Tobacco Documents Online

i i. J ! i It pee without eayinc t]htt ~1 the ohe|LtLc~ co~o~s which we o~te in ~ report on the re~ts do not ~ eq~ :Lmport~ce, • The risks to the smoker depend not only on the toxlci~y o£ the compound but also Just as much on the way 4~ which the tobacco is oonsumod.ConsGquentlyeone o£ the most kportant poleax is the question of the reslduaX amounts which Lre still detectable ~z the tobacco smoke. As l~o£oeeor Q~th~ie has made clear,it is ~Lu the case oF the chemical 9 aKents that ~re app14ed during £4eld cultiyation to the ~,,ILIy • devoloped plants or are used du~ 8toraco of the haz~oeted tobacco that the .risks are relatively Kreatest.These oompounds require paz-tioulLl~ly carefu~L 4-Yoet:LKation.On the other handtchemioals that az'e used in the seed bed or J~ the £~rst 8tqee i£ Field cul- tivation ax~ no~ so £mportantesven though they shouZd not be oom- ? pXoteZy negZected.We wish to reetrlct ou:eelves here to the problems that ax~ cz~ated as a result oF the use oF plant protect4on agents JJz £iold cuZtlvatlon. t i i I I J l | B. • ~Lp the field cultivatLoa oF tobacco. 1. Xns_eetAeAdes- q a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons. A~An - d£e1~in - heptaohlerz These agents are used principally Fe~ the eztez~alnat£on oF sol1 insects (agriotes,melolontha,gryllo- ta~a).Y~z gen~ral they are applled ~n amounts 0£ 2 - ~ kg oF the effective substance per hecta~e(2.~ ao~es) prior to the plantlng out of the tobacco.Less'~equently it is applled, as as watering • o ... •• o. W 0 0

, ~ .. m...m° ". I tsent durinf transplanting.In Prance tldrin is sometimes used for • t dust~ the roots oF the tobacco plants be£o~o thoT ~re. transplanted (160 K of the o££ectlvo substance per hectare). A~dr,~n In oocaslonally used. as a ~ustlnK aKont (1.5 to 2 kK per r hectare) or ~ the first few days after transplantation of the seed- l£nGs as a oonst4tuent of bait for the control of sell &Tubs. Other reports spook of n relatively late application of aldrln "for the control o£ thrips(2+to ~ dust's from July in doses oF 0.8 - 1 kG of the effective substance per hoo~s and per treatment) and o£ ~4sld~in for the control oF tobacco Io~F pests(caterpillars. beetles and th~IpS)o The use of those three ohemie8~ compounds is becoming more and more strictlT limitod.Xn 1968 thoLr use in some countries (XtalT) was subjected to extreme limitation.The use of old.in in tobacco growAng is prohibited in HungaxT. DDTie generally preferred to the named a~ents £or the control of insecticides.It serves for the control of soil grubs in the beKin- n3JnGs of plant ~owthand of oatorp~11ars whoso exit appaz~tus iJ dosisnod for bltlu~ durinf the later stakes o£ the plantes wowth. In both eases 1.~ to 2 kg of the effective substance per hec~e applied by dustingor by spraying. • e Bndosulfane is used An field cultivation at the beginning o£ plant ~rowt~ ~ o~der to keop undor control such parasltes as ouxoa. hollot~Ls and man duct.lt is elthor contained in be~Lt or appllod Q O~ CO

I I" J I 7. -,• p ..... .| by sp1~y~u~ or dusting (o.5 kg of the effeotlve substance per 8 L~ndane is only usod aGa£nst soil £nseotstma£nly before pXantlng out(o.6kC to ~ kg of the s~octlye substance per hectare.As a pz~ventlvo measure it £~nds fa~ly pnsr~ application in France Ln seedbeds ~mod~ately bofoz~ the soedlLu~s are transplanted. this case the amount of effective substance per hectare of "planted area Is Zoos than 70 g. " TDB Is used in the USA as a spray or a dust for the control of helloth~s or manduoa 4~ field cultintlon(l kc of effective sub- i stance per hectare). To smmup it can be stated that the ohlor/~atod h3~L~ocarbonstwhlch are Conoz~lly 3~ toxic and of which residues roma4~taro used a~most exclusively for the treatment of the sell or of freshly tz~uplanted seed1~ncs.Xn the case of the f~Ily developed tobacco plant, the less toxic compounds DI)T and TDg are given on]Ly occasional F ~JJee b) 0roasts ohosvhorous compounds. The Insecticides in this class are ob~aslona~ly used for the con- tZ~l of so:ill :lj~sects(d~Lasinono),Thoy are more fnquently applied to combat Isa~ l£cojth~,Ips and varlous other ~nsects which attack the tobacco Zeo~ in a]~ the stages of its developasnt: Dimothoate s spray - 2~O to ~80 g of effect£ye substance per hectare and. per treatment anthio s spray~ Z87 to 37~ g of effective substance per hectare o o • CO

p 6 diasiaone malathion 8. s spray - 240 to 480 K of effective substance per hectare : dust or sprat - 1o5 kK of e£fecti~ substance per • hecta:e parathlon s dust or spray - 0.5 kt of effeot£ve Substance per hooters. I The number o~ treatments d~£fors acco:d~n8 to the local c£rcumstancoo. Xn countries where oriental tobaccos are &Town £t is sometimes neoessax7 to combat an attack of th:ips by s4~ applications. "Although the organophosphorous inso~ttotdeJ show forth a higher rex/eli7 than the chlorlnated hydFocarbons,they are not as dancer- ous because smallor residues remain £n the plant.In most countries thex~ are relulatlonJ for allow£nKa certain LntervL1 of tJJno between the last application of the tconte and the haz~est.~Franoe tMts required interva£ is detex~nined by the product in question. Xn the case of dlas4~one It Is 15 to 21 days,for parathion it is 1~ days,and £ormalath4on it is 7 days. e) ~the. r amos. Cgwba=-yl is in falrly w£desp:ead use in some oountz~Aee aSaJ~st attack by sell 8Tubs.Xt is seldom used for the p:otoctlon of £ully developed tobacco plants - ~ so,pr./mL~ily acainst certain cater- p411a~s,th:Ips or beetles.The acute toxicity of eL~bary1 is fa~ly olJ4~ht. 2. _run~oAds_,~ The l~s£dues o£ ~unSioidos represent a p:obiem of pressing impor- tames at the pz~sent time in Mope.Sines the appoa:ance of perono- ..opera tabaeJ~a dlth~ooarbamatos have to be applled in many tobacco plantati0n8 dur/J~ the entire period of 4Towth at £requent intez~als. =mm~ C~ CO - ....db

i iii --v i i i ~e ! ,¢ I " • The 86~nte meetly used are Jwtraooljmanebjmancozeb and zineb. . The nulber of treatments id between 10 and 20jaocox~UJ~ to how the weather oond4t4one f&vour the spread of blue m£1dew.The £unEic£dsm are applied either by spray:Lns or by dust:Lnc.Ths amount o£ e££eottve substance used i~ the course of a ~owJJ~ season can So •s high as 40 lr~ per hectare. i ~'~ ....... ~- - &ceord:l,nc to se~ral inTestigations the residues of these •sents can still be f•L~ly h~Lsh even after further prooessins oF the tobacco. Further research is nooses•z7 ~nth4s sphere. Zn oz~ler .to •void the d£oadvantqes oF rel•tlvely frequent tx~at- mint'•rid at the same time to counter the problem of residues,the attempt J~beJ~qrmade in many ©ountr£ee to ©ult£vate peronospera- -resistant tobaccos whi©hroqu~rethie shoaL©a1 treatment not at all or only :Ln ve~r el!sht measure. Dinooap,Llso,belonl~ to the other Fun4~cides with a f•£rly widespread senezs~L umo.Zt is used in the control o£ ~Lldev or blisht in those countries whoz~ th4s disease frequently occurs.The aKent is sprayed or dumtod :Ln amounts o£ between 0,1 to 0.2 ks oF e££ect£ve substance per heotaro,T~o•tment £s commenced immed£atoly upon the outbreak 0£ the d£eeaeeandrepeatod weekly. ~. Horbloidee and other scents. He~b~oides have only been used for • relatively short t£me in the ©ultivat~on o£ tobaoooeand prLmarily in experimental f~owinc.The use oF herbicides w/~L1 no doubt Lucrease Ln the Future. A alxture o£ llnuron and mono14~uron is :Ln use at the present only muem~ C~:>

J ! t l I I J 10. 6 P 4u Delglus.At least ~ days before plantinc the soft is :sprayed in • amounts o£ 0.75 ~ o£ effective subet4tnce per hockers. 0thor herbicides such as d~phenam£de, b enef~u, me tabromuron, arabian and Z.P.T.£.M. are still at the oxpez~monte~ stake. There is no need to amtioil~to serious prob!oms of residues 4~ the ease of tJzose substances,for they are not very toxic in general and theLr use t~es place more or less at piantLuK t4,ue,thAt is,a t leak time before the haz~reat. Oroy~ rofulatorJ are also uod 4, tobacco-|roviu8 for the control Of 8uc~erm s~ter toppLnc.hleic acid hydJ~azide (MH ~0) 4s the most widesproad.Xts toxicity is sliKht and its use i8 practically con- fined to the USA.In some european " countries oils of a vegetable or animaX provenance are used .for this purpose and are not toxic, This short ropoz~ an the result of an enquiry amonc the members of CORBSTA (X967-X968) into the use of plant protection agents and o~her chemical compounds in tobacco-~owinc makes clear by which ros4dues o£ ohom£cs~ aKents the most serious problems are presumably raisOdoOf the ohos~oal" a~ents which are in quite fenoral use in tobaoco-KrovLug the follovLuC receive p~rticular treatments Xnsoctloldos: - aXdrln, dloXdrln, heptachlor, DDT, TDB, llndane, endo- s1,1phano - an~Lo j dinothoats, d~asinone, malathion, ps~t~Lon. Fu~q~oidos s - antz~col, m&nob t mancozob ~ zineb - d:Lnooap Horbio~lost - l:l.nuron + monolLuuron .. °- .L m~aJt, !-,,,.6

ii .. i * ..... £',~a. .... : . - .. • ~ ~,.'. *... : ........... ? 11o • b [ • I '1'11o oond:L~£ons, of theiit use and preeent tendencies in the choice i of plamt pz'otoot;ion e.cen~s ~ bz'lo£1T doecribod, ! • t .. o. "- o.0 .o mememlb 0:) C.P'I

~blo Z - £4~nts used ro~s~lT 4~ the. mood bed. . 1) lhrovontivo soil disinfeotion Me fJ~l bromide Chlorop£orLu Ethylene dibrouide Dichloropropane- dichloropropent Fox~s£dehyde Hot,ham (Z.D,B,) (DD) (Na compound) 2) In|eotloide| and other S4~mt, s. a) o b£orLnated h~trocarbons &ldz-Ln IYAeldx-in I~Ludane b) _Or~n_o~o_s~ho_r_ous_ e_om~po_u~_ ,, DdLme thoate o) S,t~re., Sine phosphide Mo~dohydo ~) 1P-~.u~..~e£des _,A,~_t_baoto:£e£des ., £8onts oon~ ooppor Used principally 4- the £ollowLug 9ountries . USAtRhodes~a, South A~r£ca, Madasasaar0R~un£on~Turkoy.Thailand. USApJapan USA,SouthAfrioa.Rhodesia USA,Thailand,Turkey,Spain,South Africa Gex~anF,~.Csoohoslovakia AAger£a,Austrla.Bolc£um.Spaln, Franoe,Oreooo.Xtaly,Lobanon. Moroooo.Cmeohollovak~aoTunls£a. Tttrkey. Tha£1and, Lobanon,G:eeoo,Xtaly, Spaln.TunAsla Rhodosla,SouthAFrlca.USA~ Thailand :talT.Thailand Fz-ancepSpa:Ln ThaAlan4,Rhodesia HunKary,S~ria Gezsu~nT.Belglum.Fx:m~e,Oroeoe, Xtaly,Lobanon,~%trkey Kustrla,Swltzerland,Rhodeela. South A~z~Aoa.Syrla.Thailand.USA. Guadeloupe. o. C~ Co

.! ' T~ble X - 0on~tnuod. J I ° ~) Funltg~des and baotericide8 (0ont*d.) 14,,,ob i I I . .. JLlgeriatHorooco,SpaLn,l~q~oe, 2,ltriun,Gerlany~AuJtrLatSvLtzerlandp HungoATtGsecho81ov~l&,ZtaZT~ G~eeoe,.Tu~key,Syria,Leba.non,ThAiland, P.hodesia,Rlunion,Ouadeloupe. Tun~:La,Turkoy,ZtaAytSpainsBelgium. Rhodeei&~Norooco0lt~Ly~Turkey. ' Ferbam HungarTjCzeohoolova~k£a,USA • °- .° CX~ r~

TtbZo ~ - Apnt8 ueed occtsiontlly in th, 8eod bed. "1) Prevent£ve s0£1 dieinfectLon. ~muL~desnema~onjzinebtdasome~. e Combined prepaz~t~ons Nethyl bromide + chloropicr£ne t (or oombJJ~ed aKen~8) methyliso¢3~nate + DD oa~bamide + cz~lde calcium cya~uuide (lime n£trosen) 2) Znsoot~©£des and other aRonts • Chloz~bae,endrinlendoJulftne,HCH,hePtachlor,tozapbene • b) _O:Am~o_L~2_s2ho_=o_u~ ~o~p£u~d_£ ~-~thLopbidrLn, ekatLnentlat~Lonepartth4on~ptrathLon-methylt t~iahlorophoneme:oapto~Lon,demeton-.methTltmenason:phosphsmidono ¢) O thors Ca~b~/1,copper &oetO-Lrsen£to,b~£um-s£1£¢ofluor~de,n~cot£ne, stz~ohn~ne,~hall~umsulphate. ' 3) .l~n~£otdos a~d btoter£¢lden Antz~aooltbenuenoeomp~ane~d~ooap(ksz~atJ~ne)~orKs~Lc me:ouz~ ©ompounds, PCN~,folpet(ph81~ane),polT:am, tht:am, J£z~m,EoT.No,O~qu£no1J~e - Disinfection of the meedss sodium h~po©hlo:~teja£1~er n~ra~e. 4) K*rb~d.J £~Lbeno £1171aloohol (p:e~ont~ve t:eatmen~ o£ the 8o£1)o • ° . .°. mm~

• ,.+- 0 0 T~ble ZIZ - £Rents used refularly in field ¢ultivation. "1) PFovont£vo so41 disJ~footion 2) |tk/leno dibrotido (EoD.B.) Diohloropropano- dt ohloropropone (DD) Tolone "- Znsoot£o4des and other a~onts • ) C lor~uatod h~__ocsrbons AldrLn DDT D~Leldr£n Endosulfano Hoptaohlor LJ~dano ToDoE. • b) OrA~nonhosDhorou~ oompounde A.nth.l.o D~xLnono DJJmtholto Used principally in the £ollow~nK countries Greeoe 0USAt South JU~rica, Rhodes4 a. Oreooo ~ USA, South Africa. USA t Rhodes 4a KuntriatBols£umjFz~nco, ltaly, Switserland,GreeoetMorocco, Tun£siatLobanoneSouth Africa, Rhode • ha, ~psoar, R~union I Japan o Japan, Thailand, Syria, France, USA, MarimBas car. South ~Lt'r£ca, Rhodesia, Tha£1and, Turkey. USA,South A£rlca. ltaly,Groe©etLebanon,Rhodeela. Austr£a.Huni~ry,Csochoslo~kla, Franoe,/taly.Morooco. USA G~eeoe~Tuz~oy, Oz~oeoe~keyjLobanonjUSA. Tha~landpLebanontTurkoy. G~eece,South~Frioa. Turkoy,Syrla,14ada~ascar,USA. Xtaly,TurkeytUSA,Guadeloupe. 1~rkoy,SyrLa,USA. 0" .,...- Q Q CO

.. ,~.| B hbl* III (Conttd). • 3) ~oidem end bactericides Antz'a.col D:Lnoctp bob i i i i i i • * ....... ~ • * • .w:.-$. ,,A.-...6 °. ! Used prinoilally, in the ~pllovinKoountries nolKiumtHunL~zT,Turke7. SyTi&,RlsodosisjSouth££rioa.. FodozlL1Rsp.ofGez~nany,Austz~la, Bel6ium0FrsJloetGreeco,HunKax'F, ltL~ytLeb~aon,MoroccotSwitzer- 18:ad,S3~rl&iTun£m~,Turkey. Bel~lum,ltalT,Morocco,Ttu~key. Orseos,HunKszT,Italy,Swttser- land,S~£a,Cseohoolovakia, Turkey,Guadeloupe 4) ~tTbioidss and othtr LJJn~ono + monolinurone • hpe sled oil,nut o41 or fish o41 BolKium Fz~noomBelKium. • | ° • t .° - °. . ° .. .° °.,° •° .° 0

¢ 9 Table IV - A~onts oc©asional~y used £n £4oid oultivatlon. I I u 1) Preventlve sot~ dieinfootion ¢l~oropiorino,lt~-d£ohAoropropone,dorlone,nemaphos,neosar,penphene. te~ovorlex. 2) ~nsOVti©idee and other a~ente a) ~h~or~Jlated h3~ro©arbonl ~oz~/aulo,e~in,H(~H, telodr:Lno. As~phos-methTl,b£d~ine,demeton-S-methylodemeton-O-mothy1, basudAn(diazAnone-phoneaptone),dioxathion,ekatAn,fonth£on, mov~nphos,pa~athlon-mothyl,trichlor£on,bromophos,mercaptoth£on~ phomphamAdon,d£eu1£otononenasone,phorate. Copper acetoarsenite,barium silioo£1uoride,sodium silico£1uoride, Iso~an,nicot4ne,strychnine,hyd.rooyani© aolde),metaldehyde, vaz~arln. t) su~ph~rous gas. ~) ~-~le£dee and baoter£oides. Copper p~epa~atlona,£eFbam,po~ysu~phido su~phu~,slram,slneb + E.T.M., sJ~ob + sirmOoSineb + a~neb,streptomycAn~polyoxin. ~) Herb£p~es and others Am/benO,BoP.T.A.M.,metobro~n Ma~o~o ao~d-hyd~a=Ido. ., • ° ° ~mds Q O emh=~

i i ,. ...... • . . "-*o~.,.:._~, ......... . .~, . ..... ~ .--. .- ,:: b ...... . . • . *.~._" -- , TatxiLe ¥ - Agents regularl7 used :L¢ u~rehouees.. ,Tgtmooo treatnent Hy~. ~e aeid Aoz71nilWite + C CZ4 J(e thyl~ broaAde Ethylene oxide USA USA USA p £1cer4a p Greece t Italy • Syria, Turkey ~ Thailand ~ South ~rioa t Fd~aKas oar. South Africa p Lebanon Room tz~atment Dromodan D4ehlorvos DDT .Lt~hme" ) pyre hrun ]Pyz.ethrum + piperon71buto~4do South Afrioa "Greece,ItalytLebanonlUSZp Turkey,Ouadeloupe. USAjXtaly Syria Th. ailand,Turkey, South~rioa LobanonjSyria • ° . The follo~lnK 8~e oc©asionall7 usedt DDT + bept|ohlor + nutlathlon DDT + Z/Jadmne Diohlorethane + C C14 Dieldrin Lindano + pyretlu~m + piperonylbutoxide .NLEathAon . ¢. o. • ..., . .° -°. mmam CX:) emmdb ~n r~ -%/.

B q 12. e .S .umary "o~£ the Problems of Roo~du.en as oF 1.968. Address by Pro£•FoEoGuthr£e0 North ~ro14na State Un4yersity tJl Ra~e4EhtUSA. NysummarF. hao the purpose of presentLnC the collect£ve york oF the Symposium and not a description of J~d£vidual a~eas of research work. Each :[ndi~-~duAl lecture was u important contribution made w£th~n the framework of a common task,as the rosuXt of vh£ch th£s important ~roblsm ham boon presented comprehensively. X should £irst like to oon~tulato CORESTA £orhavlng endoavoured -in suc~ a cloa~-siKhtod way to seek the solut£on of a problem that As of equal importance to each memberol reKard th~s collaborat£on and the z~oosnition that the problem boJJ~deaXt with here is one to be taken sor£ously, asa model 0£ world-vide common e£fort on the part of the entire tobacco ~ndustzT. Beoaue youlmvomado awa£1able Lll the resources of CORF~TA members and have been resolved to place knowledKe at the disposal of all (4~etead of koepLnc J~nfox~nation secret),you have succeeded J~ recoK- n~sJJ~ the extent and the siKnificance of the problems which are • created as a result of Luvost£KationS into residues in tobacco,and t~Lst~n fact,lonK before these questions wore touched upon Lu public from the poLutofwlev of tho£r s£~£icance to hsalth.It says s ~rlat dILL for an Lndustry ~J~ doll not frond aloof or feller lamely bchJJ~,but rather str£~oo to take the lead ~n the solution of such quost£ons in order that the hoLLth authorit£es can have ~laoed at theLrdLsposLL, on request suFfio£ont information,and defio£oncies in le~lslation or blind pulo can bo a~e£dod. ,, -. o enu~d~ r%j cx~

• q° The workJ~-pLrttee of COPJST& h~ve presented in a locica~ sequence the px~blem of rssldues after chemical tz~at~nt of thetobacco £rem the preYent£ve treatment of the soil with herbicides,homers- tides and soil insecticides,through treatments during cultivation to the influences of £ermentation.We hays listened to reports on the haz:n/%~ oonsequenoeso£ treatment with 2,4 Dtand have heaz~/ contributions which ]:aye spoken of the concentration of residues o£ tldrin and heptachlor in tobacco leayestalthough only the soil had been treated previously vith these aKsnts.Thsse reports on the • experimental treatment o£ soils v£th heptachlor have made it clear that concsntrat£on oF residues ~Ln the tobacco lea£ can result. Xnthe expsrdment the treatment was car~led out,adm£ttedIytusJ~ a dose increased 50 to 100 tJJes IF:eater than the customary one. Further inTesti~atlons into the eFFects o£ eel1 concentrations o£ approximately 1 - 2 ppm,as they actually occur,are .neoesoazT. Vo ]lave been presented vithtn excellent study on the fate of the residues o£ herbio£des £ron the moil to the tobacco emokeoVith reK~u~t to the use o£ herbicides we a~e only at the beKinn~ sta~e. Nevertheless it is reassurinK to learn that herb£o£destwhioh were applied in exceseLvel~ht|~h doses to ci6~z'ette tobacco :Ln the exper:Lmentstare exteno£vely decomposed to theeorrospond£ug aniXine de~£Tat£Tos andthat less than ~ o£ the oriKLnal substance £s £ound in the smoke.Vo c~n Ludeed state with certainty today that • the use o£ herbicides in the recomaended amounts does not lead to a s:LIp,4£icant transition o£ the res£dues into the smoke. • detL~Lled report has been K£vsn on the protection o£ stored tobaccos. ..• .. o.. • o.. em~mb Q

! i i , , - .........."..,,~:'.:. ~ ............... - _~:::..,~.~._ . •. .... 14.. ,,, "1 Pumiption aKents do not seem to throw up anF problems in relation t9 residual amounts ~ the smoke.Further clari£.ication ouKht to be souKhtthov~ver, oonosrninK the consequences of £umiKation with HCN on ~e composition of the smoke.Perhaps other ~nts ou~t to be reoi~ded in which there does not exist the poesibi.lity of the format4on of residues subh •s pbospne,This prob[em is •t present beJJ~r studied by Chllds 4n 1~Lchmond,ViE4nla. . ,The replacement of cap•the by • bensamLdasol derivative as an anti- my~oticum reflects the Kenez~s% endeavour to use safe plant protect- ion t6~nts on tobacco. The reports on the. dithlocarbamates were'supplemented by a contrl- bution on sJ~c residues on tobacco and 4~ the smoke.Prom the amounts of this trace element 4~ the smoke the author reckons with 18 mE of s~no per year In the smoke of 20 o/Ears•ass • day. 8evend reports were submitted on the subject of residual amounts o£ :Lu~.eet£oidos.£unlr£oides and maleic acid hydraside in ©ommercial 1oat •chaco0 and 4~ sisera•tee From L~lrope:£sla,Atrlca and the Un4t~ States.There was senera11y Kood agreement between the results . of several independent study-~oups.Residual amounts of CLrbamates ~ud phosphorous compounds were Kener&lly less than 0.5 ppm on leaf tobacco,and therefoz~ it san be expected that those residues are e~letely decomposed ~ the course of smok~n6. Vithve~£ev exceptions the residues o£ l~ane and of the cycle- dlen# on 1SeLf tobacco were so slight that remldual traces in the 'smoke wore lower than. 0.01 ppm.It to veT reamsu~lnK that no residues of endrLn were able to be detected ~n the course" of an extensive I o.. .. o Q CX)

( , • ° . m.• ..... ~ ~ ...... o.o. 15. o IJ~veatlptlon of clprette tobaccos in the Spring of 1968oThers .wore found approximately Z5 ppu residues of nalelc acid• hydrazlde in nox:ml cemmerelal leaf tobacco of Japanese and Amerlcan origin. XMDT and SnLlogues (DDT - TDB) weredetected in the tobacco of all commex~=lal c£garettes,ineludlng those which were described in their advertlsiagas W£ree :L'~om pesticidesm.ln oi~e~te ~obacco £1ndlngs were betveen 5 ~ --d 3Opt.The tre:sition of the original con- "pound into the smoke was 10 - 15%,according to severL~ ©a~efullT tattled-out investlcatlons.The correspondAq dehydroohlorAnated derlvltlves were found in smaller measure (5 - IO~).A description was given 0£ trans-4,~'-dlchlorostilbenetas a nev product 0£ deeomp- osltlon,in traces o£ approxlmately 1.5 meg per smoked cigarette. The toxicity of this compound has not hitherto been investigated. Several methods have been described which permit a eignlflcantly spoed:,.r ,, ,ostie tio. or oi,,,rette emoke --d tobacco pe" i tides ~ which 8hould,thereforejrender easier Future investigations. Xa the closing diseumsion the topic yam le~Aslation concerning roeulattons for the z~s£duee o£ plant protection agents in tobacco producteoSuch lave o~ regu~ations ~re in force or in preparation in on17 t3ro countriec.Xnboth those countriee(FederaA Republic o£ G~zsm~Tan~-~vitse:~and) t~-~e ex~e~'good rela-t~ons---b~w~engove~n- mona departments and the tobacco industz~,~Ath the result that re~ation8 c~n be expected that t~ke prope~ ccKnizanco oF both ~he p~oteotion of the consumer and.the e£~uation o£ the induetz~. • i" ." • . .." .. . • ...- ,,m,,,,,,,,IM " O O O0 ---wdk

and that COP35TA should make • positive contribution to the estab- l£ohJJ~ of much toloz~nco 1ovolsoCOKESTA could nevertheless sioso the JJ~Lt£&tAve and eetablAsh some kAnd of muno£fAcJ~_ tolez~nce levolsW 4n order ~hat the health authorAtAos o£ ~11 scum. tries could ~e ooet4Ln thtt tho tobacco :ILnduotryhad clo8~lF reool~Lnod • tobtcoo thl.u they do in the ctso of Foodst~fSoA Foz~nulat~on could porkpo be dLscovored,Ln fLtt,tnl~ collabontionvLth CORSSTA,to v~Loh all pa~tAoo .conooz~:od. oould ~vo theft aK~oementoIn Keneral to:ms it could perhaps road. as Follower aTho Foe,duos of plant p:otoct£on a~ont8 used 4~ the cultivation of tobacco and ~n the manu£actu:o of tobacco products must not exceed ~n~ho ma~n stream smoke theme levels of tolez~nce l~Ld down For~eKotablo FoodmL~FFsn. The results reported on ho:e ma~o At cloa~ that such :eq~Lroment8 could ou~ol~ be obsoz~red today ~rlth the possible exoopt£on of DDT°Hovovor,laet month in the USA DDTwas etz~ok f:om the l£st of ":oco~n~sod J~usocttctdoe recommended for tobtcco~and it t8 vez~we11 • o possible to replace DDTby other skeets vLth oqumlly ~ood offset, N~Loh mo~nm t~t there is roallF only ~Dl¢ lo£toT~cLs compound ms~es £to tzqmsttton ~nto the smoke An resider1 nnountu,but tt the .Ohms t~mo it ~m fa~belov soy love1 of tolez~noeoThe lover tox£o£ty o£ .... TX~ (~100 nE~) luBd. tb£&ct tht 1to acoum~l&tton An the body £tt '-"~" doom nOt. lZrOSOnt much mertoue problems could lord one to expect at nmm~ *" .,', , I

17, o . o the paroeent t~o that the hoa~th authorittom v~d a~eo relents t~o Oom~po~oNat~lly TDE ¢o~d also be roplac.~ in ~ol~oco '~o~ by other a~nts ~th an ad~n~ttodl7 ~ghor toxici~,but v~ lo~ less to a oonoont~t£on d~ the £att!v t£isue and w~oht moreover,are more eztonsivelT decomposed £n the sou:so of pyTOIyS£S, ~e eetabl£ehtnK of a kind of ~mo£fic£&l tolez~0e levels requires as an obvious p:ovleo to be ha~mo~Lzed with the pz~oticos o£ tobaooo Wowinc.In th~s ephoro o£ the tobacco 4~dustx7 the appreciation p- o£ the neoossity to obsez~o speot££o mLz~Jnum amounts of plant • protoot£on aKonts must bo further £mproyod by proKrammed enliKhten- mona • The Symposiumnow reaohLu~ £ts oloso has yielded an imprese£Te eumary o£ our present knovlod~e ~ntb£e field.A number of furtho: questions 8=0 ~nneed of further exploz~toz7 study and continuous £nte~tiOnLl oollaboz~t£on.But the roeultm reported hero ought alone to be guffioient to oonvinoe sash of the nat£onal health au~horit£os that the industz7 iteolf has assumed the reeponsib£1ity for the solut£on of those problems oroated bT the residues o£ plant l~oteotion aontm on tobacco. ; " 0 o° ? . ., M {.rl

i ! ,1" " , , |. . Oo | [ 0 I I i ! ! i [ ooun~rios ..... o 18. ~o~ation of Plant Protection to the Roqu~rompnts o£ the Gorna~ Ns:/a~m Amounts RoKulationa• .. The German tobacco- industry obtains up to more than 95~ of :Lto crude tobacco from abroad•The £ollow~n~ table ~lvoo a. synopsis of the shako o£ the total import on the part 0£ the "KrowJ~K-countrics. It is based on figures of the Federal Statistics OFfice For the yea:'1969o 31•6 17.2 Greece I I ~ulsar~a 5.7 Pooplo0s Rop•CbtJ~ 5,4 ~ndonos~ Italy Brasil Japan Mexico Poland Thailand Total " 4.1 .3•9 :3.9 :3.6 3..5 2•1 1.6 Countries ~ Countries Columbia 1.6 Dominican Rop, 1. Arsontina 1 • 1 South Korea 1.1 YuKoslavia 0 • 8 Pa~aKuay 0.7 South Africa 0•7 P~Llipp~noo 0,7 Talwan 0 • 6 Hunsaz7 o • 5 Malawi 0 • 5 Jw Rumania O. 5 RomaLudor o Angola India Camoroono cm Cuba ~da4~scs~r Mozambique NoChorlando Zambia USSR Others 2.2 100.0 o Under t~o heading o£ ORomaJJ:dor° are included those fro~- ommtrios whoso :tnd£viduL1. slmz'o o£ the import at any toll.no £s loss tban0.5~ .. HO~O than a half ofYall impoz'4;s comes from the USA,Greece 8~d Turkey. ." ; ." It moomodu~Kont,thoro£oro,to advocate,in the case of those throe countries first and foromost~tho o~rliost possible adaptation of ,the practices of plant protection to the requirements of the Oerns~ rosulat£ons. .o . Q Q ~um~b ~04

- i..~J i i | .:...;.'.~. "~_..~.~..~il " " ° ' """ "" ~'~'"'" ° T~m un4ted S~ates of America. F~LIo roconndations for the nee of plant protection t g teas have IO fo~ been well to the forefront of discussion,without there be£n~ any b£ndJ~K reKulation~ concerntJ~ maximum amounts ~u the case of tobaoootthoz~ has also boon tak~uK place ~n recent months, withLu the contezt of ,seers1 ondoavours to seek improvements in protection of the envtronmontja d~ast£c chance ~urespoot of the "control of the residues of plant p~otootion skeets° As a rtsuzt of-thts~regulations and official measures can be re~- onod v£~h within a relativeIT short apace of time,and by me~n of v~Loh ou~ efforts to obta~a the adaptation of the practice of plant protection to the requirements of the NaximumAmounte Re~- lation v£11 be considerably £urthorodo Up to the end of 1970 it was predominantly the plant protection sorvioostplanters~ associations and other tJ~divtdu~l orcanisations in the tobaeeo-K~ow~nK states of the US£ from which the initiative came for the improvement of plant protection.In the futturo the • m~u£aoturerl of-plant protection a~onts ~n p~rtioular will be subjected to official control wh£ohtto Judge from its ple~n~n&e Will ~JIpOSO demands as h£Kh as those ~postd by Gox~n le~islation. 10 Federal State Regulations. a) U.S.Dopartmont 9£ ~r~£oulturo. - On the 20°1X.69 the app~opriate section of the Department ~nformod all manufacturers ud the trade that DDT was removed from the list of recommended plant protection skeets as far

e a °- .o imnn • o I 20. o I ..° as four of its applications (inolud~ tobacco) wo~o concerned. t A 30-daF deadline was SOts "l t - With ooz~ospond4j~ stops taken 4~ the EnGlish and Oox~nan tobacco ~ndustrios in mind,the Dopartmont 0£ A~io~lturo ordox~d on L 9.3.70 that tobacco S~owors would receive a price subsidy 4n the haziest year 1970 oz~y under the oond~tion that neither DDT nor TDB wag usodo It was stated that th4s measure was necessary as early as 1970 because the Gox~nan ro~attono wore to cone into £orco 4~ 197~ and the tobacco from the crop of 1970 was certain to be still on the max~ot at that t~Jno. - With offset from 1.4.70.fDE (DDD) was aZso romoyod from the Zist of recommended plant protection agents. N0w ~aws and a~thorltles. WltJcLu the framework of a nov °Fodersul hvIJ~onnontal Postlcldo Control Act of ~971' there is to be newly appolntod an OEnvlronmontal P~otootlon AKenoy' .Thee authority is to take over the control of plant l~J~otootlon scents wl~ch has hitherto been in the hands of t.ho Department of AaTicultumojand is to establish max~aum 8not~te for residues (hitherto FsderaX Trade Commission). Xu particular,the Env£ronmonta~ P~oteotion Ason©y is to exorcise contral£nod and stricter control oft Plant 2rotoot4on a~ent_s ~_ual~_tX re~u4renents - Jud~Ln~;.y hazlCu~ effects on huma~smon plants,~ls and the whole o~ronmsnt. - Chook~J~ persistence,decomposition Focosoootextont and ao©umu- -latlon b) • o. ,- ' ~ ..:.. ..;,~'.-~J~ .~ ..... i...-.';. ,. ." .....~ .... ~ .~,~. ..~ ..... ~ . ..~~_.~i~__~ .-° C~ Cr~

-- .0 °il - BstablishJ:f of saxons asounts of residues in foodst~fs of anJjml and vesetable ori~ (~noludlng tobaoco).~n water and in the aJ~. ~o I~m_ t,i~ of ion.Lesion to use Monte._ Pez~Lssion can be crantsd for tenors1 or rostriotod use. Permission can be K~anted sub3eot to use by tx~J~:od ataf£. Pezs~Lssion is to be Kranted only for llm4ted periods at any time. • TradJ:~ ~ro_hlbltions_(~ncludJJ~ 4mmedlate measures) Controls 4n the ~laces of ma~uJacture_ It @an be expooted that the now reculation will come 1nee logaX foxes w~. t~Ln the next six months. Xn Januaz7 1971 i~ was proposed by Senator Nelson that the sale and supply of I Aldr:Ln ]|ndr:l.n .. Chloz~lane lleptaohlor DlYr/TDi~ L~adane " l~leld=£n Toxaphone should be prohibited as a supplesont to the.'Federal Tusectlolde. Pun&~olde and Rodentlolde AotJ.The prohibition should a18o apply to expo:ts abroad. At the JJ~Ltlatlvo of Senators Nelson and Humphrey a further motion °~ WaS prol}olod JJ1 TATs Senate whioh is .dlreoted at the issue of a UNat£on81 Pesticide Control and Protection Act" whlch w£11 ensure that the nov ,~v~iental ~oteotion~enoy~ will receive the aut~~ and the roq~s£te moans to have ~1 plant protection ~ 84~nt8 tested and oontrolled in oollaboz~t£on ~lth the Department " of Health. At the mame t~Jne it is 'to be stated whether the advan- tage o£ speo££io agents a~e in a de£ensible prop~tion to the r~ks. CO

1 ~O • '" Zn Konoz~Lpths permiss£0n to ass a plant protoctton aKont 4s to bo mRdo dopondont on oona4doxlbly t£chtonod up rosen and 4nyestiK- ! at4ons. 20 T,~4wi_~_a! Stats8 ~n tho USA. Sines it has boon possible in past FeLts to exorn4ss any influenco on the methods of plant protection in on1T vex? few eases bT moans of laws and rsKu~ations,e££orts tJa this dimction since ~967 have come m~nost oxolulively from the Un~versity Xnstitutes,£rom their a~io-ltuxs~ adrAsox7 sc~v4eas and from the ~omtion services • of the Tobacco •Growers Assoc4at4on.T" th4s tho wious institutions that tho tobaccos so t~oatod oonfoz'm to the roquiromonts of tho Gox~I roKu~ations (Pro£oHiStric) b) Ths_Zn~_roduct£on o£ Modern Methods :Lnto_Jl~r~cul_~u~al PracticeA • The A4~rleu~ Adyisol~ Service o£ the U,,4versi~y o£ Raleigh has at its disposal iobi2~:2tboz~toriea (RosoIL~Ch on Wheo2s), ~mmb O '. C~

"'i ; I: J I- .w s ! ! o) wh£oh ~e umed for contt~uous oontrol Of the ~oo~ended ~thods • in the ~ous ~ow~ distriotstAt the same" t~l~e the farmers ~e~n thoro~2ad~ce on~l the modern methods of plant protsct£ont~th the a~i~ of rsdu¢~ the use of chsmtc~ agentSo At the present the there ~re be£nK demonstrated in test~uK ~ounds of 11.000 aores-£n all new processes by means of which a post attack can be conta£ned and at the same t~ne the use of chemical aKents can bo reduced to an absolutely necossazTm£ni- mumoL~addit~ontthe £uer8 are made familiar with the safe handl/J~of the now aKonts. Statutoz~Ke~ula~£~n!in, N~r~h_CLrol£na as an Example For o ~oa~!sRond~n~ ROAu~ati~n~----------------in the Ind£vidus~ Statss~ An adT~sox7 comn~ttee of the North Ca~ol£na Stats Un£versity (School of £~£culturs and L£fe Sciences) prepared £n 1970 the formulation of ref~lations ~ovsrnin~ the psrnission to use and the use of plant protection aKents.~n the £utu~e,rsSu~atlons a~e expected to take the place of the recommendations hitherto e~et~J~.At the same t~mo the re.athens a~e cons£dered to be .a model for cox~ospond~nK reKu~atlons in the remaln~n~ States of the USA. ! ! i | t ! o • o. • o - Adequate tfri~ltural returns are impossible without the use of l~ant p~otection a~onts. - J~me~ou8 p~ant p~otect£on asents can continue to be recommended because their proper appl£cat~on does not Xead to the endanor- of the e~Ironmon~ and is not associated with hea~th • r£mkso C~ m ~r

.. • - inarone dl~ors ]~Yo ~it~ cause in the ~por ~o of the al~ents. .. - The blanket proh£bition on manufacture and use must be replaced by 8olootlvo prohibitions alnod at corta£n uses,and by roKulat- ions govo~g tho~safe uso.A total prohibition on the manu- £aotuz~ and use of such aKonts seems exooss£vo and unnecessary oven in the case of DDTand other chlorinated hydrocarbons. • ~e£oLno_n~t~i~n!. - The manufaet~aro,the sale,the employment and the application of plant proteotlon aKents requires to be Koverned by appropriate X&ws and reKulatlone ~North C~ollna(and all other States). - ~ea~ ~n plant protection scents,adrienne on'~helr use and the handl:Lnf of plant pro~ootion aKents shall be ass£Kned only to persons who have a l£oonco - The improper use of plant protoat£on aKents must bo preyented by laws and rosulat£onstwithout ouch roKulat£one loadinK to the aomploto renunciation of the application of necessary and su£t- abZo agents. - The now loKislation for the use of plant protection a~onts must be woz4cod out by the proper authorlt£os for the protection of the e~nmont,ror a~e£ou~turo and for hoalth,4n common. ,~o~. J 1 On the basis of the above mont£onod principles and recommendations one could expect the paeeinK of a WNorth Carol~la Pestio£do Use and Appl£oat£on Act" J~1971.The d~a~t of this re~ulation was . ~ntroduood in ~Ld-)h~eeh,1971,and oont&J.us amonK other th~e '" st£pulations oonosrninC the l~£tod applioat£on o£ certa£n chlor- • ..o C~

• , ......... ; ...... _ ............ ,, ......... •. " t 25. t -J~atod h3~L~ooa~bone as well as • £ev phosphorous compounds and os:bamitos.. I - - i us. = s _upa=z. As a result of the pressure to adapt pint protection to the demands of the German res~lationj and to s4milar quality demands on the ps~t of Bn~lish buyerst£a:-reachinK changes in the p:actlce of pint i:otoction yore able to be achieved by moans of the hitherto 'p~ovailJJ~ system of ad~lstnK and with app~oprtate recommendations made to the chemical ~ndust:y and to aKTicultu:o,F:om 1971 the dovolopionta introduced viii be quite considerably £urthered as a result of laws and re~ILat£ons. The basic features of. fUture leglslatlon can be sunnaz~sed as £0110vss a) The creation of a new Fedox~t£ Authority (F~v:L~onmental Protection AKonoy) with extensive powers for the reKulatlon of the manu- faoturo,doal~qr ~Lu and applicatlon o£ pesticides. b) Tb, o 4~clnslon 0£ tobacco in the approprlate Icf~Lslation. o) ~1o px~hlbltlon of the use o£ Ald~n,ChIoz~lnoeDDT/TDE,D£oldr£n, ~,Hsptnohlor,L:Lndano,and Toxaphsno. d) The extensive lo&,L1 control 0£ plant protection 4~ the :l~di~J.dunl StatosoRoKulations on the model 0£ the WNorth Ca~olinL Pesticide Use and tpplioation Actm Leo botnc propLrod Lu 25 American States, °. C~ c~ LT~

° • .. • : i or. eeoc. e , lo I 26o i i | i Of the pout£c4dos which 8~0 proh4bitod by the terms of pax1,2 oF tJzo Naximn~n Amounts Rogul&tiontonlT ~ ~ud HEPTACHL~R w yore employed in 0roses for the dtein~oction of the soil,The treatment oF the fullT de~Mlopod plants was prohibited by toys1 decrees of ~bbruax7 1967 and ~flurch 1968 ~n the light of the Gemn HaIjxmmAmounto Regulation. "2o The Greek NJ~istz7 of Tobacco which o££ore the tobacco KTovers pesticides at reduced prices,introduced instead D~ZL~TON at a ooneidortblo price reduction. e ~o Zn oz~or to ©ouster the persistent attempts o£ JJldiyidual tob- acco growers to use AJ~DR~J~ and HgPTACHLOR at least ~u exceptional cJ.z-oumstanceo,sll stocks of those wore withdravn in 1970. ~, Am £~nrthor substitutes £or soil treatment agents L,kNNATZ nnd SOLV2~U~C yore rocomunox~Sod softer JJrvoJtiptions ~n the Tobacco ~o Roooa~roh Z~st~tuto in Drsms.As a replacement for DWF the author- i~£oe LZ'O J~atroduoJ~KTH~ODANE,SEVXN and ZOLON. ~VJ-,o~l,~.,-...~ . -T~vlrohoueos DDVP is be~u~u~odlin severe cases T-~s. On. the Krounde o£ the urgent representations nmdo bY the • Association of the CiKqurette Zndustry and the Gorma~ Firms the £ollcvJx~moaxuros h~yo recently boon taJcon ~nGroo~s - The use of a11 the pesticides in £ppendix 2 oF the NsxJ~mum £mounts Regulation has boon o££icJ~lZy prohibited by the O=ook Nin:Lotry o£ &t;r:Lcu.l.turo. - DLthLoc~xbnnstee nay nov be used only £n the seed bed unless .o~cial permission is obtained £rom the Greek Tobacco H~nistry. eue.db emmmdb ~J~ r~

| • i The treatnent of fully developed plants in the field requires prior pm.zqn~se£on from the Tobacco M4~4stxT,ln th4s event the dooa4o w~11 also be prescr4bed, - Since November 1970 the Research Znmt4tute ~u Dz:una has exten- ded 4ts CUzTont ~u:vest4~t£0nm 0£ z~ndom samples from the va~4ous grow~:~ areas to include res4duos of DWr. - The Demokrltoe Nuclear Research Centre Ln Athens has taken over the task for the Tobacco Min4stz~ of developlnK modern methods 0£ analysis and will Lrrvest£Kate reKularlT random samples of tobacco from all the ~ow~nG areas. - The ~nspectors of the Tobacco M4j~Lst~ will c~ out checks of the SOlUtiOns Of ~rrayinZ aKont8 used by ~he Krowers(type of pesticide and tea ooncsntra~ion).~tens£ftsd controls of the a~onts used for 8o41 treatment have been brought into foz~e for the 1971 plant/J~K. ..°~ mmmd~ mmmd~ "

21. o lame n~tt£on BxuJz~J~n may only be used in cotton frowin~. • Zn 1970 the ban was extended to Chloz~no. • ..~. - Acoordiq to the latest communication, free the Turkish Monopoly Adm~ntetration only the follow~u~ plant- and stereprotection aKonts a~e poz~Ltted :Ln the case of tobacco from 1971s ~roatment in the Seed Bed. &) Znmoot4oides S L~J~dlne m Kamma hoxaohloreyolohexano or Kamma BHC ~dr~n hrttl~Lon Font~Lon Dlssinone l/alathLon Bromophoe Mothy1 brom£de b) ~c£dess ikHssmso Z:Lnob MotJ~rl.sJ~ob (JLutz~ool) ~ye: 5078 CoPi~= carbonate Ally1 alcohol Treatment ~nField CuXt£vatlons a) Y~sootioidoet l~z~thion-othyl Diuinono Phompbam~don NalatJ~on D~Lmothoate Meth£dathlon Thiod~ne Phoephaeldon Cyolane Fon£troth£on Th£omotone D£ohloropropono Motaldehyde Naneb MetJ~un Foz~nL~deh~le Copper sulphate Copper oxychlor4de Copper oxlds Dtnethoato Bromophos. ThJ.ocbmo : .° o. eu,em~ 4m,,m~ .j~'

• I ! f b ) .lJ~D&'t.ctdeJ ! MetlxTl sineb K~Lneb (An't:raooZ) HaJleb Pro~e~tion of etoree in~rehousos. D£olt~orvos Mo~I~vl bromide 20 £~ tho ~Lae~£&~t£on of the lq~ndLs~rT o£J~rr£oul~ure ~LnJl~ksz~ one of the laborttor£es of the Univere£ty £e £nvest£~t~at reKu18~ :Lllt~ozs~JL8 z~4rJdom 8mmple8 oF tobtooo vlh4ch 8~e £orw~ed by the Monopoly tdmir~Letr&tion from the vsrious frtow~LnKareas. a) Z.n oxtens£ve rnJxlom snples from de~Lerse b~Les (1OO to 350 . s/umples per gz'ade),¢LT~£ed out :in the ye~'s 1966,1967 and 1968, ~ho follovinE mean ros£duos o£ d~th£ocarbam~tos (DTC) and Ps~rathton were obta£ned: Orade DT~(ts ppmKm~eb) P~ra~h£on (ppm) 7.~ 9.6 6.6 Zsm~ A Zsm~r B Xsm:Lr K~pp~ 0.75 0.71 0.72 1.~ 1003 0,9~ 2o30 0.38 fkumun A Samsun B Ssmsun I~pp~ 9.1 11.1 1:).8 l~r4bst inditldu~L vtluo 22o) i,ovost J.nd£'~Ldua.l vanJ.uo 4.0 • . • : ,." CO e.mud~ .4~ (..rl

_/~.~i~. • , I l ! • . • ! • ..r . t*" • • " | : 30, • • ! b) In.e~lee of o£&~l~ette tobaccos taken from the production line i in the lOUise of two yoes the £ollowin~ residues were £ottnd (£veraKee of evez7 8 re~dom samples): ~, mm~• ." .~ Brand Toni 8emeun Baba~ " Birinci ~C (as ppa Manob) 7.6 7.9 14.0 10.6 Parathion(ppm) 0.51 0,42 0.58 0.48 Highest indi~lual value 21.6 L~JJt /~dAvidual vtlue ~.0 1,02 "0.12 J i ! t I • 1 1 O) In the tobacco, of a Turkish brand of olKaJrotte (exclusively Turkish constituents in the mixture) there were foundLindano~ Aldrin,p,p-DDZ and p,p-TDZ merely in traces of Xoss than 0.05 ppm. b pjp-DX~reeidue was 0.6 ppm, the residuaX amount of dithio- ca_~tes(oaSLoulated as Maneb) was 29 ppm.~e clgarettes were purchased in 1970.From this finding it oan be oonciuded that ohlox~nated hTdrocarbona have px~aotlooAIy no application as piAnO protection agents. The investigation mentioned under c) was carried out in Hambur~! further checks are proceeding. ~~_~_~~ountrlee with Si ifioaat Tobacco ~x orts to the Fede~ Republie. £mon~ the remaS~der o£ the g~owin~ countries ~rom which tobacco is imported into the Fedez~t Republic there a~e eight countries with a tota£ share of the German import o£ about 20~ from whlch there is available information relating to measures that are musd~ tJ~ CX~ ewmdb ~j~ Cr~

|,., ...... ~ . L • • 6 I. I i i ! | aired at .adtpting plant protection to the Germtnregi~ations, (The shaz~ of the total import coming £rom these countries is given in bz~okete). huzza The use of plant protection agents has been o~Jeoted to new re~- lttionJ issued by the Ministry o£ Agricultures Dlthiocarbamates,£npart£oular Zinebtare pernitted for the control of blue mildew.For the reot,orK~tnophosphoroue compounds are used o4~ai~t tobacco pests.Protection o£ stored tobacco is carried out with DDVP. The use of or~znochloro coapounds,tn particular of LindaneeDDT and TDZ has been prohtb~ted. The plLnt protection agents nentioned in Appendix 2 to pars.2 of • the.OernanP~xinumimounte Resulat£on may no longer be used. Apart f~on special problems "which arise from the necessity to oont~ol blue mildew,Xtaly supplies the example of an g.E.C.country /Jawh£oh as late as 1968 an o£££cial reculat£on was issued whlch was not IJZhax~nony with the German MaxJJum Amounts ReL~alatlon that had al~esdybeenpassed at that ti~e. o A decree o£ 11,1,1968 refulttes the nanufaotm o£~lnd trsd~uc in plant protection agents containing kldrin Heptachlor or Dieldrin Heptachlorepoxide. L~I ordane - PQ ...... The use 0£ these agents is pexln~tted when the £ollowinK restrictions a~e obmervod s : 'o. • .°. O CO w

~12. a) For application In the seed bed the sp~Inkl~uK powder net not contaIn more than I0~ of e££eetlve substance; b) Granules for the cl~eJ~:Fect£on of the soil may cent•In only 4~ of effective substance. Furthermore.the named •gents for the disinfection of the soil may only be used once every£ouryoarsand to the £ollow£ng maximum amounts : ".~t.ct~In Chlordane DieldrIn t Hopt•chlor Hopt•chlorepoxlde lqax£mumamounts in kK o£ e££ectivo substance per hectare 2 0.6 ~L.5 o • ~almost a11 o£ the Ztal£an ~owInc areas A1drIn is used as • sell tree•sent aStlnJt types of asTot£s.Ae a result,strJAc£ngly h£shz~sldues o£ d£eldrIn are Found in Ita1~n tobaccos . This was taken as an oocas£on to d~aw the •ttentlon o£ the Ztal£an Nonopoly administrat£on once aga£n to the aspired-For prohibition oF the use oF certain pesticidcs and to stress that the :Lmport oF Italian tobaccos into the Federal Republic was only do£onsible iF Aldrin was ropl&ood by more modern plant protectlon •fonts,Just as in other countries. Attempts made hltherto to use Lind•no or SevIn Instead o£ Ald~In have Failed in Xtaly.Other substitute qents so far tested have been Asod~In Me•toll D£asinon Nonitor Phoratos Yelsicol Du~ebane' Pax~thlon FensuIFotlon

?riohlorofon (Dylox) was reoo--onded by the Federal H4010K4cal btituto(oF Vo.Germany) and in hlolgh tr£chloro£0n OF Dursbane yore rooomonded, Zn 8p£to of Aldrin hav4nK boon g4von oZoaranoo by the Ztalian rofu~atlonu.tnd in spite of the hitherto unmatiefaotoxyattompte to have this trent replaced by ~nothor~tho Monopoly adtinistration and the soLentLste concerned vLll ©ont£nuo to press For the nooses- • try prohibition of its use, The plant protoctLonagonts used'Ln the year 1970 are g£ven £n the £ol~ov£ng l£ots a) DOT ao well ae m£xt~oe of DDTwlth l~j~ethx~mmRothonon and Ntlttl~on,up to 20 days before the 'toppinc' of the plnnte, b) ~drintHep~tohlor-- bo£oro plant:UaC out. o) )qkLLath£on and Nonazon - £or the treatment o£ the soil up to 20 days before topp~. Mo'thyl brom4dojDDVP and hydrogen phosphide are rooommended For funilpat£on- Rooommondatione and porm£ttod uses h,e, YO S4wmCO boon revised. At pz~sont the £ollow£ncaKonts s~o pormlttod in tobacco-~owlnK: I~Joct/oidos o TILtomo~ono Nalath£on BthyZthiomotono Nonason Diptsrox (o.o-d~nothyl l-hydrox7 2.2~2-tr£chioroethyl phosphonate) Papthion (o.o-dLsothyl $-(1-othoxyoarbonyl l-phonyl methyl) phosphorod£thioato ) • • ...... (¢ontOd) emm~b 0 0 CO %0

- o" . . • Q 0 Yam£dotl~lLon (oto-ddJnethyl S-(1-N-metbyl osxba~ioyl ethyl ta1Loeth71) phoephorot~Lolato ) Istox (o t o-d£mothyl S- (1-methyl-2-e thyl sulfinyl )-ethyl phoephoro- thlolate ) °°o ~eidee Copper Jlllpht • Zineb Nsneb Polyoaz~amate ,Amobam K~z~thane ~Ctpttne Ferbsm Polyox~n Sulphu: Calo£um polysulph£des Thiophanate "ne~i~dee Z.4 PS (Sodium 2-(2.4-d£chloropheno~) ethyX sulphate) S£du~on (1-(2-methylcyclohexy1)-~-phenylu:ea~ O~hers $tlsptotTc~ Chloropicrine T:£ohodon~ HH ~0 (male£o hyd=tside) (le2-d£bromoeth&ne) DCZP (2-¢hloro-l-methylethyl ether) DD (d£ohlopropene) Up to 15.5.1971 there were applications under coneidez~tion for permission to use the fo11~ aKents 4n Ja]~an: heot4o4dee nnvP L~nnate 8slatJ~on G~P (2-ohloz~-l-(2t4-d~chlo:ophenyl) v4nyl d4aethyl phosphate) NBP (0. o-dimethyl o-~-mothyl-4-n~trophenyl phosphoz~th40ate) . ~ (dodeoylbtntene b4s-ethylene dtsm~ne Copper e~lpho~tte) Polyox~n. ....... - ..................................... ;" .° . Q Cx) emumdb 0

I • 1 -o °. Herb£aide , 4.* o BetJ~rodin (N-butyl-ethT1-2e2e2-tr££1uor-2,6-dJ~Ltro -l>-toluAdine) ~ormat£on is soant.The use of Heptaohlor,AldrintEndrin and D£eldrin h~d not been prob~bited by 197o. &ooord~ng to /J~Formation 6iron by exportere,Aldr£n,~nd~n and Di- Ildrin are no lonKsr supposed to be sold to tobacco planters. Xnstead o£ these Guthton is to be used. "Antraool 4s recommended for the control, of blue milder. So~tbAtri~a (looo than 1~) Vs~LtLnl periods between the last treatment and croppLug are prescribed For the plint protection agents hers'quoted: d.. Parathlon 21 days hratbane 10 days Meroaptothion 7 days PhoscLrlne 7 days .Refer 7 days Thtodane 5 days There are only ~ndi~dual ~nstruotions and resulat£ons Ln £or©e, sn~hu,£or Lnstance,reKsurd/n~£um£cat£on~lth methyl bromide. The amount must not exoeed ~2 Spot eubio motre.0nly 2 treatments may be'serried out per annun. (I... than1 ) SJ~oe 1968 it has been prohibited tb use hexaohlocyclohexane in abe"ease oF seedlLnCs'.The use o£ ~ldr£n in £ield ©ulttvat£on is ~eds 00 m ~mds

|,| • prohibLtod,A waiting period of 21 days is proscribed .in the case of Antnracol(dithiooa~bamate)(£ormerly 7 days). There is only very £rs4~entary in£ormation ava~able from the £ollowinG |prowing-countries(shareo£ the tobacco import of the Fodez~t~L Republic in bz~ckete) *= =nt£na (1.15) Nexioo Bran:UL (J,~) Philippine! (O.7~) Peoples Rep.o£ ChAse (j.~) Poland (2o1~) Xndonesia The r~ share of the tobacco £mport (7.1~) is distributed over.numerous produo~ countries whose Ludiyidual share at any timmo is YerFsmall. RoKulations in Gz:owinK-Countries not exp~rtJ~q| to the Federal Rep. The ~Jatez~t£ona£ discussion on the" necessity o£ reducin~ the residues o£ plant protection aKonts in tobaccos has led to the tiGhten~.~:o£ reKulation8 eyes Ln those countries which do not export at all,or not in siK51i£ic~nt quant£tiss,to the Federal Republ£o.Two European countries and Rhodesia are quoted here as ! examples. ZnAno~Fia the £ollow~waitingperiods between the last treatment and hal.resting have been laid downs Plant Protection &Kent Donoton motley1 S n.=.te. thT1 (i) Aldrin, Lindens, Thiedans DiJminon + Phonoapton! ZsoZane Zineb ~)la~ob WaltlnK Period. 5 weeks 5 weeks weeks 2 weeks 4 days. .......... Xn Cuoohoslo~kia a waiting period of seven days prior to the ." ; ." I m U~ ~J~ r~3

I . . [ • . J ! I ~7, harvest has been prescribed for the use of dith4oca~bematee £o: the control of blue mildew. In Rhode~ia the circumsta~ces are particul~rly favouz~ble £rom the .- po4--t oF view of the present disousstonlhovever,the inporting.of tobacco into the Federal Republic has been terminated. The use of plant protection scents whichctnno longer be tolerated acoordinK to the German MaximumAmounts Regulation have been pro- hib£ted by order.Severe penalties are provided For in the case of offences.A speciaAised laboratory ham been entrusted with the con- "ere1 o£z~s£duo~. Aocord£ug to t press release From the RhodgsianTobacco Reseaz~h Board,the residue Talues in and on Rhodeelan (obaccoewbich in any case ate already very low.are being reduced to such an extent that those tobaccos will be every attractivee to the international trade by thAe o:£torion as well as others. Xn~Aew o£ the h£K~ level o£ development o£ tobacco research in Rhodea£a there can be no doubt as to the Justification of this Terd~ct. ° D. £1~ont of LsRielttion. All the ef£orte:;to adapt the methods of plant protection in tobacco I:rovJJ~ to the requLrements of the German lqaxtmumAmounts ReKulation hate been susts£ned by and larks s~nce 1966 by the collaboration beacon the members 0£ the Zntsz~ational Society £or Tobacco Research (CORBST£).0n the other band, the nat£onaA leK-4slation of ind£vidual °N ....... ~. . - ............. the e££orts described. e countries gave Initially enAy very. little opportumLty for the "~xertion oF AnFluence.To some extent this leg£sXation still obstructs ° . ./ .. CO m

• .. ~8. • • . In order to be able tc counteract this dc££cioncy st~l better in the ~ a spscis~ com~Lttoo of tobacco scientists from the EEC- countries was formed ~Lthi~ CORIDSTA in Igay 1971.~s ire r~hret task " the coudttoo sot itself the I~L~ of ~v~al~ toe--ca1 advice .to the apl~ol~riato authorities cf the ID~rcpoan Ccnnamity ~ questions cf the a1£snmont or harmcn£ntlon cf thls leKiolatlon with proposealo d:Lscussod at the £ntex~ational love1. s D ... • .. ~" . o. m 0 O0

t -. • i Pesticide Residues in Tobacco aun, d in Tobacco Smoke. (~y 1971) " Paz't II Con~Ibutlon to • Dz~ft of • Maximum Amount8 Re.arlene ,A B ¢ Zntz~Nluo~£on Proposals for a re~ulation conceniqpltnt protection •gents, pesticides and store protection aKents tJ1 or.on the tobacco of tob&c0o ~roducts ready for use. A~Kqnent o Appendices Appondtl ls Reduction of the residues of orKanochloro insecti- oides,orKanophosphorous compounds and carbamates by dryIJ~ the tobacco, Appendlx 2t Comparison beacon imported cz~de tobaccos and the tobacco mixtures of Gozsmn ciKa~ottes. lppondh ~s TZ~Lnsition of the residues from the tobacco into the smoke• £ppend£x 4s Dithi0osrbs~atee, Appendix 5t Herbicides. Appendix 6t Arsenic. APl~ndlx 78 Plant proteot£on agents with low remldues. £ppond4~ 8t OrK•noohloro insecticides withn£1 tolerance levels. Appendix 9s DDTandTDE £ppend4~ lOsPlant proteot£on aKents perm.l.tted only in countries •broad. o. .. ~b O O

l ! I @ • m Zntrocl, uat£on. S:LmultaneousZy with the measures described for the introduction of modern methods of plant protection,analytical methods were worked out and extensive investigations veto carried out in the laboratories of the tobacco industzTwith the 4~tention of pro- Tid:Lu~ thm z~quisite scientific bases For • lqax~aumAmounts Regu- lation adapted to tobsccoeas • supplement to fLnd4ngs aZready • knovn from the ~iterature. The results of ~nvest£~at£ons make £t clear that residual amounts of p~ant protect/one.sat• In and on tobacco east up problems no more serious than do the residues of these agents in and on vegetable £oodstuf£s.The proposals for the future control of the proble~ •veal practlcal ways. to improve the sltuatlon.and give an estimated timo-llmlt by whlch th~s can be achleved in the GrowIJ~-countr/es. Xn the ease of Individual plant protection •gents transitional z~LoS must be proposed because at the present time there is no ~ormat£on available as to how long residua~ amounts of certain • apnts which have been discontinued can be expected to persist in .the tobacco. ! Vith its proposal to adapt the control of maximum amounts to the tobacco product at the oonsumptlon st•Ks the tobacco industry is 8~sumlnGtho rosponslb£1£ty.•t the ~nternatlonal lovelier adapting the prattles• of tobacoo-croq to the restrictions o£ the German z~atlona and.lndoed.'o£ exercislnK continuous contro~ o£ imported tobaccos.Past events have shown that the tobacco industz~ is in - .* - o . . ~ ........ * ....... C~ 4um~ O%

on1T be Ca~ble o£ fulftlaent~thereforeetf b~eontsation of inter- n~ttona~L lelrlslat£on'£s tohtoyed in this sphere too. ... .. ° o. emmib ~n

.... i,,b / . . • ,. • . . . A. l~ooooale for • ReK~L~at£on eoneez~=JJ=K Plant l~oteetion A~ents, "Pesticides and Store Protect£onAg0nts in or on the Tobacco oF .. Toba©¢o Products ~sad¥ for Use. 10 All. toXez~nee levels should be based on the f4~4shed tobacco p:oduot in the form as presented to the smoker of ©igarette, fA4~ror pipe tobaccO° 2. At least the same ma~Lmum smcunts cuKht tc be 1L~d down £or the • tobacco cf tobacco products at the consumer stage as cbtain in the case o£ vegetable Foodstuffs.The restriction to one tent~ o£ these values,or 0.01 ppm,provided For in pa:a.1 (2) o£ the ItztsunLsounts Rsgultticn|is not necessary. ). T. the ctse c£ plant protection agents vhichare not capable cf substitution by others st the present time,or the use c£ wh4oh o££ers considerable adyanta~estthe tolerance levels could be z~ised so long as the amounts 0£ residue tre spin reduced to the same measure on their~rtnsition into the smoketandno additional toxLcologicLI problems Lro to be reckoned vith as a result 0£ the products of py:clysie.Zn this connection the dithiooarbanmtes (IYFC) and the herbicides may be mentioned as sxanplce. D£t ocL~bamBtC 8 (~). ........ £t the l~resent time the dithioclJ~bmtes ClUlnot be substi~uted for,and e££eotivc treatment vlth then leads to relatlvely high residues.However, these residues do not make the tz~nsition £z~0m the tobacco into the smoke.Noreoverjsince their products of .... " ........... pyrolysis, might be reKa~ded as toxicololically ins£ipa-1.F4cant.. In the eoacentz~tionaecc:in~it seems necessaz~r and defensible • .. .~

o~ "! .e i to .raise the tolerance levels so fs~ provided for in the Maximum b Amounts ReKulatlon(para.1) of ~ ppu(Nancozobt~hnobjMetiram,Mezinebe Th~un0Zlneb,Zlram) in the tobacco of tobacco products at the consumer stake up to 80 ppm,and to provide speclal roKulatlons £or y oaFs of cpldemio8.. I Ke_rb ci_d!e Xn oz~or not unnecessarily to hLndor the introduction oF herbi- tides which i8 in a develop~ stage,the ~ amounts £or residues of hcrb£cldcs such as L~nuron,Mono1~uaz~n and Mote- bromu~on in the tobacco o£ tobacco products at the consumer sta~e ousht to be ralsedjbeoause a co~ospo.ndlnK reduction Occurs dur~K transition into the smoko.Xn the case of the herbicides montioncdjthore£orejresiduos of up to 10 ppm~could bo poralttod in the tobacco. 4. Zn the case of the ublqu~tous elements arsenloemorcury and selenium the ~-toltrnce levels of paras2 of the Maximum Amounts Re~at£on should be replaced by very1owjbut quantl- tatlvely defined maximum amounts. In the case of a~sen£o,mentloned ~n pa~a.2ja.max/mum amount of ~,0 ppm in the tobacco of £~u£shed cIKa~ettcs should be Juetl- fiable.Tho f~JLu~ of oozTcspondin~ ~ amounts for mercury and scloniumwou~d seem to present considerably sore dffficu~ty duo to the lack of tox~ooloK£oaX evidenoe.Hercu~y and selenium phy. pnctict~ly no ~t u coaponents of plant protection aEents me fa~ am tobacco Is concerned. ouzTent3~ue! c£.'A~Kument~• • ° C~ emam~ "°. '- ~0

• • • ~. Xf the spee4al cond4t40ns cf tcbacco consumption are allowed for ~y rogulakions on the lines of proposals. I. to 4.,then the require- monks of the Nax~mm Amounts ReguXation can mlso be observed £n gcnerL1 in the case of plant protection agents £or tobacco w4th effect" from now. 60 In the case of some O~ochlorc ccmpoundston the other handp4t £s nooossaz7 to have transiticnal Z~L~OS ~Or a spec4£4ed pericd. • This a~plies tc A~d~tnj Ch~ozManef Diald~4~j Xscbensano, Rnd~in, Heptaohlor and Heptachlorepoxide. wh40h a~o larKoly no lonKer used in the £401d euXt4vat40n 0£ tobaccceas well as for DDT and TDB,whlch are be4ng repZaced in ~hc most 4mportant growJJmg-countrlos by more modern plant protec- t4on agents.Those measures can 1cad to a dzast4c reduction in th~ ros4dues of those agents 4~ the kobacco at the consumpt40n stage on£y after the lapse of considornble time cn account of the 10nc t~no that tobacco 4s kept 4n store and the persistence of those aGonts.On the asaumptlon that the German tobacco 4ndustry w~l continue to adyooate that the use oF those plant protection agents be tcrmlnatcdjthe fcllcw4nc trans4k4cnal rosulations are proposed 8 a) Ros4duas oF thc orsanochLoro compounds quoted in Table I in or on the tobacco of tobaoco products that are ready for use must not cxeood 0.2 ppa from the 1.1,1975. •, "~dz~n D£eldr4n Xsobonz~ne Heptachlorepoxido. gndrin Heptachlor ......... "~-- .Cl,loz'ds, ao ,,,auu,umn~

s ,,..tm .~ i I I II i i i j i ~ b) :In the oaee of the sum of ~he reeiduee of (DDT + TD~),a max~Ruu alount of ZO plDI in the tobacco of tobtooo p~oducts ready For use must not be.oxoeeded from 1.1.1976. ~O "T- Plant INeOteOtlOn qenti used ox~y in countries abroad ,'and of which thex~ are only ~J~e£p£F£oant amounts of ree£due pz~sent £n the tobaooo pl~duot at the" consumption etage,and which are neither epoo~£ed ~n the )/axibmmAmounte RessLLation nor pezlcLtted in the ,Federal Republio oF~ozsnany w~th~n the Framework of the Plant -Proteotlon Aotlehou~d.£n respect of pa~a.14.seot£on l.No.2 of the "new law For'the tota~ reform of the Foodstuffs Ace,be aeelm£1ated into the Max£mumAmount8 ReK~Lation before the be~~ of the harvest-year of lP72. ~Lfter the ~aw For the totI~ reform of the Foodstuffs Aot cameo £nto " foroe epoo£al reKulatione w~l be neoeesax~ For all plant protection aGontejthe new development and use of w~Lch in countries abroad ml~t be rended as an improvement and For wh£oh permission For~..~ their use in the Federal RepubXio iI not be~ mouKht because there £e no ~ntont£on to use them there. The lampX~u~and ~a~yt£oal methods for the dotoot£on of residual amounts /~ ~ on the ~obaoco of tobaaoo produote ready For ueo ehou~d be elesLrly la£d down and d.nooz-porated in the ReKu~at£on. : .° 0 0 C~ esm~ o-

n i ..°... • .° n B J~GONF~T" ,s .*,~.'oe ~-. *' 7@ • • t i 1,The P~tign of a~! )b~immm Amounts to the Tobacco of the Finished Product. .a) T~terprct~ pax~.l (3) o£ the )~xinum &mounts ~eL~L~at£on as it ItaDdIjtradixlc in haxweJtcd tobacco leaf or imPorted crude toba©cos vith sxoeIsivelyh£~hres£du~t mmounti 0£ plant p~otectlon qonts cannot be prohlbited.bsoause these tobaccos are delivercd to fa©tor~cs in wh£chtae a result of drying and fermentat~cnlstorinKpremom~L of dusttnd other treatncnts, thez~ resu]Lts a considerable reduction of residues.The examples .~von in Append:Ix 1.chowthe extent of tilLs reduction,which scours before the tobacco products ue offered to thc f£nal OOllStimsr • b) The tobaccos of GOZ:MLn C£KL~OttOS are composed of such numerous and yarlod amounts of mJ.xturos that markedly increased rcsldues of plan.t protectlvcs as can occas£0nalIy occur in the tobacco 0£ /J~d£v4dual produc~-countrles can no 10n~er be observed IJ1 the flnal m~.ztu~om.L4kewleo, extremely low residues arc found nots rs,,roly in the f~'Lshod m4~ctu~oe than in thc samples 0£ ImL~vldual crude tobaccos (ApPendix 2). o) The pa~otcotion 0£ the consumer 4s suf£4010ntly ~teod ~1~ the maximum amounts o£ residue are based on the tobacco of the f:Ln£shsd pz~)duct.for cx~do tobaccos a~o not passed on ~Ln awJr £orm to the .fina~ consumer. 20~O ~llme i~gkle~r~l,I a_m_~o~1~tS for Tobacco Products as £cr VoKetablo ~oo~ tu~s. O O0

.'. ; ° '" • . " t ' . ,, "~'L "-".' ~,':~ .... '-" ." '~_ • ..~...~: ,,:. . .... ,~ ~ • • . ;. . - . . . • ...- at,) Tho oalculat4on o£ the max~num amounts Ln accordance with pare.1 • • of the Regulation is based on the dotorm/J~tion o£ a concentTation I i• °~'. of the eubetance in queetion wbd.chl".-d no toz.4.cologicaJ, effect J~ an animal oxpor£ment.£ hundredth part of this concontrtt£on ~n q por kGbody vo£sht £s generally regarded 4,, the case of humans as an amount'Df o££octivo substance which does not have hs~qt(~ effects as t daffy intake (aull = acceptable daily intake). j~ For the caZoulat£on oF the toZerabZo amount (nne.x:lLmu,m) in of foodotu~f (ppm),the calculated acceptable daily intake is mu~tipl£ed by the body weight oF the human (60 kg) and dAv£ded by the daily Lntake o£ the vegetable £oodxtu££.For reasons o£ ss~ety the davy /Jxtake oF the £oodstu~£ conQez~od £s given as • malt£plo of £teol£ v£th the relat£voly h4gh value o£ 0.~ kg in the Dutch convore~on £oz:mla used £or eJJrpl££ication - pernittodnax~mn emount ~n the foodstuff (pp~) U ad4 • 60 O.~ , 7.o • .o._ . ° ." : ," .o X~'4~ place of th~e ~00 Ewo put a s~milarly coms£dorably exag- gerated consumption o£ ~O g tobacco per day (e.g. ~O ciKa~ottee" of I • tobacco etch.lose RO~ £or the quant£ty o£ tobacco in the butt)jthon it follows from the ratio ~00 I ~0 = 8ether aiZ the tolerance Zevels £or tobacco ca~be:~8.~'.t~mee as h~Kh as For the voastablo £oods~u£ts. b) On the•other hand,the smoker assJJ~Llatos residues o£ plant pro- toot£on agents 4~ his tobacco 4~add£t£on ~o those Ln hie da~ly food. o) JL11 ~n sll,howover~thoro scone to be no obJoot£on to sottLu~ o euu.db C~ 0%

".! t t. • , • 94) • the ate m~xZ ~ta for the toba¢oo of b f|be£Jhed product • u are eat for Testable £oodst~fs, " ~L~b£e applies to ~1 plant wote¢tion agents of vh4oh it is not known or not be ueumed that under the epeolaX oircumstanoes o£ ~ha14ng a certain 8mottos o£ the smoke, other toxicoXogioal aspeol:m omA-z7 weig]~t tl~n 48 ~he ease with the peroz~:L intaJ£e o£ ~tant Fotootive residues. • Comtiye axLtLm~L experiments on tilLs problem were OrLly carried OUt An :Lnd~viduaA Anst4Lnoes.Bowori et a~.(1965) oon~:luded from an4m81 smokinc exper4ments with TDE ~abelled with 14C that TDR is deposited in ~he organism in the same ~y a~ter smoking as vhen taken, in orally. T• L.,,,ls Sp. i . c,,,,. b J~l transition of the residues of plant protection s~onts ~rom 044pLrette tobtooo 4jlto the smoke (Appendix 7) mat be regarded in pnez~Lt as a very :Important guarantee a6at~mt the overloading 0£ t~e smoker with these residues.In most oases the traJlsition of respires 41 80 s14ght that exposure to risk as a result of the plant proteot£0n agent in question can be exoluded.Zn speolal oases the to~Loolo~oal importance of the products of pyroXysis,knovn the litsr&turetw~-l~ have to be disoumsed 4" the context of t~ eroS1 ~ud~emont of the Ludividual plant prot,tion agents. ~n the o~se of the d4th~oos~bam~tos and herbio£des quoted by way of oxample an 4~rease 4. ¢01era~oe levels seems necessary and bazs~oee for t~e fol~oving reasons: ° ....... e 0%

i • ° 10. • i hi.As__ _ _e _baa-_ t_--_ (m _l i awt from the d£thtocarbamats8 there ue at the present t4me no other agents for the ~eliable control of attacks of blue mildew (peronospoz~ tabaoAna),and the cultivation of resistant etra£ue of tobacco plant has not yet advanced to such a stake t~mt these t~ente I @cull be discontinued, Uith an effective preventive tppliottlon of dAthloo~bamatee reel- ,dues of NanebjZineb etc.to the order of 1000 ppm can be present in ind£vidusA =rude tobaccos after the hs~vest(B~rkemeyer et a1.1962; "Cezanne et ~L.1963;Chouteau,1963) in the course of the further processing o~ the tobacco a consider- able reduction of residues tames place(AppendJ.z 1,Tables 2 and 3). .Neve=thelees,in 20% of a£1 the cigarettes manu~aotured in the Fedez~l Republic of Gozsnany there were found residuaA amounts of dithio- earbmtes which exceed by 8 times the toleztnce levels of 3 ppm laid down in left.1 of the ML~mumAmounts Reipalation. £ compm~ison b~ween Gex~n&ntltal£ansOreek and Ttu~teh cigarette tokocos(Appendix 4) makes clear /:he considerable differences between places of origin and high .sidues as a consequence of the defense against an attack o£ blue mildew. Dithioolrbmtes do not effect the tz~J~sition from the tobacco into the smoke without decomposing.The increase in the content of CS2 and ~8 in the smoke,brought about by residues of dithAocarbamates, seems umobJeotionable in eompo~ison with the oozTesponding maximum ,werk-p~a©e ooncentz~tions and in the l£Kht of the result of smoking ...... experiments carried out on z~ts(1963).The Xncrease of the zinc .. ° ~db 0 0 CO ---..6. ~J~ .(J1

l ZXo e oonton~ in smoke (ZJ~ob) obv~ousZT produoos no problem of a ~ozL- ooloclm~l natu:e bectuse of the smell mounts ~olved(oompa~ison withnmxJJnumvork-plaoe oonoenL~tt£on~LlUeS)(Append4~ 4,Table 6). The wontonts of carbon disulphide /~ the mmin stream smoke o£Gez~aJl o£G~rettes reYeal no dependence on the oontent of res£dues of d£- t~Looaa~amates in the rob&sees involved.The h4Khest content of COS yes found Ln a o£gLrette whose robe©co confined pra©tically no • residues o£ d/th4oca~hamates(AppendJ~ 4,~ble 7). In an touts to:t. city test hamsters ve~e exposed to the smoke of test oJ~mrettes whose tobaccos conta£ned ~00 and 4400 ppm Zineb. Zn oompsrison w£th a correspondLuK smok£nc'expoz~lmont w£th normal ciKq~retteseand in compar~sonwith unexposed control an~mlstno differenoee 4~mortality were found a£ter an experimental period of 4 weeks (P~o£.Donteuw£lZe1971).The experiments a:e being continued. A sexless amount cf 40 ppe dithioci=bantee could be kept to in the tobaoco o£ 9~ o£ ciKa~ettes manu£actured in the Federal RepublLc, so lonf us the tobacoos of futu:e harvests are not exposed to pe~t~oul~ly st=onK at~c~s o£ bZue m£1dew.Pu:e O:tenta~ c£prettes w111 be able to be manufaoturedton the other hand,only~it~b~azisun .. amounts of di~hiooarbmtes in the tob8oco o£ £Lu£shed c£~ettes m rs£sed'to 80 ppm. The use o£ horbio~des w£11 Inorease £n the ~rowln~-countries in many oases u a result of the shor~s4~e o£ aKT£oul~raA manpower. "- ZJz the o~se o£ the hirb£o£des P&toran(metabromuron) and Hol£pm.n ° ; ; o" .°

• s ,. (mono~Luuron + ~inuron) used •ccord~u~ to th• roful•~ion8 there are residues of up to 1 ppm Ln the tab•coo of f~J~shed cigarettes aocordinC to Corbas st al.(1969).This fi~tin4r is at present beLu~ tested in afisid experiment by s•v#r•l l•bo~atorics in cell•bar- • tionwith the ReKiona£ Xnstituto of Tob•cco Rosos~rch in Forchhe4m. Xn this oxporinont the Patoran was applied Ln the doses permitted by the Federal Biolo~ictl Institute, "4~ofPatoranl6~of Linuron,•nd 2,5~ of XonoZinuronmakes the ~ranaition into the cics~retto smoke,The aniline derivatives which occur in the smoke •t the same tims(Z0~.~-broman~tine or 10~ •nilino chloride ÷ 20~ )t4 dichloroanil~J~e appear'to have no toxicolo~ic•l importance (lppondi: 5).With the reservation that the results o£ the experiments ~nForchhe~m must be •waited,the r•ising of ~he tolerance levels for L~nuron and Monolinuron from 0.2 ppm(para 1, Nax~mamAmounts ReKsalation) to SO ppm seems Just/~lablo.A slmilar claim can be made for htoz~n(Net•bromu~on) jfor which • maximum amount was not ~4d down. ~. No Ni~-Toloranoc Level in the case o£A~sen£gtMercurY and Selenium. It v~Xl always be posslblo to detect the sl£Khtost traces of the ubiqu~tous elements&asHland So ~n.tobaooo as well ms elsewhere, and It ~mmot be decided by analysis whether this is the consequence o£ /J~L~root or direct treatment. Both the fact that analytical procsd~ures that a~e continually devolop~ and ~Jrpro~ poz~Lt the detection of increasinK1y • .smm£1or amounts and the 4mpossibility of distisu£shinK between the .x~sults of treatment and an•tufa1w oocu~ron, ce are best allowed ! o. • . • .. °~ • . -~° .o -m~sJ 0 C~ ~0

.....~ [: [ for /~pinlte•d of the tolertJlce level! On/At,sUCh eneAl ntximLs ! amounts are £Axed that any' risk to the smoker can be excluded. The individual proposals for the establlshlnc of maximum amounts For the elements referred to in Appendix 2 to ~.2 .of the ~u z Amounts Rogulatlon are based on the £ollowlnC reasons: _Are_eRA& 8Arise load arsenates have ceased to be used in plant protection in tobacco cultivation the arsenic content in ci~ette tobacco has dropped to less than 2 ppn.whlchslcht be described as the =natuz~lw occurrence of the element (AppendAx 6).A committee of scientists of the FAO/WHO (1967) consideri a daily intake o£ o.o5 mg arsemic perk g body weight as a tolerable maximum for the daily menio intake at the present time, ¥1th • content of 2 ppe in cAgarotts tobacco and the relatively hJ~hz~te o£ tz~nsition into the smoke o£ 12~ethere would be l~.4mog o£ arsenic in the smoke o£ 60 ciGa:ettee.~en i£ the total smoke were inhaled,the daily intake of arsenic by way 0£ the smoke would only be •bout 0.5% o£ the above-mentioned maximum tolerable amount o£ ~ ~(0.05 m~kg at • body weight 'oF 60 kg). The proposal that a mazinun amount of 2 ppe arsenic in clg~retto tobacco be provided for creates ~ICuoua possibilities for its control and establlshoe a llmltlngvaluo which appears harmless J~ fezes of pz~teoti0n oF the consumer. and_ S_el_eni_um 0 ...... Aooerdlng to investigttlono carried out by Westex~ark(personaA repmrt) traces of mereuz7 in the order 0£ between 40 and 100 ng/g DS .,- .- . O O Co¸ m cr~

! 1 I I" i f ............ "" .1.4. (nano~ per sTamme d~y substance) wore found'in the tobacco o~ ll d~£oront bzsLnds of oiKarettooFrom his fJ~L~s it was possible to eel.slate the transition into the smoke of 20f~ and a moan content of 105 ~."!I~ in the ~smoko.o£ one ci&qurette. Since it ~Lnnot be aeoumod that these trace, of mercury are present as the result of treatment with plant protection aKents it could" -be that we have to reckon with tn~tu~al OOCUZTonoo" of the order . o£ naWnitude ~von. If at the present tino 000000~ q H8 per kc body vo4Kht 4s boin~ dlsoussod as an acceptable daily intake value (B~,Z969),then this results in a daIZy intake of 0.00~ mc or ~ moc merouz~/ with a body wcIKht o£ 60 k~. T~ the smoke of 60 o4garettes it would be a question of 0.09 meg 4f the smoke were fully inhaled I thus,by the consumption of 60 elK- creates per day, there would be a oontrlbut£on 0£ ~ towards an 4ntake of mercury still JustiEiablo from the point of view of heal th. Xn the 14ght of the dlffloultios described by Wostermark relatJ~q~ to anaZTttc~l l~rooedures and the impossibtl4tlr of distiKuiehinK on the etz~nK~h of find£nKs between .the =natnrale'ocouxTonoo of the tz~co element and the presence of ros4dual amounts as a result of tz~atmentstf~rthor invosticat£0ns would' soom to be noocs~ @ bo£oz~ a do£inod maximum amount of mercury can be st£pulatod for ollpsz'mtte tobaooo. 'Thesame points of ~ov appZy in the ease of the element selenium. --'T" ........ Plant p~otootion aKonts oontainLu~ solo~um mrs not known to be o. 0 t~ CO tJ~ %0

o, L~4 C~ ~4 Q

I I °.-- 16. safely predlcted when reelduee of theme agents will no longer be present in the soil,and hey long At ~LII be be£ore tobacco mixtures read7 for use wall• be oompletely i~ee from these remldue8. T~e proposed transitional z~6~Lta¢ions pines the tobacco industry under t~e obligation o£ oupport~ with aXA the means at the~ disposal • ehaJ~o in the p~lotioe of plant l~oteotion in the KTowing- oountries,and at the om time provide the indus•z7 ~Ath the ,requis£te transitional period o£ grLce until the pnctic•l e££ecte Of th:Lo, =hanKs a~e £elt, a) 0rganco oro- in, ectioAdes w±th tolerance levels (Appeodix 2 of the Maximum Amounts Regulation). • The 7 org'a.Boo]ls~Loz'o- 4~useot4cides o£ this gz'o~p have ha~dly been used so £u An the field• culti.tion o£ tobaooo,None the lessj to bo~ with there oo,,ld stall be residual amounts An the tobacco e£ prelrkous haz~oots and theme insecticides umy stall be capable o£ being usimiXtted in trices £rom the soil. The Fopooed nmximum amounts o£ 0.2 ppm are extraoz~iinarily ~ov in ~Aew of the inoignl£Aoant tz~nsition o£ residues Ante the smoke.Moreover they put numerical17 comprehensible anaSLFtical value in.place of the ni~ tolerance levels whioh are repeatedly ez-At£o£sed, AA_d~__andC~_~rd_aneA Both oempounds were.unable to be detested in the tobaoco o£Oezsmn cigarettes.The lev maxlmumamounts are proposed as • saJ~etymoasure unti~L At has boon •soez~ained by l~bor Investlgatlo.ns that LL1d~In and Chlordane are in fact no longer present in the tobacco o£ German ©ASsure•tee.. °. ~J3 --m.edb

! "" "" 17. : " .. I D~!ldr~ns- & m~xJJnum amot~nt of 002 p~ of D4eZ~r~n ~n olKsrotte . tobaooo ~J,3.1 only be able to be sheened it the pro~bition of treatment ~th JLldLr~Ln or Dieldrin 40 o~tTied through ~n -11 countries (~blo i J~t Appendix 8)oThers is a J~ tz~Lne£tion of D£oI~r4- into the smoke, Bn~r~nt The ma~Lmum residue ~luo in oiwotto tobacco came to 002~ ppm 4~ one paZt£CUlL~ oase,Ho£fman~ ot LI,(USA) call the spoo~rioitT o£ the doteotion methods ~qto question and emph~o~e that End~u oannot be detested vith spoo~ic methods (Table 2 in App.ondix 8),0n the other bandtSheots (1970) Found up to 0,26 ppm B~r:Ln :L~ the tobacco 0£ ~uor40a~ oiKu~.ettosoTho proposal to 1aT down a maximum amount of 0,2 ppm temporo~.ly takes into aooount the &boohoo of a:~ sta~dL~d4:ed aJ~lFioal prooed~re, l..oo..bs_nAajle: ~aJ:Sition Snto the smoke 4s 5~,Aooord~q~ to invest- i KqLtiOnS OLtTied OUt a lOnG t4me tWO there used to be residuml amounts of ~ ppm Isobs~uutne in ,rude Sobs, so.The 8~ent is no :Lo~r used, ~Z~Ohlor end He~taohZo~opox4dot The h£~hest residues 4n OtKqLr-- Otto Sob&000 ~re 0.16 ppm.It can be seen from Table ~ of Appendix 8 tJ~t oven 002 ppm is ~ut4f4ablo boo:use o£ the 4nsiK~Lfioant tzsLns4tion 4-to the smoke. b) DDT 8~d T~B 1. the oteo of both these 4nsoot~o~dee there ooours 8 sons,dot- able roduot~on 0£ tho ros~dus£ amounts ~n the oouz~e of tho~ "" tran~Ltion into the mnoko.0n the other hm~dlhovevorta thorough ~roet~Jr~tion ~nto the Foduote 0£ their p~Tolyeis is still o Q Q Co ash

r , ! • • i , i- ' 18 " " " • ! outetand~L~q~.¢onsequently, effor~s to subst£tute now plant protec- t4on 84ronts for DDT and TDE are bein~ conttJauod.lt is therefore proposed for the same reasons as under tO in the case oF the orJLno~hloro- ~eot£o£ds.s to demand a drastic reduction of the residual amounts of (DDT .+ TDE) within an extended" transitional period, " : T~B z~equLre8 to be asm4m41ated into the Maximum Amounts ReKulation for tobacco productsoL~ contrast to DDTjTDE exhibits a qulte considerably eudlerdJ~ree of toxicitT.In the l~aSt it was there- fore used very exten84volT £n tobacco oult4vat4on ~n the USA. (See Table and structttr~ £orunalae.a£ter Guth~ioj1968jPart ZZjp.12)o The proposed tz~nsit£on~t rsKulation seems Justif4able in the 14Kht o£ ~ryestiKmt4ons into the intake oF TDE during ciKarette Imok~ (Appendix 9).S~nce the use of TDE ~s l~rgely restricted tO the CTowlnC-aroas of the USAtand since very enerKetic measures have boon taken there aKainat its f~ther use~4to residual amounts misht recede over t shorter period of time than maT be possibly expected in the case o£ DDT. P~y, tmum ~o~nts For Plant Protection AKente used onlu 4n Countries Abl~ad • a) Aoeordinc to the Maximm Amounts Ro~alation £t is not prohibited • to put on to the market tobacco products con~a~n~J~ the residues Of p~nt protection aKents ~f they are not ioverned by the Maximum Amounts Re&5~lat£on. W) After .the law For the total reform of the FoodstufFs Act has come .o. . . :Lnto eFFect it w~lLlshowever,be prohibited to deal in tobacco o w C C CC

o l| ' 19. • " i produots 4f they oontain l~ns4duos of plant protection agents vh40h we not perm4tted bY ~he Plant Proteot£on £ot and far which the ~ Amounts RoKulat4on provides no roKulatione. o) In b case of plant protection agents w~Lohsre only ~nuso ~t~ 6 mbroadpo~d of wh~ohros£duos ~re present ~n or on tobao¢o p~oduots o~orod for so~e ~n the Fede~ Ropubl£o,a reKulat£on is therefore requLrod in the )hL~LmumAmounts ReKulat£ontunless porm£ssion £or their use is already Kranted by the Plant Protect£on Act or £s bo~nKproposed. d) A z511in~ should be liven as soon ts possible through the Nt~Lmun Amounts Ro~ation for the aKents summar£zod in Append~ lot bemuse the poss£b~ity ¢onnot otho~iso be exoludod, in view o£ the leak storIgo periods oF tobaccotthAt tobaocos of the ho~yest o£ 1972 and lator w~ll con~t~nros£duos oF plant pro~ect£on aKonts ~hat w~l exclude the tobacco produot m~nu~aotu~ed ~rom thom~om the ~kot in tCccrdILDOO w~th para.l~,seotion 1,No.2. e) •This prosJ£n~ need for a roo~lation on the one hand comes face to faoe ~ith the fast that at the moment it ~s not known which .e spats will be pezsnitted An the now dr~ft of tho ~dox of PZont l~o~oot£0n ~onts of the Federal RopubZ40,and that the publicat40n of b nov ~udex co,not be reokoned w4th before the end of 1971. f) The tdtp~tton of plant protsotion to tho requirements of the Goz~n~b~LmumAmounto Re~L~at£0n~Lohh~s already boon begun in ~19 po~JJ!~-~reas abroad oould be ¢ritictlly impeded ~f the .. oZsl~J~OSs o£p~z~ol~,soot£on 1~No.2 present an obstaoXe to the " ~oodt~te use of better pZtnt protection a|ents. °... e.mm~ •.. °.

i I I ! ! I ! J i¸¸ • s : . .. • 20. o ..S K)'TJI SO fs~ as tJlere t8 no polo£blity o£ z~811~ttto~l by the Maximum AmoUnts ReKulat£on before the be~nntJ~ of the harvest-yes~ oF 1972,~t ~s therefore proposed 4naccoz~noe ~rlth the tuthorisation prov£ded For ~npa~a.24,sect£on 2,No.2tthat exoept£onal regulations be p~ded For the residues oF plant protection tpnts which ere permitted or have boon recommended ebrotd s~ter the£rhaZ~L~essneos has been tested, e PrOI~kd ,4~tJ.Ttical 1~rocodures for the Detection of Residual J~sollnts tJI and on Tobtcco. The 8sm~L~er the rosiduA~ amounts are vl~chjacco~inC to the )h~Jnum £mountm Rol~llation, nnlst not be exceeded,the sore necessary is the establiabJ~ql of uni£ormmothods oF.detoction.Zn the course oF dot- ect~q wery smell 8nounts considertble aberrations arLsLnc fron the procedures employed can occurt~th the result that a~oement between laboratories can only be expected if and when the same method is ~sed, A compa~atiye L~vost£~tion ~uto the resAdues oF orKanochloro- ~J~seot£o£des ~Jl m4~1ed stsples of the tobacco oF ~wo brs~ds oF Gozsmn o£/~rettee.~s ctrried out ~, three Xabor~torios oF the o~4p~e¢te 4,ulustry 4n')hty 1970.The initial meteris~ was identical the |~tLstictl sense in all three cases.Table ~ shows the results. TabXe 1. (overleaF) °" -• • " ; • ,: -o °. .. 0 • emmndb Q ~J~

t I i i t i I I I I t I ! Tsble 1. T Zl. o • Labo:ratory X 4 Laboratox7 IX • : not t~vesti/~atedsDieldrin,~adrin,Heptaehlorepoxide not detee~ble :Endosulph~ne : LLLdrLu, End~. Endosulph~ne i Hep~aohlor & -epox£de not detectable. kbox~toz7 ~I s TDR-OIo£~e ÷ Hepttc~orepoxideeot~DDE and P-r~4n not detectable . s no~ ~ost£~ted £~ from t n~ed donation ~ the ~ue for pl~D~ ~ one o£ the laborator£es s~rees~nt is sat£sfaotox~r.An Ln£t£al cond£t£on, howeve~tns • ve.1~/ dota~ed d~soussion o£ the d~£erent ethode of ana£ysis and of their possible ex~oro, ° # o °. " ~ .° • ° Q ~o cr~

jL ............. le Pg#tioide Residues in C Lppond4oes ~o Ptrt ~_I and 2n Tobacco Smoke. Appond~l~ Z: Roduot£on oF Ros£duee of OrKa~ocJ~Loro- ~L~so©t£- oidee~Or/tnophoephorouJ compounds and ~Lrbemates by l)zT~J~ the Tobacco &ppondtx 2t Comps~r~son be4~ween tJmported Crude Tobao¢os and the Tobaooo )41~LzL~Lroe o£OormanC£Ke~rettee Appond Lx 3t ~ns£t£on oF Residues From the Tobacco Lnto the Smoke Appond:Lx ~t Dith£ooaz'b~ee &ppondLx ~: He~b£o£des AppendLx 61 ~rsen£o Append~L~ 7t Plan~ Pz'otect£on AKen~s with low Residues Appondt~ 8t OrKanoobJ.oro- 4nsectic£des ~h ~ Toloz~nee Leyols &ppondt.~ 9t DDT an4 TD~ lppond4~ 10: P~an~ Protection ~Kent8 perm£~ed orgy abroad. *° . • °. ** - •° -. * . ~.rv ~j

v • d 1. Appond:Lx 1 Red~ot~on of residues of orK&noohlorooJ~peotioides.or~uoDhosohorous compounds and oath•mates bTdryLuR the tobacco. l~LueourLu~ of tobacoo leads to • ¢onsidex~ble reduotion o£ the t z~sidueg of l~Lant profession scents. 7J1 the oaJJe of shier:Lusted h)~Lrooarbone the deersmme is of the order of between ~0~ and 8~jfoF the orK~Jalo phosphorous compounds d, ad~the oath•slates it is between 7~ and 9~ (Guthrie,1968). Table I. Rodt~tlon of the residues of plant l~'ote©tlon agents as a reotL~t of flue ourJJo~.(Relstive values m~e the residues on •teen test totae.). OrKqusoohl oro_insoo t 4c4de s • DDT lndoeulphtne Bndr~n ThB Toledo4 ~ Reduotion by ...~ by Flue ¢uri~ 56 • 8~ 42 4~ 76 Ormu--phosp~orous VompoundO .l)t~tothoato Gutbion(Asinphosethyl) Tz~obZorophon >99 73 ~,99 (~[mx,blsms, t o o c~uTl (s.~) 89 ! E I- - °° ,o The /~_uon~o of sA~r ~ shows pronounood d~L£foroncos aocordin~ ''to the" pZant profession scent used.Residues o£ Bndr~n drop by 15~ as a result of a:Lr dxTdlJ~(Thurston and Caud431,a~ter Guthx-£e,~68)~; (:~ mma~b (:O

I 1. I I 2 Appendix I on tho othor hand s~nplo d~ is 0~1 that £m nooossm~--T 4- tho oaoo Of oazba~'T1 4- o~dor to br~ about a roduo~£on of ros£duos 9~(Ne=onun ot '~. ,1968). K~otlon of reeidues of dithlocexbmtee ~n the course of,the ]~ooe08~ of the tobacco. , The residues of dlt]b~Loca~bmtes vl~Loh L~o VeZ7 b£gh at the pz~eent time a~e reduoed by 25~ by the 8J~ple mu~l~:lat£on o£ the tobsoco (LSo~d,1962),by 75~ by d~i--S,bT ~ ~ bT re~-T~-~ ~d fe:.en- 9 tttion,~by 7J~ b~nt~:~l £ez~aentat£on (B~emeyer et ~1.,1962). Ca:~Snoa:4 P£sz~n£(1963) JJl~est~&~ted the ~luonco of the ~d~- ~£du~Lst~les o£ treatment o£ oz~do tobao¢o up to the completion o£ the ~Lxtu:e £or the ~nu£actu:e o£ c£L~rettos.The ~esults can "' be- 8umms~4sod sa £0110v8 s T~ble 2 Roduo~on of residues o£ Z~neb du~£nK Che woz4c£n~-up of the • ~ob&¢co up to the mam~Actu~e o£ c~rettes. Before z~dz-~n~ F~n£she4 o£~az~tte tobaooo Reduo~*onby ppm Z~neb Br*Kht Bu:ley ~o5o ~.3oo 605 ~.o~o I12.5'j, 7J.6~ l~esent exhales ~en from the ezte~s£ve l£tez~t~e are con- fJ~med by the unpublished :ooults o£ £nvost£~tion8 obt&£ned £:om tho Fedoz~l Znot~tu~o o£ Tob~ooo Rososroh vhtoh a~o summur~zod in .° ~ble 3. .° ° . . °° • ° "',4

-I i | I t Table ~, Ippendlx I • Residual -mounts of Msnsb and Zinsb £n GezsmutGeudorthe4-or tobtooos Of the 196~ harvest(18 sources of production), roo£mmture £srmented Maneb s~dZ£nob cs~culated ts ppm of Naneb rsu~Ce morn Ys~us o-lk2 .~3.~ o-~j6.6 Reduction by 87,6~ The 4-~!usnce of £srmont~t£on on herbigids residues. Aoo~ to Oorbaz et a1.(1969) l~sidues of Nolipu (Monol~nuron + LJJlx/ron) ~e reduced by-~O~as a result of £ez~ontation.T~ the ease of Patoran (Notobrosn~ron) no roduotion of residues was ascer- tained s~ter £ermontt~ion. °. • ° CO . era.rob -~J3 C~

r, i 0 • 1 • Append:Lx 2 ~tu~iJOn between ~orted Crude Tobaccos and .the Tobacco X~5~-ee of German CiA~ret~ee The roo£due8 of plant protection agento in the tobacco mixtures oF £4~4ehed o£~e~tes are quite s£ez~l~£©antly leee~then in imported oz~de ~obaoooo,not on17 onaccount of the z~duot£on o£ ~es£dual amounts in the oouroe o£ processing,but to t very considerable measure because of the mAxinG o£ numerous tobaccos from the most v~ted mo~cee. • & oompar£eon between the amounts o£ residue o£ or~ochloro- JJ~eotic£des J~14 smnples of Americen crude tobacco (US VArgJ~La) and the rejiduee in the ¢£garette tobacco of two tTpee oF German mtx~n,n makes this very clear. The ozsade tobaccos were invest£gated in 1969 in the Fedez~A L~stitute oF Tobacco Research in~orchhe4m,the c£Karette tobaccoe in 1969 and 1970 4,, the laboz~tories o£ the Firms oF BAT,Martin BrtJ~mann and Roamtsma (mult£~le random samples).The crude tobaccos invest- £~ted vere not used for the manufacture o£ the oiK~rette tobaccos L~veet£Kated. /toaAd~ amounts oF organo©i~toro- Inseotloides in Amerlean crude tob~oooo and in the tobacco sLixtures o£ German cig~rettes(x~mge in ppm lf~ oz~de tobacco samples US Virginia ~or~.~(~969) 0,0~-~.1 0 -4,5 0.1 -87.~ ~detezsLtJtat£on toKether with TD~ 01e£in r~ndane ~ep~aehlorepoxtde C£Karette tobaccos o£ two types o£ Qerman mixtures (3 laboratorles) Stx~iKht German Virginia Blend ~0.05-o.)1 <0.o~-o.98 ~0.0~ 0 -0.11e 4.6 -10.~ 2.6 -14.7 0 0 CO

Plant p~otoot£yo ,A='sez~l.o .... ° .......... ~... ".:..~ , I • ' Appendix ~ ° j "" The" tx~ns4t40n oF plant protect£Ye residues ~om o£Ka~ot~'o tobaooo :Lute the enoke(:Ln ~ o£ the ~o84dtUL1 amounts ~ the o:Lwette tobaooo) OrKanochZoro- compounds Endrin Dieldr~ Heptaohlor Bndosulphane (~odu.) TDB L4ndane Teledyne Orsanophosphorou~ oompounde Guthion(As:Lnl~oel )~lath~on Carbamates ~b~1 (s.~) Fun6~o£des .et~L°~tee Ho~ioideo l~-anm4~4on Authors (~) :3-8 4-12 G~thr4e. 1968 ~8-~1 4-5 4-5 :)-15 9-18 12-19 6-8 5 1 8.9-9.4 1 o Gut~rie, 1968 (31) S6~:ILd t 1968 Sohm4 d, 1968 Guth:4o, 1968 HonKy ot a1,1971 Guth:ie, 1968 Hoffmann et al 1969 ~L~Lrion, 1970 Chopra et a1,1971 Gutl~.e. 1968 Sohm4d. 1968 Guthz'ie ~ 1968 Guth:£e,1968 Tb£r£on,1970 Obsez'vat£ons Products o£ decomposition: see ori~tru~ studies.. Pato~ Nol£1x~tLJ.nuz'on NonolJ.nuz'on MH ~30 CJ45uret~e : 100 ppm 30" ppu 10 . ". In vhlch ~s 6.5~ 0xl- Kuth~on ,l Outhr4e, 1968 Barkemeyer ot el., 1962 Inoreaee of the H2S & CS2 contents(Caz~no,1961; Ba~kemeye~ et a1.1962) Ztno content doubled(Sclnuid and Rastette~,1968) 6 2.5 Cozies et a1.1969 -41o- mdo- I+10~ broman41/~e ~10~ eu~Lt..1ine chXorlde ~+20~ dlchloroan~L14no 23 7 0 Guthr4o, 1968 After Stone,19~7 euumdk Cx~ e-umub

1, "£ppendLx /~ DZTXZ OCARBLHATES, :1.. ,lnveetiption of na~rketsd oi&qurettes for residues Of DdLth£oeml-bamatem. • .- Dotveen £u~ust and September 1969 end in the first quarter of 1970 the to,ass of 11 German brs~ds of o£Kn~ette were tested for residues oK dLthLoctrbmtes in five sutu~lly independent invoBtL- ptioas carried out by ~ lebomtorie8 of the Gerun o£K~rette industzT.Vith these II brs~ds a ms~ket share of 76.7~ oF the total market yea eubr&¢sd.Seleotionwas ~L8o aJJ~d at.£noludJ~Kpart£- • oul~ ~j~es of m~cture(Americ~nblend,YirKdJ~£a,Oriental et¢). The dithio6~bsmate residues yore given ts ppmNnJleb based on the vet weJ4rht o£ the tobacco. ~ez~sults ~re summarised as folZovs: Table Residues oK .dithLoG~bamates in the tobacco oK German CJ4Purottes.llbrsmds with a nmztcot sha~e 0£ 76~. (koupiqby the ~s of £ind~S) Residues oK Ditb~Loaa~basmtos less tha~2Ol~pm] P L. - Approx,aO ppm e e wage t]Mm o Typos o£ ::iJ:~U~e DTC as Ho.nobt(ppm) Y£rEJ~ia Blaok blend Arts r. ble:,l Gez=mn blend ( ~e be:d) German blend Bz.ovn ble~ (}en~ blend (one bra~.) Or£ont~l less tlma 1~0 l~-Z8 8-23 4-:30* ~6-38 0.5 3.7 20.0 1~.0 7.~ 7.~ 1.~ 6.1 1~.2 0.9 25.3 30,2 21,2 76.7 epirtioularly bLSh venue,one laboratory on£y CO ~s.db Cx)

' . 24) Result ! "" - 7Ja the cue o£ &pproxintely 20~ of oiKarette8 sold in the Federal Append£x 4 Republic of Gersany residues can be expected whi~ exceed by 8 times the tolerance level of 3.0 ppm(Nax~num£mounte Regulation). 4 - There vote no residues found in the VAr&~n£a cigarette invosti- ptodoTho 0r£onta£ oAgaretto shoved hiKh rem£dues (46ppm,66 ppm, 70 ppm).No~thor the V£rK~n~a nor the OrientIl ciKarotte ham a market share of over 1.0%o Vith the ooll&boz~ation of six l&borator£es rob&sos samples of the Oriental cigarette vtre once again £nvestiK~ted in the Autumn o£ 1P70 (five-Fold detezlination ~n each of the laboz~atoriee).Calcul- ated as ~eb and based on vet weiKht,57.6 ppm dithiocarb~nates were found on aver~ from all the ~0 £ndiv£dual 3~alues(~'ranKe between 50,7 and 6206 ppm). Italian Cilarettee. The difJtt#trbtntte residues of four brands on the Xtalian market vote of an order of magnitude comparable vith those in the tobacco O o£ Gezs~n Blend o£~ettes.A Fifth Zt&lian bzsLnd revealed residues 4~ the. reKion of those in the Ooz~nanOriental mixture. Table 2 . Residues of dithiocarbanatee in the tobacco of Xtalion o£ga~ettes 0810ulated as ppm M~nob.Multiple investigation An rye laboratories. Bz~md L~boratox7 I Laboratory ZV~ Ai a8 28 ~ a~ " 14 12.5 14 c, • 22 24 ~p Di - .7 6 15 li ~ ~j ~l 71 °" ~ ."

d G ,. ' J. Appendix 4 i : G~reek and Turkish C£Karettee. ms~m Xn the tobacco of a olgarette oua~rently narketed In Greece there were found to be residues of 110 ppmdlthlooarbamates(sln~le sample). Xn the tobacco o£~b~rklsh cigarettes (4 bx~nds) there were found remldueo o£ between 4 and 29 ppm dlthlooe~bamltes (calculated as Haneb),between 1969 and 1970. . 2, SmokinR tobacco Four different types of smoking tobacco veto investigated in the same ~y: Table 3 Dith£ooarbamate residues in smoking tobacco calculated as ppm Maneb. No. of brands ppt i e e lel| Fine eutelight/without home tobacco ) 4-7 Fine outjlA~ltt/with home tobacco ~ J-14 Fine (natsda~r]r~ with home tobacco ~8 0-8 Pipe tobacco 5 0-4 ~,Xnwsttgations of cigarette snoke'after treatment of the tobaccos ~JLthdith~Looarbesmtes. a) Dttkt~ooarbamatee do not appear in the amoXe undeco=poeed (D~rkemeFer et a1.,1962). b) Xf the tobaoco'ezh:Lb£ts residues o£ dithiocax-bmmttes there "t re.suXte an increase in the smoke content o£ CS2 and H2S (.r4z~q;no 1961,Daurkemeyer 1962). • .:. -.. .... Q ........ .; .. CO CO

4 E ! I 1 .... 0%. 'Appendix Table 4 • CS2 and H2S in the smoke after f4eld-treatmont of the tobacco with d~th~ocsrbsnates (Cs=uSno) m, meg per ci~ette in the smoke untreated field-treated CS2 62 191 HzS 22 74 The tobacco contains 2000 pp8 ~ (taxi.no,1961). AcoordinC to ]arkeseyer (1962) 3~ meg CS2 per cigarette were detestable 4. the smoke a~ter the tobacco had been impregnated with 1000 p];xl Maneb. o) As the result of treatment with Zineb the 24.¢ content of the tobacco and 0£ the smoke is increased (5chmid and Rastetter,1968). Table 5. untreated treated with Z4.eb sine content 4" the tobacco (mob/c)," in the smoke (mos/cig) 4. General Considerations and Findings on Tox£cology. a) The nazinunvork-placs concentrations (KWC~valuos) provide • basis for the possible danger due to C52,H25 and sine. .° CO e.medb

• I _ .. .. Append:Lx ! M WC Intake vith Content in the DTC in the ~:~ 10 ~ a~ smoke of 10Q tobacco Author • wozdct~ day) otl~rettes (ppa) i C52 60 600n~ ~. ~l nqr Z000 gaTkemeyer 1~.1 n6 2000 CaruRno H25 15 150 mg 7.4 mg 2000 Cax~qrno s:LnooxLd~ 5 50 sq~ 0.12 mit Sobmid lhLLrthez~ore,wben evaluat~Ln~ this comparison it must be borne in mJ~d" that the authors take as their etartins-point the content Of d£th4ooa~basmtes :Lutobacco wl~Lth~8 "¢onelderably hi6her then that found in ~Lnvest£gat£ons of the tobacco of German ¢IL~L~ettes. The Naneb contents in tobacco a~e above 40 ppm in • very snmiX b) proportion oF ciKarette8 currently on the market.Contents oF 1000 2000 ppm do. not occur in ¢l~rette tobaocos. Smo]l~Lr~ tests on alb~Lno rats wore tattled out by ]4azettl et el. (1963),us£nc ¢£frarettes made £rom tobacco oontalnlng 2000 ppm Z:Lneb.~L~ey fo~d no inorease In the toxlolty oF the smoke of the pro-treated ¢£wette.Amonc other tl~Lni~s wex~ tested the oxysen @apao~ty and the formatlon.of CO-haemo~lob£n,methaemoslob~n and 8ulphaomoKlob:Ln. o) After no :Luorease JJ~ the moz-tal£ty oF the test aninals was Found ~Ln the aouto tox~Lo£ty test(emok~LnK experiment with hamstere)uslnK o~&~z'ottos whoso tobao¢o contained relatlvely lar~o quantities of .Z:Lnob(lh~o£.Dontenw~Ll(1971),s~e p.11,part 2),theoe experiments ......... ~.~....a~J be~nq; oont:Luued oyer alonKer period oF time. d) Am a /%urther example oF an :Ln~oet~j~ation into the relation between .0 • CO "=m.db ~J~ CO -~j

Appendix 4 4noreassd amounts of residue of pZant prots©t£on a~.mnts and the 'appearance Ln the smoke of the£r pyrolysis products there 4s. aTaL~abZe the result of an Luvest£sat£on into the contents of carbon oxysulpbide (COS) in the smoke of c£Sarettas whose tobaccos exh£b£t very d~£eront res4dues of d£thiocarbamatos(laboratory I). Zn the case o£ the V~rg~a~a c4S~rotte the COS content ~n the smoke was d~stinotly h£shest (Table 7).The tobacco o£ tills oisarette couta/Jas praot£cally no d£th£ocarbamats -res4dues. Table 7 Carbon oxysulph£do contents in the maln stream smoke o£ clgarettes. Type of cigarette StraAsht VircJ~a Black. alr-cured Dz.ownblend German blsnd Amez-loa~blendw£th activated oharooa~ ££1tsr COS in the smoke zf per ¢iftrotte 16-2o 2~-27 24-28 19-29 mcG per g o£ tobacco burned 4~-43 25-3o 30-36 3X-35 26-33 ." . .' ,.. - .° \

b 1, | Appendtl DZG~. 1~ After applytn~ the herbicides Patoran and Molipan £u accordance with the resulations Corbas et s£,(1969) investi~tod the residues of bhese arenas in the tobacco and determined their transition into the smoke. The authors applied the herbicides Patoran (= Metobromuron) and Hell, pan (= Monolinuron'+ LLnuron) in dosws of 4 and 2.5 kK/hectare roopeotiyely before plant~q~ out the seedlings.The Patoz~n resi- due Ln air-cured "tobacco was approximately 1 ppm.Xt was indepen- dent of leaf height,underwent scarcely any change in oonssquonce of Fermentation,but was s£s~Lficantly ~eatsr in the rest of the loaf (I 2 than in the midrib (0.2 ppm). On the other hand,Holipanroeiduoe wore ~roator in low leaves (2 ppm) than in h£gh ones (1 Pan) and wore reduced by ferment- ationby app~oximately ~O~.Ae in the case o~ Patox~n the residue in the rest of the loaf was much Fearer than in the midrib. -! ! .i I °. I 2. ~J1 :Lz~eotlgatlons at the Federa~L T~eti~te o£ Tobacco Research (Foz~hheim) ~ kg Ps~oran/heotare were applied "or~ the day prior to plantin~ out.Patoran residues 4~ the~dried~tobaoco were j . ) ° • ....... __.._~Corbas or.el. . ._ ........ .._ .......................... - .. . ~ • uoortained a! 6 Pl:~(eandlet£).4 pps(mlddJLe loaf) and 2 ppm (top loa£).Ae a result o£ fennentatlon 20-25~ o£ the Patoran residue was decomposed. ~. Y~ the tobacco of c/Garettos ready for use the amounts o£ residue of Patoran and o£ Molipan wore distiotly lower than 1 ppm . ,:. •, oo gmmeds CO

2. • Appendix 5 • 4. Accord£nC to the ~Lnvest£~at£ons carr£ed out 4,', Forchhe~ Patoran ms4dues make a 2 - 4~ trans£t£on Lute the smeke.Corbaz et a!. determ4ned the per cent trans4tton of the res£dual amounts of l~toz~n and Holipsn as well as their 8n£1J~ue derivatives,as follows= Xn the tobacco Pnt0z~n Nolipan 4~ Pat oran 10~ 4-bromaz~l£ne .~L~ 2.5~Honol£nuron .I0~ 4-chloroanillne 20~ ~:4-dlchloroanillne In the smoke Dven In the case of resldutl amounts of I0 ppt of Holipa~ or Patoz~n in the tobacco.the followln~ reeldutl amounts and anillne der£~tives can be expected ~l.the smoke of 60 c£Ksrettes(l.0 eaoh).accord£n~ to these flndlqs: a) Patoran 24 mcs k-bromanillne 60. meg that 4s,toKether 84 mcg b) L::Luua~n Nonol:i.nuz'on 4-an/£J~s chloride .3.4.-d:Lohl o=o .a.m:t.l ins ~6 me8 15 mac 60mcK 120 meg that £s,tocether 2~1 mo~ l~11ters 0£ cellulose and cellulose acetate retain these sub- lot ~..or ~. • t | ~. • .. .- stances Lu mpprox/Jnately the same proportion as n£cot£ne (Corl~s ot el,). 5," Y~F the toxio£ty 0£ these herb*c£de residues and the£~ an£11ne dsrIYatIYes Is Kiven pulty w£th tha~ of aniXLne,then the total ~es£duos c£tod can be considered.to be a coneral cr£ter£on ~n t ..rols t£on tot he max~mumwork-place concentration values o£ a~l~ne, The NUC-valuo For an£Z£ne comes to 19 m~/m~,V£th an an£11ne content • . •- ~mdb . Q

b Q of z9 ~ in the air , Appendix 5 190 mK aniline is aseJailated in the course of 8 hours with 10 m3 air ~thout the foa~ of any resultant inJurT to healthoAS a round fiKure,this amount'is ~eeter by the factor 2.260 or by the factor 825 than the tota£ amounts of the residues and aniline derivatives of Patornn or Nol£pan respectively in the smoke of 60 ciKarettes. 6. Guthris (1968) sees no daJ~er for the smoker in the use of Patoran and Nol£pan on account, of the slJ~ht transition into the smoke and because of decomposition into the respective a~Lline deriyatives. 70 Zn an invsstiKation carried out in collaboration wlth the Federal Znstitute in Forchhsim residues of Patoran in ciK~krstte tobacco L~ter the use of different doses ~ skein beinK testedat the present time in field experiments° ° . .T ° . °- ° , . ° . .° Q I

.... .r I I ! i , • - -- ~..~ ~'.::'" "~l ..;. .... .: ................ "::. "'"-" 1. lppend:lz 6 S~lLaoe the dioconttzz~£on of tpnte contsin~'s=oenic in tobtcco cltLt£~t£onpeee~c contente have ¢ont~lly dLropl~d, (See d~,appel~l/~c 6 (~e 6)eor£&~JJlal text). XD 11 b~e of c£~z~tte the ~ee~c content of the tobacco in 1970 was &n no case" aboye 1,8 ppm.These residues make only a ~-12~ ~ranott£on into the smoke. "DOten~Lnation o£Arsen£e in C£&~rette Tobaoco Brand 1 Areeni¢ content (p~) A 1.17 B 1.:7 c ~.41 D 1.17 B 1.21 F 1.71 Asmrioanblend io05 Or£ental 1017 v~a 1.5o Bz~mnblond 1,24 Daz4cblond 0.99 The pz~blem o£ s~rsenio res£dues as • result of treatment w£th plomt proteot£on alonts contaLu£nK aroen£o could therefore be sa£d to be solved. °, . . ° ." :, .. .? ". ~...' "- . • " ++ ....... +...+ + .-.. • o . . . . - Cx~

4 • 1 • . Appendix 7 ~lan.t Proteotion AKonts w4th Low Residues. -" 10 Zn the ease of numerous plant proteet£ve8 the residues ~u tho tobaooo 8~e 8o low that the requ/~rement8 of pa:~,l of the Max/mum Amounts ReKulat£on can be observed, Table 1 Plant protection apnts whose residues in ciK~rotte tobacco az~ oons4dorably lovor than the mLz4mum amounts stated in £ppendJ.z I oF the Nmx4mum Amounts ReK~la~40n. °, n I OrKanoeh3roro oomp°unds Bndosulphano Phosphamidon Tz-£ohloz.~on Caz-bamltes e Investigation or Literature l&boratory ZZ 1969 9 cic.brsmds lab.I,1970 2 ci~.brands OrmuMmbom~ oomnounds Diasinone Dimothoate ..... Disul~oton • . . - • laboratories 1969 & 1970 11 Ctgobz~nds (o£,tppendix 2) Guthrie 1968 (litertture) .Guth:le 1968 (literature) Pz'of,Gr£mmer 197o 11 oil.brands lab.~X 1969 2 eig.brands Nesemann 1969 personal repor~ Findings (ppm) 0-0,24~ 0 <o.o5-o.98 crude tobacco (£1ue-©uz'ed) 0,05 orude tobacco (£1ue-cuz~d) everdosed ~0,1 cig.tobac¢o O-O,06e oic.tobacoe 0,01-0,03 0.1 crude tebacco (sAt-cured) not deteotable Mulmum amounts ace. to para. 1 (ppm) (not for tobacco) 2.0 O,~(apple8) 0.5 ~).0 0.5 o.6 ! 0.2 emmlb CO emm,b • . (.JeJ %0

• Tibi.o HLl, athion Motasystox R Domothon- metk/leulphoxide lnvostLgstion o~ literature Appendix 7 lab.lI 1969 2 cic.bz~nds Thirion 1970 Cigotob.V~ginia. 5chmid & Rastette= 1968 (literature) c£6,tobaceo 0,02 0.05 exude tobacco (air-cured) no residues Maximum amounts ace.to paraol(ppm) (not fortobac?o) 0.5-9.0 (cerea~ crops) 0.~ together with Denethon- methyl Paz~athion ~P St • to tie: & ftmlmatlon aKents Captane _ (nms'ieid.) Hyd~oKen phoephLde IPhoetoxin~ Phosph4-e) A 6 lab./Z 1969 2 eig.brands ~thrlo 1968 (lltorature) Rhodosla personal report Noshy at al. 1968 Kuhn 1970 ChLtds 1969 Kr611er 1968 O.1-O,2 Crude tobacco (flue-cured) O.1-0.7 smokerS.5 mcg/c£~ Ro~onstitutod tobacco 8 no residues after curing crude tobacco 0.8-8ppb etude tobacco: no residue after airing crude tobacco: no residue after 1 week o.5 1.0 15.0 O.05 " - . e Individutl casest l~dosulphtno could only be detected (0.2 ppm) iq one s~le bz~nd! TIuB tobaoeo n~Lxtu~e conta4nod Carbaryl (0.06) in the ease of one brand only. 2. Zn the ease of Guth£on (asJ~phosmethy1) the residues ~n t~e tobacco of fJJ~Lshod ciKqurett&s shouXd be cons£dez~bly below the maximum amounttwh£ah is 5 times as ~reattaccordinK to the Na~numAmounts o CO Im~ub %0¸

i ! ' , ,, • ! ! [ ." t e ! i i .... 4 ~ .......... ._ .: ..... ".~ . ~ : ...'- o ---~-~~ '. " . ~. Appendix 7 D ' - Regulat4onts appendix 1.According to Guthrie(1968) ~here was found in flue-cured crude tobacco 1.8 ppm Guth2onlappendix i provides for a toleranee !eve1 of 006 ppm.Guthion makes a transition into the smoke of 0.6~,in the course o£ which oxiguthion 4e formed to t proportion o£ O.04%.Guthrie calculates etch cigarette as havlnK 0.001 meg Guthlon. " ~. The l~thr~nem and methyl bromide belong to that ~oup,for example, . whAoh decompose quickAy and extensively,whose tx~nsition into the smoke is elifbt,aad in whose case there are no toxioologioaA problems to be reckoned with.The Mo~cimum Amounts ReK~llation provides for the ~yrethrinee as insecticides with 1o0 ppm,as store protect- ion agents ~00 ppmoAccordinK to Guthrie (1968) it is possible to find traces only in tobacco smoke of less than 1.0 mcg per cigarette. After fumigatLon withmeth71bromide English authors found up to ~0 ~pm ora~niobromides.on tobacco le&f.Accor~ing to investigations in the USA (Newsome et al.)(1965) methyl bromide cannot be detected in oIg~rette smoke. Supplement to Appendix 7 I ! ! | -! J t i Plant protection agents and stere protection agante in whose case maximum amounts can be proposed only after further investigations. ~.amounts(not for tobacco) ... Xoobemsane (TeLmirine) pax'a.2 Tozaphene oz~e tobao¢o(fluo-o~red) 7.2 1~u(G~th~lesTablo 6) Hyd~ocyanio Crude tobacco 8~ter 7 days told less thaJz 80 ppm {Childs It tlo1968) Forbam (Fungicide) 2t~t.S..T Trichlorophenoxy aeetlo told peA~.l 0,4 ppm 6.0 pps 1.0 ppm 0.01 ppm .. 0 Q %0

' .-,,- b '~plJ~alU~ o m ORGANOCELORO, ~NSECTXCIDES k~TH N~b-TOI~R£NCE LEVELS 0" I. Plant Protection. The use of Ald~in, Chlordane t Dieldrin, gndriu, Heptachlor ~ Heptaohlor- epoxide and Isobensane has not been recommended for a conaiderable time inmost producing-oountriesjand to some extent in prohibited. On the other hande£AdrineDieldrin, Chlordane ,Heptachlor and Hepta- chlorepoxide are expressly permitted in ltal7 by a minister£81 • order o£ 4012o67twith restrictions to the treatment of seed and to soil disin£eotion within the 14mite of epe©i£ic maximum amounts. 2, FindinRs, In the ~d,qus~ter of 1969 and the fJ.~st ~uar~er of 1970 German oiK~rettes currently on the ms~ket were investiK~ated for residues of these plmnt protection agents in the tobacco by the laboratories of three fL-ms of the German cigarette induetry,Vith vet7 few 6x~epttona (labomt0r7 ljGez~An blend ci~arettes) comparable inyest- igationmmterial wRe selected.The ci~ette brands investigated constitute 7607~ of the German market: TIble 1. Residues of organochloro insecticides in the tobacco of German eiKarettes (ppm).Analyses from three laboratories, • * Die ldrin Endrin Heptaehlor Jhaboz~tox-Aes ~r~s s I II I II I II III Qiam. ~ I~69 £ 0.2 0.06 ~0.05 <0.05 0-0,2~ 0.11. 0 0 0 0 .a 0 ~o.o5 <0005 0 0 <0.05 o o <0.05 0 <0.05 0 O-Oe16 <0.05 0,03 0 O.~'" 0.14 0 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.1 0 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 • ~ j_ J_ 4_ B 0.2 0.55 C 0.1 <0005 D 0,2 0.1 B 0.1 0.2 F 0.1 0.15 Ge~-=- B1e_~ 0-0t35 Ameroblend 0.08 0.1 O015 Oriente~L G).O5 0.7 1.1 Virginia ~.05 0 .. ~.0.05 Brown blend O 0 0.15 Dark blend ~oO5 O.1 0.25 rXl 1970 0 0 0 <0.05 o o 0 0 0 0 0

Append/x 8 X~ was not possible to detect remidues o£A£d~tN~JI,HeptacNcr .. # and Heptaohlorspoxide ~nrspeatsd inyostiKations o£ Gex~anhz~L~d8 of 8mokJJlC tobacco.T~ no ~lstaJlao did Dieldrin residues exceed .......... • .... mmhmmrJ..~-- o.o6. ppm. In so far as the results in Table 1 permit an immediate comparison there are diacezs~ble considerable £1uctuations between the labor- atorles ~n the case elsie extremely small amounts of a'few tenths ppmand below.The hiKhest analysls values from this ~nvesti~atlon can be summ~aod as £ollowss Table 2 Znssct£cide u, , A£dr£n Chlordane Dieldrin. Bndrin Max~m~s value from all InYelt£Catlons Obsez-~ations 0 0 e 1.1 0.2~ t,o or i o.16 would be K£vsn o££ d~nK the determination o£ TDE Indivldual value For one brand with a market sha~e o£ 0.9~. Hot confirmed ~ one other laboratory. ,m see note Maximum value toKether with TD~-ole£~l,mostly traces. Not__.~o: AoooZ"d:LnK to publications by Hof£mann et ej..(1968,1969) the detection of ~p~L~ in such vex7 smaZl amounts seems to be ~ucht withmothodoloK£ca~ problems.HofFmann etal. wore unable to detect ~nd~ in the tobacco 0£ American ciKarettes £n spite of • repeated eFForts.They therefore cast doubt on the results obtained by other authors w~th the arena that methods wore used which Q

........ = .......~ e. t e " " "i .............. "; ................. •., I - -- le w -.. ~, "Appendix 8 • f are no~ u specific as mass spoctrometz~, I } Shoots(1970) has boon ola:LminC orb•co 1963 a drop An ~ndr~n residues in the ~obacoo of ~sor£can oicarettos,~n to•random samples from the f~rst six months of 1969 ~u~r~n roe£dues yore beeveen tz~Lces of less than 0,05 ppm ud 0.~6 ppm.Sheetse average £indJ~q~as O,18pp: ~, Est~mat40n of Inte~o with the Smoke. On aocount of these possibilities of error ~erent in the methods it seemed prudent to take as • bas£s for • rough o:loulat£0n of the da41y ints~e of" D£eldrin~Zndr4n and Heptschlor(Table ~) the meu Ys~uos and not the extreme f£ndinKs. ~ble 3 i Res£due in tobacco (ppm)Hetnvn~ues from 811 inveeti~ttions. ~ueition into smoke (~) Reckoned as meg per oil•re•to in the smoke meg £n the smoke of 60 o£/~rottes D£eldrd~ 0,16 0,008 0.48 Endr£n 0,12 0.04 2.4 Heptaohlor 0,08 0,004 aecoz-din~ to Guthrie(1968) Tables ~ &7 ~'~moco~ to Sohmid (1968) • 4, c oanent The amounts of residue msloulated,aooordLu~ to Table ~,of .0.40 m~D£eld~L~ 2,k m~.~andr:lLn 0,2~ mo4~Hoptaohlor vhi~h sound be •saumod to be in the smoke of 60 c£~ettes as • I.n %O CO

b °, ° • • o . ...';. - ~ .... 4. Appendix 8 relatively high eet~mate would be ass4milated with a dAVy consump- tion 0£ kOOg e£ a veeetable foodstuff if it oontalned not the .-- z~0eiduL1 mount "rL~l",but the £ollowinc mLxJJum amounts: Dieldrin 0,0012 ... . gndr~Lu 0.006 Bep~4~el~or 0,0006, Zt o~n be assumed with ~he L~eateo~ probability that the same , o~eummtanoee w~lapply in the case of Heptaehlorepoxlde as in the ease of Hoptaehlor. • Supplements Isobensane (Telod~in) As a result of £1uo-curinK telodrtn residues drop t~ 2~;transition from oiKarette tobaooe into the smoke is 5~ (Guthrie and Bowery, 1962).Toledrin ohould hardlT be 'in use J~ the US& any nero. Goxsun eiKarette tobaoooe hay6 not so £8~ been ~yostt~ated. ! ° .. emo.db O O CO

II • .a l "'"4P,.. J i ...... L n D,11Yr and "L"DE l)~fbolonlrs to thooo plannt protoction a6ento w~ooo application may no lonlror bo rooommendodoAt ££rst TDE appoaFed to prosent £toelf as • 8ubst£tuto agent whloh stood out by virtue of a"siKn£flcantly lessor to~Lo£ty while possoss~ the same o£££cacy(Guth~io,1968, 197o). However.the motabol4to8 of TDE arc largely ~donticaX with those • 0£ DDTand.iJa particular, the pyTolytiodooomposit£on o£ both compounds follows such a similar course - accord~ to Hof£mann st a~.(1968,1969) and Chcpr• (1970,X971) - that TDE,too,should not be used any longer in the £uturs. IJxvoot£Katlon £1ndln6s and Comments. Zn the tobacco o£ II brands 0£ elK•retie on the Borman market (market share 76o7~) the roslduoo of DDT and TDE wore dotsrmlned over 4 invoot£Kations oaxTisd out in 2 laboratories in 1969 and 1970.The £~dlnKs of both laboratorlos and the sums of the isomers JJryostIKatod arc summarized in Table I as moan values. Table 1 (sos overleaf) • Q Comm0ntS to Table I. Xn the tobacco 0£ one Orook bz~nd o£ ¢£Kax~tto wore £ound 25.1 ppm pop-DIE an die1 ppu of p,p-TDB.In one T~rklsh ci65rotto there was detested 0.6 ppm p,I~.DDT and loss than 0o05 ppm pep-TDE (labor•texT IZI,197o). .In the tobacco of American ciKarottos(lO random samples £rom the ££rst "~month8 1969) Shoots (1970) o found the residues given in Table 2. % CX~ C~

J f t ) I I ,I P • Tab&e I. .., ° 2. Appendix 9 Res£duee of DDT and ~DE in the tobacco of German ciga~ettes. Mes~ values and ranges. Ci61Lrettes. and na=ket share (197o) A B C 2000 1k.2 14.0 7.4 7.4 104 Gbz=m~ Blend 64.4 I • AmericaJ~. Blend 1,1 Oriental 0.9 Virginia 0.5 Brown Blend 6.1 Dark Blend • 3.7 I ! i Total 76.7 r We:Lighted mea~ "Amounts" of residue in tobacco (ppm) DDT meluB value 12.6 3.9 8.3 6.5 4.7 6.2 6.0 17.4 7.0 9.7 3.7 8.0 z~sge 7.2-17.7 2.5- 4.8 4.5-12.3 5.0-7.5 2.8-6.2 4.2-9.7 2,5-8. It ].4.5-2:3. l 4.6-10.4 4.4-15.o 2.0- 5.6 i i me~ value 10.5 9.7 13.0 7.4 7.2 14.8 • 9.6 1.1 25.2 24.8 11.6 11.4 TDE range 7.8-14.5 4.2-12.o 7.9-15.7 4.9-:8;8 6.1- 8.1 9.4-17.0 7.0-10.8 0.2-2.0 16.o-31.6 3.7.o-32.o 8.2-14. o %_ Table 2 I Mean v a SLues aJIdrange of res£dues (ppm) tobacco of Alaerioan oilgl~ettes (i969). DDT L. TDE Mbanvalues 7.6 17.7 o£ DDT and TDE in the 4.0-11,2 10,1-28.1 • " . --.-- . CD O

., 3. Appond~c 9 • n 1970 the foZlow~ucreotd~os of DDTand TDg wore detected in German smoking tobaccos (laboratox7 ZI): " Table 3 DDT and TDE(t~ each case p,p +osp) :Ln German tobaccos (pp) I' DDT TDg 5.1 ~.9 ~.7 2.8 8.4 7.0 14.6 9.1 Fine out.light F4no out.dL~k i Pipe tobacco 1 Pipe tobacco 2 "9-18~ of DDTand 12-14~ of TDgmakes the transition from the cig- arette tobacco into the smoko,S~noo DDT is being replaced through- i out the entJ~s world in stags: by other agents,and especially as etr~J~ent measures have been taken ~u the USA particularly to pre- Y?mr the use of DDTand. TDB in tobacco growing.residues should become siKniftoan~Fsmaller in the oo~se of time.This will not be a spoz~ad£c development and should lead to the reduction of residues in pnonl.It is therefore proposed that thez~ be provided a trans- it£on~l pez~od for the reduction of DDT and TDg residues (as a oo:bined total) to residues of less than 10 ppm until 1976. The extended porlod of state w£11 be necessary because measures for the 8ubst£tut£on of DlYr in gastex~ countr£es w~l probably not yleld results as quloJLly as in the USA.and because between cropping and the manufacture of tobacco products there must Konera11y be z~o~koned with storin8 times of th~oo ye~rs. I Q em..db O%

L I t i I i 1 t t Appendix 10 a £4~onts used 4~ Tobacoo Growing for the Control of Pester for Weed Kilt:I~K and the Bncoux~cement o£ Plant Growth,wl~Lch are not ~ntioned in the Maximum Amounts ReKulation arid are not pex~nitted by the PlmJat l~otection Act. (as of December,1970) Trade Desoription le 1,) IN,SF~TICIDES a) Ora~mochloro compounds m DDD (USA) b ) "Oreanoohosphorous compounds D~Lgrotoohos, Carb4oron - Bidr~u (USA) - (a) Phorate (usa).~st(n) Th£ometon .-Ecat£n = Bayer 2~129 = dith£ometasystox = lntrath£on = M 81(Russian deser£pt£on) Menason pp 175,ks£d£thiont Saphison,SaTphos Dy~onats Stauffer N 2790 Nooap Dasan£t Aiod:In Dimeor. on Chemioal Description Tetrach~ordiphenylothane or Diehlorod£phenyldiohlorethane or ltl-diohloro-2.2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)- ethane Rothane 80~ e££ect£ve substance 3-(dimethoxy- phosphlnyloxy)-N.N-d£methyX-cle-croton- am~le -(IC Shell SD ~562) or ~-hydroxy-N,N-dAmethyl-cis-crotonamono- d:LmethyZphosphate. Effective substanoe:O,~-diethyl S-(ethyl- thio-methyl)-dith£ophosphate OpO-dimethyl-S-ethyl-mercaptoethyldithio- phosphate 0.O-d~nothyl-S-(4,6-d£amino-l,~.5-trlazin- 2-yl-methyl)-O,O-d:LmethFldith£ophosphate. Ethyl-S-phenyl-ethyld£thiophosphonate O-ethyl SiS - d£propylphosphordith£oate or O-ethyl-S-dipropyldttbtophosphate or S~S-dipropyl O-ethyl phosphord£thtoate. OwO-d£ethyl O-p-(methylsulph~nyX)pheny~ phosphorth:Loate or O-ethyl-S-d£p~opyl-d£th£ophosphate ~.hydx.oxy-N-methyl-c~s-crotonam~de dimethyl- phosphate° ~-h~lroxy-N-msthoxy-N-methyl-cis-croton- mm~de d~methylphosphate O CO O

mt Append£x 10 Du~sban o) O~her :Luseot£oi,¢es. O00-d£eth71 O-(~tS,6-trichloro-2-py~id£1) phosphorthtoa~e - , BromodanojBromooyolene Barium-s£1£oofluor£de BL~£um-fluosJ~£oate 5-methyl bromido-l~2,~t4t7,TThoxAchlor- ~p~-methane-cyclohsx-2-ene Cyclod£en-©hlo:£nated hydrocarbon- ulocues,is no longer permitted in Germany Barium-hexafluorosilieate BISIF6 S-methyl-N- (methylc~rbamoyl)-oxy - l~anateMeth°°wl'Dup°nt h 1179, thioacoto-~ldate '~ Carbotursnot~danet0.MS 864, 2,)-dihydro-2t2-d£aethy1-7-benzofuranyl- N J~t&ILT~ 10242. ' methyl carbamate Tolone (USA) Telone PBC (B) 1,~-dichloropropene + chloropicr£n + propar~/l brom£de 1,~-D-PBC (also used as ~ux~ic£ds and herbicide) Dorlo.o (~A) (R) MJ.~¢ure o£ ethylene dibromide + l,~- diohloroproptne. Ethylene d£b=om.4.de (USA)(E.D.B,)(R) Ethylene dlbrom£de~Hp.Dowfume -W-85 Dibromoethsne (oJ.sO used as an insecticide) ~s iNotham,Netam-sodiumt £s~smpYPM Methyldithiooarb~to-eodium (also used as a £urq~i¢ide) DDtVidden D Vorle: Penpheno . ) ruwoxc~ons Z4~o0hlor p DyTene (u~) (n) 1,~ dichloropropene and le2 dichloro- propane mixed. ~Methyliso~h£ooyanato or Mothylisoth£ooya~mte-20~jchlor~Juated C~ " hydrocarbons-80~. te~racblorothiopheno 2~-dioblor0-6-o-aniltne chloride-S-triaztn Cho~G FentJjt-hydrox£de,Dovco 186, .Du-To~,~ 61,ZPTH,Thompson- Hayvaz.d,r,/rl'-280o9 .. TT£phenyl stsJmic hydroxide ,

I I • o m •~-- A r Thiabomtazol. TBZ 4. )mmsxcxnns Ch.].ol'ambln,.Amlbln (USA), Amoben, Vos~bon AvDendix 10 "e 2- ( 4-thlasoly1 ) -bezm.i~Idazol Ammonium salt of ~-amino-2,STdiehloro- bonsoio aoid Balan,Bene£in, Binnoll,EL-110 ~5,Dimid,Enide," Pobulato (USA) .T~11am ZBC, StautPFer-R-2061 Vernolato.Vernam, Stau~£e~ R-1607 N-but71-N-ethy1- . , -trifluor-2.6- dinitro-p-toluidine N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide S-propyl-H-butyl-N-ethyl-thiooarbamate S-propY1-N-eth71-N-butylthiolcarbamate! N-ethyl-N-n-butyl-ditda&ocarbamio acid- S-n-propFlester. S-propy1-di-N-propyl-thioearbamate S.) AGBHTS FORT HE CONTROL OF SUCKER-GR0WTH Ponar (R),TD-248,PennsaAt. 7o (USA) (a) Off Shot T T-148" Dimethyldodecylamine-acetate(plant hormone) Diethanol amine-salt of maleic hydrazide. Higher fat alcohol = 6~ £at alcohol, 37~ inert matter(0.5% C6,42% C8,56% C10, 1.5% C12) (Growth Xnhibitor). o O CD