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Ezereise Program Effeets eJniwnity ghdy3o AIASA-t/SPHS Studg35 Increased stamina 90% 88% Feelinas of better health 65% 92% Weight reduct,on 67% 61% Improved work performante 60% 50% Decreased amount of food 48% 48% Increased recreation 45% 41% Reduced stress and tension 43% 48% More positive wovk attitude 40% 60% More adequate drtep and rest 37% 30% Decreased tmoking 20% 15% _.~....,,... ~.m,..:.-. . ... ..• ,:^.~i6rC.ro.+~ diminish neurotic arsxiety, treat specific situational phobias and provide psycho- logical relief in post-infarct patients?e•i' In a signifsrant study of supervised physical activityin three metropolitan uni- versity settings. Heinzelrnann and Bagley monitored 381 sedeatary men (239 test and 142 control), 45-39, who were cnn- sidered to be at risk for coronary heart dis- ease.30 Many participu: , r. pc..rJ that they enjoyed having the su,ia) support of others while they exercised, and welcomed the opportunity to compare theic I-•n progress and level of fitness with that of others. An important finding was that the men's pattern of adherence to an exercise regimen was directly related totheir wives' attitudes toward the program. Of the 143 tnen whose wivcs' attitudes were positive, 80 percent had good or excellent patterns of adherence to the program of physical activity. In contrast, e.MV40percent of the 39 men whose wives' attitudes were neu- tral or negative had good or excellent pat- terns of adherence. In 1972, Durbeck. Heinzelmann and eo•workers produced tomparable results in the NASA-USPH extercise program with 237 exercising men ages 33-35:133 The resultsof ofthe tabove studies are compared in Tabik 2. The%• ciearly show how an exercise health program can -n- fluence how a person thinks and feels • nd what he does to promote his own health. NIZ N! 11788 Summary Cigarette smoking can be viewed mainly as a psychological habit with accompany- ing pharmACological and social satisfac- tions and reinforcements. It is mainly a learned behavior, tsccvrring in response to direct and indirect social pressures. Though each person's smoking habit is individualized, studies show that smokers find at least six psychological satisfactions in the habit: stimulation, handling, relax-

_ x at ion, tension reduction, craving and hab- it. To quit smoking,,the individual must undergo physical and psychological with- drawal. Physica: withdrawal symptoms last about a week but it may take months 0r years to restructure a life without ciga- eettes. Quitting is a long•term learning process invclving a grcat deal of uncon• References i. Freud- S.: Creativity. Middlesex: Penguin Books,1970. pp.126-12s. - 2. Cooper, K.H., and Christen, A.G.: Dentist. Yheal thyself°: modification of life style. Dent. Clin. North Amer. 22:373-388,1978. 3. Russell, M.A.: Ci;:ictte smoking: natural ptstory of a dependence disorder. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 43:1•16,1971. 4. Russell, M.A.: Realistic goals for smoking and health. A case for safer smoking. Lancet 1: 254-258,1974. $. Knapp. P.H.; Bliss, C.M., and Wells. H.: Addicttve aspects in heavy cigarette smoking. Amer. J. Psychiat. 119:966-972,1963. 6 Horn, D., and Waingrow, S.: Some dtmen- sions of a model for smOking behavtor change. Amer. 1. Public Health $6:21-26,1966. 1. Saunders. G.M.: Stop smoking program guide. California Division: American Cancer Society,1971. pp.1-178. 8. National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health; Pattern and prevalence or teenage cigatette smoking. 1%8, 1970, 1972 and 1974. Smoking and Health Newsletter 10:1-4, 1974. 9. Tamenn, J.S., and Neumann, C.P.: Casual- Iies of the anasmoking campaign. Compt. Psy- Shiatry 14:35-40,1973. 00. Tomkins, S.•'•A modified model of smok- ing behaviot." In: Borgatia. E.F., and Evans. k.RI feds.). Smoking Health and Behavior. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1968. pp. 165-186. 11. Horn, D.: An approach to office manage- mem of the cigarette smoker. Dis. Chen 34: 43-209,1%8. 12- Tamerin. I.S.: The psyehodynamies of quit- tinR smoking in a group. Auaer. J. Pspehsat. d29:S89•595,1972. 13. Adams, E.: An approach to patients who Can`t stop smoking. Prer. Med. 2:313-317,1973. 14. Epstetn, L.H., and McCoy. J.F.: Issues in mokrng control. Addictive Beha%. 1:65•72, 975. IS5. Dubitzk>, M., and Schwarsz, 1.L.: Ego- resiltency, ego•control, and smoking cessation J. Psychol. 70:27•33,1%8. 16 Chnsten, A.G.: The drntist•s role in heip• ipg patsents to stop smoking. J. Amer. Dem Assoc 81:1146•1152,1970. (7_ Christen, A.G.; N'ellsngton, E.C., and Qoyle, M.1.: The smoking habst-bteak it tot avotd tt) through education Medical Service Dsg. (USAF) 27:16•18,1976. MnqCN nOF,, ,y7y scious, constructive and painful conflict. One can stop smoking if the problem is attecked on a broad front, if one "burns one's bridges" behind him/her and if suit- able satisfying alternatives and involve- ments are discovered. Physical exercise in the form of aerobies is proposed as an es• pecially effective alternative behavior. C 18. Maletzky, B.M., and i.'loner- J.: Smoking and alcoholism. Amer. J. Psychiat. t31:345- 447,t974. 19. lanis,l.L., and Mann. L.: Effectiveness of emotional role playing in modifying smoking habits and attitudes. J. Exper. Res. Personalsty 1:84-90,1965. 20. Walker, R.E.; Nicolay. R.C.; Kluczny. R.. and Rtedel, R.G.: Psychological correlates of smoking. J. Chn. Psychol.2S:42A4,1969. 21. Trahair, R.C.: Giving up cigarettes: 222 case studies. 6Sed.1. Austr.1:929-932.1967. 22. waming.'inhaleA smoke can be panicular• ly hazardous. J&MA 232:1319•1320.1975. 23. Christen. A.G.: The clinical effects of to- bacco on oral tissue. l. Amer. Dent. Assoc. 61: 1378-13g2.1970. 24. Cohen, S.: Altematives to adolescent drug abuse. JAS1A238:1561•1562,1977- 21. Sheehan. G.A.: On Running. New York: Bantam Books,1978, Pp-1•205. 26. Cooper. K.H.: The Aerobics Way. New York: M. Evans and Co., lnc.,197'. pp. 1-31I. 27. Cooper. K.H.; Gey, 0.0., and Bottenberg. R.A.: Effects of eigarnte smoking on endur- anee performance. JAMA 203:189-192, 1968 28. Sheehan. G.A.: Running and BeinF-The Total Experience. Nea York • Simon and Sehus• ter, 1978. p. 54. 29. Issnait, A.H., and Trachtman, L.E.: Jos- gir.g the imagination. Psycholog% Today 6:79- 82, 1973. 30. Heinaelmann, F., and Bagle.. R.W.: Re- aponse to ph>iical acri.it;• programs and the r effects on health behavior. Public Health Rep. 85:905-9i1,1970. 31. Hsgdon, H.: Can running cure met.tal ill• ness' Rtrnners M'orld 13:36.19'<. 32. Morgan. W.P.; Robens, 1.A., and Feiner- rnan, A.D.: PsyehologV eftect of arute physt• cal aaivity. Atch. Phys. Med. Rehat•. 52:4_2• 425,1971. 33. Utwin, A.: Treatment of a situational pho• bia-a case tor running. Bnt. J. Psychtas.125. 95-98,1974 34. Prosser, G. et al.: Assessing theps>cholos- ic effects of an exercise training program for patients following myocardtal mfarcnon: a pr- lot stud> Br. J. Med. Psychol. 51:95•10_,19'6. 35. Durbeck, D.C. et at.: The National Aero• muncs and Space Adminwratson-l:.S. Put•• lic Health Serate Health Evaluation and En• hancement Program. Summar> of results. Amer. J. Cardtol. 30.784•790,1972. 6iNl 11789 ,~. I