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• r~ ~q U o BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORP. Report No. 74-4 January 22, 1974 A CHEMICAL ~I~TION OF B&W AND COMPETITIVE RECONSTITUTED ~OBACCOS R. R. Johnson RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Louisville, Kentucky ,~&I~ ,, 1. I97zl, THIS CONFIDENTIAL REPORT IS THE PROPERTY OF BROWN & WI LLIAMSON TOBACCO CORP. • AND MUST NOT BE COPIED OR SHOWN TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS• 570305198 r

Project No. 218 Copy No. ~/ Issued by Dr. J. G, Esterle Report No. 74-4 January 22, 1974 A CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF B&W A~ COMPETITIVE RECONSTITUTED TOBACCOS R. R. Johnson DISTRIBUTION i. Mr. E. P. Finch 12. 2. Mr. C. 2. McCarty 13. 3. Mr. J. H. Dunford 14. 4. Hr. R. M. Heyward 15. 5, Dr, I. W. Hughes 16. 6. Dr. 8. J, Green 17. 7, Dr. 8. J. Green 18. 8. Dr. D. G. Felton 19. 9. Dr. F, Haslam 20. i0. Mr. R, M, Oibb 21, 12. Mr. R. 8. Wade Mr. R, S. Wade Mr. R. C, Nicholls Mr. H. E. 8ottorf Dr. P. 8eehofer Mr. V. A. Smith Mr. V, A. Sm£th Dr. R, R. Johnson Master Library Library 5"#0305199

Report E~Io. 74-4 A CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF B&W AND COMPETITIVE RECONSTI~TED TOBACCOS SUMMARY The six major manufacturers of cigarettes in Lhe United Stakes us~ dlst~nctly different reconstituted tobaccos. B&W and Philip Morris each use two types, and Lorillard has recently abandoned use of a Second type. Some distiuguishing characteristics are: B&W uses a paper reconstituted in non-menthol brands and a slurry ~e¢onstituted in menthol brands, Phi h!~MorrJs uses a mixture of reconstituted tobac¢o~ in all of their brauds. The m~jor (95%) reconstituted is a slurry type which appears as long s~rands in cigarettes; chemically, ~t is characterized by high alkaloids, low sugars, and diammonium phosphate additiva. The minor re- con~tltuted is a paper type and has high nitrate content. Reynolds uses a paper reconstituted which is somewhat lower in nicotine content than the B&W ~aper reconstituted. ~n~rican u~e~ a low nitrate, paper reconstituted. The low ~itrate is consistent with the r~constltuted being made with Virginia stems only. Lorillard uses a very thick~ ~lurry reconstituted characterized by abnormally low alkaloids and sugars. u~es a paper reconstituted v~ry similar to the B&W paper ~e° constituted, but sigm~ficantly lower in alkaloids. Most reconstituted tobaccos gain significantly in nicotine content durin~ ~igare~c manufacture. This nicotine transfer is massive for the major reconstituted tobacco in Philip Morris cigarette products. Th~s transfer explains b~tter th~ high nicotine conten~ of Philip Morri@ re- constituted than the previous hypothesis that lamina extracts were added ~o the recomstituted tobacco. 57030 00

INTRODUCTION The Ble~nd Separation Group in R~d3 periodically monitors the blend composition of competitive cigarettes. Sampling for blend analysis i3 from flft~p-flve cities to ensure representative results. In June, 1973. we started a program in which all blend components from c, ompetitive Brand monitoring were analyzed chemically. A Sufficient numbe r of brands have now been analyzed to draw some conclusions. This report covers reconstituted tobaccos isolated from B&W and co~ ~petitor5~ brands, and changes which occu~ in these r~constituted to baccos during ¢igaEette manufacture. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Full analytical results are in the Appendix. F 4a,~or R~constituted Tobacco~ Table i lists the analytical results for both major and minor re- constituted tobaccos isolated from commercial cigarettes. Each result i~ the medla~ of at least three different samples of separated reconstituted ~ohac¢o. W£de differences among manufacturers are found in each chemical c~ponent. Total alkaloids in reconstituted tobaccos vary over a wide range. This is largaly due to transfer of nicotine from lamina d~rin~ cigarette manufacture as will be demonstrated later; our p~evious conclusionI tha't Philip Morris extracts nicotine from lamina for use in reconstituted manufacture is definitely wrong. , ?0 305; 01

CD Table i Typical Analyses of Reconstituted Tobaccos % Total % Sugars % % Alkaloids Reducin~ Total Chlorogenic Acid Nitrate Philip Morris Slurry 2,6 1.5 3.6 0.3 2.7 Liggett Taper 0.7 9.7 9.9 0.3 2.4 B&W - PJS Paper 1.2 5.5 6.1 0.3 2,3 Lorillard Slurry 0.4 3.2 3.3 0.3 2.] Reynolds Paper 0.9 6.4 7,5 0.6 1.6 B&W - PCL Slurry 1 5 5,6 6.4 0.7 1,3 American Paper 1.3 7.7 8.9 0.S 0.7 Minor T~ Philip Morris Lorillard Paper 0.9 4.3 i0.i Slurry 0.6 6.1 7.7 N .D. 5.3 N .D. 2.9

3 - Major reconstituted tobaccos used by two manufacturers, Philip Morris and Lorillard, are very low in sugars. These low levels may even he due not to sugars hut to other reducing substances which react positively in the ¢olorimetric analysis. Moderately high sugars in Liggett re¢onstit~ted probably include s~me added sugar~ thls reconstituted is made by Schweitzer and is very similar to PJS, Chlorogenic acid results~ an indicator of flue-cured content, show definite differences among the various reconstituted$~ but the lower levels are at the lower limits detectable in this colorimetric analysis. We cannot explain the differences found~ Nitrate analyses fall into high, intermediate and low categories. One potassium analysis is also available on reconstituted from each manufacturer to aid in explaining the nitrate differences. Reconstituted % Nitrate % Potassium Philip Morris 2.7 5.3 Liggett 2,4 5.3 B&W - PJS 2.3 4.9 Lorillard 2.1 6.6 Reynold~ 1.6 4.6 B&W - PCL 1.3 3.5 American 0.7 3.7 Philip Morris - Minor 5.3 6.8 These resnlts largely reflect stems used as the basis of the different reconstituted sheets. Burley stem is high in potassium nitrate content. All manufacturers~ except for American, appear to use a mixture of b~rley 590305 03

- 4 - and Virginia st~fls; American appears to ~se Virginia stem only. B&W buys hurley st~ frr~m American~ and American brands are gen~rally higher ~han ec~flpetitorsr in lamina content, reinforcing the conclusion thatAmerican u~es only Pirginia stems in their reconstituted. PCL and Reynolds reconstituted are intermediate in nitrate and potassl%~m content. This suggests that the processes are similar in discarding hurley stem e~tracL. The minor recon~tltuted in Philip Morrl~ 5r~t~ds app~a~s to he a high b~rl~y stem type, ss evidenced by high contents of bo~h potassium and nitrate. The several reconstituted tobaccos do not differ significantly in chloride, calcium, magnesiL~,~ and~ except for Lorillard, sodium; Kent lamina is also high in sodium~ so we suspect some sodium salt additive. Philip Morrls reconstituted is very h~gh in ammonia ~nd phosphate, in accord with their diammoni~m phosphate process for liberating pectin as binder.3 Reconstituted % Ammonia % Phos h~ Philip Morris 0.91 4.73 Lorillara - Kent 0.04 0.69 B&W - PJS 0.05 0.52 8&W - PCL 0.06 0.68 Reynold~ 0~06 0.59 American 0.07 1.15 Liggett 0,04 0.58 Philip Morrls - Minor 0.16 0.68 AmericanJs reconstituted is higb in phosphate, possibly due to use of phosphoric acid as a crossllnking agent. STO305Z04

The minor Philip Morris reconsbltuted is made without added ammonium phosphate; apparently high ammonia is due to transfer during manufacturing operations. Two of these reconstituted tobaccos stand out in physical appearance. Philip Morris~ reconstituted shows up as long strands with an apparently high spring constant; this reconstituted should do much to hold the tobacco column together. LorillardJs reconstl~uted is very thick, thicker even than puffed tobacco~ and looks like phoEographs of rod bacteria; this should do little to hold the tobacco column together, Minor Reconstituted Tobaccos A second type of reconstituted appeared in Philip Morris products in Marlboro 80 of January, 1974 manufacture.1 Thls paper~type reconstituted has now appeared in many Philip Morris brands, amounting to ahout 5% of the total reconstituted, or about 1% o~ the total cigarette. We know that Philip Morris is building a new reconstituted tobacco factory and suspect that this mince type is a temporary Substitute from Schweitzer. Blend separaclon of a "reconstituted Marlboro" for CPT showed that this minor reconstituted breaks up badly in comparison with the major reconstituted. Until recently~ Lorillard used two types of reconstituted in their elgarette products. The minor type is similar in composition to the major type but different in appearance. Kent 85 of May, 1973 manufacture showed reconstituted which was 93~ major and 7% minor types. 57030 05

6 Chemical Chan~es in Philip Morris Reconstituted Tobacco During Processin~ In mid 1973, B&W Manufacturing Department provided a sample of Philip Morris reconstituted and commented on the good, well-aged tobacco aroma. This sample was visually identical to the major reconstituted in Philip Morris cigarettes but chemically it was differ~nL P~Morr~s Reconstituted 'Iobacco F~ From Cigarettes Total Alkalolds, ~ 0.65 2.b Reducing Sugars, %1.0 1.5 ~otal Sugar, % 2.0 3.3 Nitrate~ % 3.6 2~9 Chlorogenic Acid, %0.2 0.3 Ammonia, % 2~i 0~9 Phosphate, % 4.1 4.7 Glycerin, % 0.9 2.37 Triethylene Glycol2.6 1.5" *Marlboro 80 of January, 1973 manulacture. Despite the large analytical differences, the two samples are both the major Philip Morris reconstituted. The hogshead sample came from a large room full of hogsheads with the same grade tag (RCB, 900 ibs.). More definitely, the hogshead sample efficiently scavenges nicotine from heated tobacco (Virginia tobacco dust at 6% moisture, 65°C for five days) a~d reaches the same ~icotine co~te~t a~ Phllip Morris reconstituted fr~ clgarettes. This would be vapor transport at such low moisture, % Nicotine Reconstituted From Before After gen~ & Hedges i00 2.82 4.34 Hogshead 0,62 g.29 "geforOi and "afte~i analyses for sugars and nitrate showed no major changes. Mowe~er, the hogshead reconstituted nitrate con~ent of 5.6% is higher than that of any of the same reconstituced isolated from cigarettes. 570305; 06

~he ma881~e transfer of nicotine illustrated Above is from a tenfold excess of Virginia tobacco at 2.4% nicotine. Lamltm recovered from Philip Morris cigarettes typically is reduced to 1.4% nicotine by transfer to reconstituted. S~ae Marlboro lO0 were heated at 65°C for 24 hours, and the reconstituted was then isolated to determine if nicotine transfer la completed to equilibrium during Philip Morris manufacturing operations. Control reconstituted was obtained from cigarettes in the same pack but not heated. Reconstituted in Heated Cigarettes Reconstituted in Control Cigarettes N1cotlne equlllbrlum with lamina is achieved in the Philip Morris ~nufacturlng operations. A similar experiment also showed nicotine equlllbrlum In KOO~ 99. One result of nicotine transfer is that Philip Morris products having less reconstituted will sh~ a higher nicotine content in the reconstituted portion. ~fnis conclusion is supported by the available evidence, illustrated on Page 8. ~o points do not fall on £he indicated curve, and these are for cigarettes of more re~ent~nufactu~e. 570305207