Abstract
This Philip Morris Europe (PME) interim scientific report shows that PME performed detailed testing to find out the quantities of dangerous and irritating chemicals that smoking of cigarettes puts into ambient air. A special airtight room was created just for the experiments:
"Airtightness
It is extremely important that the experimental room be airtight to prevent smoke escaping or air entering during the experiments. Every possible precaution was taken to effectively seal the experimental room. All joints were sealed with silicone glue, the rivet holes were plugged with epoxide glue and a good seal was made at the door."
PME used a smoking machine to smoke beween 5 and 60 cigarettes in the room and then tested the air of the room for carbon monoxide, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, aldehydes, and other dangerous or irritating chemicals. Some of the testing was done using two different methods to verify accuracy, and some tests were done twice.
Charts in the appendix of the document indicate that the amount of carbon dioxide in the air of the experimental room increased almost linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked. The ammonia concentration also increased in almost perfect linear fashion proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked. The same was true with hydrogen cyanide. The report states that the concentration of hydrogen cyanide in the room failed to decrease for over an hour after smoking ceased:
"Five, 15, 30 and 60 cigarettes...were smoked in the experimental room under standard smoking conditions...Measured HCN concentrations were found to be proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked over the investigated range....It was found that HCN concentrations in the room did not decay over a period of one hour."
The report also states,
"In all cases investigated concentrations [of the investigated chemicals] were proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked, all deviations being with the range of experimental errors."
So the more cigarettes that were smoked in an enclosed space, the higher the concentrations of chemicals were put into the air.
All testing was done in overseas labs in Europe.
Fields
- Quotes
CONFIDENTIAL copie
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF CIGARETTE SIDESTREAM SMOKE COMPONENTS UNDER CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Interim Report No. 1
Installation and testing of experimental room and analytical instruments. Determination of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and nicotine.
PME/R&D Neuchatel January 23, 1984
OBJECTIVE
Cigarette smokers and non-smokers may be exposed to various levels of tobacco smoke in indoor environments depending on the rate of smoking, the cigarette type, the size of the room, etc. Data available in the literature for sidestream smoke levels are often not comparable (i). Results were obtained under different and sometimes unrealistic experimental conditions. To gain a comprehensive knowledge of sidestream smoke levels and a more thorough understanding of tobacco smoke behaviour in indoor environments carefully controlled experiments have to be performed. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the concentration of several components of cigarette sidestream smoke in ambient air as a function of time and of the number of cigarettes smoked. The experiments have to be performed in an experimental room under controlled experimental conditions. The components to be evaluated are CO, NO, NO2, NH3, HCN, nicotine, N-nitrosamines, tobacco specific nitrosamines, organic acids, phenols, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and particle mass. In addition the particle number and the particle size distribution should be investigated. In the first part of the programme reported here the experimental set-up was installed and tested and the following compounds investigated : carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and nicotine. The work was carried out under VDC contract (VDC project No. 9/82) in the period between February and December 1983.
[From Page 6, 2029269061)
The "zero" time concentrations were measured after smoking various numbers of cigarettes (5 to 60). They were plotted against the number of cigarettes smoked to check for any deviation from proportionality and to obtain the averaged contribution per cigarette to the concentration value. This allowed the calculation of a yield per cigarette. The final step of the study was to compare the calculated experimental room yield per cigarette with the yield per cigarette determined by single cigarette bench-scale sidestream smoke analysis. For this purpose single cigarette experiments were performed for CO, NO, NO2, NH3, HCN and nicotine.
- Company
- Philip Morris
- Author
- Blake, C.
- Piade, Jean-Jacques (PME Manager, Environmental Research, Neuchatel)
Neuchatel, Switzerland. Member of PM Ventilation Task Force.
- Recipient
- Presumed Philip Morris Europe Research and Development Department, Neuchatel
- Region
- Europe
- Named Organization
- Carbagas
- Carlo Erba
- Csi
- Environnement
- Frigorex
- FTR, Fabriques de Tabac Reunies, (PM R&D facility in Neuchatel, Switzerland)
Fabriques de Tabac Reunies, Philip Morris Research and Development facility in Nuechatel, Switzerland. Many of the documents generated by this facility are in German or French language.
- Lee Dickens
- Leybold Heraeus
- Linear
- Merck
- Perkin Elmer
- Reodyne
- Siemens
- Smoking Machine Control Panel
- Thermo Electron
- Tracor
- Vdc, Verband Der Cigarettenindustrie
- Wilks Miran
- Wisag
- Battelle
- Litigation
- Stmn/Produced
- Named Person
- Mcauley
- Morie
- Reive
- Sloan
- Type
- SCRT, REPORT, SCIENTIFIC
- BIBL, BIBLIOGRAPHY
- CHAR, CHART, GRAPH, TABLE, MAPS
- DRAW, DRAWING
- Subject
- secondhand smoke
- Secondhand Smoke/Constituents
Document Images
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CONFIDENTIAL
Copie
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF CIGARETTE SIDESTREAM SMOKE
COMPONENTS UNDER CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Interim Report No. 1
Installation and testing of experimental room and analytical
instruments.
Determination of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia,
hydrogen cyanide and nicotine.
PME/R&D Neuchatel
January 23, 1984
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cl
OBJECTIVE
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT
Page
1
2
4
- Experimental Room 4
- Smoking Machine 4
- Analytical Instrumentation 5
- Experimental Equipment for Single
Cigarette Experiments 6
EXPERIMENTAL CIGARETTES 7
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 8
- Smoking Conditions 8
- Testing of Experimental Room 8
Mixing of Air 8
Airtightness 9
Humidity and Temperature 9
- Determination of Carbon Monoxide 9
- Determination of Oxides of Nitrogen 10
- Determination of Total Ammonia 10
- Determination of Nicotine 11
- Determination of ydrogen Cyanide I2
- Single Cigarette Determinations 12
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND COMMENTS 14
- Carbon Monoxide 14
- Oxides of Nitrogen 14
- Total Ammonia 15
- Nicotine 15
- Hydrogen Cyanide 16
SUMMARY OF RESULTS 17
FUTURE PROGRAMME 18
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Page
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
19
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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF CIGARETTE SIDESTREAM SMOKE
COMPONENTS UNDER CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
by Blake-C. and Piad6-J.J.
Interim Report No. 1
OBJECTIVE
Cigarette smokers and non-smokers may be exposed to various
levels of tobacco smoke in indoor environments depending on the
rate of smoking, the cigarette type, the size of the room, etc.
Data available in the literature for sidestream smoke levels
are often not comparable (1). Results were obtained under
different and sometimes unrealistic experimental conditions. To
gain a comprehensive knowledge of sidestream smoke levels and a
more thorough understanding of tobacco smoke behaviour in
indoor environments carefully controlled experiments have to be
performed.
The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the
concentration of several components of cigarette sidestream
smoke in ambient air as a function of time and of the number of
cigarettes smoked. The experiments have to be performed in an
experimental room under controlled experimental conditions. The
components to be evaluated are CO, NO, NO , NH , HCN,
nicotine, N-nitrosamines, tobacco specific 2N-nitiosamines,
organic acids, phenols, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and particle
mass. In addition the particle number and the particle size
distribution should be investigated.
In the first part of the programme reported here the
experimental set-up was installed and tested and the following
compounds investigated : carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
(NO, NO2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and
nicotine.
The work was carried out under VDC contract (VDC project No.
9/82) in the period between February and December 1983.
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2
GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Experimental procedures in this study were designed with the
intention of generating and analyzing cigarette sidestream
smoke under controlled conditions.
The initial experiments were concerned with the installation
and testing of the experimental room. It was designed to be
airtight, to have inert inside surfaces and to allow for
effective air mixing. The room was equipped with a 30-port
smoking machine fitted with an automatic feeder, an automatic
butt extractor, an automatic lighter, and with a remote
controlled manual overriding facility. The room was fully
equipped for sampling at different positions within the room,
with automatic 14-channel sampling systems located outside of
the room with feedback flow controls and timers for sample
collection. Air samples were returned to the room after passing
through the analytical equipments. The mainstream smoke was
totally directed out of the experimental room.
In the second phase of the project the concentrations of
selected components of sidestream smoke were determined and
their change with time was monitored. Cigarette were smoked
under standard smoking conditions (35 ml puff, 2 sec. duration,
1 min. intervals) at 60 % relative humidity and 22°C. The
atmosphere in the experimental room was thoroughly mixed
immediately after the extraction of the last butt. One minute
later sampling was started. Throughout the study carbon
monoxide was used as an internal standard to compensate for
losses by diffusion out of the room during sampling periods
exceeding 4 hours. The concentration of certain sidestream
smoke components e.g. nitrogen oxides or nicotine changes
rapidly with time. In such cases efforts were made to reduce to
a minimum the sampling period for these compounds.
Two approaches were considered for data reporting :
- The actual concentrations as measured after a defined time
are tabulated so that experimental data for various smoke
components can be correlated.
Calculations were made in order to derive values less
dependent upon sampling time, aging of smoke, room volume,
air mixing period, number of cigarettes smoked, etc. In
this approach the decay of the component concentration was
recorded and fitted to an equation allowing extrapolation
to a chosen reference point i.e. to "zero" time. The
middle of the smoking period was considered to be an
acceptable approximation for this point.
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- 3 -
The "zero" time concentrations were measured after smoking
various numbers of cigarettes (5 to 60). They were plotted
against the number of cigarettes smoked to check for any
deviation from proportionality and to obtain the averaged
contribution per cigarette to the concentration value.
This allowed the calculation of a yield per cigarette.
The final step of the study was to compare the calculated
experimental room yield per cigarette with the yield per
cigarette determined by single cigarette bench-scale sidestream
smoke analysis. For this purpose single cigarette experiments
were performed for CO, NO, NO2, NH3, HCN and nicotine.
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EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT
Experimental Room
A cold storage room (Frigorex Type KZ 80) was purchased from
Frigorex AG/Luzern and modified to be used as an experimental
room. It had external dimensions of 2.98 x 2.67 x 2.72 m and
internal dimensiops of 2.83 x 2.54 x 2.53 m. The volume of the
room was 18.2 m . The room was internally covered with
stainless steel. It was insulated with polyurethane foam (6 cm
thick) and covered externally with galvanized steel plates. A
door was f itted to gain entry into the room with a viewing
hatch to visually monitor the smoking process.
The room was equipped with lighting, electrical power points
and two 21 cm-diameter ventilation ports. One port was
connected to an air extraction system for removing smoke, while
fresh air could be drawn through the other port. Two 1 1/2"
stainless-steel pipes were extended through the wall into the
room. One pipe was connected to the smoking machine. The other
pipe carried the stainless steel tubings (5.3 mm i.d.) for
sample drawing and the connection to the probe for humidity and
temperature monitoring. A stainless-steel stand was installed
towards the middle of the room to which were attached sampling
traps and a camera for monitoring the smoking process from the
instrument room. For diagram of the experimental set-up, see
Figure 1 and photographs 1 and 2.
After experiments, walls, ceiling and floor were washed with
aqueous isopropanol solution (50 %) to remove deposits. A
second wash with water removed the residual isopropanol. The
room was dried by forced ventilation before starting a new
experiment. Duration of cleaning cycle approx. 2 hours.
Smoking Machine
A modified 30-port Battelle smoking machine was installed in
the middle of the room on an adjustable table at 68 cm hight.
The puff profile was checked to be essentially square. The case
of the smoking machine and the table were made of stainless-
steel. The smoking machine was equipped to provide automatic
feeding and lighting of cigarettes and extraction of butts
shorter than a given length. A remote control from outside the
room allowed one to override these automatic functions. A
1 1/2" stainless-steel pipe connected directly to the smoking
machine carried all the cables and tubes associated with the
machine to an external control panel.
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5
The mainstream smoke was directed out of the experimental room
through the same pipe. The mainstream smoke was filtered
through a 15 cm-diameter Cambridge filter before entering the
diaphragm pump. This filter size allowed at least 60 cigarettes
to be smoked without any change in puff volume.
Cigarettes were lit by means of a hydrogen flame which was
ignited by a spark from a platinum wire. The flame was left
burning for as short a time as possible. Extracted butts fell
into a water-filled container which was sealed by an
automatically actuated lid. Ashes were constantly brushed into
the same container.
The arrangement is shown in photograph 3.
Analytical Instrumentation
Relative humidity (RH %) and temperature (T°C) were monitored
with a Humilab 20 meter (Lee Dickens Ltd.) fitted with a
sintered bronze-protected probe. The probe was placed inside
the experimental room.
Carbon monoxide was monitored by a microprocessor driven
linearized non-dispersive IR (NDIR) monitor Model CO-1OM
(Environnement S.A.). An internal pump gave a measured flow
rate of 2 1/minute. The air in the experimental room was
sampled by means of 5.3 mm i.d. stainless-steel tubing
connected to the CO analyzer and returned to the room.*
A Wilks Miran 80 Infrared (IR) single beam analyzer fitted with
a 20 m pathlength cell was tested for carbon monoxide
monitoring. Air samples were pumped by a Wilks "ambient air
pump" operating at 2 1/minute through a silica gel cartridge of
18 cm length and 5 cm i.d.*
A CSI Model 1600 Chemiluminescence NO Analyzer was used to
determine NO and NO . Air was sampled Yby means of 5.3 mm i.d.
stainless-steel tubing. After analysis the exhaust gas passed
through a charcoal cartridge, which removed residual ozone,
before being returned to the experimental room.*
* Instruments were calibrated with standard gas mixtures in
nitrogen obtained from Carbagas.
For CO the concentrations used were 9.9, 25.2, 50.2, 96.4
and 200 ppm (+/- 3$ relative).
For NO, concentrations of 2 and 5 ppm (+/- 3% relative)
were requested. The cylinders were changed every 2 months.
During this period no drop in NO concentration was noted,
even for the lower concentration.
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6
A 10-channel data-logger system HP Model 3056 DL (including an
HP 85B micro-computer) was used to collect, handle and print
automatically data from the various instruments (CO, NO, NO2,
RH, T).
The air samplers used throughout the study were Digitel D 75
fourteen-channel samplers (Wisag AG/ZUrich) with timer and flow
control facilities.
Experimental Equipment for Single Cigarette Experiments
FTR-Huguenin piston single-port smoking machine.
Siemens NDIR CO Analyzer, Model Ultramat, 0-10 %.
Leybold Heraeus NDIR CO Analyzer, Model Binos 1, 0-5 %.
Thermo Electron
Analyzer. Corp. Series 14 Chemiluminescence NO/NO2
Thermo Electron
Analyzer. Corp. Model 10 Chemiluminescence NO/NO2
Pear shaped 1-litre glass smoking chamber with
cambridge filter holder, 9.2 cm 0,
cigarette holder with rubber sleeve,
air diffuser and
opening for lighting and extinguishing the cigarettes.
The experimental apparatus used for the single cigarette
analysis is depicted in Figure 2.
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7
EXPERIMENTAL CIGARETTES
Two types of experimental German blend filter cigarettes (blend
composition : ca. 50 % Virginia, 20 % Burley, 20 % Orient and
5-7 % reconstituted tobacco) coded C20 and C50 and supplied by
the VDC were used for the experiments.
The cigarettes were stored in a freezer at -40°C. Before use
the cigarettes were placed in open packs in a room of
contrglled humidity (58 $+/- 3$) and temperature (220 C
+/- 2 C) for at least 72 hours.
Cigarette specifications, tobacco values and mainstream smoke
values are given in Table 1.
