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Reports on research in which a tunable diode laser (TDL) was used to determine the change in filter dilution as a cigarette is smoked, monitoring carbon monoxide as the representative smoke component. Finds that the average dilution of all lit puffs is greater than the dilution for the unlit puff, with the exception of the last puff, in which the dilution value decreased b 0.5% dilution units. Includes data.
Presents short course in Product Testing, using a flavor substitution case history.
Summarizes impact of filter ventilation on smoke composition, filter efficiency, and physical properties of smoke. Finds that: type of filter and ventilation system used impacts ratio of nicotine content of smoke to increasing ventilation; smoke pH increases with increasing ventilation; ventilation improves filtration efficiency; and ventilation results in increased particle size and wider particle-size distribution. Includes references.
Describes process by which cigarette tar yield is impacted by introduction of filter ventilation. Details components of formula for determination of percent air diltuion, and means for prediction of smoke delivery.
Answers questions about tar, how it can be changed, and the importance of controlling air dilution in cigarettes. Explains FTC tar measurement methods, and that tar and nicotine deliveries can be changed by making changes in the tobacco rod and through air dilution. Details RJR method of perforating plug wrap and tipping papers to control air dilution.
Reports on survey of Lorillard employees to determine average depth of cigarette insertion during smoking. Finds that the average insertion depth is 7.5mm, indicating that "an insertion of 7mm in a smoking machine is appropriate for 'tar' and nicotine assay." Notes that an insertion depth of 11mm on smoking machines has been standard. Includes data.
Lists recommendations for research on environental tobacco smoke, from three separate conferences.
Proposes study to quantify levels of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in restaurants with and without separate smoking sections, using covert briefcase system. Includes estimated labor hours and costs.
Recounts meeting at the Council for Tobacco Research regarding "pressing need for industry-sponsored research" in the area of environmental tobacco smoke and the non-smoker. Notes that general areas of need were idenitfied but prioroties were not assigned. Includes outline of suggested research.
Outlines recommended research areas concerning environmental tobacco smoke, as decided at meeting at the Council for Tobacco Research. Indicates attendees.
Proposes pilot study to define the relationship among methods of measuring environmental tobacco smoke in indoor areas, specifically, the use of carbon monoxide, total suspended particular matter, and nicotine. Aims to debunk use of CO and TPM as reliable markers of ETS.
Describes exposure conditions to, and constituents of, environmental tobacco smoke (particulate matter, nicotine, carbon monoxide, odorous compounds) in terms of dose-response relationship. Includes table of data titled "Examples of conditions for indoor pollution from tobacco combustion products."
Poses questions aimed at identifying the contribution of ETS to total indoor air pollution. Suggests that new data on matter need to be generated, rather than relying on existing data.
Updates status of Tobacco Institute/ACVA study to sample select New York City offices and restaurants for CO, nicotine, and respirable particulates, as components of environmental tobacco smoke. Describes methods employed, and notes that results are forthcoming.
Details visit to Philip Morris R&D Center in Richmond, Virginia. Offers overview of Technical Services Division and smoking and health related activity, noting that "offically this activity does not exist; but in practice there is a major research effort." Opines that PM is "seeking to identify materials of the lowest possible biological activity." Notes work regarding behavioral research, flavors, chemical means of mitigating carbon monoxide levels, and work on a "second MERIT".
Examines areas for new product development and the state of the tobacco industry. Lists current process innovations, including "on-machine ventilation devices." Cautions that pharmaceutical industry in Europe and North America may serve as competitor to the tobacco industry in "the mood control business." Addresses current delivery of nicotine to smoker, compared to that of the 1950s. Posits that "if there is a relationship between required nicotine intake and nicotine tolerance, then the nicotine entering the smokers of low delivery products is more effective on a relative basis." Suggests that the effectiveness of nicotine might be reinforced "by retarding nicotine metabolism, or by increasing the efficiency of nicotine transfer to receptors in the central nervous system, or even by conditioning the receptors themselves."
Opines that discussions concerning smoker compensation need to be taken a step further than planned. Notes suggestion that "it should now be possible to design a number of cigarettes which would have the same smoking machine delivery but different deliveries to the compensating smoker...with a knowledge of the smoker's response to such factors as pressure drop, ventilation, iritation, impact, nicotine delivery, etc."
Reports on perceived future research needs in regard to developing a low tar cigarette that still delivers smoker satisfaction. Identifies the "health concerned (but as yet unsatisfied)" segment as "a market sector with significant growth potential." Notes need to understand smoking behavior, including smoker compensation, in order to achieve goals.
Reports on study to measure the effect of puff volume on nicotine and DPM delivery of experimental cigarette, 84P. Finds that "in the range of puff volumes expected for normal smoker behaviours, the deliveries in DPM and nicotine are directly proportional to the puff volume." Notes that in experimental cigarette, DPM delivery is increased as the smoking machine approaches human smoking conditions, but "on later puffs the effect is less pronounced than for the conventional cigarette." Opines that cause may be "a complex series of events in the hollow fibre used in the filters of this prototype."
Reports on research to acquire smoker response to design properties employed in three ultra low tar cigarettes: PM 2mg experimental, Now, and Carlton 70. Finds that the PM product was smoked differently from the others, and that the commerical products were smoked with greater average volume, maximum flow rate, and average flow rate. Notes that "these responses were induced by higher dilution and lower RTD in the Now and Carlton versus the PM Experimental." Reports that the experimental cigarette produced lower deliveries than the Now cigarette, but a higher delivery than Carlton 70. Includes data.
Reports on various investigations into smoker strategies to obtain constant amounts of tar and/or nicotine when given products of varying tar and nicotine deliveries. Suggests that smokers may change the number of cigarettes smoked, the number of puffs per cigarette, the size of the puffs, depth of inhalation, or smoke retention time in the lungs.
Reports on research demonstrating a wide range of inhalation patterns across smokers and the replicability of a smoker's own pattern for up to ten months. Notes that the data also indicate that some of the smokers "altered the temporal spacing of inhalations to smoke the last two thirds of the high nicotine cigarette more slowly than the low." Emphasizes development of methodology for analyzing inhalation behavior outside a laboratory.
Reports on meeting regarding SEX-2, a project aimed at determining if a smoker's mean daily intake following switching is reduced or increased according to TPM values of cigarettes smoked.
Lists reasons for releasing and publishing the SEX-I report, including: findings strongly support position that "an individual is more determinative of his intake level than is the cigarette he smokes" and that the number of cigarettes smoked is a poor index of exposure.
Presents findings from study of 57 POL panelists to determine number of additional puffs on a 100mm cigarette opposed to conventional 85mm cigarette. Reports that 31.6% of smokers recorded five or more puffs per 100mm cigarette. Cautiously suggests that findings "do establish that smokers can obtain a substantial number of additional puffs and that five is not an unrealistic number." Includes data.