Tobacco Documents Online

NK02216538 1506 \P\f. U. TfCNALLY and ncusea are induced (Ilendcrson and Iln-gard). Thc 11. S. Bureau of nlincs examined the air in a confinrd spnce after inten- sive smoking, and found that the carbon monoxide conccnti;ation of the air of the room did not increace bcyond 0.01 hcr cent; the maximinn blood conrcntration did not risc ahove 5 per cent, quantitics that arr, considered negliril,lv. Carb'om monoxidc :is inhaled in ihc smokc of cigarettes cannot, therefore, be cousidcred as an irritant. Since this investigation has to do with 1 he smoke of tobacco in the form of cigareites, it. o•ill include the water-sohuble components as well as the tar-like substances. In in effort to obtain pruduct5 of smoke as much like those taken into the system during the process of smoking <iR possible, the smoke from six cigarettes in a holder was passed through a serics of Drechsel m•ash bottles (Fig. 1). Both intermittent and continuous suction were used. 'Nu atterolit was mnde to collect such gnses as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxidc. The Amount, of tar separating incrcased rapidly in the ]nstt three quarters of an inch of the cigarette. Thc process of smoking is like a volatile distillation, the moisture, as stcani, carrying along the volatile product,;, some of which accumulate in tLe cooler portion of t.he cigarettc, which happcns to be the last half inch in the holder. The water extracts contained (in addition to the tars and tar oil;) cyinides, carbonates, n]trltes, arsenic, alnnlonln, hydrogen suiphide, methyl alcohol, fatty acids, furmaldehyda, acrylic aldchyde, nicotine, pyridin, picoline, hrtidin, collidinc, and phenolic bodies. Loebisch mentions the presence of creosote. Amn:onia, which is in irritant, is present in mere traces, 0.1 mg. per cigarette. :.t is never recognizcd in the smoke by its odor (1,20 vol. of 111, per 1,000 parts of air imparts a strong odor). Warburg believes that nicotine is not wholly respunsililc for the syiyptoms resulting from execssive smoking, that. sonic other substance plays a rolo. This substance, I believe, is the tarry material scparating from the smoke. Uethyl alcohoi disco.•ered in tobacco smoke by Neuberg, formaldehyde by Trillat, and hydro- cynnic acid by Vogel, mny intensify the irritant action of the tar and tar oils on the delicate mucous membranes of the respiratory- tract. Lehmann and Cundermanii elaim that the hydrocyanic acid in tile smokc of a cigar amounts to 0.002 to 0.5 nng. and is of no significance. Where there is tn inflnmmation of the mucous niembrane, continually irritated by thc products of smoking, the

C , 1512 W.M. D. xicx.ar,i,Y cancer of the lcnigs. In r:nO:cncl dcn•ing the per.ec] 1901-1910 the deal L rate n•as I per 100,000, incrc;;sing to 2.3 per 1t10,11(Itl in 1927. , The ntore frequent occurrciice of ulccr and c:crcinocua in sniokca•s ccui be attrihutccl to the irrit;iut aciion cd th'c cbeuiic:cl substanecs mentionecl. In Ilolland, where 1ob;wco is usecl iuore extensive1y than anywhcrc else in I:wnpc, thc de:cth r;ctc for canccr of thc stom:cch i~ 553. ln England it is 333. (':mccr of the stomach is much more prcvaleut in the male than in the felmlc. Bossi quotes the expcriments of .ldlea•, Jouse, Hosel aud Papadia with tobacco smoke and reports the results of having :iAiim~cls in- hate the sinoke of cigarettes. after the incthod of Bufa]ini. Fcmnc of his rabbits developed a glycosuri:c, which in my opinion ralm from the carbon monoxide absorLed. Roffo, from his experiments, believes that the wsctcr-solublc constittients of smoke have more carcinogenic properti" than the alkaloicl nicotine. Fiirbringer claims that the inhaler absorbs as much as cigbt times the amownt of nicotine absorbed by mouth suiolccrs. The mord "inhaler" is gcnerally used to desienatc a pcr5on who cx]::lles smoke through the nostrils, and not in the sense that the suction action of thee lung during smoking makc,, every one an iohalcr, aa a popular brand of cigarette advertizes. 1'ioglom, in discussiug experimental t:u (from coal) canecr, say's: "There are a]most as man}• explanations of the way in which tar produce, a malignant grou-th as there are investigators." The rcater-solubie products from the snnoke of 100 cig;trettea werc made up to 100 c.c., and 0.1 c.c. was given daih• as n spray per mouth to 6 half-grown rats. To another 6 rats the tar collccted was applied at the back of the left• ear; 6 other rats had thc tar applied to a spot shaved ou the back, about I inoh in di:;mcter, 6 others had tar applied to the tongue and buccal surfaces. Two rats were kept as controls. The tar was soluble ir chloroforin, pctroleum ether, and benzol, but was insoluble in ethylic ether. Since 3 of the rats ha.•ino the tar applied to the back died on the eighth day ftom nicotine poisoning, the amount of tar was reduced. On the fifty-second day one control rat died. Ou thc seventy- second day a rat died having two areas of inflammatlon on the tongue about the size of a grain of tirheat•, caused by enc,ysted ?'ricleiucll<i spirnlis. On the ninet}•-seventh day a rat died which h:id received tar per mouth. On the hundred and tenth day three rats having tar on t lie back became ill ; nd lost nrioht, and it HK02216544

HaU2216545 TBr TAtI 1, C1G.SRI:7Tb S.1tu1Cr'. AND 17:; 1iF11.C •1•S ].31~ was nc.cc;,5z:-'r3• to tt-ilhclr:rn• the tsr. 7'hc llair grew ilag:1in nftcr the unhlicntion of the t:u• ce:ls<•d. Thc rros~z ez:uniilntion of the organ5. of the rats dying during the eXl)crinicl,l <ii<l not show nny- thin„ of n'otc. .1I1 of the l:rt5 grc•i.• :r co: rScr h:'ir th:m the coutruls. Tbe experimental aniin,tls did )rut grow :o; ral,i<11y n, the contt•ol aniluals. raXCLl'Slo\ S 1. The tar of cifim•ctte slnnkc eont;rin~z nicotinc, phenolic bodic., pyriclinc bases, and ammonia, irrifnnt< which could nccouut for "cit;nrettc cough," thc• chronic lrronchiti., of the cir:rrette snioker, 1he ]cukopl:tkia in hcavy smaker;, and thc recorded incrc:r~:c of cancer of thc• lung. 2. The tentper.rturc is not an important factor unless ihc•cigar=- ette is burned don•11 to the last ccntil))eter, whcn the hot snlolcc^ becomes more irritatll)g. 3. With a tarr.% • residue of 4.S4 to 1;i?9 per cent, a<lcfillitc risk attaches to the smoking of a cig:<rette., especially sincc 6.56 to l l.3S per cent mny be absorbed or ret:<ined in the body. 4. Cigarettes should not be smoked too short, as the last two centimeters retnin ma:t of the tar and other pro<lucts of incomplcte combustion. ]3I13L10C nA PN Y Anrrt:n.,o% : Chem. \cu'~ 120: 130, 1919. $Aa.t:Y: C'onn. :1gric. 1•:xpcr. Station, Iiu11. =9.i, 1927;:i07, 19?S. 13er~)sta<cla<, .l. P., Penun., E*. 1:., AND .lLtnTiN, E. G.: J. Inde>lriol Hygiene 3: 1, 1921. ]3snGr:nnol'r: C'itecl by ]tolfn)nun, Schrrur, nrld 'Lul'llellC: I>etlt~ch<• med. Wchnschr. 49 : G3:3, 192:3. Bocr:-,, 1:.: J. A. \l. .1. 93: 1112, 1929. Bo,sr::1u. d..accarl. med. fis. fiorcnt 80, 19J0. Reo-scn, .1.: Circho<s's Arch. f. parh. .annt. 102: 32, 1900. Brst-m'o-, +sn Tt•xxtct)1•re: J. PhN•.iol. 17: 272, 1S9a-9•i. C'ourr a, F.. A., L.AIArn, F. W. AI., SAxurus, E., AND tlni"r, 1:. L.: J. liygiene 32: 293, 1932. Dixox, W. ];.: \I. Standard 51: 9, 192S. Flsu:: Compl. rend. ac:rd, d. se. 146: 776, I90S. Funnalxosk: Deutsche Ined. Wehnschr. 02: 2020, 1926. Ganxtin: I'. S. Dept. .agriculturc, 13urcau of Plant Industry, 131111. 102, 1905. GAIVarLaW AND I:orsn<N.a, A. 1C.: liiochem. 7.tschr. 231: 25, 1931. GrrLL.t. AND Gi•: Gaz. h8t,. 81: 1616, 1905. HAASE, G.: bcutschr \lmi:rlschr. f. Zahnh. •15/: 9`_'9, 19:3t. IIAMnLTON: Industrinl Poisons in the L'. S., Maomillan C'o., Xcn• York, 192:i, P. 510. '

, T11F. TAII I\ clc.axr,•rrr, Miohr. AND rr, l:r•rLCr7 1511 i1I which prolifcrations of nn cstcnsirc na1±u•c, and of a close histolo;ic resemLlaucc to squamous-cell epithclion,a, were pro- duced irith ioLacco tar. The1• deternlinctl that onl.• lipoid soluble subst.ances prodneed epitllelial ln•olifer:dions. In 1923 11ofl'nl;ln, Schreus and '/,urhelle succeeded in produciltfi only a hypcrker:Itoc:is on thc skin of mice. The hair fell out and gre«• in ngaiu when the application of tar ccnsed. Hehcit; uscd the residttc found in bowls of briar pipes, but as most of his mice dicd frrnn too strong solution he tried an etherenl extract and repm•tcrtl the development of suggestive lesions in about two weeks. TenLI: V Rcsnlfs of Eapn•rnlrrd., vi01 Co>din+u•tr, Ru.fi.m Brnnd bfoisturc Vol:It1lC Tarn' ne~iduc 33 12.71 f0 17.73~~ 15 14.15 i 13 87 10.f.1 32 1s.S~ 1C 33 7.5a 13 &&S 17.73 5 ~n Tn Lartg altd J/ovfll Absorption of ms VI Tnr for 1'ar i. as Ih•a nd.•• of Cigm•rrb> E nranil 15 VolalilP 32.75rt R .ridue 2.97cc .Al..orl Md or I1at2llif.: In 14.nI)' 7.o-l~c to 11.5,,;c' i 13 11.a:t''< 4 ^G';i G.Sf•r; 1S 15.56;, 1.07 I~ 5.10!~ 14 5.20 ; 1 3.aG~i 10.3fi!'~ 29 5S.5firi 33 15.G1~a 2.35'; o 7.17~i H. Schaer, in the exnmination of 237, esophnguses, chicfly from men, found leukoplakia in 67 per cent of all of the cases. This occurred more often in men than in t.•omen. Leukoplakia, accord- ing to TTanse, is n diseasc of males, women hcing affccted in only 1.99 per cent of t.he enses, According to 1ioffnl:In, cancer of the cso- phngus inercascd from 1.0 per 100,000 in 1915 to 1.7 in 1922, fell to 1.'t in 1924, rose to 1.9 i11 102fi, but declined to 1.7 in 1927. kor canccr of the hings, he gives thc death rate as 0. 7 per 100,000 in 1915, 1.1 in 1920, 1.6 in 1924, and 1.0, the 1nnximunl figure, in 1927. Comparing the enormous eonsunlption of cigarettes in 19°.5-1931 with the increase in pulnlonau•y cancer, one i- certainly led to believe that cigarette smoking is an important factor in the increase of 3KC2216543