Tobacco Documents Online

i i. J ! i It pee without eayinc t]htt ~1 the ohe|LtLc~ co~o~s which we o~te in ~ report on the re~ts do not ~ eq~ :Lmport~ce, • The risks to the smoker depend not only on the toxlci~y o£ the compound but also Just as much on the way 4~ which the tobacco is oonsumod.ConsGquentlyeone o£ the most kportant poleax is the question of the reslduaX amounts which Lre still detectable ~z the tobacco smoke. As l~o£oeeor Q~th~ie has made clear,it is ~Lu the case oF the chemical 9 aKents that ~re app14ed during £4eld cultiyation to the ~,,ILIy • devoloped plants or are used du~ 8toraco of the haz~oeted tobacco that the .risks are relatively Kreatest.These oompounds require paz-tioulLl~ly carefu~L 4-Yoet:LKation.On the other handtchemioals that az'e used in the seed bed or J~ the £~rst 8tqee i£ Field cul- tivation ax~ no~ so £mportantesven though they shouZd not be oom- ? pXoteZy negZected.We wish to reetrlct ou:eelves here to the problems that ax~ cz~ated as a result oF the use oF plant protect4on agents JJz £iold cuZtlvatlon. t i i I I J l | B. • ~Lp the field cultivatLoa oF tobacco. 1. Xns_eetAeAdes- q a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons. A~An - d£e1~in - heptaohlerz These agents are used principally Fe~ the eztez~alnat£on oF sol1 insects (agriotes,melolontha,gryllo- ta~a).Y~z gen~ral they are applled ~n amounts 0£ 2 - ~ kg oF the effective substance per hecta~e(2.~ ao~es) prior to the plantlng out of the tobacco.Less'~equently it is applled, as as watering • o ... •• o. W 0 0

, ~ .. m...m° ". I tsent durinf transplanting.In Prance tldrin is sometimes used for • t dust~ the roots oF the tobacco plants be£o~o thoT ~re. transplanted (160 K of the o££ectlvo substance per hectare). A~dr,~n In oocaslonally used. as a ~ustlnK aKont (1.5 to 2 kK per r hectare) or ~ the first few days after transplantation of the seed- l£nGs as a oonst4tuent of bait for the control of sell &Tubs. Other reports spook of n relatively late application of aldrln "for the control o£ thrips(2+to ~ dust's from July in doses oF 0.8 - 1 kG of the effective substance per hoo~s and per treatment) and o£ ~4sld~in for the control oF tobacco Io~F pests(caterpillars. beetles and th~IpS)o The use of those three ohemie8~ compounds is becoming more and more strictlT limitod.Xn 1968 thoLr use in some countries (XtalT) was subjected to extreme limitation.The use of old.in in tobacco growAng is prohibited in HungaxT. DDTie generally preferred to the named a~ents £or the control of insecticides.It serves for the control of soil grubs in the beKin- n3JnGs of plant ~owthand of oatorp~11ars whoso exit appaz~tus iJ dosisnod for bltlu~ durinf the later stakes o£ the plantes wowth. In both eases 1.~ to 2 kg of the effective substance per hec~e applied by dustingor by spraying. • e Bndosulfane is used An field cultivation at the beginning o£ plant ~rowt~ ~ o~der to keop undor control such parasltes as ouxoa. hollot~Ls and man duct.lt is elthor contained in be~Lt or appllod Q O~ CO

I I" J I 7. -,• p ..... .| by sp1~y~u~ or dusting (o.5 kg of the effeotlve substance per 8 L~ndane is only usod aGa£nst soil £nseotstma£nly before pXantlng out(o.6kC to ~ kg of the s~octlye substance per hectare.As a pz~ventlvo measure it £~nds fa~ly pnsr~ application in France Ln seedbeds ~mod~ately bofoz~ the soedlLu~s are transplanted. this case the amount of effective substance per hectare of "planted area Is Zoos than 70 g. " TDB Is used in the USA as a spray or a dust for the control of helloth~s or manduoa 4~ field cultintlon(l kc of effective sub- i stance per hectare). To smmup it can be stated that the ohlor/~atod h3~L~ocarbonstwhlch are Conoz~lly 3~ toxic and of which residues roma4~taro used a~most exclusively for the treatment of the sell or of freshly tz~uplanted seed1~ncs.Xn the case of the f~Ily developed tobacco plant, the less toxic compounds DI)T and TDg are given on]Ly occasional F ~JJee b) 0roasts ohosvhorous compounds. The Insecticides in this class are ob~aslona~ly used for the con- tZ~l of so:ill :lj~sects(d~Lasinono),Thoy are more fnquently applied to combat Isa~ l£cojth~,Ips and varlous other ~nsects which attack the tobacco Zeo~ in a]~ the stages of its developasnt: Dimothoate s spray - 2~O to ~80 g of effect£ye substance per hectare and. per treatment anthio s spray~ Z87 to 37~ g of effective substance per hectare o o • CO

p 6 diasiaone malathion 8. s spray - 240 to 480 K of effective substance per hectare : dust or sprat - 1o5 kK of e£fecti~ substance per • hecta:e parathlon s dust or spray - 0.5 kt of effeot£ve Substance per hooters. I The number o~ treatments d~£fors acco:d~n8 to the local c£rcumstancoo. Xn countries where oriental tobaccos are &Town £t is sometimes neoessax7 to combat an attack of th:ips by s4~ applications. "Although the organophosphorous inso~ttotdeJ show forth a higher rex/eli7 than the chlorlnated hydFocarbons,they are not as dancer- ous because smallor residues remain £n the plant.In most countries thex~ are relulatlonJ for allow£nKa certain LntervL1 of tJJno between the last application of the tconte and the haz~est.~Franoe tMts required interva£ is detex~nined by the product in question. Xn the case of dlas4~one It Is 15 to 21 days,for parathion it is 1~ days,and £ormalath4on it is 7 days. e) ~the. r amos. Cgwba=-yl is in falrly w£desp:ead use in some oountz~Aee aSaJ~st attack by sell 8Tubs.Xt is seldom used for the p:otoctlon of £ully developed tobacco plants - ~ so,pr./mL~ily acainst certain cater- p411a~s,th:Ips or beetles.The acute toxicity of eL~bary1 is fa~ly olJ4~ht. 2. _run~oAds_,~ The l~s£dues o£ ~unSioidos represent a p:obiem of pressing impor- tames at the pz~sent time in Mope.Sines the appoa:ance of perono- ..opera tabaeJ~a dlth~ooarbamatos have to be applled in many tobacco plantati0n8 dur/J~ the entire period of 4Towth at £requent intez~als. =mm~ C~ CO - ....db

i iii --v i i i ~e ! ,¢ I " • The 86~nte meetly used are Jwtraooljmanebjmancozeb and zineb. . The nulber of treatments id between 10 and 20jaocox~UJ~ to how the weather oond4t4one f&vour the spread of blue m£1dew.The £unEic£dsm are applied either by spray:Lns or by dust:Lnc.Ths amount o£ e££eottve substance used i~ the course of a ~owJJ~ season can So •s high as 40 lr~ per hectare. i ~'~ ....... ~- - &ceord:l,nc to se~ral inTestigations the residues of these •sents can still be f•L~ly h~Lsh even after further prooessins oF the tobacco. Further research is nooses•z7 ~nth4s sphere. Zn oz~ler .to •void the d£oadvantqes oF rel•tlvely frequent tx~at- mint'•rid at the same time to counter the problem of residues,the attempt J~beJ~qrmade in many ©ountr£ee to ©ult£vate peronospera- -resistant tobaccos whi©hroqu~rethie shoaL©a1 treatment not at all or only :Ln ve~r el!sht measure. Dinooap,Llso,belonl~ to the other Fun4~cides with a f•£rly widespread senezs~L umo.Zt is used in the control o£ ~Lldev or blisht in those countries whoz~ th4s disease frequently occurs.The aKent is sprayed or dumtod :Ln amounts o£ between 0,1 to 0.2 ks oF e££ect£ve substance per heotaro,T~o•tment £s commenced immed£atoly upon the outbreak 0£ the d£eeaeeandrepeatod weekly. ~. Horbloidee and other scents. He~b~oides have only been used for • relatively short t£me in the ©ultivat~on o£ tobaoooeand prLmarily in experimental f~owinc.The use oF herbicides w/~L1 no doubt Lucrease Ln the Future. A alxture o£ llnuron and mono14~uron is :Ln use at the present only muem~ C~:>

J ! t l I I J 10. 6 P 4u Delglus.At least ~ days before plantinc the soft is :sprayed in • amounts o£ 0.75 ~ o£ effective subet4tnce per hockers. 0thor herbicides such as d~phenam£de, b enef~u, me tabromuron, arabian and Z.P.T.£.M. are still at the oxpez~monte~ stake. There is no need to amtioil~to serious prob!oms of residues 4~ the ease of tJzose substances,for they are not very toxic in general and theLr use t~es place more or less at piantLuK t4,ue,thAt is,a t leak time before the haz~reat. Oroy~ rofulatorJ are also uod 4, tobacco-|roviu8 for the control Of 8uc~erm s~ter toppLnc.hleic acid hydJ~azide (MH ~0) 4s the most widesproad.Xts toxicity is sliKht and its use i8 practically con- fined to the USA.In some european " countries oils of a vegetable or animaX provenance are used .for this purpose and are not toxic, This short ropoz~ an the result of an enquiry amonc the members of CORBSTA (X967-X968) into the use of plant protection agents and o~her chemical compounds in tobacco-~owinc makes clear by which ros4dues o£ ohom£cs~ aKents the most serious problems are presumably raisOdoOf the ohos~oal" a~ents which are in quite fenoral use in tobaoco-KrovLug the follovLuC receive p~rticular treatments Xnsoctloldos: - aXdrln, dloXdrln, heptachlor, DDT, TDB, llndane, endo- s1,1phano - an~Lo j dinothoats, d~asinone, malathion, ps~t~Lon. Fu~q~oidos s - antz~col, m&nob t mancozob ~ zineb - d:Lnooap Horbio~lost - l:l.nuron + monolLuuron .. °- .L m~aJt, !-,,,.6

ii .. i * ..... £',~a. .... : . - .. • ~ ~,.'. *... : ........... ? 11o • b [ • I '1'11o oond:L~£ons, of theiit use and preeent tendencies in the choice i of plamt pz'otoot;ion e.cen~s ~ bz'lo£1T doecribod, ! • t .. o. "- o.0 .o mememlb 0:) C.P'I

~blo Z - £4~nts used ro~s~lT 4~ the. mood bed. . 1) lhrovontivo soil disinfeotion Me fJ~l bromide Chlorop£orLu Ethylene dibrouide Dichloropropane- dichloropropent Fox~s£dehyde Hot,ham (Z.D,B,) (DD) (Na compound) 2) In|eotloide| and other S4~mt, s. a) o b£orLnated h~trocarbons &ldz-Ln IYAeldx-in I~Ludane b) _Or~n_o~o_s~ho_r_ous_ e_om~po_u~_ ,, DdLme thoate o) S,t~re., Sine phosphide Mo~dohydo ~) 1P-~.u~..~e£des _,A,~_t_baoto:£e£des ., £8onts oon~ ooppor Used principally 4- the £ollowLug 9ountries . USAtRhodes~a, South A~r£ca, Madasasaar0R~un£on~Turkoy.Thailand. USApJapan USA,SouthAfrioa.Rhodesia USA,Thailand,Turkey,Spain,South Africa Gex~anF,~.Csoohoslovakia AAger£a,Austrla.Bolc£um.Spaln, Franoe,Oreooo.Xtaly,Lobanon. Moroooo.Cmeohollovak~aoTunls£a. Tttrkey. Tha£1and, Lobanon,G:eeoo,Xtaly, Spaln.TunAsla Rhodosla,SouthAFrlca.USA~ Thailand :talT.Thailand Fz-ancepSpa:Ln ThaAlan4,Rhodesia HunKary,S~ria Gezsu~nT.Belglum.Fx:m~e,Oroeoe, Xtaly,Lobanon,~%trkey Kustrla,Swltzerland,Rhodeela. South A~z~Aoa.Syrla.Thailand.USA. Guadeloupe. o. C~ Co

.! ' T~ble X - 0on~tnuod. J I ° ~) Funltg~des and baotericide8 (0ont*d.) 14,,,ob i I I . .. JLlgeriatHorooco,SpaLn,l~q~oe, 2,ltriun,Gerlany~AuJtrLatSvLtzerlandp HungoATtGsecho81ov~l&,ZtaZT~ G~eeoe,.Tu~key,Syria,Leba.non,ThAiland, P.hodesia,Rlunion,Ouadeloupe. Tun~:La,Turkoy,ZtaAytSpainsBelgium. Rhodeei&~Norooco0lt~Ly~Turkey. ' Ferbam HungarTjCzeohoolova~k£a,USA • °- .° CX~ r~

TtbZo ~ - Apnt8 ueed occtsiontlly in th, 8eod bed. "1) Prevent£ve s0£1 dieinfectLon. ~muL~desnema~onjzinebtdasome~. e Combined prepaz~t~ons Nethyl bromide + chloropicr£ne t (or oombJJ~ed aKen~8) methyliso¢3~nate + DD oa~bamide + cz~lde calcium cya~uuide (lime n£trosen) 2) Znsoot~©£des and other aRonts • Chloz~bae,endrinlendoJulftne,HCH,hePtachlor,tozapbene • b) _O:Am~o_L~2_s2ho_=o_u~ ~o~p£u~d_£ ~-~thLopbidrLn, ekatLnentlat~Lonepartth4on~ptrathLon-methylt t~iahlorophoneme:oapto~Lon,demeton-.methTltmenason:phosphsmidono ¢) O thors Ca~b~/1,copper &oetO-Lrsen£to,b~£um-s£1£¢ofluor~de,n~cot£ne, stz~ohn~ne,~hall~umsulphate. ' 3) .l~n~£otdos a~d btoter£¢lden Antz~aooltbenuenoeomp~ane~d~ooap(ksz~atJ~ne)~orKs~Lc me:ouz~ ©ompounds, PCN~,folpet(ph81~ane),polT:am, tht:am, J£z~m,EoT.No,O~qu£no1J~e - Disinfection of the meedss sodium h~po©hlo:~teja£1~er n~ra~e. 4) K*rb~d.J £~Lbeno £1171aloohol (p:e~ont~ve t:eatmen~ o£ the 8o£1)o • ° . .°. mm~