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764 DR. ROBERT C. BOCKETT -h Director of The Council for ) East 59th Street, New York, New :souri on July 1, 1906. :niversity, Dr. Hockett pursued _on and received the Ph.D. degree in_ ,nal Research Council Fellow in at the National Institute of rom 1929 to 1931 and then Associate 1931 to 1935. of the Massachusetts Institute of Chemistry, becoming Associate of absence from M.I.T. to serve Research Foundation, Inc., which has also been Visiting Professor at th Carolina. - as a consultant to industrial nutrition, pharmaceuticals, Council for Tobacco Research's co Industry Research Committee - American Academy of Arts and iences, the American Public Health ts, and the American Institute of e American Chemical Society, in Councilor,member of the Nomen- the Division of Carbohydrate and 1946, and Secretary-Treasurer mbership in the American Society .i ociation for the advancement of - Organization, Royal Society of , iates. s Switzerland for the American- anite. member of the Food Industries' Foundation, Inc., Collaborator to culture, member of the Advisory . te Chemistry, as Associate to the aramerican Scientific Publication aittee to the Administrator of the ~partment of Agriculture. rch papers on the chemistry of res on nutrition and public health, icco and health research and ,nomics. 765 Relationships Between Family Smoking Habits, Individual Differences in Personality, and the Smoking Behavior of College Students By Charles D. Spielberger, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Director, Center for Research in Community Psychology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 I am Charles D.'Spielberger, Professor of Psychology and Director of the Center for Research in Community Psychology at the University of South Florida, in Tampa. I obtained my Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of Iowa in 1934, and have been a member of the psychology faculty at Duke University, Vander- bilt University and Florida State University, and directed the Doctoral Progra:s in Clinical Psychology at Florida State and the University of South Florida. I was also employed by the U.S. Public Health Service as a training specialist in psychology. I am certified in Clinical Psychology by the .imerican Board of Psychologists and presently serve as Associate Editor for three aajor journals and on the editorial boards for a number of additional journals. I have contributed to the research literature on personality for more than 25 years, and have been interested in the association of personality and smoking behavior for the past five years. Due to a long-standing commitment to host the Annual :Ieeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, in Tampa, Florida, March 11-13, 1982, in my capacity as official host for the meeting and member_of the Society's aational Board, I vill be unable to appear in person before Congressman Waxmsan's Subcommittee to present the results of several recent studies in which I have been engaged, and which I believe are relevant to the Subcormnittee's consideration of H.R. 4957. I have, therefore, prepared this statement for submission to the Subcommittee.

766 Smoking Behavior - Over the past four years, I have conducted research on the relationships between family smoking habits, selected personality traits and the smoking behavior of college students. More than 1500 students have been interviewed or tested in this researeh. A Smoking Behavior Questionnaire SB ) was developed to elicit specific information about atudents` smoking behavior and the smoking habits of their families, and standardized personality inventories were administered to most of the participants in these studies. ' The major findings that have emerged in this research are summarized in this paper. My research results are generally consistent with the increasing evidence that peer-group pressures are the single most important influence in the initiation of smoking. In this regard, it is noteworthy that the results of a related study which I am presently completinst indicates that media advertising is consistently ranked near the bottom of a listing of ten factors which might be thought to influence college students to start smoking. This finding is strengthened because it was true for both females and males. (Please see Table 1, page 8.) The second area of research reported on below provides evidence that smokers and non-smokers differ in personality, and thereby supports the hypothesis that cons ti tutional-gene tic factors contribute to the maintenance of smoking behavior. My research results are set forth below in two sections. Relationships between family smoking habits and the initiation and maintenance of smoking behavior are reviewed in the first section. Next, relationships between important personality traits and smoking behavior are examined. Manuscripts for two papers that provide more detailed information about the research findings are 0 ie< Smoking Behe included as publication =amily Smoki For both mal were more li 7'.der sister :Seir younge seem_to have of both sexe that peer gr t:1e initiati A positive a students and saoked, thei aeither pare reported in .'hen the co¢ were evaluat ,Se smoking. older siblin whose older have no adde +ith no olde •i::ely to be 'j7 smoking i

:d research on the relationships between .ty traits and the smoking behavior of s have been interviewed or tested in .onnaire SB ) was developed to elicit :ing behavior and the smoking habits nality inventories were administered ies. ; .. . . r _ his research are summarized in this consistent with the increasing a single most important influence gard, it is noteworthy that the sently completina indicates that media he bottom of a listing of ten factors ge students to start smoking. This us for both females and males. elow provides evidence that smokers d thereby supports the hypothesis ' ibute to the maintenance of smoking z two sections. Relationships between aad maintenance of smoking behavior relationships between important :e ezamined. Hanuscripts for two :Jon about the research findings are 2 Smoking Behavior 767 in.cl.uded as an Appendix to this report. Both papers have been accepted for publication in scientific joisnals. Family Smoking Habits and Student Smoking Behavior For both males and females, students whose older brothers or sisters smoked were more likely to be smokers than those whose older siblings did not smoke. Older sisters appeared to have greater impact on the smoking behavior of their younger sisters than their younger brothers, whereas older brothers seem.to have a similar influence on the smoking behavior of younger siblings of both sexes. These results are generally consistent with mounting evidence that peer group pressures are perhaps the single most important influence in the initiation of smoking. t A positive association was also found between the smoking behavior of college students and the smoking habits of their parents. If one or both parents smoked, their sons and daughters were more likely to be smokers than if neither parent smoked. These findings were generally consistent with results reported in eight previous investigations. When the combined effects of the smoking habits of parents and older siblings were evaluated, older siblings appeared to have a stronger influence on the smoking.behavior of younger siblings than their parents. Students whose older siblings were smokers were more likely to take up smoking than those whose older siblings were non-smokers, and parental smoking habits seemed to have no added influence on the smoking behavior of these students. Students with no older siblings, or whose older siblings were non-smokers, were less likely to be smokers themselves, but these students were more likely to take up smoking if one or both parents smoked than if neither parent smoked.

768 Smoking Behavior No differences were found in the smoking habits of the parents of cnrrent, occasional and es-smokers, nor in the smoking habits of their older siblings. 'IIws, there was little evidence that family smoking habits influenced the maintenance of smoking behavior after the students had begun to smoke. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that family m~ers influence students to take np smoking, but, have little or no impact on the ma.intenance of snoking behavior. The finding that the smoking behavior of students was more strongly associated vdth the smoking habits of older siblings than with parental smoking habits suggests that peer groups and other environmental influences are onre iaportant than constitutional-genetic factors in the initiation of smoking. However, a the data on the relationship between personality and smoking that are discussed in the following section provide evidence that Snokers and hon- 9mkers differ in personality, and thus sapport Eysenck's (1980) hypothesis that constitutional-genetic factors contribute to the ¢aintenance of smoking behavior. Fersonality and Saoking Behavior 8tudents classified as "9aokers" (Ctarent, Occasional and f7c-Smokers) had _ slgnificantly higher mesa scores than Plem-Smkers on the ESttraversion, I3euroticism and Psychoticism scales of the Eysenck Personality O,uesticnnaire a12), and significantly lower scores on the M Lie Scale. Although the observed differences between 8mokers and Non-Smokers were similar for both seaaes, women scored higt~er than men on the EPQ Vetsoticism and Lie scales, Smoking Behavior and lower on Psychoticism. The on all of the ~ measures vere for the males. ..._=;, Female Smokers had higher score of the State-Trait Personality slightly lower an3dety scores differences were fomad between Curiosity and Trait Anger scale In evaluating the relationship of smoking behavior, Ex-Smoker: Curiosity scores than Current c had lower M Neuroticism scorE female Occasional and Ex-Smoka: scored lower in both neurotici; Ex-Smokers was surprising, and a tension reducer for females c males. Given the fact that Ez-Smokers than Current or occasional Smo4 :x-Smokers to take up smoking, them to continue to smoke. Thc to have confidence in this spec While the finding that Smokers M personality dimensions was

its of the parents of ctarent, habits of their older siblings. moking babits influenced the dents had begun to smoke. Taken aeabers influence students to on the maiatenance of snodin.g dents was more strongly associated n with parental stbking habits ntal influences are more important .itiation of stbking. Eonever, Sty and smoking that are -idence that Smokers and Non- ,rt Eysenck-s (1980) hypothesis :te to the a•aintenance of smoking :casiDnal and Fx-smokers) had I kers on the FSccraversionp rsenck Personalitv Questionnaire F~ Lie Scale. 9lthough the -Smnkers were similar for both 'Q Yesaoticism and Lie scales, Smoking Behavior 769 and lower on Psychoticism. The differences between Smokers and Non-Smokers on all of the EPQ measures were also stronger for the female students than for the males. Female Smokers had higher scores than Non-Smokers on the Trait Anxiety scale of the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), whereas male Smokers had slightly lower anxdety scores than Non-Smokers on this scale. No significant differences were found between Smokers and Non-Smokers on the STPI Trait Curiosity and Trait Anger scales. In evaluating the relationship between personality traits and the maintenance of smoking behavior, Ex-Smokers were foend to have signiFicantly higher STPI Curiosity scores than Current or Occasional Smokers, and female Current Smokers had lower 22 Neuroticism scores and lower STPI Trait An:-.iety scores than female Occasional and Ex-Smokers. The finding that female Current Smokers scored lower in both neuroticism and anxiety than female Occasional and Ex-Smakers was surprising, and suggested that smoking may serve primarily as a tension reducer for females who are generally higher in neuroticism than males. Given the fact that Ex-Smokers had significantly higher Trait Curiosity scores than Current or Occasional Smokers, we may speculate that curiosity motivates Ex-Smokers to take up smoking, but this motive would be unlikely to stiaulate them to continue to smoke. The finding must be replicated, however, in order to have confidence in this speculative interpretation. While the finding that Smokers scored higher than Non-Smokers on all of the EPQ personality dimensions was consistent with results previously reported 5 {UN ,

770 Smoking Behavior by other investigators, this was the first study to demonstrate a significant relationship between the EPQ measures and smoking behavior wich an American sample. An article describing the relations between personality and smoking . z behaivor has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Personalit7 Assessment. A preprint of this article is included in the Appendix. for females who smoke regularly. Taken as a whole, the findings of our research provide additional support for Smith's (1970) and Matarazzo and Matarazzo's (1965) conclusions that smokers are more extraverted, neurotic and tense, and have stronge-r antisocial ten- dencies than non-smokers. The results also suggest that females, who are higher in neuroticism and trait anxiety than males, may take up smoking in order to reduce tension (Eysenck, 1980). The finding that female Current Smokers scored lower on neuroticism and trait curiosity th'an Occasional and Ex-Smokers further suggested that smoking may be an effective tension reducer Conclusion The research on family smoking habits reviewed above is consistent with existing evidence that peer pressures are the single most important influence in the initiation of smoking. The research on personality and smoking suggests that constitutional-genetic factors associated with personality differences contribute to the maintenance of smoking behavior. March 8, 1982 Charles D. Spielberger ":e A a a Smoking Behavior 1. Eysenck, H. J. The caus Smith, 1980. 2. Matarazzo, J.D. and Mata: et al. (Eds.), Inte New York: MacMillan 3. Smith, G. M. Personalit- literature. In: (J. smoking. Chicago: -

6 :udy to demonstrate a significant zking behavior with an American o betveen personality and smoking n the Journal of Personalict ncluded in the Appendix. - ; (1965) eonclusions that smokers :d have stronger antisocial ten- suggest that females, who are a males, may take up smoking in ze finding that female Current it curiosity than Occasional and :he single most important influence i on personality and smoking rs associated with personality of smoking behavior. Smoking Behavior 8eferences 771 1. Eysenck, H. J. The causes and effects of st:c'11y~. Smith, 1980. 2. Matarazzo, J.D. and Matarazzo, B.G. Smoking. In: London: Temple D. L. Sills et al. (Eds.), International Encycloned-a of the Social Sciences. New York: MaclNillan, 1965. 3. Smith, G. H. Personality and,smoking: A review of the empirical literature. In: W. A. Hunt (Ed.), Learning mechanisms and smoking. Chicago: Aldine, 1970. t

772 gmonng Bahavior 0 Smoking Behavior Table 1 Rank Order, Means and Standard Deviations of Factors Reported by Male and Female College Students_to Influence Them to Begin Smoking Females N=294 Males N=130) Reason for A T Beginnin to Smoke Rank SD Rank SO © See if I would enjoy it 1 2.61 1 2.52 0.95 0.92 1. Spielberger C.D Ja, Most friends smoke 2 2.52 3 2.41 . ., 1.14 1.16 On the relation ': Try something new 3 2.44 4 2.32 behavior of coll, 0.97 0.92 " Psychology, In p: satisfying Thought it was 4 2.37 . 2 2.48 because other people smoke 0.98 0.98 2. Spielberger, C.D. a J: Made me feel more relaxed 5 2.14 5 2.02 Journal of Persor in social situations 1.05 1.08 Parents seemed to enjoy 6 1.58 7 1.53 smoking 0.89 0.85 Did not want to refuse 7 1.51 6 1.55 friends 0.89 0.87 Older siblings enjoyed 8 1.48 9 1.46 smoking 0.83 0.83 Media advertisements 9 1.46 8 1.48 0.73 0.74 Parents disapproved - 10 1.32 10 1.31 show independence 0.73 0.69

0 of Factors Reported by ice Them to Begin Smoking ss Males I-) N=130) A SO Rank A SD 2.61 1 2.52 0.95 0.92 2.52 3 2.41 1.14 1.16 2.44 4 2.32 0.97 0.92 2.37 2 2.48 0.98 0.98 2.14 5 2.02 1.05 1.08 1.58 7 1.53 0.89 0.85 1.51 6 1.55 0.89 0.87 1.48 9 1.46 0.83 0.83 1.46 8 1.48 0.73 0.74 1.32 10 1.31 0.73 0.69 Smoking Behavior APPENDIR 773 Scientific Papers 1. Spielberger, C.D., Jacobs, G.A., Crane, R.S. & Russell, S.F. On the relation between family smoking habits and the saoking behavior of college students. International Review of Applied Psychology, In press, 1982. 1 2. Spielberger, C.D. & Jacobs, G.A. Personality and smoking behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, In press, 1982. t! f

774 PROFESSIONAL RESUME Charles D. Spielberger, Ph.D. May, 1981 Address: Professor of Psychology and Director, Center for Research in Community Psychology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620 11313 Carrollwood Drive Tampa, Florida 33618 Personal Born March 28, 1927, Atlanta, Georgia ata: Married, 3 children ` Social Security # 254-32-9771 Education: B.S. Georgia Tech (Chemistry), 1949 B.A. University of Iowa (Psychology), 1951 M.A. University of Iowa (Psychology), 1953 PH.D. University of Iowa (Psxchology), 1954 Major Research and Professional Interests: Stress, anxiety and anger; test anxiety, personality and learning; coronary prone behavior, mental health consultation and community psychol.ogy; cross-cultural research on emotion and personality. Professional Certification: Diplomate in Clinical Psychology, Fvnerican Board of Professional Psychology, 1961 Licensed Psychologist: Tennessee, Florida Professional Employment and Experience: Professor of Psychology and Director, Center for Research in Conr~unity Psychology, University i- 'ty ot South'Florida, SeRtember, 1977 - Present. Professional Employment ar Felloy Wasse Profe^ in South Profe 1961- Clini, TO L- Train nsti 1965 Profe , Tf63- Assis PvcF Assis Psycr ~ar l:ente Clini Staic Gradi ol^Ii and : of Mf Coun' Military Service: 'Unit Acti Rese Res :. Pro Reti