Tobacco Documents Online

513~1 pti'o pn ve,1 JO LL] od a et EM ptioi tha' te ® ree ially tha sibh ~ 0 rto: mg., tha rkin dfo y I eac~ r y~ nbes 0 n e i ti ble any Fork nuch tures ,king {ing, May Iy a ce a F ph~.siological' dependence (75, 82). Conversely, perhaps some of the primitive groups have been biased against recognizing the social uses of tobacco and culturally predisposed to acknowledge the physiological E)leasures of smoking. Recommendations for Future Research Specific recommendations about future research were made at a few Ex,ints in this selective review of the literature, but severali generall points which echo the advice of other authorities ('19, 22; 49; 68) should' te stated. There are multiple psychosocial influences on cigarette smoking. Multivariate research is needed-with as many as possible of the known factors measured within any one project. Only multivariate: research can begin to deal with the problems of substantial intercorre- lations and interactions among predictor variables. Large samples are needed for reliable multivariate work. Life-span longitudinall projects are much more valuable than one-shot cross-sectional studies. The ymail amount of longitudinal data already gathered' has given us our mo,t unambiguous and interesting information about psychosocial influences on smoking. O W ~ ~ C1'I C11 18-25 N

Psychosocial Influences on Cigarette Smoking: References I I (1) ABELSON, HIL, FISHBUiRNE; P.M. Nonmedical Use of Psychoactive Sul} stances. 1975/6 Nationwide Study Among Youth and Adults. Princeton, N.J,,• Response Analysis Corporation, September 1976,,189 pp. (2): ADESSO, V.J., GLAD, W.R. A behavioral test of a smoking typology. Addictive Behaviors 3(1); 35-38, 197& (3), ANNIS, H.M. Patterns of intra-familial drug use. British Journal'of Addiction' 69(4): 361-369, December 1974. a- (4,) ATKINSON, A.B., SKEGG, J.L. Control of smoking and price of cigarettes-a° comment. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 28: 45-48,,1974. (5): BERMAN', A.L. Smoking behavior: How is it related to locus of controlj death anxiety, and belief in afterlife? Omega 4(2): 149-155, 1973. (6) BEST, J.A. Tailoring, smoking withdrawal procedures to personality and motivational differences. Journal of' Consulting,and'Clinical Psychology 43(1):~ 1-8; February 1975. 1~ (7) BEWLEY, B.R., BLAND, J.M. Academic performance and social factors related to cigarette smoking by schoolchildren. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 31: 18-24; 1977. :.~ (8) BORLAND, B,R., RUDOLPH, J.P. Relative effects of low socio-economic status, parental smoking and poor scholastic performance on smoking among high school students. Social Science and Medicine,9(1): 27-30,,January 1975. ~ (9) BOSSE, R., ROSE, C.L. Smoking cessation and sex role convergence. Journal ot Health and'SocialiBehavior 17(1): 53-61, March 1976. st~ (10) BRECHER, E.M. AND THE EDITORS OF CONSUMER REPORTS: Licit and Illicit' Drugs. Boston,,Little, Brown, and Company, 1972, pp. 209-244. w's (11) BREHM, J. W. Responses to loss of freedom: A theory of psychological' reactance. Morristowni,New Jersey,,General Learning Press, 1972,26 pp. 4 (12) BURTON, D: Consistency versus internality as initiators of behavior change. International Journal of the Addictions 12(4): 553-563, June 1977. ;~ (13) CAPLAN, R.D., COBB, S:, FRENCH, J.R:P., Relationships of cessation of smoking with job stress, personality, and social support, Journal of Applied Psychology 60(2): 211-219, 1975. •:fl (14) CATTELL, R.B., KRUG, S. Personality factor profile peculiar to the student' smoker. Journal of Counseling Psychology 14(2): 116-121„March 1967. A (15) CHERRY, N., KIERNAN,, K. Personality scores and smoking behaviour. A' longitudinal st'udy. British~ Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 30(2):, 123-131, June 1976. 'a1 (16) CLARK, R. Cigarette smoking among teen-age girls and young women:' Summary of the findings of a survey conducted for the American Cancer Society. In: Wakefeld, J. (Editor). Public Education About'~ Cancer: Recent Research and Current Programmes. UICC Technical Report Series, Volume 24, r1 Geneva,1976,,pp. 39-46. d (17) CLAUSEN, J.A. Adolescent antecedents of~ cigarette smoking: Data from the Oakland growth study. Social Science and Medicine 1(4); 357-379, January 1968. (18), COAN, R.W. Personality variables associated with cigarette smoking. Journaliof Personality and~ Social Psychology 26(1): 86-104, Aprili1973. (19), COAN, R.W. Research strategy in the investigation of personality correlates. In: Zagona, S.V. (Editor). Studies and Issues in Smoking Behavior. Tucson, Uhiversity of Arizona Press, 1967, pp. 133-141L (20)' DAMON, A. Smoking attitudes and practices in, seven preliterate societies: In: Dunn, W.L., Jr. (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D.C., V.H. Winston and Sons, 1973, pp. 219-230. 18-26 (z' (2. (2. (2, (Z (2 (z, (Z. (3i (3. (3t (s. M, (s0 (3: (31

0 0 a fi hil it al gi on 1P pli -, udent 9t^'~: ur. A 30(2)..omen~~n~ ,anoet` tecent me2a >m the Anuary; rnal of ;es. In: 'ucson, es. In: ntives. (21) DAWBER, T.R., KANNEL, W.B., GORDON, T. Coffee and cardiovascular disease. Observations from the Framingham St'udy. New England Jburnal of Medicine 291(17): 871-874, October 24, 1974: (22) DUNN, W.L., JR. Experimental methods and conceptual models as applied to the study of motivation in cigarette smoking. In: Dunn, W.L., Jt (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D.C., V.H. Winston and Sons, 1973, pp. 93-111. (23) EISINGER, R.A. Psychosocial predictors of smoking behavior change. Social Science and Medicine 6(1); 137-144, February, 1972. (24) EISINGER, R.A. Psychosocial predictors of smoking recidivism. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 12: 355-362, December 1971. (,15) EVANS, R.R:, BORGATTA, E.F., BOHRNSTEDT, G.W. Srnoking and MMPI scores among entering freshmen. Jburnal of Social Psychology 73t 137-140, October 1967. (26) EYSENCK, H.J. Personality and the maintenance of the smoking habit. In: Dunn, W.L., Jr. (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D:C:, V.H. Winston and'Sons,1973, pp. 113-146. (27) EYSENCK, H.J. Smoking, Health and Personality. New York, Basic Books, 1965, pp. 75-106. (28) EYSENCK, H.J. Smoking, personalit'y and psychosomatic disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 7(2): 107-130, October 1963. (~'9) FOOTE, E. The time has come: Cigarette advertising must be banned. In: Jarvik, M.E., Cullen, J.W., Gritz, E.R., Vogt; T.M., West, L.JI (Editors). Research on Smoking Behavior. NIDA Research Monograph 17: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health~ Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute oni Drug Abuse, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977, pp. 339-346. (30) FOSS, R. Personality, social influence and cigarette smoking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 14(3): 279-286, September 1973. (3L) GOODEi,E. Cigarette smoking and dtug use on a college campus. International Journal of the Addictions 7(1): 133-140„February 1972. ° (32Y GREEN, D.E1 Psychological factors in smoking. In: Jarvik„M,E., Cu11en,,J.W.,. Gritz, E:R.,, Vogt, T.M., West, L.J. (Editors). Research on Smoking Behavior. NIDA Research Monograph 17. U S. Department'~ of' Health, Education, and Welfare,, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health~ Administration, National Iustitute on Drug Abuse, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977, pp. 149-155. (33)', GROVES, W.E: Patterns of college student drug use an& lifestyles. In: Josephson, E., Carroll, E.E. (Editors): Drug Use: Epidemiological and Sociological Approaches. Washington, D.C., Halsted Press, 1974, pp. 241-275. (34) GUILFORD, J.S. Factors Related to Successful Abstinence from Smoking: Final report. U.S. Public Health Service, Division of Chronic Diseases, Bureau of State Services, July 1966,170 pp. (35) HERMAN,, C.P. External and' internall cues as determinants of the smoking behavior of light and heavy smokers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30(5);: 664-672, November 1974. (36) HJELIIE, L.A., CI'LOUSER, R. Internal-external control of reinforcement in smoking behavior. Psychological Reports 26(2): 562, April 1970. (3Y) HORN, D. Some factors in~smoking,and! its cessation. In: Borgatta, &F., Evans, R.R. (Editors). Smoking, Health, and Behavior. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company,,1968, pp. 12-21. (38) IKARD;,F.F., GREEN, D.E., HORN, D. A scale to differentiate between types of smoking as related to the management of affect. International Journal of the Addictions 4(4): 649-659, December 1969: 18-27 0 M

qt (89) JACOBS, M.A. The addictive personality: Prediction of success in a smoking withdrawal program. Psychosomatic Medicine 34(1): 30-38; January/February 1972. (40) JACOBS, M.A.,,KNAPP, P.H., ANDERSON, L.S., KARUSH, N., MEISSNER,. R., RICHMAN, S.J. Relationship of oral frustration factors with heavy cigarette smoking in males. Journal' of Nervous and Mental Diseases 141(2): 161-171, August 1965. (41) KANDEL, D. Interpersonali influences on, adolescent illegal drug use. In: Josephson~ E., Carroll, E.E. (Editors). Drug Use: Epidemiological and Sociological Approaches. Washington, D.C., Halsted Press, 1974, pp. 207-240. (4l) KANDEL„ D. Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science 190: 912- 914, November 1975: (1,;4) KANEKAR, S., DOLKE, A.M. Smoking, extraversion, and' neuroticism. Psycholbgical'Reports 26: 384, February-June 19701 (44) KOZLOWSKI, L.T. Effect of caffeine on coffee drinking. Nature 264 (5584): 354-355, November 25, 1976. (45) KOZLOWSKI, L.T. Effects of caffeine consumption ~ on nicotine consumption, Psychopharmacology 47: 165-168, May 28, 1976. (46) KOZLOWSKI, L.T., HARFORD, M.A. On the significance of never using a drug: An example from cigarette smoking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85(4); 433-434, August 1976. (47) LARSON, P.S., HAAG„ H.B., SILVETTE, Hl Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical, Studies: A Comprehensive Account of the World Literature. Balti, more, Williams and Wilkins Company, 1961, pp. 526-551. (4$)l LARSON, P.S., SILVETTE, H. Tobacco: Experimental and Clinical Studies, Supplement I. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins Company; 1968, pp. 259-322. (49) LEBOVITS, B., OSTFELD, A. Smoking and personality; ~ A methodological analysis. Journal of~ Chronic Diseases,23(10/11): 813'-821, March 1971. (50) LEBOVITS, B., OSTFELD, A.M., MOSES, V.K., PAUL, 0. Cigarette smokingg and personality. Jburnal of Chronic,Diseases 25(10/11): 581-598, 1972. (51), LEVENTHAL, H., AVIS, N. Pleasure, addiction, and habit: Factors in verbal report or factors in smoking behavior? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85(5): 478-488, October 1976. (52)', LEVITT, E.E. The television cigarette commercialt Teenage transducer or paper tiger? Yalc Scientific Magazine 45(1): 10-13, October 1970. (53)~ LICHTENSTEIN, E., KEUTZER, C.S, Further normative and correlational data on the internal-external (I-E) control of reinforcement' scale. Psychologi: cal Reports 21(3): 1014-1016, December 1967. (54) MATARAZZO, J.D:, SASLOW, G. Psychological and related characteristics of smokers: an& nonsmokers. Psychological Bulletin 57(6): 493-513, November 1960: (55) MAUSNER, B. An ecological view of'cigarette smoking. Journal of Abnormal' Psychology 81(2): 115-126, April 1973: (56) MCARTHUR, C:, WALDRON,, E., DICKINSON; J. The psychology of smoking. Journal of Abnormal ~ Psychology 56(2): 267-275,1WIarch 1958. (57) MCKENNELL, A.C. British research into smoking behavior. In: Borgatta, E.F., Evans, R.R. (Editors), Smoking, Health, and Behavior. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company, 1968;,pp. 140-164. (58) : MCKENNELL, A.C. A comparison of~ two smoking typologies. Research Paper 12. London, Tobacco Research Council, 1973,95 pp. (59) MEYER, A.S., FRIEDMAN, L.N., LAZARSFELD, P.F. Motivational conflicts engendered by the on-going discussion, of cigarette smoking. In: Dunn, W.L., Jr. (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D.C., V.H~ Winstonand Sons, 1973, pp. 243-254. 18-28'

~ smoki Febru € ~ISSN th heavy es 141(2) ~ `~ ~ use . I 'cal and 207=240' 190: 912.: ~roticism ~ (5,"M 1~mption. >~, : using a cholog.~y: tal and I' ~. Balti- I Studies; r 9-322 ogical moking verbal 85(5): ucer or lational hologi= , (stics of vember onormal noking. a s„ E.F., Aldine Paper nflicts W.L., . D.C.,. (no) NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE. AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY. Ciga- rette Smoking Among Teen-agers and Young Women. U.S. Department of Heaith, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Nationalilnstitutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 77-1203, 1975; 31 pp. (r;t) NA'TIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR SMORING'AND HEALTH. Adult Use of Tobacco, 1975. U.S. Department of Healthi,Education, and Welfare;,Public Heal th Service, June 1976, 23'pp. (r;,~) NESBITT, P.D. Chronic smoking and' emotionality. Journall of Applied Social Psychology 2(2): 187-196, April-June 1972. ('.Y)' NESBITT, P.D. Smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 25(1); 137-144, January 1973. (6S) NISBETT, R., WILSON, T.D. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84(3): 231~-259; May 1977. (65) 0'ROURKE, T.W. Research on smoking behavior: Some limitations and' suggestions for improvement. Public Health Reviews 2(1); 105-112,' February 1973. Ir;b`) PALMER;,A.B. Some variables contributing to the onset of cigarette smoking among junior high school students. Social Science and Medicine 4(3): 359-366, September 1970. (67) PETO, J. Price and consumption of'cigarettes: A case for intervention? British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 28: 241-245, 1974. (rIR) REEDER; L.G. Sociocultural factors in the etiology of smoking behavior: An assessment . In: Jarvik„M.E., Cullen, J.W.,,Gritz„E.R„ Vogt, T.M, West, LJ. (Editors). Research on Smoking Behavior. NIDA Research Monograph 17. U.S. Department of Health„ Education, and Welfare, Public Healthi Service, Alcohol, Drug, Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse;, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977, pp. 186-200. (69) REYNOLDS, C., NICHOLS,, R. Personality and behavioral' correlates of cigarette smoking: One-year follow-up. Psychological Reports 38(1): 251,258, February 1976: (70)', RODE; A., ROSS, R., SHEPHARD, R.J. Smoking withdrawal programme. Personality and cardiorespiratory fitness. Archives ofl Environmental, Health 24: 27-36, January 1972. (i7i) RUDOLPH, J.P., BORLAND, B.L. FBctors affecting the incidence and acceptance of cigarette smoking among high school students. Ad'olescence 11(44): 519-525, Winter 1976. (>2) RUSSELL, M.A.H. Changes in cigarette price and consumption by men ini Britain+ 1946-71: A preliminary analysis. British Journall of Preventive and Social Medicine 27: 1-7, 1973 (73) RUSSELL, M.A.H. Cigarette smoking: Natural history of a dependence disorder. British Journal ofl Medical'Psychology 44(1): 1-16, May 1971. (74) RUSSELL, M.A.H. The smoking habit and its classification. Practitioner 212: 791-800; June 1974. (75) RUSSELL, M.A.H. Smoking problems: An overview. In: Jarvik, M E., Culleni, J.W:, Gritz, E:R., Vogt, T:M., West, L.J. (Editors). Research on Smoking. Behavior. NIDA Research Monograph 17. U.S: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977,pp: 13 34. (76) RUSSELL, M.A.H., PETO, J., PATEL, U.A. The classification of smoking by factorial'structure of motives. Journal'ofl the Royal Statistical Society A 137 (Part 3): 313-332, 1974. 18-29

(77) RYAN, F.J. Cold turkey in Greenfield„Iowa: A follow-up study. In: Dunn, W.L.; Jr. (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D.C.; V.H. Winston and Sons, 1973, pp. 231-241L ~ (78) SALBER,,E.J., ABELIN, T.. Smoking,behavior of Newton school children--5-~ year follow-up. Pediatrics 40 (3, part 1): 363-372, September 1967. ?~ (79) SALBER, E.J:, WELSH, B., TAYLOR, S:V: Reasons for smoking given by secondary school children. Journal of Health and Human Behavior 4: 118-129, 1963. s (80) SCHACHTER, S. Nesbitt's paradox. In: Dunn, W.L., Jr. (Editor). Smoking Behavior: Motives and Incentives, Washington, D:C.,,V.H. Winston~and Sons, 1973, pp. 147-155. (81) SCHACHTER, S. Nicotine regulation in heavy and light smokers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106(1): 5-12, March 1977. (82) SCHACHTER, S: Pharmaeological and psychological determinants of smoking. Annals of Internal Medicine 88(1); 104-114, January 1978. (88)SCHACHTER„ S., KOZLOWSKI, L.T., SILVERSTEIN, B. Effects of urinary pH on cigarette smoking. Journal of'Experimental Psychology: General 106(1): 13=19, March 1977. (84) SCHACHTER, S., SILVERSTEIN, B.,, PERLICK, D. Psychologicali and pharmacological explanations of smoking under stress. Journal of Experimen- tal Psychology: General 106(1): 31-40, March 1977. (85) SCHUBERT, D.S.P. Arousali seeking as a central factor in tobacco smoking among college students. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 11(3): 221- 225„Summer 1965. (86) SCHUMAN; L.M. Patterns of smoking,behavior. In: Jarvik, M.E., Cullen, J.W., Gritz, E1R., Vogt, T.M., West, LJ. (Editors). Research on Smoking Behavior. NIDA Researchi Monograph 17. UiS: Department'~ of Health, Education, and Welfare,, Public Health, Service;, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977, pp. 36-65. ' (87) SCHWARTZ„J.L. Insights into the smoker's profile. Journal of School Health, 40: 127-131, March 1970. (88) SCHWARTZ„J! L., DUBITZKY, M, Requisites for success in smoking withdraw- al. In: Borgatta, E.F:, Evans, R.R. (Fdltors): Stnoking,,Health, and Behavior. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company;1968# pp. 231-247. (89) SIMON, W.E., PRIMAVERA, L.H. The personality of the cigarette smoker: Some empiaicali data. International Journal of the Addictions 11(I): 81~-94,. February 1976. (90) SMITH, G.M. Personality correlates of cigarette smoking in students of collegee age: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 142 (Article 1): 308-321, March 15, 1967.. (91) SMITH, G.M. Personality and'smoking: A review, of, the empirical'literature. In: Hunt, W.A. (F.ditor)~ Learning Mechanisms in Smoking. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company, 1970, ppj 42-61. (92) SPEVACK, M., PIHL, R.O. Nonmedical drug use by high school students: A three-year survey study. Internationali Journal of the Addictions 11(5)r 755- 792, October 1976. (98) SROLE, L., FISCHER, A.K. Smoking behavior 1953 and 1970: The midtown Manhattan study. In: Dunn, W.L., Jr. (Editor): Smoking Behavior: Motives and' Imcentives, Washington, D:C:,, V.HI Winston and Sons, 1973;, pp. 255-265. (94) STOKES, J.P. Personality traits and attitudes and their relationship to student drug using behavior. International Journal of the Addictions 9(2): 267-287, April 1974. 18-30 I (1w)W (104) V (105) V (1106)~ V.

I n, WW n, D dreiri iven 11 118-129, mo nd So mo urinaty 1106(l ):, cal rimen, mo 43): 221; f.w :n, J.Wy ehavioil on, ana , Health ion N0. Healtb hd3 ;4 :havior, } moker. : 819~4 ~ college (95) STRAITS, B.C. The discontinuation of cigarette smoking: A multiple discivmi- nant analysis. In: Zagona; S.V. (Editor): Studies and Issues in Smoking Behavior. Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, 1967, pp. 79-81. (96), THOMAS, C.B. The relationship of smoking and habits of nervous tension. In: Dunn,, W.L., Jr. (Editor): Smoking, Behavior: Motives and Incentives. Washington, D:C:,,V.H. Winston and Sons, 1973, pp. 157-170: (97)~ TOMKINS, S. A modified~mod'el of smoking behavior. In: Borgatta,EJF:, Evans, R.R. (Editors)j Smoking, Health, and Behavior. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company, 1968, pp. 165-186. oN) U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Smoking and Health, Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health, Education„and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control. PHS Bulletin No:1103,1964, 387 pp. (99) U.& PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. State Legislation on Smoking and Health: 1976. U.S. Department'~ of Health,, Education, and Welfare, Public Health~ Service, Center for Disease Control, Bureau of Health Education, National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, December 1976,73 pp. (1(x)) WARNER, K.EJ The effects of the antismoking campaign on cigarettee consumption. American Journal of Public Health 67 (7): 645r650, 1977. (101) WATERS;, W:E. Smoking an& neuroticism. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 25(3): 162-164, August 1971. (10:.') WEATHERLEY, D. Some personality correlates of the ability to stop smoking cigarettes. Journal of Consulting,Psychology 29(5): 483-485, October 1965. (103) WEST, D.W., GRAHAM, S:, SWANSON, ML, WILKINSON, G. Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population. American Jburnal of Public Health 67(6): 536-544„June 1977. (it0y) WHITESIDE, T. Stnoking still. New Yorker 50(39): 121451, November 18, 1974': (105) WIGGINS, J.S. Personality structure. In: Farnsworth; P.R., Rosensweig, M.R., Polefka„J.T. Annual Review of Psychology 19: Palo Alto, California, Annuali Reviews, Inc., 1968, pp. 293-350. y (106) WYNDER, E.L. Interrelationship of smoking,to other variables and preventfivee approaches. In: Jarvik, M.E., Cullen, J.W., Gritz, E.R., Vogt, T.M., West, L.J. (Editors): Researchion Smoking Behavior. NIDA Research Monograph 17. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Healthi Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-581, December 1977;pp: 67- 97. t08-321L ire. In' e Aldine 0 nts:' A ): 755- iidtown 14otives 0 ;55-265. 3tudent :67-?t37, 18-31 I 0

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Contents Iintroduction .............................................................. 5 .Nictihodological Issues .................................................. 5 Ri:%•iew of General„ Nonspecific Interventions ................. 9 Public Health Educational Campaigns ...................... 9 Public Service and Proprietary Clinics .................... 10 IndividUal and Medical Counseling ......................... 12 Large-Scale Coronary Prevention Trials .................. 14 Controlled Experimental Research on Intervention Strategies ............................................................. 16 D rug Treatments ................................................. 16 H ypnosis ............................................................ 17 Social Psychological Approaches .............................18. Social Learning and Behavior Modification Approaches .........:..................... .......................19 Self-Control Strategies ................................... 20 Stimulus Control ................................ .... ... 20 Contingency Contract'ing . ............................ 21, Other Self-Control Strategies ...................... 22 Aversion Strat'egies ....................................... 22 Electric Shock .......................................... 23 Covert Sensitieation ................................... 23 Cigarette Smoke Aversion ..........................24. Satiation .................................................. 25 Medical Risks of Aversive Smoking .............. 25 Less Stressful Alternatives ......................... 26 Multicomponent Interventions ....:.................... 27 Treatment Innovations .................................. 28' Cont'rol led Smoking ....................................... 29' Maintenance of Nonsmoking .................................. 30 Ccneral Overview of Data .......................................... 32 Status of Methodology ........................ ................. 32 Implications of the Data ......................................33 Rcrommendations for Future Research ......................... 34 Objective Measures of Smoking ............................. 34 19-3 0 0

Maximizing Unaided Cessation ............................... 35. Development of Maintenance Strategies .................. 35. EValuat'ion of Existing Programs and Procedures ..... 35 References ............................................................... 37 19-4 ® Intr, Sinc ear] pro] ove: 376' assi to c rele tow wit resE in beh anc aPF Z tec: rev Th( crit is I dis, Me An bel res : d'eii sm th-, noi i int mE X mc bri': prt': ev 37 Cc tii4 C G7 . ~ 00 sn ~ Al V ~ /-~