Tobacco Documents Online

S , a U .. KW02216539 1111, TAR I\ C]C_11tI:]`]'li S_1fOHli AND IT3 LPl'Nf"1'a 1507 rcgcueratica pruce-Scs arc disturbed, and there is a predisposition to cancer ill the scnsc of the rcncncrutia;l tlrcury of Fi,~/•llcr-W.hcls. v t f • . L. . • •f f r i S FlcS. I exu 2. Snou lac CIRARETTES lN }[ntuEx, DIIEI'n.1EL W.1FlI BO•FTLE.,, AM) TR6R\tO.l1ETEHS TO CIIOp TF.)fYEI1~TCRFS OF SMOkE AT \'..RIOFS DIST.f.%cEs FRO\t 1rOi.UF.N The n]echanical factor in the smoking of cigarettcs is not of great iu]portance, as the majority of men and women do not uQc cigarette holders. With cig:Irs and pipes, hou-ever, a roughenccl holder or pipe sten] may play an important partt in the irritation ;If the lip. Thc thermal factor is much more important in the smoking of

'. NK12216534 CI1R0\UD,1I 1S TU1iQ123 1501 chemicnl siparritions icere comirlercJl to bc of dnubtful value tt•hen dcaling ~cid h ~uch ~mall qu~utit.ic ~ a~ 0.0001 mg. of chromium, ati investigation was jnadc to sce if a portion of the.-pcclrwii could be found where tLe colorcd cLroniiiRiu couupownd Solut•ions 1h- sorbed rather :atrongly, butt ivhere• the colored iron compound solutions were completely trauspareTit. 1'he light 1•rainsmi.ssion ch:iracteristies of the colored iron and cbromiuni compounds ;j•ere detcrmiiied by using a condensed tungsten spark in air and n Hilger rotating sector photomcter in conjunetion with a IIilgc•r T:I specdrograph. The colored iron solution transmitded completely froiai ), 5000 to%vards the red end of the spectruni, but the chromiuni solution had an absorption nmaximwn at approximately X 5400. Light transmis~4on measurements tivere made at• specific wave lengths in this i•egion, using a new tv'chnic, the densities of the spectrum lines beiug evaluated by a\Ioll microphotometer. Standard curves were constructed showing the relationship be- tween chromiuni content and percentaae transmission at various wave lengths. The transmission by the solution prepared from the tunl0r ash was determined at thr, same wavelengths and by reference to the standard curves the amount of chromium was determiued. The chromium content of the tumor ashes varied from less than 0.001 pcr cent tci 0.25 per cent. 1\ oTE: This sti~ork has hceu made possible th ruugh t he generosi t y of the Royal 13aking Powder C'ompauy, itr. nnd \trs. Reginald Auchineloss, and the Cancer Rescarch Fund of the Graduate School of Medicine of the i!nieeisity of Pennsylvania. The writers are indebted, also, to 11r. lt. G. Crosen for his aid in the development of the method. The complete details or the method employed and the results obtained will be publ"shed shortly.

. , 1JCS 117tI. D. 11SC\ALLY cigarettes, as the smokc of n rigorette mmN • rca.cli IttO° ('., if it Is smoked rapidly down to the end, in a holder. 7'hc tcrnpei:ittu~e of.thc smuke for the fit•st 3.5 cm. reutaills arotmri 2i.2° C., this figure gradually ri,inl; to ;i2' Cf if the cigarette is Gmuked to witllin 0.5 cm. of tbc end (sce Table II and hig. 2:). With rapid sinokint; Lhc ~mokc in ~ holdcr ma~ rcach 52° ('. ~~ it hin t u u minutc~. \1'it II the nverngc time for smokili}t a cirorettt•, ninc minutrs, flle temperature of the smolce remains nroimd 30.2° until the last 2.5 cm., when it rapidly rises to -1G.0° C. The nccrnnpanving table >;liows the temperature of slnokc at varying distanccs from the butt end of the cih:u•ette. Ttm rapidity of snloking i? ;i very important factor, as, can hc scen from the table. 1) was -Inoked iii elevei.I minutes, A iii IllIle, C in five, and 13 in two minutes. TABLE II Tcntyrrroltrrc of Sninkr (it I•oryin,rt Disfmtrrx fr•an Butt T:ud of ('ir~.rr1lc• HrnnJ Initint Tcmp ~ 3 cin. anu.6od 3a crn. - S em. G cm. 6.~ ain. I A 2i .2° 30.0' 30a' 31° 42' - - M - 13 27.0° 30 ^° ,'.0?° 3G' 5'a° 110' C ii.A° 30.0' 30.0' 31° 3S° i,%° 1) 20.'l' 30.4' 30.21 30.S° 36.2' a6.0° The burning end of the cigarcttt+ may reach n temperatm•e of 280 to 300°. Those using a holder atnd burning tb thn e.h•cme cnd can obtain a tcmpernttn•+: inside the mouth of 3G.8° C. and on thc outside of the hold(?r of 5C degl'~eS. Fortunateh• the chechnc..; of the product does not neccssitatc smoking to the very end, and the TAnlt; III Tentprrnlure of Sniokr lleld in .lloadh Subicct ~ l ext 2 ~m. lem. ien. T 34 35.4 I L. W. 35 35.2 36.2 ]i 35 35.2 36.5 11'. 1). 34.2 35° 35.0 majority of cigarette sn)okers do not use holders. The tempera- ture of the smoke in the mouth is sho«•n in Table 111. Cooper reports thst the temper;tture of tobacco in both Nvooden and cln.~ pipes mat• range fronl3ihJ to i00° C. With the thermometer at rn distance of 2 em. from the end of the cigarette, with three minutes' continuous smoking, the tem- HKC?_21 b540

RKQ2216535, THE TAn IN (7GAliI:TT}; SMOKE AND ITS EFFECTS 1Jt)3 not ad<lict.iors as with the opiates, atIld the uG't• of cither can be dis- continued u•ithout serious cons(iquence5. Tho efi'c'cts of smol:inn are due in ,n large mcasure to the alisorhtion in thc hody or the all,alci'd nicotine; ac (t is an alkaline substance, its continual contact with the rlelic;ate cells of thc lungs during the inhalation of cmokc must causc' irritatioh. In addition to the chcniical action of nicotinc and other product~ of combustion, the thernial and mechanica phase of the sinoking habit• modify its effects. All of these arc, iii turn, madc worse by discusc condi- tions already present• in the mouth and the bod}•. The chennical and thermal effects arc also modified by several other factors, as the age of acquiring the smoking habit, the grade of tobacco, the maimer in which it is smoked, and the amou.tit usr.iL Sonie of the nicotine in tobacco is present as a frce alkaloid, readily volatile and casily extracted with petrolic ether; the remainder is combined as salts with or6anic mcids (Carncr). During smoking, these salts are dissociated, a portion of the nicotine is burned, and a part passes Antd the smol:e. Moist tobacco gives off more nicotine during combustion thun the drier tobacco. The so-called denicotinized tobacco products still contain about 50 per cent of the nicotine (Van Lecu«-en; Bailey), nnd large amounts of this tobacco are likely to be smoked under the false assumption that the harmful elementt is removed. Nicotinin, nicotein, and nicotellin have been isolated by Pictet and Rotsch.• from tobacco, but in very small amount. Lehmann, Kissling, and Garner demonstrated that one-seventh to one-third of the nicotine of tobacco uiay be recovered from tiie snloke. Van Leeuwen reported that the conimon distinction betivecn so-called "mild" and "streng" cigars is no indrx to the amount of nicotine that may pass into the smoke. The ahsorpiion of nicotine is responsible for the untoward effects of the neophyte's fixst pack of cigaiettes or first cigar. The nicotine content of tobacco varies; that of pipe tobacco from 1.25 to 2.8 per cent; of aigars from 0.91 to 1.9 per cent; of cigarettes from 0.43 to 3.34 per cent (Thurston; Bailey). If a cigarette is smoked rapidly, the nicot ine content of the main strcam of smoke, drawn through the cigarette, is incrcased. Bngen found that when the duration of combustion was five minutes, with continuous suction, the nicotine content of the main stre:mi was 2.5 nng.; when comhustion was coanplete in two ruinutes, the

HK02216537 TnF. TA7t IN c]G.9)iT•.7TI•: SMoHE AND ITS I:FFT.crs 1505 uted the deleterious effect of thc smoke to pyridin nnd picolin haGes. Johnson, in a clinical study of tohacco smokinfi in 150 patients, •concluded that. "the effc•ct of smnking is chiefly loc-11, excrted principally on the pharrnx." 1t'cbb recognized a eigarcttc bronchitis in the emamination of 3,000 men in the anny. Philipp- son points to various, organic carcinoniaia which might be produced by nicoliue. Nc plaee.z the chemical factnr so f:u• aboVe the purcly mechanical factor that he prcfers to speak of "nicotiuc cancer" rather than pipe smoker's cancer. Several authors are of the opinion that nicotine plays a certain rolc in the etiulogy of cirrhasis of thc li.ver (Y. Noorden; Guill:ui A»:? ay; Adler). As nicotine is evucualed through thc bladdcr, it could exert an irritation of the mucosa. Pyridin must also be taken into consideration as a potent factor in causing irritation. Stoeber aiid Wackcr demonstrated that epithelial proliferation could he evokcd in animals by injec- tions of pyridin in olive oil. Hamilton says that pyridins have a curious eficcf on the skin similar to that which has been described in English briquette factories as a result of the handling of tarry substances. The skin is raw and sensitive as if from sunburn. The suffering is most severe after wasliing the face, hands, and forearms and going into the open air. The action of pyridin bases is somewhat similar to that of nicotine but with important dif- ferences (Lec). I'yrid:n is a strong local irritant tsith a low toxicity. It produces dyspncic, then shallow respiration. 33run- ton and Tunnicliffe refer the effects mainly to sensory paralysis. Large doses arrest the heart action. With slow, intermitteni comLustion the cigarette>•ields a small amount of carbon monoxide in the main stream of smoke. In eleven minutes the yield of carbon mouoxide was 0.?6 per rent of the weight of the tobacco and p.nper burned (Mc\ ally). 1\'ith niore rapid combustion (five minutes) thi:s is increased to 1.30 per cent. Tobacco smoke contains 80 c.c. of carbon monoxide to the gram of tobacco smoked (TL•,,mpson; Fleig). The smoke diluted with air, as it reaches the mouth of the smoker, ma3- contain 7.2 to 25 parts of carbon monoxide (Raumherger, Perry, and 'Martin) in 10,000 parts of air, which is a dangerous amount to be ron- sumed over a period of one hour. Fortunately the concentration of the air breathed does not reach this high figure, and the {ungs are ventilated before there is timc for absorption. When the concentration of the air becomes 9 per 10,000 parts of air, headache

Hit92216546 1514 }ti'11. D. A1C\ AI:LT . . REL\S1G, P. C.: J. Isalcsw~ M. Soc. 27: 37, 1927. HE~Dr;nSOx, Y., A\D IIACC.utn, 13. W.: J. IncL & l:ng. Chem. 14: 229, 1922. l1trnt:r.: Quatcd by ZchrotiecL•i. HorralAX, I:., 5cxnla's, 11. 7'., AND 7.t'i+tn.l.l,r, I?.: I)culsnce mcd. 11'chnschr. 99 : 633, 1923. HOFFMAN, F. L.: Ann. Surg. 93: 50, 1931. Jonnsos, 11'. M.: J. A. 1VI. A. 93: 665, 1929. KrssLlNc: Dingl. Polyt. J. 244: 61, 1882. LtE: Quart. J. Physiol. 1: 355, 1908. LrnalAxN, Ii. B.: 1lunchen. med. 1Cc•hnschr. 55: 723, 1908. Lt,rnlANs AND GixD1:RntAxx:'l.entralbl. BiochenL Biup. 13: 715, 1912. Lo>;Blsc•n: Lulenbut•g's Rcalenzyklopadie der gesanuut'en Heilkundc, vol. 24, 1900. MACNALLY ill P1:TEItSO\, H.-11\t•:S, AXD 11 EnsrEn: LcPsl 111edicinc and Toxicology, 1\'. B. Saunders Co., Fhiladclphia, 1923, vol. 2, p. 297. MExTt:Ns, V. E.: Ztschr. f. IircbsforGCh. 32: 82, 1930. Nr:rnt:nc, C., AKn OTTF.ISTP:1\, B.: Biochem. Zischr. ISS: 217, 1927. v. fioonnrs: Die'/.uckerkrankhcit, A. Ilirschwnld, Berlin, p. 1S5, 1910. PFr1L1PP6Q\, A.: Iilin. 11'chnschr. 33: 1513, 1926. Ptcrr:T AND Ro'rncxr: Ber. d. d. chem. Geselisch. 31: G9G, 1901. R4T;`r.R: Arch, f. d. ges. Physiol. 113: 198, 1906. Rorr'o, A. H.: I3o!. Inst. de med. exper. para cl estud. } trat. dcl cancer 7: 501, 1930; Ztsc1 r. f. I:reLsforsc•h. 33: 321, 1931. SAYr:lts,11. R., Tilt:Rm-e:TRI:R, r. V., AND I'AxT,11-. P.: U. S. Pub. ITealth Rep. 37: 1127, 1922. SCHAr:R, Ii.: Ztschr. f. l:rcbsforsch. 31: 217, 1931. STOt:nr:u AxD 11'-aclcl:r,: 1liinchcn. mcd. \1'chnschr. 57: 947, 1910. Tnoasrsox: Lancct 1: 393, 1904. Trrl:nsrox: Bull. Agric. Comm., Bureau of Drngs, Ohio, 'Nor, 1914. TRtt.LAT: ('ompt. rend. Acad. d. sc. 139: 742, 1904. VAx Lt:et'w1:-,:.l.rch. f. expcr. Patil- u. Phnrtn. 81: 253, 1918. VAS: Quoted by Zebron•ski. Voala., A.: Dingl. Polyt. J. 148: 231, 1S:iS. \'oHL: Eulcnburg's Rcalcnzyklupacdic der gcsammten Ilcilkundc, vok 24, p. 15, 1900. \1'AChr:u, L., AND Sclt.N;lvchl:, A.: ?tIiinc}ten. med. 11'chn.,ehr. 5S: 16S1, 1911. \1'Anxt'RC: Inaug. Dizs. \1'ucrzburg, 38,1906. Wt:nn, C. B.: Alil. Surgeon -t2: 500, 1918. \1'1\TF.RST1:1\, A., Axn :1RoxsoN, E.: Ztschr. I. Hyg. u. Infcktion;kr. 105: 530, 1928. WOCLO\r, 11'. Ii.: Arch. Path. & Lah. Mcd. 2: 5.33, 1926. 1907. 7kBROR'SSt, I:.: Centralbl, f. allg. Path. u. path. Anat. IS: 33+". +

HN02216536 i 1501 n•Nr. n. ricNALr.Y nicot.inc• contcr t ir:rs f~.b mt;. Not onl.• the t•ahidit.i • of smohing, •but the nmount of moisture, tho ihiehnc,; of ilie c•ignrc•tte, '1nd ihc clo"i•r,c,s of thc liac•lcin;; nm f:,c•tot:~ in detc•rMiuinn tlir au1ount of nicotine in the smoke. Both the smoke tliatis rxh;llccl aud the s1nnkc :u•i: ing from thc burning end caniain nicotine, as ha~ 1>ccn dcmonslratcd by Leh- matrn in the air of a room in which tolracco was being consumcd. Asherson asserts that 6 to S mg. o1' nicotinc renclr the mouth from a cigarette smolccd in the usual way. 1)ixon aspirated smoke from one cigarette weighing one grani and found 1Jint• the solvents ahsorbcd 3 mr, of nicotine. 11'intcrslein nnd Aronson stnte t.hat. 13 to 15 per cent of the nicotine content of cigars nnd cigarettes is absorbed by the organism. If a smoker were to smoke twenty cigarettes a day he would receive 0.60 mg. (i)ison ), an amount which, if it were all absorbed, would cause definite pby,,'sological effects. Fortunately not all the nicotine is absorbed. 1'he fatal dose for man is 60 to 120 rng. The continued use of tobacco apparently creates a tolerance for nicotine and the,proclucts of combustion; otherwise cnscs of poison- ing would not be limitcd to the beginner. The nitrogen of the smolce may run as high as 43 per cent• of the total nitrogen: the nicotinc nitrogen rnay, run as high as 17.CS per ccn1, and the ammonia nitrogcn as high al, 03.2 per cent of the total nitrogen of thc smoke (Gawrilow and hcdpcrina). Zobrowski, in order to show the effect of tobacco srnokc upon the blood vessels of animals, had them breathe tobacco smoke in a special apparatus, while other nnimals received injections of the soluble components of the smoke in the veins. One group of rabbits isas given 0.5 per cent nicotiire soiution. 1'hickcningswerc found upon thc intima of the descendina norta in three out. of five rabbits which received nicotine inj-ctions. Similar trvrsfornna- tions were found in rabbits which had received ndrenaliu hydro- chloride in 1: 1000 solution. One rabbit showed considerablc transformation in the initial portion or the beginning of the aorta, while in the second rabbit the adrenalin did not cause such changes. Atertens exposed mice to tlhe smoke of cigarettes. He repot••ted suppuration in the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. In one case the iuucosa was transformed into a layer of pavement epitheliuni with several roiss of cells. Some investigntors, as Itcdncr, Vas, and Ileubcl, considered the nicotine the solc component of tobacco smokc. Vohl attrib-

c t NKC2216542 1510 \\•\f. ll. MC\.91.L1- for eol),p:u•ison ~:ilh Tal,le ~'. A1'itl, tile : b..urption ol• re(ention in i1LC sN stcln of G.:iG to 11.5S per ecui of tarry ror,it•ri:ti, therc muGt be absorl.,ed at the sanlc ti.ltlc considcr,tl,le .f3no111115 of 1)}•17(lin bases, l,icolinc, cya!,idc, allcl altlchytlcs. 13crgcrl,olT cxplaius the effect of tile clifferent irritants tlndcr consideration in thc oral cavi[t• as fo]low.,. The habitual s11!oker TAu,a: 11' Ilcsull.. of E.rp~rii.,u.ls u~ lh lalrro,illcn!.~'nrliou r--- ---~- - I i a,.,~~d tiblat ilc• matlrr nesiduc --_- V 2 11.51 ~ 9.72% 78.17!i 10.1•i(i I 3 12.8 i i I+.2O(, r 4 ; 5 10 11.11 ~; 6 ]~.5'.~ G.G9',(- 7.A0 ' i S 13 13.41 i 9 ,, 13 ~5r; ~ 10 1-1.07 ~ 12.714 i 1 31 16.93!; 7.W ' f 12 3G.20'; S.C3',v 13 ; 10.!V< 10 R'!c' . 14 15.55 ;- S . 15 11.93r; H.55r~ 16 15.-,,4!; 1°.)Rr. 17 13.58I" IS 10.07 `,, 10 i5' ; . . 19 21.1,21 ; 10.S4, 20 14.Afi',', 21 21t.05r, 8.09" i 2 ' = 11.61`,, 9.aS~c 20 1'1.1 d ` ~ t 24 1a•3J'; G.Sa!r i 25 11.57 r~ 26 13.2.1 r ~ 10.Gi~;. { 27 10.i0rr 1 15.161' 28 15.c0<< 1•d.-I1r; 29 1G.G5`'; l 1 05 1; 1 . - 30 7.n.)rr ]sn; , s~ 18.15;; 4•S-1Sc I 3- 12.55~'~ 33 1i.5~ o 10.:a`v 5.7Grc becon!cs, accustomed to the biting cel!s:!tion after tile contnet of tar oils %vith (lie mucous menlbranes of tile ]nouth, the secretion of saliM is not stimulated, and the i!•ril:mts continuc to exert. their action. Broscl, was the first one to produce nt%•pic;ll epithelial prolifcration by the application of tobacco juice. Wacker and Scbmincke il! 1911 reported expcriments on tlte e:u• of the rabbit

t TIrL T.17I IN c1c:11;~;7Tr. F-MohP: AXn ]T; larrr.r••r3 1509 pernttnr will \•:iry fruui 70' to lG,i° C.: at a rii~t:w:c of (l.:i cm. the trmpcr turt wns 1h0° C. With the thcrmomctcr::r cui. awa}• from the ci.-aretlc thc temlicr;iture m ill \-,ir3• frrnu f,a° to (13° C. Using ah apparatus coulca by ii ntcr (Fig. 3), 1 iinitatod smoking by inlcrmittcnt suction, rccor,liur 1hc results iu Tnble 11'. The ab;orhlion n ppani lus wvs w cirhr.l%vi1h the distillatc obtaiiwd from the iutcrmit tcnt smol:mg of a sint;lo cig;irettc. '1'his wa- ch•iecl iii :oi oven at 105` C., the tarry m:rterinl recordc•d as residue. The volatile matter i•nried from 7.92 per cent to 21.12 per ccnl, the r I }lo: 3. 1Pxrt:x-cooT.cu irrmcm-s ron I.\l'Fm11Tn:\T SrMoN t average of 33 popular brands being 14.96 per cent. The tarry resirlue vaA•icd between 4.84 per cent and l3.°p per cent, thc arcrage being 10.41 per cent. The average wcight of a cioarcttc for the 33 bramts used in this investigation was 10111 gnr. In Table V are given the results with contiimou; s,.ctiotz during the s.vnc period, showing a slight increase in both the ••olntile and tarry residue. For comparison the moisture content and the volatile matter eolleMed fronrn cigarettes of the same package nre also given. When the absorption apparatus was used without refrigeration, the volatile matter with cigarette No. 15 wns 10.39 per cent and the tarr3• residue was i.OS per cent. The exhnled srnokc was pncscd through the saum type of absorption tube, the volatile mntter wnG 3'?.7;i per cent and the residue was 2.97 per ccnt. Table YI shows the lung nnd mouth absorption for several brands, 3I NK02216541

t \ OK®2216533 , T111; TAR IN cICaAR1•:'1'TF S.lIO]<L'' AND I"r5 POSSIBLE I:1'Fl:C7 S 1rA1. 3). TlcXa1.1.1•, U.ln. Department of Medicine, Knsl, :1lydicul Cntlrre ~ Since the introduction of tobacco ii1 l:ngland by Lane, in 1586, and its popularizntioll by Raleigh, numerous objections have arisen to its use. I)cspite the decrees ut' churches, and lciws enacted against the smoking of tobacco, the consumption has increased enormously, especially since t•he world war. In Table I the consumption of cigarettes for the years 1005,1915, and 1925 to 1931 is compared with the number of cigars mnnufacturecl in the samc period. From the table it• will be observed that. the consumption of cigarettes increased 14,300,437,071 or 389.4 pet cent in the ten years from 1905 to 1915. In the ncra• ten years the increase a•as T.4 L<42: I Consumlrtion of Cignrc nnd Cigarrtfcs, 100i-1i931 ' Vtar 1 riuml- of C~g~n I \umber of CiSarrtt•. 1005 7,551,510,.59:3 3,673,727,411 1915 7,56 1,323?65 17,9S0,161; IS_r 1925 6,910,2i2;17S 82,261,5_J,t51 1920 6,910,95G,02i 92,110;]1a,6p1 1U27 6,9:S,d2a,350 99,S20,4ui,97J 102K 6,7ce,717,161 10,715,90S,65 3 1929 6,935;113,:377 12':,a02,:3:33,3_'6 1930 6,276,460,398 12:3,`O9,553, 1-12 1931• 5,656,002,Si5 11a,^_51,i5'?,t120 • Stntistics from the Annunl Rclwrt of the CotsimiAouer of Intel nal Recc•nue w ilh the exception of those for 19:31, which were obtnit.cd by adding together monthly BlatiBticS for 1931. 64,284,361,672 cigaret tcs, or 357.5 per ccnt over the consumption iu 1915. The total number of cigarettes smoked in 1930 reached the enormous figure of 123,509,5:i3,142. The years 1031 and 1932 will show a decrease, as is already indicated in the ]noilt.hh• reports in the Tobacco 11'orld. Nicotine, next to caffeine, is tLc most popular and tvidely used alkaloid. The eweryday uses of both alkaloids are mere habits, I PBrt of cspcn.:c defrayed by Grant No. 210 of the Conmtittoe onScicntific Ite.enrch, Arneriran Medical .1s~oci,ition. 1502 V