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.r 91 ~ilst few people smoked ;,,stead of earing meals, ,'~sa~tvtes were often used uhen che smoker was not able to eat /Jmedla~tly or to pnvenc nlbbl£ng in beckman meals. Tc was IPmara].ly agreed here char, noc m~ly yes smoking a divers£ou, buc Chac £C was el.so, to some extent, an appec£ce suppressant. Secclou ge£erence 3.8 1 tO. SmoklnS is as o£ctu £alc co be a privaco indulgence, parc£cuZa:ly ~ fo~" 1roman who £aic chac they had no oCher persona3, luzurlas o£ " "-,.heir ~. " " " : -- "~ -'.. 3,9 • : . . .. ..~.. • , . . . ".., ...'_ .. ~...~." . . ....: . .'..." -... . . . . ;!~ L~. Occu£oualZy... . . /L e,~-e~=a b~.amo a conpmion/coufo=cer ;;, . " " ~ ' '" " " - .... . : ~- 3.10 lOualy s~,~u,t1~om ::: - - " ... -.. ? o .... . • • . . -.. .: .- ". . ~- ..'. ,....'~'.. .~'~. . ; .- .-~. .... . . ..... .. . "' : :"12," Ou ~e ~l~,;'very £ew peopte (generally hemrlec m)~rs) a1~e~ed : "- .' , " ..~ .:-;:::-i;.:(-.-.'~-:i:~.tadut~"~'~ ~U,~ of a~i.c oc, z~,C ~g~cc;~=. :~: za:.f,=~ -.... i~- :..: .: :::.-i~i_-... . ~:;~;:-'.~..::-:_.-.~.~.--.',....>~,:~.. ,.~.:... ~-.~..,~/..~....... ........... . ". .-.. :. :,,,.<.r::..- ~'..,~..- . .,...'.. - ; -. ~..,~:~:'. ~ .'~ ~:--.-,~'~.~-.-'~-..~,.~.cha~,~.:at~e~dt co-be aztenocmus vax~,ac~,ou ~u, cecm~ o£:.che:C:t,mz ~.~::::,:..,~:.'.. ,.,~'.~., ~... " :..=. "..~,,-...~...;~,~..._~?:,~,~.,~,'.,~. ~_~.~;~ .-;.~.~ :... :...,-. .-...~.,: :~ ~'...:-. ... . .. ..... ~::._.~.-, ~..-.'~.'~.~-,.:,~:~.--...;.:..--.......~ ": . .:-: ::. ..... - ..... -..-~-~-~q0"4 ~.~-.- .. . rsC ;c~garacca vu smol~d and Ch~s was de~C..ou r.he ........ .-~- -. j ~1;~;;~ ~.,.~..~:,~. ~,~..,,,.o.~'~._;--..~. ::.- .... , ,. ...~. .... .. _,...~:, .z~..~:: . .. :,.. . . . . • . -,.:~-:~ .:~...:~'~ ................. ... ......... . .....::. ........ . ~..~. ...... ,.... ........ . ....... . .. .... ~~,-~.:.~:i,o.Cl~er~fa~'~.o_.~, lu~d ptevz~usly..:- • . , .. • +:-.-:-.~.:-'--:"::-:-".:.;' ~'";" " " - ~: "" -3.1 " ~.. " - - ~-:.o:~;-.FW~,:~.~'.'.'.'~;'..';~',:,~.:~.~..~.:,,..~.:~ <..,:....',',.~.:....; .... _-: ;:~'.""--..'..':~.~" ,.;-~%~-~.-.'~-.-;:.-:..~-- ." -" -.. ~. .~,..''~ "':.~,~':"~V~.~.-.:'~'C':~,.,..'.;~:.'~.., ::"-..-,'~.-;;~ ... ". - " " " ": .:."'-'~.'. ";..: • " " : " . .. ~'~ '. I ."". .... "~'. .~ " :.:':--.-,;.,-,r.. -".. ..... -. . . . ...., ...... ~.=~-,-" ~. .... : " - " ," .-. :. ~-, ~ ! ,.,--,...~:~,:~ !.-: -~---.~;.-.~t in .e~Xons c.~ in c.~. of ~,-,k"~':-e~~ --~. ~:..:: :-:-:. ,:. i-_-:~:~,, .. - ,- invotved', r.e~hd co leer chac they yen play':i,n.gC.be.odd.q aga~.~st • .~ ." Che~c couCcacclng cmcer. T.nd~ed, they were cleaz:ly not; - . • . .. cou.cerned enoullb co give up oc, indeed, (rich the excepc~ o£ eke lo~ tar groups) Co rel;u].erly smoke a low Car c~$a~eCCe. & m~oc~.cy o£ Che sample re£uced the correlaclou beC3men su~kin$ and =car altogether, either through & bas£c m£sundecsCanding of 4.?. the erguneucs oc by a process o£ racionalisac.;,ou. 14. The ~in,mc£al factor was ofceu regarded as a secondary d£sadvantage buc, ou the whole, the members o£ ou~ sample seemed Co be 1£ccle a~fecced by the cost of che~.r smoking. 4.2 0 0 Co 0 0

Section Reference 15. The anr~-soc£al side of smoking appeared co bl far zmce strongly t perceived than vu the case Idlen • fo~mer scud), on 's£descream' vu conducted in 1976. In face, ~espoudencs themsel-ves L. (parciculaLcl7 the mo~e up~,rkec) mez~ mwa~e of Ch£s ascala~iou + in the non accepCab~.li~ of smok~l Co nou smokers. In Ch£s z~specC, che=e appea~d Co be a spe¢c~.= of acC£Cudms ~om Chose vho vould continue Co smoke resacdles~r, through chose vho did noc " .:.~-.:'-:.-.:~:ji,.srmoke amonpC people ~ao.objecced. co c,ht,;~- ammlr~us;i;~ tJamse':- ~'i--.:" );.i,-.- "~; : i .-. ..-~:.~::'.'..~w.~; . ~.. ; .... -...... . . ... ...... . , .-:i:" "~-:..: {:~-!::;~ _aCcmLIlymci¢ipaeet hosci1£L7 on the pL~C Of non mokers ...:.:. -~... • . .i-~ .... " -. '!/~iamd va~. ~med ,mboQc s,nok, ins in ~e£=.'p=*s-,,ca e',m-.vbe,- no . i-'i.- '.. " " :. ~ ::.i :::i-":~ *.~::Che m~ddle 8rou~ £C £s incrusting Co. uoc~ • dac=use" ~nch~ ..... " " .... • : .,-:~:~..:;;~.;:;~frCC~lp of ~befiamC s~mkeTs area am increue in elm "h~.ghly"couce~z'ned' .- ~-!-;~: :?:-:-". .-~ ~*~~.~.~.` ~.``~.-c--~ :~:~-.~ ~:~`~:°:~;~.~`~.~-.~'.~ ~J~-~`:~ ~.~:~ ..,~,~ ;~.~:;.~:.~.~.: =1...~.-:..;.:~.::: ,,..~.-/... ~ ;-:..,.,~.,.~.:~÷.:. :~-,.,~,~.~.~,~7~bc.a~a, do and .o£. rel;~:dS, u4~ smok:i.ni; as-,, mccratcc].ve S~oI o£ ..~'- :..:-. '.-:~. ~,~; ,.-: ! .":.~:-..~.--..:~-~i:~sduicuood,;:----l"ae~-~ va,r • ~*al~.ng o~ the pzcC o£. soma s;~apl,,.:i.~~'-. ~_-~..:- • :-.~;~.;;-~;.~-1 • .....:-~.~...~.. :'.~.~,-,~-.-',~ ~-. ~ • ._. ....... . . . ..~.~ . . . , . . ...- . .,. - . ~'-~-:,.-~.~.~ ..-.::.-.-~,.-~.~:~.~ms~r)ecs, lbo,,-ever, Chac knovLedge of Cbe c,-sks ,,,v01ve(L ~.n smok.].nf; . ,:..'~:,~:~.-o..~.] • -.~:..-:.,::--..-~;~...,~-~:~.~,..-:~ ..-: ~..~;...~- -. :. . ~. . ~.. ...... :-.::,. • ;-:.: ~.-:..: ,:..-. : .. -:~-~:~-~.~ .-- .:,~'..~-~'-~::,~:~:,~ .- " .:-.-. : ~ :- " - :. - : ...:. .'. ". ' . . ~.. ,-- " .... :. ~.-'~ :~",.~;~..~-/ • ~, ::>..~.~.~.~.~,.~.c., .~:~ .._.. =:.: ~: .-, :~ -. ~ . ",.~. : -..~. :. . .~.. - -- :. • - - ..-: ....* -... .... : .. , . ,~;: .~.c:_,:,~,.-~- -~/ | "~ ".~'~,.~'~.;'~° "r - " ~ .- "~. " :'~" ".'." ~. --" ."" . .." .'.'~ • :- , . ". • . "" .. ." " ".. * • . . . + . . . ,"* "-.. ' " .- . ~ .. .... .2-...:" -. . .. .. " " i .'/ . ... . CO 0 0

^ 17. -~ . 18. • Nov I you,d like you co cell ,,,e vhlch is (he most enjoyabl"t" ..... cigarette of ~he day for you ? (PROBE FULLY FOR TIME OF DAY AND OCCASION) (56) (57) I have here a list of some benefLcs or enjoyments char people have said ~hey • WUTE j TICK ! STAir (,/) L__ i I ! I T I q.19. geC from smoking cigarettes. As I read (hem ouc I would lLke you co Cell me which of the phrases on this card (SHOW CAP.D 14) beec describes your personal a_) h) c) I. d) _~) FEELING BORED A RA/LI) OR BOCTNG TASK h_) z s~:~ sz~usz c~Guzzczs AXE BEING HANI~D AROt]ND, |, ij I SlUiCE IN ORI~R TO BREAK -RLF.; , ICE WITH OTHERSPDKERS I Sl40t~ WHEN i~,i'rY A3SORBED 13 ~IlAT I All DOING k) i> I SHORE IN 0~r~l~ TO IIXLP 1~ CONC~qTRATE I SMOKE 13STEAD OF NIBBL13G $OHETHING =_) I SMOKE ~ WOI~I/~G BUT NOT DEEPLY ABSORBED IN A TASK n) I SH(IE IN ORDEIL TO ]~;£L LESS -- TENSE OR LESS IRP~TAILE o) I SMOKE i~iEN 1 AM FEELING HIMGII~ --" BUT I CAN'T O~ DOK'T WANT TO EAT ~) s~0~13c zs oaz o~ ~ ~. 13D~.CZNCZS 1) z s.oRE w u=, nzLI.c ~o~z Z) CIGARETTES ARE COMFOKrI3G s) I SMOKE WREN FEELING TENSE OR ANXIOUS 7 18 I 9 (6o) t J 1 I 2 I 3 7 (6].) ]. t 3 I "1" 7 18 I 9 ~62) ! l 1 1 2 I 3 I O I X I I I 4. I 5 18 I 9 I 0 I X 12 14 1.5 i I 7 18.1 9 [63)-1 I 2 I 3 I I I 0 I X I I I I I o !x I 4 I 5 7 18 I 9 I 0 I X '('64) "i = i i i I 12 1 3. I ~ 15 I I .I I 7 v8 [ 9 I 0 i X (65) I I I " I ....7 I 8 I --9-- ---- -'X-- (_6+_)_1_ _,J_ _, _3_ _, J_ J J_ 7 1819 I 0 Ix (67) I I 'Z "1 3 I 4 I 5 V) mm wj xj I LIKE TO SI'IDRE WHEN I K~V~ A DI~SI~ I P.EALLY ENJOY SHOK'ING I FIND SZ~0KING ~'1~ SATISI~INu I S~ t~?.b ~ELING DOWN I SMOKE &r"TER ~CEZVING BAD NEW': OR ASUDD~ SROC~' y) RANDLING A ClGA#¢.Z-x~ 1S PART OF TirE, ~JOY~NT OF SMOKING IF 'AGREE STP, OIqGLY/AGIIZE* WITH q.18z: ( AC whac C~mes of .day o~ on whaC occasio'~s do you OR 0CC.,,~SIONS. DUP.ZNG THE DAY 7 18 I 9 I 0 IX (68)' ]. ' 2 'i" 3 i 4 I 5 - - ~- -~"s- "' -~- "~ -o- "~ -x- I • I I 5 (~) i ,~ .... 3. _~ j_ _~ _ _ 7 18 19 I 0 IX (70) " ' ; ~ t i 1 12 13 14 I .5 'I----'I"- ---I----'I ---- 7 I 8 I 9 I 0 I X I "-] I s. always have a c[sarecCe ?. (71) J~ Q.2o__ CO O q.20 O

-9- Q.2Oa. Q. 2Ob. Q.2Oc. q.ZOd. Which of the benefits/occasions listed on this card (SHOW CARD Z) are most likely co be true in your case ? Just ~.ve me the letter of the statemeuc chac appliu most to you. Which one applies next most ? Which one next most ? And ~hich one applies least in your case ? ;F READ OUT I n) TIERE A.r~E OFrEN TT:.T:S :;:IE:; I !.fC:'T L'P, i - CICA.~T~ .T.'.'ST ,"!'T ':.F H.~.4TT , m,, I S':.~. :,.'.'Y.'; P--L,~Z.XG i'i) z s:,.~ L,; o~-f ~o :-~c.~ ,~ ~.?---,~x zx ~.~:s" t 9 _e) ("0 iD b _k) t) 1 J o) r S) r) ~) u) v) E) -,.:} Z) z) Z 5:'-'$:-~. '~6"-N FEZL'::":~ ~ $ORED I S:.:O:,~E AS A p=-.~.L~..n ~-~Z_R A H.~.~ OK ZOR=:;C ".~_SK S:.:C:.CE l.x OPCEF. TO ELAX I .X--ED T.~E ::tCoT[xE I:; c'c:c.--'.'.T--~" I S'.'IOKF, EECA:$- C~'C,'~R~TT--S ,'~:'-. Bi.'.rxc II..V:;'K..5 ,tROI?;D I~..: %'rr!l ~TI'ER .~-i~KF.ES [ S?~JKE ~'iiC:; IY.:F.t'Ly .~.'c.qo.'.~;:'D IX '...'l!.',r ", ..',y: D~!~{C I SXO.%E ;X OP~.~..:R TO h::LP ~?~ C~!~C'::CTP.ATE I S:~KE I:XS.'£AD OF .,[_.,_t..- SOT__.TH.LxG l, |, [ S?K~NZ [~.~.EN ,..~..~;.=...,e. ZL'T NOT DEEPLY .~SO.-'3.ED IN A TASK I S::3KZ IX :RDE.:. TO ?'~-L LESS T~.NSE OR LZS$ .'.RRIT.~ I SMO:,~. k':,E.N I ;2"! FEELi?:G Ht:;G.~Y 3L'T v. C~N'T 0~ DON't" ":.~';T TO EAT S~OKZNG IS ~ OF >~" ., ~'-" ~::D:'LC":CCES I S}!OK:- "~,iFN ~:-.L.~:.G AL,~:~E ~ • ' ,,, I CICA?.:" rTES A.~Z C:~':-',~R'rINC. I SYDI,~. k"6ZN F:Z!.:,.[::G .E:::~E OR ;C,.'.T..',~;$~ ! LIKE TO S.~.'C~ :~':E:: I RA',E A .~.~I?:K, .. o ........ . . ~ _ l FINP S.":,'.:i~:C t?:!., ~A'rI.~F%'i:;Ci I ,<: ",!-[ ..-'. :ilL!.l.',: :'~,.;:; [ $.~'OK~: AF;':L'.-' ;~.. " :'. IX," ";..T) :,:/,:$ !'.'~:;D!.I?:C A EIL'..:"!". ;:; ..'.., ,;i [:1":" ::X.: "',.'~'.%', "F ::'.~,~KTNC ( AL'CA¥.~ HA'C, Ci,,..'-.}~ 'i~.S AT ~!.R%A[:; TI:'-:'S (:.R ~CC.L~,I,');{S D"Ri.NC, ~1.-'?. DAY Me~ Appl ie8 MOB t (72) (73) 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 X X V V ( 7@ (77) 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 O 0 X X V V (8O) 1 2 6 7 Next (T&) 2 3 6 7 8 9 O Z V (78) 1 2 3 $ 6 7 8 9 0 X V 3 8 Least (75) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 O X V (79) I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 it I I [ r [ O.?! 0 0 ~0 C~ 0 0 O~

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~o 3. BEIqEFZTSIRATZONAL/EMOT~ONAL REASONS FOE SMOKING 3.1. Re laxac£on One of the most ]Jnporcanc benefits of smoking appeared to he the relaxation deri~ed. This was £n terms of enjoyiug a c£gareCte when relaxinI and in a relaxed situation. This =ype of relaxation is vet7 differenC from smoking in order co relax, become less Cause etc. which is another ~porcauc aspect and which will be dealt with in the next section. Smokers all appeared co derive great enjoyment from smoking when in relaxed situations and chase rended co be the fzvourice c£garectes where real pleasure was derived from the act of smoking. These ~rpe of situac£ons included after a meal (extremely rewarding), social situations like coffee mocuinzs, dinner parties or parties, dances, drinking ac the pub (mainly for men); s£ccing down in the averting after the day's Casks are done; in a COffee break; in the car/train/bus in che morninE after .--~shins co leave the house; after sex (expressed more by men) and even iu the bach: "After a meal - it's relaxing ..... You're in a relaxed mood. You get your newspaper ouc and sic back ... You're noc going co dash out and do anything af terwards". Low Tar/Male "When I've taken the ~Rildren co school, I come back, read the newspaper and have a cigarette ... You associate £C ~Ch relaxing. You associate a cigarette w~th the rime you sLc dovuhave a coffee or s~c dovu =md have a chat as opposed co when you're rushing around .... Ac u£ghc, because you relax more at nish~ once you've goc the children in bed ..... when you're S~tCing and chatCine". Middle, King Size/Female "I gec up in about 10 minutes and chert ~ gec in a car and light up .... 1o's the first cine you relax when you sit in the car and scare drlving .. After dinner or after ... (sex) I've knm~n mmmorable ~igarectes chert... With a pint.. You're relaxiu$, you feel relaxed in yourself". Low - P~ddte/Male 0 0 ~0 CO 0 0 CO

3.2. To Reduce Tension~ Depression, Worry, Fear/In Order To Become More Relaxed This appeared co be a vec7 important motivating factor ~ smok~nB and although women were often ready co admit iC more readily chart men ic was ¢lea~Ly a prime factor for both sexes. This aspect includes crisis situations, tension engendered by drivLnz, children or worry or non specific tension, depression, unhappiness ecc. In chess sicuaclons smokers are usinz • clgarecce very much as a psycholozical prop (the alternative being a drink or dcuzs). Indeed the heavier smokers in particular vice often wi~linZ to ad~c ChaC they gould noc be able to 'cope' with life without cigarettes. I! "You'd probably So round the bend without smoking, an~aay .... If you wake up and worry about wo~c, then I'd have • tiE•retie than. Ic's just placating me, I get so wound up ~ch cession. Interviews, you CaT noc ~ get round up and you don't wane Co sic and drum your hands". Low Tar/14ale "If you're tensed up you do ..... If one of che kids is ill or the wife has buuered off with the poscmln or .something like chat". Middle King Siza/Male "Sometimes when you're up right, I find a stronger cigarette ~alum ~y me,yes ... One of the reasons I smoke is char I don't chink my nerves could cope ~ch Setting on with life without ic ... When you're feelin$ abic bad, abic depressed or somechinS cigarettes do help. Or if you're worried -Ic's somechinS to sorc of do instead of sore of scream or sommching''. Female/Middle King Size "1 can't sic soil1 after a ~ime. ~f I've Sot a cigarette I'm all rishc, I feel more relaxed ... If I'm in a bad mood ... Whe~ the kids are on holiday ... Ic cztms you down. If you're worried I certainly smoke more". Female/Low-Middle Tar 3.3. Boredom This aspect, noc in face covered by the McKennetl accribuces, would appear co be an important fa:cor in smoking. Thus,in boring situations like doing a routine, uninteresting job, driving on a ~ocorvay, women ac hope O O ~O CO O ~D

10. rich not enough co do or soumc~zes waiting for food to cook, a cigarette is used as something to do: "Don't you find you smoke more when you're bored, Z do. I ~ither smoke or I eat more .... You're stuck on your own in your room, revising (for exams) on your own and you'd Chink I'd better do something etse, you're bored all the t~me ... Ic's somechinS to do". Low Tar/Male "In my case, I'm bored so I do staoke when I'm working. I broke down on the mocorvay and had co vaic six houzs and I didn't half get through some fags. Z yes just waiting - bored out of my mind - ged up". High Tar/Male "1 started (smok£ug) asain in hosplcal because I was bored. [f you're standing there waiting for something to cook, it's back co keeping us occupied". Female/Low-Middle 3.4. As A P.evard Cigarettes were often used as a reward for doing a difficult or unin~erescins task, such as housework, gardening, decorating or a job at work: "T d£dnve want co do the wretched washing and I'd be having a cigarette as my little reward for doing it". Female]tog-Middle "Say I change al1 the beds, then I'll sic dowu and have a cigarette, then I'll clean all the windows, then I'll think I migh~ have another one, after each job. Well you chink you've done a good job, you deserve a cigarette". Female/Low Tar 0 0 0 0 0

3.5. MaklnS A Break Allied Co point 'the reward aspect', cigarettes were often used to make a break becveen one cask and another: "I make a break now and again, especially if you're doing something which needs exertion like purring up steel beams or som-thlng like char. You sic down and have a cigarette for 5 minutes ... You chink sod ic and you slt down and have a cigarette. It's creating a bzeak". Male/Lov-Middle "I make a break be~en my tasks and have a cigarette. You stop doing something for a while". Low/Male "If we've finished one bic off, before ve start the next bit, we sic down and have a fag". High Tar/Male 3.5. SmokinS In & Social Situation Smoking in a social situation was a time when vs.'7 many responde=cs felt cheF smoked the most. However, the social situation in itself covers several aspects and motivations for smoking: (a) The passing round of oigare~ces in a social situation means chat out of politeness people will smoke ocher people's and offer their own cigarettes when they are not necessarily desired a~'~d like bu~ing the coun~ of drinks everyone feels they uu;sc participate in this process. Allied co this was a feeling of being slightly left out of the crovd noc smokingid~en rich a group of smokers. This was often a reason for returning Co smoking after giving up for a period of ciu~: "You rend to smoke ac the same rate as the heaviest smoker there. As soon as someone cakes ouc chelr cigarettes, they automatically hand them round and you cry co get your flash in, even before you really want one you get your fags ouc to hand them round". Male/tow Tar 0 CD ~,0 CO CD C) r~

"I£ you've got a few friends round I tend co smoke more then because you're alvays passing Chem around. Sometimes you don't really wane one but you feel I've passed u~ne around ic's their turn so you take one" o Female/Lo~-Hiddle "AC a party, you're not ovate of how many you're smoking. Somebody takes out their cigarettes and offers them around mad you cake one, and you don't like to refuse, you Chink you m£ghc offend them - you all smoke at the fastest person's race in a crowd ocher~se they're always handing chore round and you're always smokinS theirs". ~Ltddle King/Hale (b) The relLxation of smoking socially has been covered in section l. (c) Smoking socially is also £or some people a 'social prop', something chaC they can hide behind ..... "You £eel a lot more comfortable in a strange crowd, especially, if you've SoC a cigarette. IC's Chat thins, do you stand there and look avkvard, or do you put a cigarette on and Siva your hands someChing to do". Male/Hiddla King Size 3.7. WorkinS Interestingly, all buc the heavies~ (i.e. almosC continuous) smokers appeared to rarely smoke vhen working hard and being absorbed in their task, because they yore chinking of something else. It vu only when working less hard i.e. being less absorbed, char they yore likely co smoke. Thus, only o a fay BCI's expressed the belief that a cigarette helped them to concentrate ou their work. 1c was also pertinent thac many m~nual workers iu parcicular were either forbidden to smoke ac york or found ic impossible co do so because they were unable co use ~heir hands to hold a cigarette and did noc like co keep one in chair mouths: "k~en you're bored, when you've nothing to do If you're busy you don't rend to smoke so much .. If you're working hard, you don't smoke, you're occupied, you don't chink about a cigarette". Hale/L0v~.iddle 0 0 0 0 r~ r~