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COUNCIL For TOBACCO r RESEARCH-U.S.A., Inc. ... and its research program r WI1 W O

Frequently, questions are asked as to the purpose and function of The Council for Tobacco Research - , . U.S.A., Inc. This booklet is intended to give brief an- swers swers to such questions We hope it will provide helpful information to medi-; cat people, scientists and others about the scope and extent of The Council's research program. ~. . detailed information about The Council. The same invi- We We welcome inquiries from anyone who wishes more ~. tation is extended to investigators who may have ideas for specific research projects. ; Addison•Yeaman Chairman and President For further information, or for additional copies of this book- let, please write: The Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. 110 East 59th Street New York, New York 10022 0

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD to The Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A.,, Inc. SHELDON C. SOMMERS, M.D., Chairman Di'rector of Laboratories, Lenox Hill Hospital Clinical Professor ot Pathology College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University New York, New York RICHARD M. BING, M.D. Director of Cardiology and Intramural Medicine Huntington Memorial Hbspital, Pasadena, California Professor of Medicine University of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles, California JOSEPH D. FELDMAN, M.D. Head, Department of Immunopathology Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation La Jolla, California WILLIAM U. GARDNER, Ph.D. Scientific Director The Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. E. K. Hunt Professor of Anatomy (emeritus) Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut ROBERT J. HUEBNER; M.D. Chief, Laboratory of RNA Tumor Viruses National Cancer Institute Bettiesda, Maryland LEON O. JACOBSON, M.D. Director, The FrankliniMcLean Memorial i Research Institute Regenstein Professor of Biological Sciences University of Chicago Chicago;, Illinois AVERILL A. LIEBOW, M.D: Professor and Chairman„Department of Pathology University of California School of Medicine San Diego, California HENRY T. LYNCH, M.D. Professor and Chairman Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Creighton University School of Medicine Omaha, Nebraska HANS MEIER, D.V.M., Dr. Med. Vet'., M.R.S.H. Senior Staff Scientist The Jackson Laboratory Bar Harbor, Maine LEE W. WATTENBERG, M.D. Professor of Pathology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota JOHN P. WYATT, M.D. Director Tobacco and Health Research Institute University of: Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Scientific Staff of The Council Scientific Director: William U. Gardner, Ph.D. Research Director: Robert C. Hockett, Ph.D. Associate Research Directors: John H. Kreisher, Ph.D. David Stone, Ph.D. Research Associate: Vincent F. Lisanti, D.M.D.

Organization and Principles The Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. is the sponsoring agency of a program of research into tobacco use and health. It is the outgrowth of an organization formed early in 1954 by repre- sentatives of tobacco manufacturers,, growers and warehousemen. Research support has been mainly through a program of grants-in-aid supplemented by contracts for research with institutions and laborat'a ries. The Council' does not itself operate any research facil ity. Grants-in-aid for research are made by The Council to independent scientists who are assured complete scientific freedom in condUcting their research. Grant- ees alone are responsible for reporting or publishing their findings in the accepted scientific manner - through medical and scientific journals and societies. The thrust and philosophy of The Council's ap- proach to the smoking-health controversy is perhaps best summed up in this paragraph firom, the 1969-70 Annual Report', of the Scientic Director: "It remains clear that the complexity of the ori- gin of the different cancers, cardiovascular dis- eases and chronic respiratory diseases is very great and still little und'erstood. Hence, as hereto- fore, The Council's emphasis is still upon the eti- ology or pathogenesis of these diseases, since any possible effects of tobacco use can be inter- preted'only in this context." The Scientific Advisory Board A Scientific Advisory Board to The Council was en- listed in the first year of operation and currently con- 3

sists of eleven physicians and scientists in the fields of medicine, cancer research and education. The mem- bers are independent of the tobacco industry; they retain their affiliations with their respective institutions. The Board' meets regularly to discuss and review applications submitted by independent investigators for grants-in-aid and, using, scientific merit and rele- vance as the sole criteria, decides those to be ap- proved. Since the Board's organization, its members have made a practice of consulting with various medical and scientific groups and individuals, seeking and ex- changing information on mutual problems involved in advancing health research on a variety of fronts. The Board also searches for scientists who are qualified and who are interested in research in specific areas that are considered important. In trying to help find definitive answers to the ques- tions that have been raised concerning smoking and health, the Advisory Board has recognized that effec- tive work has been, and is being, done in many fields in which it is interested. The Board has sought to avoid duplicating research that has produced accepted re- sults, e.g., as in the field of tobacco or tobacco smoke composition. However, where only statistical data or inconclusive results have been obtained, or where little or no new knowledge is available, the Board attempts to stimulate careful, well-planned research. An Extensive Program The Council's program is believed to be the largest and most extensive of its kind in the worid. Since 1954, grants and contracts have been approved totaling more than $38;000;000 (as of June 30, 1976). These fund's were for 559 originafi grants and con- tracts and many more renewals. Grants have been awarded to 345 investigators in 238 medical schools, hospitals and research institutions. Grant recipients have published (as of June 30, 1976) 1,378 papers ini the literature on their work sup- ported in whole or in part by The Council for Tobacco Research. 4

Conferences Sponsored Through the years, the research program has helped support major meetings on such topics as "Cardiovas- cular Effects of Nicotine and Smoking," "The Effects of Nicotine and Smoking on the Central Nervous Sys- tem," "Man and His Environment: The Air We Breathe," "The Epidemiology and Etiology of Human Bladder Can- cer," statistical research, and twin studies; Sponsors ofi these meetings included the University of California School of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, the Cancer Research Institute of Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Boston University School of, Medicine, and'the International I Statistical I nstitute. Additionally, there has been sponsorship of a num- ber of informal conferences ofi scientists working! in various areas. These sessions have been primarily to review the status of present knowledge, to exchange information and ideas, and'to discuss problems most in need of study. Subjects of some of these conferences include: Pathology of the human lung . . . Tissue culture ... Cardiovascular research ... Lung physiology ... Bio- assay and carcinogenesis . . . Chronic lung disease ... Psychophysiology research ... Viruses and can- cer . . . Atherosclerosis . . . Cell differentiation . . . Nicotine and the central nervous system . . . Tech- niques for exposure of experimental animals to cigarette smoke inhalation . . . Coronary thrombosis and infarction ... Constitutional factors as related to disease . . . Oral cavity research . . . Allergic and immunological aspects ofi smoking ... Pulmonary de- fense mechanisms ... Lung proteases and' inhibitors. Some Significant Research Areas Through the years, The Council has supported many projects considered of significance in various areas. Here, briefly, are some examples: ... Development of criteria, equipment and tech- niques for animal inhalation studies that are ap- plicable to tobacco smoke and other substances as well. ...One of the first integrated studies to describe and compare the histopathology of human lungs collected at random in a dozen separated geo- graphical areas. 5

... Investigations of chronic lung diseases - emphy- sema, bronchitis, asthma, etc. - on a long-term clinical basis with repetitive assessment' of nu- merous functional, biochemical, bacteriological, and other factors. ... The effects of nicotine or smoking on the brain waves of humans. A microscope study of the bronchial epithelia of 500 apparently "healthy" adults, both smokers and nonsmokers, who died suddenly and unex- pectedly. All had lived and worked in an urban area noted for its air pollution and had no known disease history. ... Epidemiological studies of twin populations in this country, Sweden and Finland to learn how behavioral, genetic and environmental factors are related to morbidity and mortality. ... Research on smoking in regard to fetal growth and other aspects of pregnancy. Investigations into viral carcinogenesis. ... Studies to determine whether certain enzyme sys- tems may be genetically related to susceptibility to lung cancer and emphysema. Policy on Grants The Council welcomes proposals from qualified re- search groups or individuals for specific research proj- ects. Each applicant and prospective recipient of a grant receives a statement of policy that says in part The Council "desires to have scientists work with the greatest freedom and without domination of any kind, It will make no attempt to direct the administration of the project once started, to influence its course or to control its results other than to be assured' that the funds are properly expended for the purposes of the grant and that all findings are reported im accordance with the best scientific practice." All research proposals are reviewed by the staff of The Council and submitted to each member of the Scientific Advisory Board for study and comment. When indicated, personal communications or visits are made with the applicant in order to clarify or expand his or her proposal. 7 II dAL ;-.....-..~

Each proposal is measured against these criteria: 1. Is the proposal relevant to the scope of the pro- gram? 2. Is it made by an individual or organization quali- fied'to, perform the work? 3. Will it contribute to knowledge of the subject? 4. Does it promise results not already contemplated from other research projects? 5. Can it be of value as a check against work al- ready being carried out? The Board discusses and reviews all research pro- posals at regular meetings and recommends those that are to be funded by The Council. Grantees are expected'to furnish a semiannual prog- ress report of activities that includes details of find- ings. A complete report of activities, which includes ac- counting~ for funds and details of findings, is requined' at the conclusion of the project. This final report may consist in part of manuscripts prepared'for publication. Exchange of Information and Publication With the consent of grant recipients, an exchange of information may be recommended between investi- gators working on different projects. Such exchanges may take the form of occasional informal conferences of grantees and selected' guest scientists for di'scus- sion of particular topics. The Council, believes that the initial' presentation of research results by grantees should be made only in accepted medical and scientific journals or before ac- cepted medical or scientific organizations: It has no object'ion to dissemination to the public in these ways of any or all final conclusions of the investigators. Annual Report Each year an Annual Report is issued that describes the progress of the research program,, lists grant re- cipients and titles of their projects, and contains ab- stracts of papers published by scientists who have acknowledged support of their work, in whole or in part,, by The Council. 8 ~

INSTITUTIONS FOR GRANTS AND CONTRACTS Following is a list of institutions of investigators who have received awards from The Councill or where con- tract research has been performed. Names of some in- stitutions may have changed since the work was done. In some cases, grantees may have movedto other insti- tutions. The Age Center ofiNew England, lnc., Boston Albany Medical College otiUnion University, Albany, N: Y. Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, The Bronx, N. Y. Albert Einstein Medical Center„Philadelphia All Souls' Hospital, Morristown, N. J. Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston Bellarmine College, Louisville Bio-Research Consultants, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. Blo-Research Institute, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. Bispebjerg Hospilal, Copenhagen, Denmark Boston City Hospital Boston University School of Medicine Brookdale HospitaliCenter, Brooklyno N. Y: Brooklyn College ofiPharmacy; Long IslJind'University; Brooklynj N. Y. Brooks Hospital, Brookline, Mass. The Burke Rehabilitation Center, White Plains, N. Y. California College of Medicine„Los Angeles California lhstitUte of Technology, Pasadena California State University, Northridge„Cai. Cardinal Glennon Memorial Hospital for Children, St. Louis Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles Chicago Board of Health Chicago Medical School Children's Cancer Research Foundation, Boston Children's Hospital Medical'Center, Boston Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Cincinnati General Hospital City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, Call Cleveland Psychiatric Institute and Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark Colorado State University„Fort Collins Columbia Presbyterian Medioal'Center, New York Columbia Universily,.New York ColumbialUniversityCollege of Physicians & Surgeons„NewYork Cornell Uhiversity.MedicallCollege, New York Creighton University, Omaha, Neb. Dartmouth MedicallSchool, Hanoveri N. H. Dover Medical Research Center, Inc., Dover, Del. Drew Postgraduate Medical Center, Los Angeles Duke University Medical Center„Durham, Nl C. Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga. Ephrata Community Hospital, Ephrata, Pa. Eugene Talmadge Memorial Hospital,.Augusta, Ga. Florida State University; Tallahassee Fordham University, The Bronx, N. Y. FresnoCounty. Hospital, Fresno, Call. George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C. Georgetown University Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Washington, D: C. Goldwater, Memorial Hospital, New York: Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia 9

Harvard Medical SohoollBoston Harvard University Graduate School of',Busihess Administration, Boston Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Peabody Museumi Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston Harvard University School of Public Healthj Boston Hemodynamics Researeh; Inc., Morristown, N. J. Highsmith.Rainey MemoriallHospital, Fayetteville, N. C: Holy Name of Jesus Hbspital, Gadsdenj,Ala. Howard Hughes Institute, Miami, Fla. Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D. C. Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, Cal. IIT Research Ihstitute„Chicago Indiana University, Bloomington Institute for Cancer, Research, Philadelphia Ttie:Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me. Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia Jewish',Hospital and MedicallCenter, Brooklyn The Johns Hopkins Uhiversity School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore. The Johns Hopkins University School ofiMedicine, Baltimore Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Oakland, Cal. The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Lankenau Hospital, Philadelphia Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Lenox Hill Hospital, New'York Long Island Jewish-Hill9ide Medical Center, New Hyde Park, N. Y. Los Angeles County General Hospital Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New.Orleans Martland Medical Center, Newark„N. J. Mason Research~institute, Worcester, Mass. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals, Boston Mayo Clinic, Rochester„Minn. M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor9hstitute; Houston Medical College of South Carolina, Charleston Medical College o1,Virginia, Richmond Meloy. Laboratories, Springtield, Va. Memorial Hospital of Chester County; West Chester, Pa. Methodist HospitalLMemphis, Tenn. Memorial Hospital„Pawtucket, R. I. Michigan State University;,East Lansing Microanalytical Laboratory, Hamburg, WesFGermany Microbiological!Associates, Inc., Bethesda, Md. Millard Fillmore Hbspital, Buffalo, N. Y. Montefiore Hospital Institute of.Research'LPittsburgh Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco: NewarkCity. Hospital, Newark, N. J. New England Center Hospital, Boston New England DeaconessHospitall Boston New England Institute for Medical Research, Ridgefield, Conn. New Jersey College oflMedicine and Dentistry;,Jersey City' New Jersey Neuropsychiatric Institute,.Princeton New.York Eye and Ear Infirmary, NewYork New York Medical College, New YorkNew.York University Medical Center„NewYork New York University Post-Graduate Medical College, New York New York University Washington Square College, New York North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State. University;,G.reensboro North CarolinaSlate.College, Raleigh Nbrthwestern University; Evanston, III1. Northwestern ~Unive rsity Medical School, Chicago 10