat crowCed 19% 44% 25% 10°G 1% not very/not at all crowded 39 45 13 3 - Age of building 1-10 years 38% 42% 14% 5% 1% 11-19 years 32 44 19 4 1 29-or more years 24 47 21 8 1 9ase_ A11 respondents (600).

14/ :.n ov°rwhelming 'T1ajo.'Lty' 02:0) of ofi`ice workers say that there has been no~ real c4an5e in the air quality where t4ey work during the past year. Where there has been a change, three tim?s as many say it has been for the better (13%) as say it nas been for the worse (44;). rhese responses are consistent with the earlier finding that over three-quarters of office workers surveyed consider the air quality where they work to be excellent (32"S) or good (44%). TABLE 4 Question. J"st juring the past year, has the overall air quality where you work become much better, somewhat better, sonewhat worse, or much worse; or has there been no real change? much/somewhat better 13% much"better 5 somewhat better 3 somewhat/much worse 4% somewhat worse 3 iuch worse 1 no r?31 Vanae 820 (donTt know) 1% Base. Those who have worked in their current office for at Inast one year (581).

~ -~---.'.__~----~ -- - - 15/ However, it is striking _'14t i:esNite this extremely rosy picture, a 53A najo::ty of :espondents think tnat h-~'ter air quality would be very (23%.) or sonewhat (3C5b) hel;}fwf in ma+<ingi their ofFice a m,)ce prnhuctive place in whic.-I t'J, work. 'Nomen, (550-10once again! insist more strongly than men (47°„) tnat correcting existing pro5lems in the office (in this case, air quality) would result in higher aroductivity. Ottler respundents that are more likely to feel better air quality would improve tN!ir produr:tivity include workers that • say they now contend wi::-i "only fair" or "poor" air quality in their office • often or sometimes have •jifficulty working because of air quality • are in very or somewhat :rowded work areas • work in open offices.

16/ TABLE 5 Question. Overall, if the air quality where you work were better than,it is now, would better air quality be very, somewhat, not very, or not at all helpful in making your office amt7re aroductive place to work in? All respondents Gend'er male female General air quality in office excellent good fair/poor Have difficulty doing job because of air auality often/sometlmes rarely/never How crowded work area is very/somewhat crowded not very/not at all crowded Type of work area fully enclosed semi-enclosed open area Base. A11 respondents (600). very helpful somewhat helpful not very hel ful riot at all helaful Con't know 23% 30% 16% 28% 4% 18% 29% 17% 31% 5% 32 33 14 22 1 15% 21% 16% 40% 7% 14 32 21 30 3 47 39 6 8 . 1 57% 35% 4% 4% - 14% 29 19 34 4 27% 363 15% 19% 3% 19 26 17 33 4 20% 25% 17% 33% 5% 21 37 18 24 1 30 34 12 22 3 ~ O ~ O C!'d7

17/ A majority of ras,?ondents believe that better air quality would' i~r.prove conditions ;vhere they work. However, only 5% of all office work`rs surveyed say that tney or otiiAr people where they work have asked their company to~ install an air :leaner. TABLE 6 Cuesticn. Have y¢u or other people where you work asked your company to install an a:r cleaner? yes 5% no 86 (don't know) 9

ls/ T. ~,tiat hs'. s 7r hllrj,I+fS =r: air cual.ity.'' Resaonafbots wice as ed to 5tata in their nwn~words the reasans ror `_heir eraiua;ion ]f t".e air il t`1?ir own of•°i^P. iflat P,n?v;n.s is a: "ry rpl;is:~.;r set 3f attituC?s about vhat pos'_tiv"ly anei negatively af"ecr., ,ffice air qy,.ality. We looked first at the responses of the 24;, amnorg office workers ttiat sa, a- their air is "onLy fair" or "poor." Cigarette smo:<e and poor ventilation most frequently cite:i'ny aie-third of this 3roup as reasons for their =or+plaints. PolLuti.~n is aiso nigh on the List of vnlunteerad reasons. Exactly one in five (20%) of office workers identify factors such as noise, chemical, or industrial poUlution. Temperature fluctuations, mentioned by !4`•,. also contribute toia negative evaluation, while building design that eliTinetes windows is criti:ized for restricting the flow of fresh air ;1SI). ine onl,,, other :auses of 5ad air volunteered by at least one in ten, ' respondents are odors in the air (13°:), unreliable air eonditioning '01 •insaee.ified agents that .au5e physical sidR effects such as burning eyes. TABLE 7. Question. QIf respondent says ~rhat t•ie ai^ quality where they work is '7^d.'r 3~ .~ .~C~?], Why do you feel that the air quality where you worc is [o^i; ~ fair or poor]? [Respondents answered in their own words. up to threc ,3}O responsos were ;;ermitted.l ~ v'cGATIvF_ RESPCNSES 1y~ cigarette smoke $~X. poor cirr_ulati~on/ventilation 34 polLution (including noise/chemical/industrial pollution) 2C temperature fluctuations 19 l.ack of fresh air/unable to~open windows 13 odors in the air (unspecified) 13 unreliable air conditioning, 1'2 condition of air causes physir.al side efr.ects (burning, eyes, etc.) 1NT riust/dirt a humidity ts too high LL small work place t ather negative responses 2 FlON -Ft£S'ON ;ES don' t know 3% ' aase. Those sayingi that the -1ir qualLt'y where they work is only fair or poor (142). r-,

The 76°5 of office workers that feel Air griality in their office is "excellent" or "good" also volunteer specific reasons for their evaluation. Their answers are virtually the opposite of those gi+ren by their dissatisfced colleagues. At the top of the list they volunteer !iot having to contend with 3 lot of ciaarette smoke as the reason they give a positive rating to the air quality where they work. Almost one in three (31%) of all satisfied workers mention this factor. Later findings (Table 13) show that management can take some credit in this regard for designating smoking and no-smoking areas or for prohibiting smoking altogether. Air cond'itioning (24%) and adequate ventilation (23%) are each prominentl; mentioned by about one in four respondents. These satisfied workers also indicate an awareness that tiie air they work in is clean or filtered (24N), free of noise, chemical, or industrial pollution (13%), and is not st,b,ject to temperature fluctuation (12°6).

20/ TABLE 8 Question. [If respondent says that the air quality where they work is EX ELLENT or GG00]. Why do you feel, that the air quali'; 4here you work is [excellent or good]? [Respondents answered in their own,words. Up to three responses were permitted.] POSITIVE RESPONSES no/not a lot of cigarette smoke c~ 3_5 have air conditioning/reliable air conditioning/central heating and air system air is clean/filtered adequate air circulation/ventilation no pollution (including noise/chemical/industrial pollution) even temperature/no temperature fluctuations no problems (unspecified) no bad odors condition of air does not cause physical side effects/affect allergies freshiair availabl!e/windows open environment is comfortable/pleasant (unspecified) good natural environment (trees, plants, etc.) work area is uncrowded~ other positive responses NON-RESPON5E5 don't know QJ '',g 1 31% jb~ ~3. 24 24 23 13 12 1r)i 7 6 5 5 4 3 2 2% Base. Those saying that the air quality where they work is excellent or good 455). I

4. The nature of problems with air quality in the ofPice One of the key findings in this survey is that most office workers express a relatively high degree of satisfaction with air quality in the office. Most do not considPr air quality even a somewhat serious problem. And most do not have difficulty doing their work because of air quality. Despite these positive impressions, one in five office workers say they do have trouble doing their job because of the nature of the air in their office. It is to this group that we look to establish the dimension of the problem of below par air quality in the office. These workers reaffirm once again that the key problems with air quality in the office are poor ventilation, inadequate heating or cooling, and cigarette smoke. It is significant that office workers can readily identify the reasons they perceive air quality in,the office to be good or bad (as reported in Section 2) an6the reasons why substandard~air quality hinders their work effort. Thus, management need look no farther than its own staff for first hand:views about air quality problems in the office. , Since most office workers express high satisfaction with the irlq aLity in their office, it comes as no surprise that the vast majority 819say they rarely (19%) or "never" (62X) have difficulty doing their work ecause of air quality. Mbwever, one in five office workers contend that air quality "often" (3A) or "sometimes" (17°b)~ hampers their work effort. Three groups of office workers stand'out as being more susceptible to having problems doing their job because of the air quality in the area where they work. Again women and respondents who work in crowded conditions are twice as likely as men or those who do not feel crowded to "often" or "sometimes" have difficulty doing their work because of air quality. Office workers in open areas also register a higher level of difficulty than those in semi-enclosed or fully enclosed areas.

22/ TABLE 9 Questicn. Oo ynu ;ersonally often, sometimes, not vorf :,rten, or never have difficulty doing yoor work because of the air quality in the office or area where you work? not often~ somztimes very oFtel~ never All respondents Gender male female How crowded work area is very/scmewhat crowded not very/not at all crowded Type of work area fully enclosed semi-enclosed ' open area 3% 17% 19% 62% 2% 13% 1N 68% 4 24 20 51 L% 24% 22% 50% 2 12 17 70 1% 15% 16% 67% 1 16 23 60 6 19 21 54 Base. All respondents (600).

23/ In order to assess the dimension of the problem caused by below par air quality, the cne inifive respenCents who said they have difficulty doing their job because of air quality were asked about 23 problems that may arise from the nature of the air in the workplace. The data here are consistent with earlier findings whichishow that poor ventilation is a key factor contributing to a perception of substandard air quality inithe office. Amongithese 23 items, "lack of air movement" is most frequently cited as a problem: 67% consider it "very" or "somewhat" serious. It is followed by two related~complaints: "a tired, sleepy feeling" (56%) and '"stagnant or still air" (55%). Over half the respondents say that being too hot in the summer (61%) or too cold in the winter (53%) is at least a somewhat serious problem where they work. The irritationithat cigarette smoke poses to some workers is reaffirmed in this series. Cigarette smoke is the only other factor that is mentioned by a majority of office workers (54%) as a "very" or "somewhat" serious problem. A variety of physical lailments (congested nose, eye irritations, difficulty in breathing, and headaches) group closely tegether to form the next tier of problems. Each are cited by roughly 40% of respondents as a "very" or "somewha*_" serious symptom related to the air quality where they work. An assortment of problems are mentionediby about one in three respondents as being at least "somewhat" serious. These include dust, cigar or pipe smoke, body odors, excessive heat in the winter, and too cold in the summer. Finally, workers mention chemical irritants (19%) and paint fumes (13%) least frequently as the source of poor air quality in the office.

24/ , . . : -- -_ -_ ~- - - TABLE 10 Questi:n. [If respondent OFTEN or SOh£TIFES has difficulty doing his/her work ~ because of the air quality in the office or area where he/she works]. Is/Are [eachiitem Iisted] a very, somewhat, not very, or not at all:serious problem because of the air quality in the ~)ffice or work area where you work? Internal environment ack of air movement cigarette smoke ! ~~ being.too hot in the summer stagnant or still air beingitoo cold in the winter cigar or pipe smoke being too humidlin the surrrer fumes from trucks/buses or cars being too hot in the winter being too dry in the winter being too cold in the summer body odors fumes from a factory or workshop irritating chemicals, such as formaldehyde drafts or drafty air paint fumes gas and vapor fumes from office machines or computer terminals Physical reactionn a tired/sleepy feeling a congested nose eye irritations headaches dust on furniture or fabrics difficulty inibreathing. very somewhat serious serious not very serious not at all serious not sure b__37°5 13% 21% - 7 10 35 1 24 37 9 30 - 22 33 10 35 - 20 33 16 30, 2 18 15 12 52 3 17 31 8 44 - 14 10 9 67 - 11, 23 16 49 2 10 26 12 50 2 10 21 15 54 1 10 17 16 57 - 10 8 11 70 - 10, 9 11 69 2 9 17 14 59 2 8 5 12 73 2 5 16 14 64 - 19% 37% 13% 29% 2% 17 28 21 33 1 17 24 17 41 - 16 "23 17 43 3 12 24 17 46 1 10 30 117 44 - Base. Those saying that they often or sometimes have difficulty doing their work because of the ai~r quality in the office or area where they work (115).

5. Management response to the issue of air oualitv in the office In most offices (67%), top management gets high marks for its responsiveness to the issue of air quality in the office. Among management's strongest advocates are workers who say they enjoy excellent air quality; they are among the most likely to credit management for being very concerned about the air their workers breathe. • Management efforts to improve air quality are clearly visible to office workers. Even though most respondents (82a) report no change in air quality in the past year, almost one in four (24%) recall some recent action by management in this area. This generally positive appraisal of management shoul6not mask the fact that room for continued improvement does exist. Three in ten workers say that top management does not seem concerned when it comes to the issue of air quality in the office. Among~women, who are more dissatisfied than men with most aspects of air quality in the office, this percentage rises to a higher 37%. Office workers who enjoy satisfactory air quality willingly give mariagement credit for their concern about worker's welfare in this regard. But those who are unhappy with air quality where they work (especially women) hold management accountable for being~unresponsive to their problems. Managers who meet the challenge and improve air quality are likely to discover that their efforts are noticed and appreciated by office workers. CJT

26/ F ully ttivc-t`tirds (677.0' oF -.ff_c° .,;Cr!_ ers say that ^anagemerlt is very (36%) or sct,e'wrc?: (31 ~s ) conce--reJ a:: c'.:-_ a=r cuality in the ofii.=°. ~owevez, a significart _h;ee in ten sa>/ ranaoenent i, not v?ry (14;) Cr not at all conce,riec =cout this =55~:'. TAELE 11 ~uestit:n. Co you~ f2e1 ro^u "lanauement is very, sonewhat, not very, or not at a_1 =cncerned accut 3i= q::a:ity ,vhe=° you wor<<7 very/somewhat concerned 6756 very concerned 36 somewhat concernea 31 not very/not at all concerned 30^a not very concernec 14 not at all concerned 16 (don't know) 3% 3ase. All resnondents (600). Satisfaction with top management's response to air quality in the office predictaoly runs highest among those who now enjoy good working conditions. Among those most likely to~say that top management is very concerned about air quality are those that • say air quality in their office is excellent • work in uncrowded conditions • work in fully enclosed cffices Notably, women (21%) are almost twice as likely as men (12%)' to say that top management is not at all concerned about air quality in the area where they work. Go

27/ TAF.;." I!_; Question. Do you `eel `cp nana:,e .' 'r is very, S0~'~_s1~ar ~ nct Or :'l0+`6 a: all concerned ai~:fi7t a I: quA Lit j w')•'=e j Ou w-)r'<? very concerned A11 respondents 36711 Gender male 38:~ female 32 Oeneral air Qualitv in cfficp excellent 6C% good 31 fair/;,oor 15 How crowded work area is very/scmewhat =rowded 24% not very/not at all crowdec 44 Tyce of work area fully enclosed 41% semi-enclosed 31 open area 33 sonewhat concerned not very con.erned not ar all concerned alon't know 3_% 14" ~ 16' 3% 3« ; 1314 12% %~ 27 16 21 4 22% u ~ 1::'% 37 13 15 33 28 24 , 35% 174 21% 3`S 29 12 12 3 28% 1_'% 16% 1- 39 14 14 3 30 1s 17 2 Base. All respondents (600).

28/ managerent efforts to chan:,e air quality in the workplace are definitely ;.cticed Cy office wcrkers. Nearly one in four (2u~) of those surveyed say that t~ey are aware of recent. action by their management to change air quality. The remaining three in four respondents say they are not aware that any action has been taken in this area. TABLE 12 Question. Has the manager^ent of your company where you work done anything recently that changed air quality? yes 24% no 72 (don't know) 4 Base. All respondents (600). The one in fcur respondents who recognized management efforts to modify air quality were asked to name the specific nature of the changes. The change volunteered most often is installation of a new air conditioning or heat punp systemi(23%). A significant number also mentioned installation of a new ventilation system (including ducts and fans) (16%). Since earlier findings show that many office workers whoiare now dissatisfied withiair quality complain about poor ventilationior being too hot in the summer, it is likely that management efforts to rectify air quality problems will continue in this area. (However, it should be pointed out that nearly all (92%) of the workers surveyed say that the air in their office or work areas is now cooled in some way in the sur^mer; only 8% say this is not the case.) Management is also improving air quality by making sure air conditioning units now in place are kept in good working order. This procedure is mentioned by 16% of these respondents. An equal number (16%) also cite among recent management steps to improve air quality rules designating smoking and non-smoking areas or prohibiting smoking altogether.

29/ TABLF 13 luesticn,. [If responcen;, says that the mamaGement where he/she works has Ccne scmething recently that char,ged air Guali*_y]. What have they done that chanced air quai.ity? [Respondents answered in their owns •.rords. Up~to three responses were permitted]. FESPCINSES `£;4T1CNING ~~E'~ T~~~ST ;LLAT1~C~iS air conditioning system/heat pump system 23% ventilation system/ducts/fans 16 clean;Ing systems (air filter/scrubber system/flint ccntrol system), 9 other eGuipment (precipitator/stand-by system) 5 RESPCNSES ti£NTICNZNG REPA7R/SERViCE repaized/serviced'air ccndit'_crer/thermostats/heaters/ temperature control 16% redesigned'/irr,proved work areas (new ca,rpeting/painting/windows/ cleaned~area/remodeled walls/renovated old building) 14 adjusted/repaired vent ducts/blowers/'ventilation system 12 OTHER RESPCNSES designated smoking and non-smckinglareas/prohibited smoking 16% air Cuality inspection by management/state health department 8 keep air conditioners on longer 1 other responses 6 Base. Those saying that the management where they work has d'one something recently that changed air quality (146).

30/ Cnly one im four office workers say their management has done so.,=thing recently that chanced~air cuality, but thcse changes have been largely for the better. About seven~in ten (777%) say management efforts resulted in a positive change, while another 2013 say that the actions had no real effect. Only a miniscule 1% say that the steps taken resulted in worse air quality. TABCE 14 Questicn. Did this change make air quality better or worse; or did it have no real effect'' better 72% worse 1 no~ real effect 20 (don't know) 6 Base. Those saying management has done semething recently that changed'a~r quality (146).

. 31/ 6. Why are wcmen more critical than nenioP the air ouali*_y where they work? Cne fact is evident in these f:ndings : ig',ri rrom the o;,ening Guesti~~n i n}`~e survey. Women are consistentLy and often lramatl^~tly .~:ss satisfied than men both with the general office environment and also wi:,!) specific aspects of air quality. This finding is probably linked to the disparity betweefi r:ie reported work conditions enjoyed by men and wcmen. For example, men are nnore likely than women to work in fully enclosed'offices and in offices that have windows. Women report that they spend a good deal more time than men in their assigned work area and'are twice as likely as men to be spending at least half their working hours at a computer terminal. These findinys also show that women are staunch believers that better air quality will lead to a more productive office environment. Assuming that managers are concerned about office productivity, women should certainly be considered among the primary targets of mana~?ment efforts to improve air quality. A comparative look at working ccnditions reworted by nen and women reduces the speculation as to why women are more critical of their working environment, including many aspects of air quality. • Men are much more likely (54%) than women (39%) to work in fully enclosed offices. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to~be in open areas (31%) than are men,(2 1,-.). • This office arrangement provides men;(71%) with greater access to windows than women (62%). • Men also enjoy greater mobi.lity in the office *_`ian wcnen do. While nearly half (4 ;•) of women say t`ey spend almost all their time in their assigned office or work area, a smallor -(29%) of men say the same. • Notably, women (40%) are only slightly more likely than men (37'A) to consider their work areas very or somewhat crowded.

t 32/ ;;ter/ward processor use reveals that women (3 A) .0) to spend more than one-half their +rorking By a 5-to-L ratio, women (51%) outnumber men :1 staff, accountants, or bookkeepers. Men, on .s manager/aCm,inistrators (men, 29%; women, 12%) :s (men, 17%; women, 1%).

r Type of work area - fully er.closed semi-enclosed oFen area Whether office has windows has windows does not have windows Time in assicned cffice or work area almost all of the time most of the time only some of the time „ almost never Fow crowded work area is very crowded somewhat crowded not very crowded not at all crowded Computer/word processor usage more than one-half working hours between one-fourth and one-half working hours less than one-fourth working hours (don't know) TABLE 15 all respondents men wcmen 49% 54A 39 0 27 25 29 24 20 31 68% 71% 62% 32 29 38 35% 29% 479; 39 40 36 24 29 14 2 2 2 9% 8% 12% 29 29 28 15 14 16 47 49 44 25% 18% 37% 20 18 25 53 62 35 3 2 3 33/

34/ Occucation mana5er/adrryr,istratcr 23% 29`; 1 0 scientist/engineer 12 17 1 technician 17 17 17 sales 10 12 7 teacher/instructor 4 4 4 clerical/secretary 18 6 41 accountant/bookkeeper 6 4 10, lawyer 2 2 1 police afficer 1 2 4 sccial worker/counselor 2 1 4 writer 1 4 1 refused 1 1 1

35/ 7. How offices are ecuicced to~clesn air Equipment to clean or filter air is a standard feature inijust under half (44%) of office buildings today. Tenants of newer buildings (10 years of age or less), are most fortunate in this regard -- over half (55%)1of these buildings have cleaning or filtration equipr,:ent. Those who occupy buildings 20 years or more in age are least likely (38%) to benefit from this equipment. But there is a trade-off. Older buildings are more likely to have windows (72%) than those 101years of age or less (66%). And windows in older buildings are also1more likely to be "usable" (windows can be opened to supply fresh air) than those in newer buildings. A plurality (44%) of office workers say that there is currently equipment to clean or filter the air where they work. Almost as many (38%) say this equipment does not exist, and a substantial lao are not sure whether or not the air where they work is cleaned or filtered. Building age bears an important relationship as to whether or not equipment exists to filter the air. Over half (55%) of buildings 10 years of age or younger have air filtering equipment; a smaller 38% of those 20 years or older do. TABLE 16 Question. Do you have any kind'of equipment to clean or filter the air where you work? Yes no don't know All respondents 44% 38% 18% Age of building 1-10 years 55% 30% 16%, 11-19 years 43 38 19 20 or more years 38 46 17 Base. All respondents (6C0).

. 36/ Office workers who are aware that equipment is used to clean or filter the airr where they work believe that the filter is part of the air conditioning or heating system (59q)~. In about one in four cases G2610, respondents say it is a separate unit; only 3% of respondents say their offices are equipped with both types of systems. A significant minority (12%) say they do not know the configuration of the air cleaning system in their offices. TABLE 17 Questiony Is that air cleaning or filtering:equipment part of or separate from the air conditioning or heating system' part of 59% separate from 26 both 3 (don't know) 12 Base. Those saying there is equipment to:clean or filter the air where they work (265).

37/ In cffices where resYcndents say the equipment used to~clean or filter the air is wholly or partly separate frcm the air conditioning,or heating system, large floor or ceiling air cleaners hold a slight edge over small desk-top units. A 42% plurality cite the large floor or ceiling cleaners versus 37°b who report having small,desk-top models. In another 17% of cases both types are in use. TABLE 18 Question. [Is the equipment used to clean or filter the air] a small air cleaner, a large floor or ceiling air cleaner, or both? small desk-top air cleaner 37% large floor or ceiling air cleaner 42 both 17 ( dcn' t know ) 3 desk-top Base. Those saying that the equipment used to clean or filter the air where they work is wholly or partly separate from the air conditioning~or heating system (78).

38/ According to those surveyed, the majority (52%) of lar;e air cleaners in offices tod'ay are located in the ceiling, while the remaining nunber are split between those located on the floor (22a) and those that are part of the central air conditioning system (20q)~. TABLE 19 Question6 Is the large air cleaner located en t`)e floor, the ceiling, or as part of a central air conditioning system? the floor 22% the ceiling 52 a central air conditioning system 20 other 4 (don't know) 2 Base. Those saying that there is a large floor or ceiling air cleaner where they work (46). - I The issue of ventilation is so central to air quality that it is important to look at windows when considering the ways offices are "equipped" to clean air. It turns out that two-,ut of three respondents say that their office or work area has a window or windows. The likelihood of having a window increases from 66% in buildings 10 years of age or less to 72% in those 20 years of age or more. TABLE 20 Question. Does your office or work area have a window or windows? Yes don't no know All respondents 68% 32% Aqe of building 1-10 years 66% 34% - ~ 11-19 years 67 34 - O .~ 20 or more years 72 28 1 U Base. All respondents (600). CD m I

39/ Only 14% of office workers with awindcw or windows in their work area open it frequently. Nearly six in ten (58b) say the wintows are never open while they are working. Of these, 41110' say they never open the windows while another 17% state that it is not possible to open the windows in their work area. Another one in ten respondents does not open the windows very oFten, while the remaining 31% say that they sometimes (17%) or often (14%) do so. TABLE 21 Question. Do you often, sometimes, not very often, or windows while you are working? often 14% sometimes 17 not very often 10 never 41 windows can't be opened (volunteered) 17 or never open the window Base. Those saying that their office or work area has a window or windows 407).

AFFENDIX A DEMOGRAFHIC CCIPOSITICN OF ThE SANPLE Gender male . 65~ female 35 Age 18-25 13% 26-35 34 36-45 32 46-55 14 56-65 7 over 65 1 Income Uhder $12,000 4% $12,OC0 - 19,999 14 520,CO0 - 34,999 32 $351000 - 49,999 24 550,000 - and over 18 (don't know) 3 , Occupation manager/administrator 23% clerical/secretary 18 technician 17 scientist/eng~neer 12 sales 10 teacher/instructor 4 accountant/bookkeeper 6 lawyer 2 social worker/counselor 2 police officer 1 writer 1 other 3 refused 1 40/ ~

41/ APPENDIx B : TRE QI:ESTICNNAIRE 1. First, is anyone in your household employed outside the home? yes no [Terminate interview.) 2. Do any of these people work outside the home more than 20 hours each week? yes no [Terminate interview.] 3. Do any of these people work in an office type setting, that is, at a desk, table, ccmputer terminal, etc.? yes [Ask to speak to qualified person.]I no [Terminate interview.] REPEAT INTRCCUCTION IF NECESSARY 4. Let me just verify that you work outside your home, more than 20 hours each week, in an office type setting, that is at a desk, table, or computer terminal. Is that correct? yes no [Terminate interview.] 5. Counting yourself, how many persons would you say there are who~work in office environment at the company where you work?' That is, how many people work at a desk, table, computer terminal, etc.? [If less than five, terminate interview.] ~ C ~ O 5A. What is your occupation? [Probe. Where d'o you work/what do you do?] ~ ~i

42/ r r 6. Many things can,help to make an office or work area a productive place to work in- that is, a place where you can get your work done quickly and efficiently. Oo~you personally feel that [start with x-ed statement] is very, somewhat, not very, or not at all important in helping to make an office or workspace a productive place to work? overall housekeeping whether the office has been recently red'ecorated the size of the office or workspace quiet lighting temperature how close yculare in distance to other workers the nature of the air very important somewhat crtant imc not very imcortant not at all important not sure _ 63% 31% 5% 1% 1% 27 42 20 10 1 56 37 5 2 1 55 35 6 3 2 87 11 1 1 - 78 20 2 - - 41 44 9 5 2 68 25 5 1 2 7. And here are some things that people working in offices may or may not consider problems. In the office or area where you work is/are [start with x-ed statement]~a very, somewhat, not very, or not at all serious problem? very serious somewhat serious not very serious not at all serious not sure noise 16% 25% 21% 37% 1% dirty surroundings 17 15 20 49 - temperature 19 28 20 33 1 air quality 18 21 18 44 - lighting 18 14 16 52 -

43/ 8. Just in general - do you feel the air quality where you work is excellent, good, only fair, or poor? excellent 32% good 44 only fair 18 poor 6 don't know 1 [Go to question 10.] I 9. Why do you feel the air quality where you work is Lrepeat respondent's answer to question 8]? Probe fully: What else about the air quality makes you feel that it is [repeat respondent's answer to question 8]? NEGATIVE RESPCNSES cigarette smoke 34% unreliable air conditioning/no temperature control 12 dust/dirt 8 temperature fluctuations (too hot or too cold) 19 poor circulation/ventilation 34 lack of fresh air (no windows/can't open windows) 18 pollution (traffic/industry/asCestos/chemicals/construction) 20 od'ors in air 13 physical side effects (dry/burning eyes/people getting sick) 10 humidity 4 small work space 1 other 2 don't know 3

44/ POSITIVE RE}'ONSES no/not a lot of cigarette smoke 31% have air conditioning/central heating and air system/reliable air conditioning 24 temperature is always satisfactory (not tco hot or too cold)l nice and~ cool 12 adequate air circulation/ventilation 23 fresh air (from outdoors/windows) 5 no pollution (industry/chemicals/toxic fumes/asbestos) 13 no bad odors 7 no physical side effects (doesn't affect allergies/ easy to breathe) 6 other 2 not crowded 3 natural environment (trees/country/a lot-of plants) 4 clean.air/filtered air/clean office environment/no dust 24 comfortable/pleasant (unspecified) 5 no problems (unspecified) 10 don't know 2 10. Just during the past year, has the overall air quality where you work become much better, somewhat better, somewhat worse, or much worse; or has there been no real change? much better 5% somewhat better 8 somewhat worse 3 much worse 1 no real change 79 wasn't working here a year ago (volunteered) 3 don't know 1

45/ 11. Overall, if the air quality where you work were better than,it is now, would better air quality be very, somewhat, not very, or not at all helpful in making your office a more productive place tolwork in? very helpful 23% scmewhat helpful 30, not very helpful 16 not at all helpful 28 d'on't know 4 12. Do you personally often, sometimes, not very often, or never have difficulty doing your work because of the air quality in the office or area where youwork? often 3% sometimes 17 d not very often 19 never 62

46/ AS'rt THOSE SAYING "OFTEV" CR "SCMETIMES" IN QUESTION 12 13. Is/Are [start with x-ed statement] a very, somewhat, not very, or not at all serious prcblemibecause of the air quality in the office or work area where youlwork? eye irritations headaches a tired/sleepy feeling a congested~nose difficulty in breathing stagnant or still air body odors cigarette smoke '7 , cigar or pipe smoke dust on furniture or fabrics paint fumes fumes from a factory or workshop fumes from trucks/buses or cars gas and vapor fumes from office machines or computer terminals irritating chemicals, such as formaldehyde being too hot in the summer being too hot in the winter being too cold in the winter being too cold in the summer drafts or drafty air being too dty in the winter being too humid in the summer lack of air movement very serious somewhat serious not very serious not at all serious not sure 17% 24% 17% 41% 16 23 17 •43 3 19 37 13 29 2 17 28 21 33 1 101 30 17 44 22 33 10 35 9 17 L ~ 15 5:7: -? 3~ - 18 14 12' '52 ~ 3 12 24 17 46 1 8 5 12 73 10 8 11 70 14 10 9 67 6 16 14 64 101 9 11 69 2 24 37 9 30 - 11 23 16 49 2 20 33 16 30 2 101 21 14 54 1 9 17 14 59 2 101 26 12 50 - - 2 17 31 8 44 30, 37 13 21

47/ 14. Do you feel top management is very, somewhat, rot very, or not at all concerned about air quality where you work? very concerned 36% somewhat concerned 31 not very ccncerned 14 not at all concerned 16 don't know 3 15. Has the management of your company where you work done anything recently that changed air quality? yes 24% no 72 [Go to question 18.] 16. [Ask those saying "yes" in question 15]' What have you done that changed air quality? [Probe fully] RESPCNSES MENTICNING NEW INSTALLATICNS air conditioning~system/heat pump system ventilation system/ducts/fans cleaning systems (air filter/flint control system/scrubber system) other equipment (precipitator/stand-by system/modernized equipment) RESPUNSES h£NTIONING REPAZR/ScRVILCE repaired/serviced air conditioner/thermostats/heaters/ temperature control adjusted vent ducts/blowers/repaired ventilation system redesigned/improved work areas (new carpeting/painting windows/ cleaned~area/remodeled lights, walls/renovated old building) OTHER RESPONSES keep air conditioners on longer designated smoking and~non-smoking a;eas/prohibited smoking air quality inspection by management/state health department other 23% 16 9 5 16% 12 14 1% C~t 16 O .~ 8 ~ 6 G^ .~

48/ 17. [Ask those saying "yes" in question 15] Did tnis charge make air quality better or worse; or did it have no real effect? better 72A worse 1 no real effect 20, don't know, 6 18. Do you have any kind of equipment toiclean or filter the air where you work? yes 44% no 38 [Goito question 22.] don't know 18 [Go to question 22.] 19. [Ask thcse saying "yes" in question 18] Is that air cleaning or filtering equipment part of or separate from the air conditioning or heating system? part of 59% [Go tolquesticn,23. ] separate from 26 [Continue.]I both 3 [Continue.] don't know 12 [Go to question 23.]I 20. [Ask those saying "separate frcm" or "both" in question 19] Is that a: [Read list]. small desk-top air cleaner large floor or ceiling air cleaner both don't know 37% [Go to question 23.] m 42 [Continue ] C . .A 17 [Continue.]'1 O 3 [Go to question 23.]i O

49/ 21. [Ask those saying "larye" or "both" in question 203 Is the large air cleaner located on: [Read List]~ the floor 22% the ceiling 52 a central air conditioning~system 20 don't know 2 22. tAsk those saying "no" or "don't know" in question 18] Have you or other people where you work asked your company to install an air cleaner? yes 5% no 86 don't know 9 ASK EVERYONE 23. Because of the type of work you do, are you in your.assigned office or work area: LRea6listl almost all the time 35% most of the time 39 only some of the time 24 almost never 2 24. How long have you been located in your current office or work area? Is it: CRead list]I one year or less 24% more than one but less tharr five years 47 more than five but less than ten years 18 more than ten years 12

50/ I 25. Oo~you feel that your office or work space is very, sorewhat, not very, or not at all crowC=d?. very crowded 9% somewhat crowded 29 not very crowded 15 not at all crowded 47 26. Which of the following best describe the area in which you work? Is it: (Read list] a fully enclosed office with floor-to-ceiling walls 49% a semi-enclosed workspace with partitions or walls that do not go all the way to~the ceiling 27 an open area with no partitions between desks 24 don't know 1 27. Does your office or work area:have a window or windows? yes 68% no 32 [Go to question 29.] 28. Do you oLteny sometimes, not very often, or never open the window or windows while you are working' of ten 14% sometimes 17 not very of ten 10 never 41 windows can't be opened (volunteered) 17

51/ 29. About how old is the building in which your or work area is located? Is it: [Read list] one year or less more than one but less than 10 years more than 10 but less than 20 years more than 20 years don't know 3% 32 29 33 3 30. Which floor is your own office or work area located on? basement 2% 1st floor 57 2nd floor 19 3rd floor 8 4th-5th floor 5 oth-10th floor 5 11th or more 4 31. Does the heat in your office or work area come from: [Read list] a heaters in your room or office 8% central forced air 76 both central and local 12 no heat (volunteered) 4 don't know 1 32. Is the air in~your o ffice or w ork area cooled in the summer? Q yes 92% A u~, no 8 question 34.]~ [Go to instructicns at N ~ don't know - [Go to instructions at question 34.] FJ 33. [Ask those saying "yes" in question 32] Is the air cooled by: '[Read list] a central air conditioning system 85% individual air conditioners through the walls or windows 9 both central and individual 4 don't know 2

52/ 34. [Ask those saying "central" or "both" in questicn 31 or question 33] Is the air suGp'_ied to your office or work area: [Read list]~ in the same volume all the time 49% in.varying volumes all the time 32 is it supplied at some times but not at others 15 don't know 4 ASK EVEAtYONE 35. Does the company for which you work own or rent the building in which your office or work area is located? owns 64% rents 31 don't know 5 36. Do you have a ccmputer or word processor availahLe to you in the area where you work? ;, yes 69% no 31 [Go to question 39.] don't know - [Go to question 39.]~ GD 37. [Ask those saying "yes" to question 36] During your average or normal work week, do you use your computer (word processor)l terminal: [Read listl O more than~one-half of your working hours 25% ~ between one-fourth and one-half of your working~hours 20 ~ less than.one-fourth of your working hours 53 don't know 2

53/ 38. Is the terminal you use attached to: [Read'list] an independent, stand-alone personal computer (word processor) 281 a large, main-frame computer 30 a master or central processing unit 32 don't know 10 A5( EVERYONE Now, I'd like to ask you a few last questions for classificatimpurposes only. [Go to question 40.] - 39. What is your occupation? [Probe: Where do you work/what do you do?] manager/administrator 23% clerical/secretary 18 accountant/bookkeeper 6 technician 17 . scientist/engineer 12 lawyer 2 sales 10 writer 1 teacher/instructor 4 social worker/counselor 2 police officer 1 other 3 refused 1 40. What is your age? (Read list only if 18-25 13% 26-35 34 36-45 32 46-55 14 56-65 7 over 65 1 necessary ]

54/ 41. And~finally, into which of the following categories does your total annual family income fall before taxes anc other deductions. Is it: [Read list] under $12,000 4% 12,000 but less than 20,000 14 20,0001but less than 35,000 32 35,000,but less than 50,000 24 50,000 and over 18 don't know 3 42. Record respondent's sex male 65% female 35