Tobacco Documents Online

Reference Appendix The scientific literature in smoking and health can not be reported here in detail,_becausr of i-ts-vastness. This document offers- guidance -to selected publications giving critical analysis-of the scientific 1it-erature, pao~,~inent among 4,hich are the Annual Reports to Congress by the Uni ted States Surgeon General o,r} the Heal th Consequences of Silioking, as comp i l ed by the Mational Cl eari ng.h.ouse for Smoking and Health. The additional listing of_specific scientific references does not imply that other studi-es are less important or valid, but simply offers selected examples. Some of the latest information on consumer statistics and trends in disease incidence is stili unpublished, but it can be described and defendtd by expert v~itnesses-should hearings become necessary. APPENDIX 1 The 1971 Report to Congress of -the U.S. Surgeon General on the Health Consequence-s of Smolcing-is the most-complete ccrpilation of scientific evidence published-thro-ugh the year 1970. Studies-published since then have been listed in the 1972f 1973 and 1974 Reports to Congress. In the 1971- Report, the references on-cancer of the lung are summarized at pages 239 to 27,6 and tables 1 to 19; references on cancer of the larynx are summarized at pages 277 to 281 and tables 20, A21, A22. -A23, A24, 25 and 26; references on-cancer of the oral cavity on pages 284 to 289 and tables 27, A28, and A29; references on cancer of the esophagus on pages 289 to 293 and tables A29, 30,-A31, A31a, A32 arrd A33; references on cancer of the bladder on pages 293 to 299- and tables 34, A35, and A35a. The scientific evidence on respiratory disease is suErJnarized in Chapter 3, pages 139 to 176 and tables 1 to 17. The scientific evidence on cardiovascular disease is summarized in Chapter 2, - pages 21 to 75, tables 1 to 30. The supplementary reports in 1972, 1973 and 1974 review more recent studies under the appropriate ~ chapter-headings. ~ Scientific- reference highlights are:- 0 A. Human Data ,p 1. Ftortality-Ratios for Death fram all Causes N.A. Kahn:- The Dorn study of smokling and mortality among U.S. veterans: Report on eight and one-half years of- observation. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 19: 1-125,- 1966.

E.W.R. Best: A Canadi-an study of..smoking and health. Ottawa, ~anadian Dept. of National Health and Welfare, p 137, 1966. E.C._Hammond: SmokSng-in relation to the death ratos of one Million men and women. Natl . Cancer Inst. Monogr. ? 19, 127-204. 1966. R.-Doll and A.B. Hill: Mortality in relation to smoking: Ten years observation in British doctors. Brit.-Med. J., 1,_ 1399-1410. 1964. - T.A. Hirayamaa A prospective study-on the influence of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on the death rates fer_total and_sel ected -causes of death in_Japan. Smoke_Sigr,als 16(7), 1-8~ 1970. I.D.J. Bross: Effect oil filter cigarettes on the risk of lung -cancer. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 28, 35-40, 1968. E.L. Wynderj K. Mabuchi, and E.J. Beattie,-Jr~, The epidemiology ofTung cancer. Recent trends. J. Am. Ned. Assoc., 213,= -2221-2228, 1970. I.T.T. Higgins: Trends in respiratory cancer mortality in the United States and in England and Wales. Archiv. Environ. Health, 28, 121-129, 1974. 3. Oral Cancer K. Rothman and A. Keller: The effect of joint exposure to - - alcohol and tobacco on risk of-cancer of the mouth and pharynx. J. Chron: Diseases,- 25, 711-716, 1972. 4. Larynx Cancer E.L. Wynder, I.J. Bross, and E. Day: A study of environmental factors in_cancer of the larynx. Cancer, 14, 389-413, 1956. O Q E.C. Harnnond, and D. Horn: Smoking and death rates - Report -, p of 44 months of follow-up of 187,783 men. J. Am. Med.- tD Assoc., 166, 1159-1172 an¢1294-1308, 1958. Tb CA y/-

E.L. ldynder, K. flabuchi , N. Maruchi , and J.G. Fortner: -Epideiaioiogy of cancer of the pancreas. -J. Natl. Cancer rnst., 50, 645-667, 1973. 6. Cancer of the-Urinary Bladder E.L:-1-lynder,-J. Onderdonk, and-N. Mantel: An epidemiological- investigation-of cancer of=the.bladder. Cancer, T6,-1388- 1407, 1963. P. CoTe, R.R. Monson, H. Haning and G. Friedell: Smoking-and cancer of the lower urinary tract. New Engl.- J.- Med., 284, 1-29-134; 1971. 7. Emp[-.ysema 0. -Auerbach, E.C. Ha~r:nond, L. Garfir_kel , and C. Benante: Relation of smoking and age to emphysema.- New Er,gl. J: - Med., 286, 853-857, 1972. .T.T. Higgins: The epidemi_olooy of chronic-respiratory disease. I Preventive Med., 2, 14-33, 1973. - - 8. Coronary Heart Disease W. B.- Kannel, W.P. Castelli, and P.M. McNamara: 'Cigarette smoking and risk of coronary heart disease. Epidemiological clues to pathogenesis. The F-amingham Study. Natl. Cancer Inst. hlonogr., 28: 9-20,-1968: J. Stamler and F.H. Epstein-- -Coronary heart disease: Risk factors as guides-to preventive action. Preventive Med., 27-48, 1972. B. Experimental Data E.L. Wynder, P-. Kopf, and H. Ziegler: A study of tobacco carcino- ~ genesis. II. Dose-response studies. Cancer, 10, 1193-1200, ~ 1957. ~ - . . ~!

4 F.G. Bock and G.E. ;'oore: The 5ignificance of mouse skin tests of cigarette smo :e condensate. In_ Tobacco and Health (G. James a-nd ,;:-Rosenthal, eds), Charles Thomas, Springfield, ill.-, pp 72-86, 1962. E.L. !-lynderz and-D. Hoffmann: Reduction of tumoriger:icity of cigarette s^oke-: J. Am. ;Ied. Assoc., 192, 88-94, 1965. T.D. Day: Carcinogenic action of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skio. Qrit. ,31: Cancer, 31 ,- 56-81 , 1967.- W. Dontenwill, J.J. Chevalier,-H.P. Harke,-U.--Laf-renz, G:-Rech.,eh, and G.-Schneider: Investigations on the effects-of chronic - cigarette-s^cke inhalation in Syriarn golden hamsters. J. "latl. Cancer Inst., 51, 1781-1832, 1973. Towards T.ess- Iiazardcis Cicarattes: Rep-ort ~1 ; The- First Set of _ Expeflirental Cicarettes. Smoking and Health Program, Natl. - Cancer institute, Bethesda, hid., 1974. Towards Less Nazardcjs Cigarettes: Report #2, The Second Set of Experimental Ci carettes. Smoki ng and 'r.ea i th Program, Natl. Cancer Institute, Bethesda, hlaryland, 1974. APPENDIX II The references supporting this statement can be found in the Annual Reports to Congress of :ne U.S. Surgeon General on the Health Consequences of-Smoking, as describec in Appendix 1 above. Specific reference highlights are: A. Lunq Cancer H.A. Kahn: The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among U.S. - veterans: Repcr;t on eight and one-half-years of observation. Natl, Cancer Inst. tlonogr., 19, 1-125, 1966. E.C. Hammond: -Smoking in relation to the death rates of one mi l l i on men and •;;omen. Nat i. Cancer I nst. lkionogr., 19, ~ 127-204, 1966. 6 .A~ A R. Doll: The Harold Dorn Memorial Lecture - Cancer and Aging: ~ The epidemioloc~ evidence. 10th Intern. Cancer Congress. ~' Year Book ti,zd. Publ., Chicago, 133-i66,.1971. ~

E.L. Idyr:der; K. Mabuchi,- and E.J. 8eatti, ~lr.:- The epidemiology of lung cancer-3 Recent trends. J. Am. hied. Assoc., 213, 2221-2228, 1970. S. Graham-and M.L= Levin: Smoking withdrawal in the reduction of risk of-lung-cancer~ Cancer, 27, 865-971, 1971. B. CoronaryHeart Disease E.C. Hammond and L. Garfinkel: Coronar-y hea_rt- disease, S troke-_ and =aort-i-c aneurysm. Factors-in-the etiology. Arch. Environ. Health, 19, 167-182, 1969. APPENDIX 3 For 1954 -tar and nicotine-levels see Consumer Reports, 26(4), 203-208, 1961. For brand sales figures see ConsUmer Reoo-rts 20(2), 56-73, 1955. The 1954 Consumer Reports data on tar- an-n~coL~~ e•rere originally obtained by smoking methods different from the Federal Trade Commission standards and were-lat-er corrected by Consumer Reports-in their later publications by-multiplying the original values by a factor of 2.55. For 1960 tar and nicotine levels see Const,mer Reoorts 26(4)-, 203-208, 1961. For brand sales figures see Tobacco; December 22, 1-971. ThE -_ Consumer=Reports data on nicotine and tar for 1960 were generated using the Federal Trade Conxnission methods. The values were reported as wet tar, and to obtain dry tar approximated figures it is necessary to subtract 15% from the yield of filter cigarettes and 10`,•o from the yield of ncn-filter cigarettes. For 1967 tar and nicotine data see Tobacco Reporter, 95(1)-, 190'8. -For 1967, sales breakdown for 70, 80 and 85 mil limeter cigarettes were not- available, although the yields of tar and nicotine were given by length class. For Marlborough cigarettes the sales were approximately 50'!, for the 80 millimeters and 50;"' for the 85 millimeter types, for all other filter brands the-proportion of sales of the 85 millimeter type was predomi nant. For 1972 data on tar and-nicotine see the Federal Register, Volume 37, 159, Wednesday, August 15, 1972. For brand sales figures see Tobacco- ~ Reporter, 99(11), 1972. ~ . ~ f6 C9 . ~

6 APPENDIX 4 The 1972 Re.~ort to Congress _of the Surgeon ueneral of ti5e -fJnited States on the Health Cor,se~~;enc~s of Smoking, Chapter 9, paaes 139 to 150, gives references for hazardous smoke components, listed in tables 1, 2 and-3_- Because of increasedevidence of hydrogen cyanide involvement-in ci?iastatis and the recent implication of nitrogen oxides in the causation ef respiratory diseases, these t~~rf~-compounds should be moved from table 2 to table 1, namely among the most dangerous smoke c-omponents .---: - - - A comprehensive reference-to hazardous smoke components is_: E.L..S•lynder and-D. Noffmann: Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, Academic Press, Inc.,_ t°dew -York, 1967, p. 730. - APPENDIX,- 5 Sa?es-figures of different branCs-for 1973 are -Tisted by the t~3 w~e13° Company, 801 East Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 2321Q, in their 10 year summary in historical trends in the tobacco industry. Figures for 1973 tar and nicotine of co^,mercial brands in the United States can be found in the Report to Congress of the Federal Trade Cornmission of December-31, 1973. - - - 5