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I rJ =.~ | DBM/91C 29th September 1986 Notes on Meeting to Discuss Proposed Portable Smoking Monitoring System Date: 24th September 1986 Present: J L Beven, D H Mullen, R P Ferris -A. Introduction The purpose of this meeting was to discuss a proposal for producing a portable human smoking monitoring system which could be used outside R&D either in the UK or overseas for consumer testing. A recommendation could then be made on how this project should be progressed. 2. Existing Systems At present the Human Smoking Behaviour section has several Apple based systems used for monitoring the pressure and flow profiles of smokers. They are not regarded as suitable for the new application since: * They are not particularly portable or rugged. * Each system can only deal ~ith a single smoker. * They require relatively highly trained staff to operate them. 3. Outline Requirements for System After discussions the following were defined as the major requirements for the proposed system: * It should be capable of monitoring and recording the pressure/ flow profiles for up to 16 human smokers simultaneously. It should mimic the current Apple software in the way that it detects the start of smoking and should produce raw data files in the same format as that produced by the Apples micros. * The system should be easily portable. Preferably it should weigh less than 40Kg and be be divided into two parts - the micro-computer(keyboard~display etc) and the power supplies/transducers etc. The system should be rugged enough to be carried as airline cargo without additional protection. * For reasons of compatibility the system should be based on an IBM XT (or IBM emulation) micro-computer. ClibPDF - www.fastio.com L,,,I "-4

* The software should be written in such a way that the operator can easily run the system without extensive training. The PC screen should display enough information for the operator to determine that a recording run is progressing satisfactorily. 3. Implementation and Schedule Because of other commitments DBM suggested that this project would best be achieved by writing a detailed specification document and then handing this over to an external company for implementation and testing. JLB said that he was aware of at least one company who would be capable of handling this work. Scheduling of this work would therefore depend on when the specification document was produced and when the company could n begin the work. 4. Estimated Costs JLB gave the following estimate of costs based on his knowledge of th£s area: IBM XT or compatible micro Lab Tech system Adalab Interface 16 transducers (for for 8 channels) Hardware construction Software Total 2,500~ • 1,000 ~ 2,000m 3,500 ~ ~1~ 2,000 ,4,000 15,000 pounds 5. Actions _> * RPF to get outline approval for expenditure on this projeet based on the above estimates. * JLB to begin drafting a system specification document and to have initial discussions with companies who could potentially implement the system. cc: Those present R R Baker T Hirji ClibPDF - www.fastio.com 0 i",0 O0

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FOR LIMITED CIRCULATION ONLY Gale I Brief Report and Research Proposal (Sumuitted to Mz. R. Ferris) Title of Project. The Role of Smoking in Behavioural Modulation Introduction. This brief su~ission first reviews progress to date on smoking research funded by BAT, Southampton, at the Department of Psychology, University of Southampton (Phase I). We then outline studies currently in progress and/or to be completed under Phase II. Finally, a proposal is set out for work under Phase III. All these phases of the project are inter-related. The report therefQre begins with a brief background statement. BackgrouncL The _ti'tle to _t~__project reveals the. emphasis of our ap,Rroac/L Smoking is se-en-as-a-s~t-6f physiologicai[-behavio6r~-~iai ~a--~ ~experiential events.I-These /re s~ctured by the indi~i~i-~6"&&~£ in tlY~_f o~~--o~life tasks. Smoking behaviour is therefore seen as purposeful since it is used to modulate the individual's emoticmal state, facilitate complex performance, and support social interaction. Within this framework all the above components to smoking are considered important_ It thus follows that a description of smoking must include the interplay of these factors. This implies parallel simultaneous measurement of temporal streams of data derived from objective indexes of smoking behaviour, within various contexts, and under different task conditions. Phase I: Literature reviews and the establishment of basic research procedures. Three major literature reviews have been completed, covering all published papers in three fields of smoking research: me m~_2__~_~ le~__~g, vigilance a.nd r_eaction time, and ele _cc~__~ical correl~es. All reviews have confirmed our view tha£ multiple measurement (physiology, smoking behaviour, subjective experience, concurrent performance/social behaviour/gestures) is essential for the description and explanation of smoking behaviour. Each review includes full abstracts of each individual study reviewed, within a formal critical framework, and ends with reccss~ndations for future work. One further major review remains to be carried out (see Phase III below). Several empirical studies have also been completed and their results have been presented in formal reports to BAT and at seminar presentations. The initial two studies were designed to measure aspects of smoking during cognitive performance. These demonstrated general physiological consequences of smoking and physiological responses specific to smoking acts (inhaling); they also demonstrated the modulation of smoking behaviours under demanding task conditions. In order to account for our findings, a model of smoking and physiology relationships was constructed to explain the effects of smoking on attention. This model emphasized the notion that some aspects of smoking may be beneficial to performance while others might reduce performance. Thus performance optimisation can only occur when such effects do not cancel each other out. We believe our model to be unique; it could help to explain task conditions under which increments in performance during smoking have not been demonstrated. The next key s~udy took smoking behaviour into the social domairL Subjects were monitored during a stressful interview and subsequently rated their own videotapes (other measures included gross body movements, heart rate, facial expression, psychometric measures of anxiety, paralinguistic ClibPDF - www.fastio.com P,O r',o

FOR ~ CIRCULATION ONLY Gale 2 measures of anxiety and relaxation). A relationship was shown between facial expression and smoking behaviour. Several analyses demonstrated tb~ viability of multiple channel measurement; (we believe this pilot study should now be extended, see Phase III). Thus, in Phase I, three key advances were made: comprehensive literature reviews (which are unique); development and testing of the monitoring of physiology, performance, smoking acts, and sub~ctive report; deployment of tb~ methods in two contexts (cognitive information processing and social stress). The key research worker throughout Phase I was Dr. Tara Ney, who has now left the research group and is resident in Canada. Dr. Ney is editing a new text on smoking behaviour. Phase II. Smokinq, brain activity, and sustained attention. The work under this phase is being carried out by Mr. Robert Church and Mr. Haydn Morris, both of whom hold postgraduate research studentships funded by BAT. They were responsible for the second and third reports mentioned abo%~. Mr. Church is responsible for the development of electrccortical studies of smoking. Two studies are currently underway. The first seeks to measure, in a novel fashion, the microstructure of the effects of smoking on the brain; essentially this involves measuring the electroencephalogram in relation to individual inhalations and their immediate cortical consequences. To achieve this, subjects first attend the laboratory on several occasions, during which a smoking profile is derived. The profile is then used in yoked-control mode as a means of instructing the subject when to inhale. This technique breaks with earlier studies, none of which have examined the consequences of smoking in such fine detail. A second study (in which Messrs. Church and Morris are collaborating) involves measurement of several physiological indices (heart rate, electrodermal activity, electroencephalogram) together with continuous ratings of alertness, and reaction time. The task is similar to that used by Warburton at Reading, in which he has shown beneficial effects of smoking on sustained attention. Our aim is to tie together: smoking acts, physiological changes, subjective ratings of alertness, and shifts in performance. Again, the approach is a complete break with earlier traditions in smoking/performance studies. Mr. Church plans further experiments, one of which will involve measurement of the P300 wave. Mr. Morris has been responsible for reviewing work on sustained attention and reaction time. He is devising a vigilance task which, unlike those used by Warburton, will be difficult to perform and will yield adequate data for a formal Signal Detection Analysis. This will enable us to partition the effects of smoking between sensitivity and response bias, thus clarifying more precisely the reason for the beneficial effects of smoking on vigilance performance. He is also concerned with a detailed study of the microstructure of smoking acts and changes in electrodermal activity. One of his studies will involve replication of our cognitive processing task, measuring also gestures used both when smoking and when deprived of smoking. Both Mr. Church and Mr. Morris have designed their studies so tb~t a principal independent variable can be the use of cigarettes with varying ClibPDF - www.fastio.com 0 i",J P,O

FOR LIMITED CIRCULATION ONLY Gale 3 nicotine-to-tar ratios. Phase III: The patterning and deployment of smoking in social situations. This is a proposal to extend the techniques we have established, to measure smoking behaviour in social situations. The majority of previous WOLk has focused on individuals, either sitting passively in the laboratory, or performing special tasks in social isolatiorL Very little empirical work exists on smoking behaviour in social contexts. We do not know, for example, under what circumstances individuals light up at parties, in restaurants or public houses, in working groups, or during office work. we propose that a further postgraduate research studentship be established over a period of three years with the following specific brief: (a) to review all studies of smoking in social situations; (b) to review, and make reccmmendations concerning, the measurement of individual and dyadic behaviour in social situations; (c) to develop methods for monitoring individuals in field situations, with a view to determining social antecedents to smoking acts; (d) to study the relationships between specific social events and smoking behaviours. In parallel with the literature review the researcher appointed would begin with the extension of the stress interview outlined above. This would enable the individual ccncerned to acquire skills in physiological and social psychological measurement, while at the same time allowing us to realise the promise revealed by the pilot study. Specifically, we s~_k to demonstrate that smoking acts occur following particular expressions of emotional experience and/or that emotion expressed on the face alters following smoking acts. The next stage in Phase III will be to study the patterning of smoking acts while smokers are in social dyads, to explore the relationship between the smoking behaviour of subjects. It is our view that there are phase relationships in the smoking acts of interacting dyads. It is hoped that, once we have demonstrated patterning in the phasing of smoking acts, we shall be able to demonstrate shifts induced by different nicotine/tar ratio cigarettes. An important issue here is whether smokers have stable smoking profiles and whether such profiles are influenced by social context, the nicotine/tar ratio of the cigarette, or indeed, by other product-based variables. As in all our studies, the monitoring of smoking behaviour will be a central ccmponent of the approach. One aim is to determine whether particular sources of influence on the individual's smoking behaviour have differential effects on particular aspects of the smoking profile. Finally, we wish to develop field study methods for monitoring smoking in working contexts where there is social interaction (ie between immediate workers, on the telephone, between individual workers and others within the organisation). It is proposed that ambulatory monitoring equipment already available at BAT be used for this purpose, to enable storage of physiological responses and smoking acts. Statistical support. Much of our research involves a break with standard statistical approaches (for example, analysis of variance). With the support of colleagues in the Department of Social Statistics we are using ClibPDF - www.fastio.com P',D mO P,O

POR L~ CIRCULATION ONLY Gale 4 specially-developed time-series models for studying smoking behaviour and its relationship with other variables over t/me. Most previous studies have collapsed data across a testing sessicru Inl~ with our interest in the patterning of smoking acts and the modulation of behaviour, temporal analysis is crucial. Otherwise, it will not be possible to demonstrate dependencies of smoking acts upon antecedent events within the flux of internal and external processes. The future. Funding for Mr. Church ends in October 1987 and for Mr. Morris in December 1987. It is proposed that if Phase III is to be funded, a new postgraduate researcher be appointed with effect" from January 1987. This will allow for skill transfer and training for the new recruit, enabling the individual concerned to move as quickly as possible into an active research role. Anthony Gale BA PhD FBPsS Director of Smoking Research Project Department of Psychology University of Southampton ist September, 1.986 ClibPDF - www.fastio.com i',O P,O

/ Report to Mr. R. Ferris i THE ROLE OF SMOKING IN BEHAVIOURAL MODULATION Introduction This Draft Report has been prepared for Mr. R. Ferris as p~ of the documentation for his coming trip to Hamburg. It is, therefore, a brief document (a) identifying progress made so ~--r and (b) setting out our intentions for future work under existing BAT funding. The current manpower supported by the ~_ds provided consists of two post-graduate research students (Mr. R. Church and Mr. H. Morris) who will complete their PhD theses hy September 1987. Ms. T. Ney, formerly supported as a research assistant, has now left the research group, having been award~J_ her PhD. Ms. Ney completed a number of experimental studies w-_cse findings are set out below. Mr. Church was appointed with a specific brief, to study electrocortical correlates of smokir-__-. Mr. Morris was appointed to develop work on smoking and vigilance, one area of performance in which strong claims ha':e been made for the beneficial effects of nicotine. Mr. Morris is also following up some of the more interesting findings revel--led by Ms. Ney's work. Reports Now Available One of the main purposes of the research has been to conduct major literature reviews on substantive areas relating to the psychological and psychophysiological effects of smoking. Three key reports are now available: (1)"Studies of Learning and Memory" (T. Ney and A. Gale); (2)"Electrocortical Correlates ~f Smoking" (R. Church and A. Gale); and (3) "Studies of Reacti~ Time and Sustained Attention" (H. Morris and A. Gale). We ~ " a aCZ~ also two bibliographies: (i) "Electrocortical Correlates of Smoking: A Reading List" and (ii) "Smoking, Vigilance and t~. Reaction Time: A Reading List". In addition, a copy of Ms. Ney's '.~ doctoral thesis "T_he Role of Smoking in the Modulation of Em~icn ": ~¢; and Behaviour" has been made available. This thesis includes= -.-..,,-. -~c "~_..~.:: -. major literature reviews of: theories of smoking, effects o~. ~ :--~ ce : smoking on cognitive performance, and current theories an~% ~, .' ,~%~ research in the field of emotion. ~?I ~;% "~ Further Reports and Books in Preparation ~~ ~% Ms. Ney and A. Gale have secured a contract from Messrs. Joh~ ~-~ ,,- ~-,~,,~,,~ Wiley and Son, to edit a volume entitled '~ng and Human , ~ :. ~d.) Behaviour". A number of leading world authoritles on sm~i~ ~_ud its-t~'~e~'Have agreed to contribute. It is expected that this chapters are being prepared for publication. It is intended ~hat '~7~ 2~~ ~he literature reviews prepared by R. Church and H. Morris w~_!! --- -~% be submitted for publication by the end of September 1988. O mO ClibPDF - www.fastio.com

Report to Mr. R. Ferris 2 Complementary Aotivities The Committee of Advanced Studies of the University of Southampton has awarded a Linked Postgraduate Studentship to A. Gale, with effect from September 1966. The studentsbip is associated with A. Gale's work on electrocortical studies of working memory. The intention is that the new student should work closely with R. Church and H. Morris and that she/he will conduct collaborative studies which will be of benefit to the research igroup as a whole. One of the experiments planned in the series will involve studying the effects of smoking on short term memory. The Economic and S~ial Rese&rch-Councilhas awaz~ed a ~o[n~ research grant to Dr. Chris Skinner of the Department of Social Statistics and A. Gale, to develop time series models for the analysis of psychological experiments. It is intended that Dr. Skinner and his Research Fellow, Ms. T. Brunsdon, will assist in the analysis of data emerging from experiments conducted by the group. The special problems associated with time series analysis of smoking and other behaviours are discussed below. Research Studies Conducted by Ms. Ney Ms. Ney conducted a series of five experiments and these are reported in great detail in her PhD thesis (referred to above). .Smokin~ and Information Processing. In two major studies, she ex~lored the effects of ~_Q~ng_uponhigh level cognitive .processing (the solution of intelligenoe~es£~£ems). Smoking had no effects on-be~{orm~c&-'in-either an indepenaent groups or ~pea~ed-m%as~ge~"~i~ One effect (not replicated) was to show that smokers were, if anything, more risky in identifying incorrect solutions, in that such responses were sig6~ficantly {as£er--th~ th6s~ for non-smokers. However, the task had powerful effects on the pattern of dragging on and tapping the cigarette. IAt times of most intense concentration on the task, subjects opped virtually all smoking acts. This effect was replicated d is reliable.~ It was also shown that smoking acts increased just before an item was presented and foiiowibg-i£&m"5omPl~tion Reduotlons In smoklng aotlvlty were assoclated w~th body stilling, lowered heart rate, and lowered skin conductance responses. We concluded that when under states of intense selective attention and active mental processing, all actions, including smoking, are given a lower priority of importance. We believe these findings to be the most significant, from a theoretical point of view. However, a further replicated finding is also of interest. Each dragging act on the cigarette was analysed in terms of antecedent and consequent physiological activity. Major increases in skin_oonductance responses occurred prior to dragging (in a variety of analyses). We believe we m~v have discovered some aspect of the motivational causes of smoking. These changes appear to have been initiated in the ClibPDF - www.fastio.com r,,o