Tobacco Documents Online

-MEMORA :1 i.i t; i1 :ovecat,e` 11, 1`lr 1a - TO: W. T. Iiovt Cly : IIIiI: - - - r - - v i ~~~ riu lER0.M:- Leonard S.-Zahn f-, ItCii SiJLJEC T: International Cancer Congress, Florence, Italy, Oct. 20-2G, 19711 - - - WK- Even before the Congress opened-,, there was no doubt that tobacco would get considerable attention: on Satar-day, Oct. 19, the first issue of the- Daily Congress,-a tabloid r_e:rspaper which appeared each day of the session, noted that -Smeking and Lung Cancer" would be one of fi ve main topics- "to be tackled." (The other four :vere virology, immunology, chemo- therapy, -a-nd surgery. Oddly, environmental cancer as a major theme was omitted, odd because-there were many papers on this subject and also because- so -rnany-of t-he "experts" presents continued the claifm that about ut 30"A or so of all :.uman cancers are- caused by environrne ntai factor s-. ) "No smoking" signs were posted in all meeting rooms ; a similar caveat appeared in the program. (Yct_ma.ay scientists were seen smoking vigaret-tes--outside tlie-meetinJ rooms. At one session I attenrled, ori cancer--ageney campaigns in dif- ferent countries, an unidentified member of a UICC education committee t.as acl.uonisl,ed from t he platform for lighting up in the hail qutside.)-In addition to the symposium on cancer and- sntoking, there were -many other sessions and papers at which smoking drew-att-ention, either -directly or indirectly. An estimated 5000 -persons registered as "-fuii" members - (there also were-some 1,000 associate members)-and the staff ran out of materi_als_and closed registration in mid-week.-The- Congress itself had-more than 2100 papers from 10 conferences, 45 symposia, 12 workstiops, 81 panels, and 7 advanced courses.- During the first-two days, sessions were held in Florence aiid in-five other cities reached by bus or-t-rain. In Florence-it- self the various sessions were held in-three different areas. - Press attendance was about- 175-200, mosi; of then ItaJ._an -print and broadcast media people-. Tl:ere-_were rE;porte3-s from some other European countries, and a few from Asia Gtostiy Japan) artd South America. U.S.- press representation was sur-- prisingl}- ineager-: Joann Rodgers of the- Va.Ltiinore `~e-:vs-rlntet•ican was there_ for the iiearst newspapers; two European s-ta-fiers, one of wItom- ser-vtd azia correspo,adejit for Associated Pr ess; the \ational Enc,,Liirer sent two people from its London hit, eau; tiie St. Lc>uis Post yi=pa-tci, ~t writer there and so-clid :leciica1 World If t:,ere were -others there from the U.S., they spertt little time in the two press rooms._ All the press people u°ith uliom --I tallced were eonard s•uOLiC RELAi;ONS CGUNSEL ahn andAssoeiateAInG P. 0. BOX 523 • 13 LINCOLN ROAD • GREAT NECK, N.Y. 11021 •(z12) 895-7445 -

aware of. arrci er:rre4sed interest in, the -rnarry smoking papers. As for the si-iokili;,, rep orts, virl.ua11_y -al-I were anti. feW, 1-f c"ltiv, were re3al1y :i('lw as lar as substance was col:cernCrl, and - rnost were _re_r-etitious, especially those given by such familiar p erson_s- as INynde;-_ aird ifarrtnond. _ Some highjights: 1. One "-'new" r-eport - came from- Dani-e1 iiorn, ex-head of- the Yati-ona? =Clearin-ghouse on Smoking and Health_ (it _officially was transferred_during the Cengress to Atlanta under the Center for Disease Controi ; Horn is staying in ir'ashingt on with PHS in same as= y°et- undetermined role). Interestingly, Horn divulged his information in an Lnterview with_ Rodgers=_of the Hearst news- papers and mentioneu_it_only slightly during a formal-talk. He told Rodgers that lung cancer death rates among U.S. males seemed to:be on the decline `'or-the first time_ih 20 years. Using 1971 statistics, the,latest available, he has found a leveling off of-the rate in most age groups with indications of a marked dec_ ease in men tind.er 40.__ The leveling o_f f applies -n-ot only to lung cancer- but also to what he called "cigarette- associate_d't tumor-s, such-as those of the mouth, bladder, larynx and pancreas. -Horn saict the decline is the result of uridespread use of low tar-nicotine cigarettes since the Surgeon General's-Report of 1964, efforts to-change smoking behavior and public demand for self-protection. He said--the 1973 mortality figures, when they are available, are certain to substantiate his findings and may provide_an even more optimistic picture. He said (but was not so quoted=in_Rodgers' story)-that Doll in England has found a similar decline. 2. riajor attention to smoking was the sympusium on- "Cancer and Smoking." Scheduled chairman Irving Selikoff of -New York was absent (he reportedly was ill) and D.D. Reid of England replaced him. The-session consisted of three panels, each with a moderator-and two formal speakers. This was changed from what we saw months ago -- three speakers. Also changed was the panel on "Search_f_or a less hazardous cigarette," origi-nally described with Emerson Foote as c-,hairman; actual chairman at the meeting was Wynder.- - A. Reid o-pened by saying the smoking-lung cancer association O is the most dramat i c so far uncovered. We need -to look at al- XA cohol and tobacco in connection with cancer,_ as_-liirayama has ~ pointed out in regard to esophageal. cancer-. Tobacco -tnay not be ~ the main factor but may exert a synergistic effect. We have -to search for possible-interactior.s betweers_habits and_circum- ~ stances of ear.iy_life, such as-malziutrition, in regard-to esoph~ayeal cancer. Even in- lun; cancer tliere's a possibility

3- ol' a relationsh ip_ Lo- childhood respiratory infection htit this is slight. Makes one wonder if we can demonstrate effects of o:,lierfactor-s in l_unT cancer. _ In some liritis}F cities it -hus, - been found tiia t= shi lidren wlio - ha,l - t;roncll i t is turn up- with car_ce-r_ at ages 45-64. The effect of --the U.Sa Surgeon _General's Report aiid the _itoa•al_ College- of Physicians' report has 'been very diYappointing. B. "Changes in smoking patterns in the U.S." -- Daniel Horn. This was similar to_the talk-he_ga_ve--last June at the &NlA -meeting- in Chi-cago. Changes= have- been occurring -in_-s?~oking ha=bits-since-1953-when-studiefi first began to show smoking-3aas related- to lung zancer. -The- changes _include- cessation of smbn- ing and increased demand for,low tar-n-icotine-_fi_lt-er=oigaret=tes.- The changes are more evident i n men= in the - upper socio-economic levels. He referred briefly-to the-data=--covered-in his inter- view with RodJers ~see No. 1). . ''Changes- in smoking-patters-in-the U.K." ---u.F. Todd, C -honorary researLh -fe11ow, Dept. - of _Med.ical Statistics and Epi- demiology, demiology, -London--School of Hygiene and Tropical r=ledidi-ne. -lie said tar and--nicotine contents-o-f British cigarettes have de= clined continuou-sly- since 1Af~05 .--i.'sing a"star;ciarci - tar index,'F adult male and-female consumptions have been converted to what he_cal_led "constant tar cigarettes." In terms of such ciga- rettes, male consumption declined 33°o between 1965 and 1973, female consumpt,ion !'Fll- by 18;G. Regular cigarette smoking in Britain is starting at an-increasinglx your.ger dge. - F'Considerable publicity has been given in the U~IC. to-the - possible mixing of synthetic smoking substances w:i.th tobacco in cigarettes. Figur-es-have been quoted which suggest that the delivery of particulate matter and of some specific smoke con- stituents by future cigarettes-could be substantially reduced. These changes could have major-effects on the pattern of smok- ing habits in the coming years. This means-that estimates of cigarette consumption in terms of constant tar t:igarettes-will become of increasing importance in the future." Unpublished data show there is a close numerical_association- between the lung cancer death rates for different ages of start- ing to smoke and the duration of smoking raised to the fourth power. 1°Of cours-e,-it-is not suggested that relationships in life-are as simple as-this numerical example might imply.-" D. "Multiple interactior- effects of cigarette -smoking-" --- E. Cuyler Hammond, Xew York. ((e gave background information about the one-million person ACS study and the asbestos in- sulation worker -study he is-doing with--Sel-ikoff. There is a strong relationship between asbestos exposure, lung cancer and cigarette smoking. Asbestos exposure in men who never - smoked regularly produces littlr, if any, increase in the risk of lunJ cancer. As of this date, very few human cancers are caused by exposure to a single factor. Possibly lung cancer is one type. Everything suggests multiple exposure, not just -

L cigarette-relatecl-cases. Two- factors-could oprrate s_epi-Irately, or synergistically or addi.tively. 1'he best aphroachfor carice r in genes_•al is to 'st.ucly multiple factors. E. -"Influence of a,re on susceptib;li+.:y to carcin^gens" -- F_.J:C. Roe, England. rcrur 5rou-ps of mice were painted wit~h-3, 4- benzpyrene in acetone-, ti-ea_tmen?,- starting_ at different ages for each ;roup, to see whether it's the age_or the dose that's responsible for skin tumor-s._There-was no evidence-that-age in- fluenced early or late appearing skin tumors. His findings are- consistent~~ith the_aging_-hypothesis and inconsistent with the dose_hypothesis. (P:.B. Despite what abstract says, no associa- tion was found between BP application and sut<cutaneouv tuc:iors. ) The mousee skin-BP model is _pe_rtinent tc_ the-car:.cer problem. F. "Search for a_less-haz-ardous ciga-rettae -9 Cia B. Gori, Bethesda, Md. Educational campaigns against smoking have fallen far short of desired goals. Should the PIiS feel a responsibility to decrease the risk from -smoking: -Yes, and NCI is helping with a-_three-pronged-approach: 'aiidentifieation ana-:+odification of individuals at risk,---covering-.environmental, inborn host and-behavioral characteristics; b)= drug_cievelopment-to finc!.a means -to_ make, it__more diff i_ cult to __ smoke or= less difficult- to quit. Studies are- un3er way to t est the chronic effects of nico- tine. c) modification of smoking products to find a less hazard= ous cigarette (LIIC)._ LHC could be__based on the mo_re undesirable precursors -- through agricultural process, dissolving in solution, sheet tobacco, dilution of smoke, additive to improve cosnbustion. Use of filters to selectively remove certain components._r_Iodifica- tion of the prod~act-will affect its_desirability, but it's- not that simple. Chemical analysis is not enough to deterrrrine if a_cigarette is less hazardous. Biolo`,ical and animal models will be needed. The first test is skin painting, the second is inhalation work. Screening for LIIC includes the tobacco itself. A cigarette that is developed will have to be acceptable to smokers. Lots of tests will be-ne_eded,--inci.uding inhalation tests with dogs. Interpretation of the_tests- won't be easy. He has tested 100 different models (I -assume lie meant LIIC models) with some con- sistent results: a correlation between nicotine content a?id- mouse skin-painting tests (?); porosity of the paper-and con- dellsate; certain filters are useful in reel_ucing amount of nit- rous oxides; nicotine content and Ph of tobacco influence ac- ceptabiiity;-degree of inhalationis-relaterito "zmount" " of con- densate. In closing, he-hoped for a val;.ant effort by the tobacco industry in connection with low tar and nicot•ine cigarettes. This would be less tr.3umatic than governmental-action (to force production of such cigarettes-).

G. "Searzli 1°z~r a less i~ ~rai ciaia~ : i;~'arettP"_ _- W. taonteriwill, lfaml ur~, W. Descrited his previo:islv pub.tisri ed work. - Fr•ic!:ioti \o.- j I.c i5c.>Iateii i.as lr tin~F~- ~Li c~~~ er than whoi.c 3il[Oi,Le cc711dCi1si1te_. Lli \"f]X_ Ci1llc:.`r5 were IilQll.ci.d l_!? -rol(ieil S-c1'1a11 hamst-ers- expos-ed- to smoke from different cigarettcs. Sodium nitrite acidecl to some cigaret tes producecd a lower -respon5e, - biologically-: - No- larynx tumors were- induced in vapor- phase- ex° periments. yT'he carcinogenic_material is in the_particulate phase. With le5s coildensate but- a high car'bon monoxide level in cgarettes, the risk may increase for damage to the--cardiovascular system. _ H. "`lowards reducing tobacco-related lun~ cancer"---- Wynder. He gave a formal address thou-h he ++as moderator of-thA L!!C panel. liis taik° was theatrically impassioned and similar to- former presentaiioris-at other mee±ings.-He opened with a comment that--there has beentoo much emphasis recently on liver cancers from-polyvinyl chloride -- only 19 cases -- and not enough on smoking-related-cancers -- thousands.--(iiammond--la'-er-,expi'essed Fnild resnntment; ' noting the° eariy smoking-lung cancer - reports were similar to- the curs-ent ' °PVC-liver- cancer <<ork.-) loday one must smoke more cigarettes to-get lung-eancer- because they are less harmful than they were 20 years ago._He-has never seen lung cancer in an~•one who started on lilter cigarettes. In the years to come,_lung cancer will more and more become a-disease of the lower income groi2ps (because upper income people are smarter and are- giviri,- up the hab-it). Female lung cancer rate3 w•ill Hever equal those of males because women started later and on filter cigarettes. With MC3 support, an 8-city epidemiological study is under way: 2200 males,- 750 females, covering tobacco-related cancers. Concerning tobacco, alcohol and larynx cancer -- the heavier ® the alcohol consumption, the more likely it is that the drinker smokes non-filter cigarettes. ~ ~ ~ We should not_and cannot prohibit tobacco but we need an answer that's practical. We need the cooperation of all parties, ~ including the tobacco industry. Our greatest hope lies in the ~ less harmful cigarette.- I. A Dr. Snyder (?), identified as a co-worker with Selikoff, said they are doing a CEA (carcinoemb-•yor.ic antigen) study which so far involves over- 100, OOG CEA assays witta these results : 97% of the nonsmokers are normal; smokers have high CEA levels; for- mer smokers, who stopped at least one year before-the test, have normal readings. Over 3-million subjects at hig-h risk for cancer are being covered and the study is to be published.-

3. "The American Cancer Society surveys and follow-up" -- L. Garfii~l:el, '.o-ti, ic;r[:, `VlIr) witli Iiaruuoride- Az asvrnp<?s_iur.r on the _rotp nf= i~-iy and medical volunteer.5-, he Surnmar_ize-d _.4csme C3f- ~.ilee r esl.L-li.s nl i.i?E, ~?i t1'C st?]_-i~'v C)11 rl;Cll't:~11tV.- `O[%?E` ~i3_,~00velul?teez=s traced 1,-it30.000 -li<,c1slC- ;.itic] ii.ec! ii?_;-:_i _relatec-i- to-_ smoking and heaitl-: were: for all causes of deatlj, 85/ higher for cigarette ~rnolc_ers; 5j%u tlig-hC.'r for smolie]`s who Cor:]E?1'.:e(1_ cigarettes, cigars a.zd pipes; 11.•u l~iigher` for pipe smo_kers-; 17% hi gher for ci-ar smol~ers. Lung cancer rates--wPr e 20 times- higher -for smokers of two-packs or more-daily. In 197 1, aftbr- preZiminary testing in five California counties proved that 9,o of the sub jects alive in 19~i,7 coufd still be traced, the ACS began a project to find the original interviewer--s and the people thFy- interrvie°..°ed.- They have compiled a list of about 120,JO© deaths since ?965- 5 a 9115 retezrn oi~ their= tracing effort. With-570,Q00 questionnaires completed,-they are now anaiyzing the-data to: find additional data; study ec-ol_osical- factors that may' be related to -car~:;er death rates; determine - if deat-h- ratesara lower for- persons who switched to_ low _ tar- nicotine t:igarettes. The last point is -the most important of- the ` study; Garfi::kei said. 4. -"Transplacental c.ieniical carcinogcnesis" -- N.P. Napalkov, Lenningrad, L7. S.S.P-.: ` he udertook experiments with F3P in jectior:s into pregnant mice to explore his theory about - the possible protective role of the placental barrier against- chemical car- cinogens. aZesults--ir.dicated a protective effect exertod l;y the - detoxifying mechanism of the placenta.- "Ther~e are still more questions and- suppositions in the problem of transplacentai carcino`enesis-than answer_s_and con- vincing proof. Therefore, further studies will be required-to ascertain the degree to iahicii the above experimental findings may be relevant to-the control of environmental cancers in ma-n. The data already obtain-ed in experiments on transplacen- tal carcinoJenesi5 show that such experiments can lead to a better understanding of, at least, certain features-of the tumor induction in prenatal life." A copy of Napalkov's text was obtained and arrangements were- made to have it published in full in the Congress' daily newspaper. 5. "Geo-epidemiological aspects of lung cancer in Europe'4 -- N. Kraus, Dusseldorf, Ger. Checkiiil-, areas of high lung cancer mnrtality in the northern countries of Europe, he found t1:e greatest density occurred in regions wliere certain species of birds end their migrations. He noted that birds are known-car- riers of viruses and more and-more scientists are accepting the virus theory of cancer. lie made- comparisons with air pollutants, radiation, "nicotine consumption" and other factors -- "without any result." /

Kraus'--paper---was hrouglit--to the attention of the Associated Press- correspondent who wrote a si frry on it. - fi.- '°Erehancemc;iit ot' inali;~rrar~t trarrsfo3•rnatton ift iham}ter lu.ng=' -cultures -aft-er' ex-po-su.r_e to fresh cigarette smoke--(Ke-:tuckv starid- ard)" --- C-ecile Leuch-tenberg-, Lausanne-; -Switzerland. Wit!iin 555-i3 months -af'ter exi?ost?re to smo-,Ke, hamster cultures underwent malig- nant t-ransformation.-Injection of_th_cse cultures-int-o nude mice induced fib--osarcomas. After hamster cultures were aged about 12 months; they were exposed to whole'sm6ke- and to the gas vapor phase with the same results. Some factor in the gas vapor phase may be involve~ =i=n, -orF ct~ntr ibute to,--tlre malignant transforma- - } ~ "" tion. Therefore, eliriri=.a#~~,r ~~ _n of tar from cigarey:,es z`s _no guara antee of -safety for t-he srnpker. - -7. -"Cancer- of -the lung in New Zealand" -= T: Horrie, Dune=dir.. In 19i 1 lung car_cer in- ?:ew- -?ealand- ca:.ised -28°ig of male cancer deaths and i; of -female cancer deaths. Rlaori wonzen are-extremely heavy smokers, beginning at school age. 0?' Maori _ cancer deaths, one in three-males and one in six -females die of- lung cancer. Compared with whites (male- -and -female) , the ?1a - ori male -has a 50; hi glrer and- tho hlaori femaie -a i00;/o higher chance of death- from lung cancer. The Maori woman thus has a-higher likelihood of developing 1ung-c_ancer than-any-other-female race group in the world.- 8. "Studies of lung cancer among-migrants" -- D.D.-Reid. London. Cigarette smoking is an obvious cammon factor=in the - etiology of-deaths from lung cancer and from chronic non- specific lung disease among immigrants to the U.S. Cumulative consumption at the rates appropriate to the-time period spent in both rrative and adopted country may be the most relevant index of risk associated with smoking ---this_is being in- -vestigated in the current study` of British and- Norwegidn mig- rants to the U.S.-Ther-e are indications that exposure to the British environmer.t mav have an additional effect to that of smoking. Also; smakirig and air pollution may act synergistically to increase the risk of death from lung cancer. 9. "(Tumors of the) Esophagus" -- Janez Kmet, IARC, i.yon, France. Esophageal cancer shows ;reat variation in geographical distribution- with a- 200-fold differerice- in incidence between areas of highest and lowest risk. The disease is generally more common in males than in females, over 20 times in sorne regions, in others both sexes= are equally affecte:-i-or even females 'have a higher risk. Studies in_the L'.S.,- Franc_e,_Puerto Rico and elsewhere show alcohol and tobacco to be of' et=iologicaJ. sig- nificance but these factors e_ar.-neither expl.ain-the-peculiar world-wide distribution, the-vagaries in sex ratio, the sharp borderlines between regions of varied-incidence-nor t'r,e recent rise in risk in some areas_. 10. "Apparent changes in cancer mortality in-i968 as a result of the introcluction- of the 8tth revisio;r,- Internati.ona.l Classification of Diseases" -- Constance Percy et ul, L`etilesda r

and New york (L. (aarfinl:el of ACS <<as oTie of - the autl-ioi-s). The average an;iual_ i*;cx ease in l-ui-;g cancer deat-lis in the U.S. be- t~,een 191~3 C~ia _ 1')(~7 was These cl~~t=~ ~~erc~ 1~:,5ec1 0:~ co:! _;i~ death _ce~•tifiL~~te.~ aecorclinl- to t:i;L 'f-~13- 1zev. 1:;D. i;1- ?968-, as_ 1a-;troduced_ anc!= this ra-t-e juml:ed to-_,3.6ph, the_ 8_t_l; Rev., iCB w As lung -cancer cfeaths rose frocn jIt. 407 in 19 ~7 to G56 in 1968, -secondary ca~:cet~_ of tiiorac;ic orgaris--fe-11 6'2-0a froi:; _?, 1-16 to 81j; deaths ao~: c-ancer of unspecified sites decreased 8% - from 16,9113 to -1'~,-936--in-the.J.S.- -It-was_ suspected that thes_e-differ-ences ;night not be real but- be- cassed- by_changes _in classification or cadirig-rules. This paper resulted from a_study done to rieasure tne effec+s of using the 8th_Rev-. , TCD on each cancer site. One set of 2-752 death-certificates was coued by both the 7th and 8th Rev., ICD_and-results s.;owed that the marked change in-iang cancer was not real. No s-igni.ficant changes were seen in other sites. "From this s±udy=and previous international comparisons of-c-oding -dea-th certificates, it is clear_-that the-use -of dif- ferent grounc:= ruies seriously ei'fects -botr: nationa1. and inter_ - national-canccr moxtality--fi~izres.,r 11. "Prospective studies on cancer epidemiology based on census population in Japan" -- Takeshi Hirayama, Tokyo. This is the latest report of a prospective study_of selected risk- fa_ctors, includi:.g cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, under way in Japan since 1965. The subjects are 265,118 adults aged 40 and over, 91-99°a of the census population in 29-health districts. There were 21,167 deaths from major causes up to 1973. Can- cer deaths tot,aled 5,560 and of these there-were 423 male-lung -cancer deaths and 148 female. Contrasting the risk factors, a significant excess of lung cancer deatlis-was-found in smokers vs. nonsmokers Cigarette smoking was the enost- important risk factor in total cancer deat't-i-s -- 62o higher in smokers. The risk was higher i-f-smoking was started by age 20. Also, the more one smoked daily, the higher the lung-cancer-mortality_ rate. Results were compared with -the Hammond study_-- it was_ seen that standard martality ratio by age at the start of smok= inS was quite similar in both the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. "slope" ~ for lung- cancer was steeper than that in Japan, per- haps because of various environmental factorsf 1~1ter start of smoking in Japar.,- -lower percentage of regular inlialersr etc. 12. "Carcinogens are_mutagens: a simple method of-detcct- ion" -- Bruce Ames, Berkeley. A test system has been developed for mutagen and carcinogen detection using a special set of bacterial tester strains combined witl; rat (or human) liver homogenate for carcino;en activatic3;:-. The test ca;i-be used -to

detect carcinoreiis in complex- mixtures such -as- Firine or c i.garette smoke- condensaLe fraction-. Muta(*enic activitv caai be (ietected l(' S~"s 4i;m in t-he-i.i!I• frORl teSti 1.i~ilil I/1.00t`[] oI -:1 C~~!'i•d E'.l ij is inexpensive. -s-en>-it-ive aiid rapi(1. - "We_ ax°c_ liv-ing_ i_r: a ,-~ea of chemicals that have aoz- been -test-es1 by the= usual met:,ods. , 13. "Cancer patterns in Australia ---_ 19jJ-7001 -- Nigel Gray, East Melbeiirne_. ,Canc.er of, the digestive sv__stem, _-ir. terms of in-- cidei_ce and mortality, is doici; cancer of the lung is way_ up, especially i:: males -- fr-oni 15 per 100,000 in 1930 to 43.5 in ~_io_ is lung- c_ancPr __Ilowever-, 1970. 0f-male cance--mortality, :~ ^•'' there has been a real-down trend ir_ lung cancer-in males aged -55-59_and-60-64-. -_Among male-smokers aged 60-and over,=39% have stopped; in the_50-59 Vroup,-_31°~. 1"he number of ex-smokers makes him believe -the fail-off in lung cancer inciEience -is real. 14."Locaiized-submucosal bronchial injections of carcinogens in dogs" -- AI. Okita, Arthur Cohen and John Benfield, Torrance, Cal. and i,os An_-eles. 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene in I:ematite-or N-nitro- somethylurea wene°in-jeeted at weekly-intervals in-°the=same site in two sets of dogs.-After three injections of 3,4-IsRT three - dogs had significant-locafized squamous metaplasiar This_fin(1= ing; plus-others-: led the authors to conclude they may be pro- ducing a canine lung cancer model. 15. "Experimental lung cancer in do-s produced by 20-methyl- -cholanthr_ene and_est3blish:nent of cell-line (ELCD)" -- Y. flayata et al, Tokyo. Lung cancer•-was_succe-ssfully induced in six of seven dogs following administration of 20-MC via a-viny1 tube - pushed into the right lower-lobe bronchus. Squam.ous-cell_car- cinomas were induced in four dogs, adenocarcinoma in one and a mixed adeno-squamous cell carcinoma in another. There were metastases to-the lymph nodes in all cases. A cell line was established from-a metastatic lymph node, confirmed-by trans- plantation to the cheek pouch-of hamsters,-and is now being tested for homotransplantability. - 16. At a conference-on public education, a number of speak- ers from various countries deplored the failure_of anti-smok-- ing campaigns. They urged stronger, more intensive campaigns, and it seems likely that this will occur in the years ahead under the sponsorship of UICC, WHO and other agencies. Cliff Read, ex-American Cancer Society and still-_active as a consultant to ACS anEi_ others, said ihe- news about smoking -is "disc_ouragiiig." liowever, he added, new materlai•s- are being issued, the media are interested and concerned, studies_ show that at least half of all cigarette smokers want to quit, and the ACS has plans to establish more clinics and programs to help-smokers stop. "But the fact_is that there is no evidence that a truly massive attack on cigarette-smoking is_planned - or even- possible."

17. The (.T.Ci:' S P-ublic= 11,iUcatioii Commi.*_tee m~~t l.i5t spr iii;~ in Monzco <;ncl--r c-eOmcneij(ie,j -t.',i,It tile i']ii; i2~ct pri.nr; ~N," l)e .`iven to rez-€?a!'ck:- in can-cer pubc is e<iucs2tiv>>. Also reconimc-nde..' :"Puh- lic education a;:ainst cigare.tte4 and- other envil'onne;rt3l cars cinogens siioulFi be pressed. `I i8. The UICC's Commission- on Cancer Campaign and- Organi`a- tion is now i:r-eparing a-"l;andbook- for Journalists." I-ts ob- jective is "to be= certai:z that jou-rnal-i sts- have the right kind of approach to the cancer problem and that they know- whom they should contact=t© ot,tain specific information -on- a eancer" suh-3 ject." 19. A so-called a-dvan-ee cour se on lun~ caricer; -for wiiiLh participants paid'an extra fe'e, was held the iast day° of the Congress. It was coordinated by R.J. Walton of Canada who noted in his -oper.ing that the smoking-lui:g cancer controversy c•ras- sLill being argued in some places.- A.J. Phillip-- of-Canada discussed trends in lung cancer in- cidence in_vax`ioii s countries, pointing out-that Scotland le-ads the- world in_ the` `incidenee of both male and female lung- can- cer death rates. A question about funds available for lung cancer research in different countries was answe_red by Wynder, who said-tho Tobacco Wor1_cing Group in the U.S. had $6-million this year. Hammond spoke on "Environmental- ar:d occupational factors in etiology." This was a recount of data pertaininJ to the asbestos workers-and- other occupationally exposed-groups. He said the lun`s of uranium miners who do not smoke look like lungs of light smokers. The greatest chanyes are seen in - areas of the lung-wriere radon concentrates. Auerbach is now doing the patho].o-gy c}n a small number of cases of lung can- cer in uranium miners. While benzpyrenc "is all over the place, " Hanur:ond - saicl, study of roofing-1:orkers shows this substance is not-involved in lung cancer. LiP in city air and in cigarette smoke is not an important factor, he said. He also said iiis-research lnvolvln, occupational cancers and air pollution shows there is no relation5liip between tlte- latter and lung cancer. Wynder, speaking on "Smoking and lung cancer," said tobacco causes both lung cancer and coro-nary heart disease (and so does overeating). liis data eu.9gest smoking causes 40°o of all male cancer deaths in the U.S. He and Dontenwill have induced larLjix cancers i?L animals with smoke and lie now using tiiis particular animal model. There