Tobacco Documents Online

~ Autho-: Ala:: ...:ir=n Di`is: .. Chc:ucal •'.. scarc'~ ':ot ?::ges: ::ono RD:f, 14•02, l:o. °revious Rcports: 1954, tlo. 31 No. of p3ges: J:', 1955, :Io. 13 .'.L':, 1956, •:'o. 10 .tD.t, 19--)9, :do• 1 i?:..ial empt~ss'is is placed on the lung cancor probl,.a. nrgurnents by t:.ose ri. ihis ca.;~ts ` ~,Z ' arg~ k < a>y,: :.. a r.e. .3•,~a~t o . . awTC k , wILunw C. 1AAORec RCOIaTLR[D Pwor:=RcPoRTCR wrn iao ci,~:,: ette smo:ce-hoalth probles is discussod, ar.d it is relato3 to-, tac potential involvcnont of tho aea'ocrs of ;:ho Coapany's Rosoarch Departmor.t. ., F,. ..M claiizing cieaTatte smoke as a health hazard are presente's, as wcll as tho-~R counter-arguca~zaLs of those not in accord with such viows. vsigat of tho; ar=waents and countor=argurnents is discussed. :.n atte:.pt has boon made to pros.. :: t.'io Tri a ~ .~.~.+-.~ ..~_.... . . .. w..... ~ .. • S':Ci:T-1G AND ":1LTa 'rZ05L~~f -- A CRITICAL A1TD 0BJ?.CiIV3 APP?AIaAL . ; ob~'aotively. tho arguments, several r eco•:c%;.-:datic:.s rig:~orandum presents co:;oant.memorandum with jz;% identical thoughts are presented er.position Altbough the in more my position as briefly and as concisely as p'ossible. detail. schematic organization, the seiie If reo,uested, a t':orough, fully docu.aented ideas will be prepIrcd. major part of the sales of this Company consists of cigarc.t :s, what the Company its "~ should be sc=aa*; sellij= is ciParette smoko. 7bis Company, ther~i'a.ro, p=44y concerned with the physiological poperties and comp, siti.op of cizorotte smato. Zhe benefits =''~ from such knowledge are obvious, paA3cu].arly it anticip:tes possible future governmental regulation. Dwing 'the past.,,two decades, cigarette smoko has been the t3rgot of a host of stutlies relating it to ill ::oslth N o and particularly to lung cancer. ~o naJority of those studies incari-..i-3te c_;arette ~ N smoke from a health vievpoint. V p1 R !-I! y! 4rt' I' ,3.uF •.I' +ISY S

-2- .. -;xx: I. Tne Zvidence - Pro a^d Con :ae cigarette smoke-luno caneor problen has been invostiviated epideziologlcally, p3thologically, biologically, and chemically. Each discipline has yiolded pertinent infornation. IL. Dide_tai_ol_oL:ical I?ata_ -,'~ The results of 34 different statistical studies show that cigarette-~ W,.1% sro:iing increases the risk of devoloping lung cancer. 1eny authorit1es . Sa..J _believe the relationship to be one of csuse-an6-effect. .0&'-;•^dictory data hsve been provided by limited statistical stiidies uhich est that cigarette smdsing is linkod to a constitution3l iactor. h<s` Tne r:8s~ttlts of these studies can, however, account for only a s.-asll_,<...< frac~~on Df the difference in lung cancer incidence observed botuoeti"i ... ...,w:Ni}'<. .. ( f nd nonsno~cers a S~uo:ce . ;a r Yr 4. ' i ', ' - ~ os di r a f th n s c - s a lth ti ti 1 d t e _-. . o~ *~g a . oa s u o :. ta s ca a rom e :,,,,,~s,. 11y acceoted. After more than ten yoars, criticisas of tho st:udies univex~ have fbsban: reduced to the dicttua A statistical studv csnnot nrove a'ttuse- ;~. ...... an~-effect reletionship betueen two factors. :2a>H:c>:::i` b. Yathd-ggkba_1 D$,ta, It ha`s""bebn observed that cigarette sraokers' lungs show profound cellular changes uhich are proportional to cigarette consumption, that fluoruscent constituents of cigarette sno:ce are absorbed into respiratory tract;cells (although fluorescence and. carci.nogenicity are not synonymous), that;~cigarette ...,~. s:noke and some of its constituents cause ciliary pare7,ysis, and that;. cigarette smoke collects in the lungs at cilia-free areas and st are.$s ~ with paralyzed cilia. ° CD N I Y t C` T R N N 0 43 2 0 7"

-3- Contradictory evidence irdicates th:t the abovo-doscribod collulcr changos can be caused by respiratory disoases and other illnesses, th3t ,,. r.. those changes occur to a deeroe in infants, in nonsmokors, in the wiridpipos T`NC~ of smo'.cers (although cancer of the trindpi,no is rare), and in residents of aroas of extremo air pollution, and that ciliary paralysis can be caiisod by air pollutants like industrial and automobilo o:fisust gases. Also it'"is :;,.: not known uhethor such changed colls over becoao canoerous. x-. Those finlings may be sumoa:ized as follous3 Since celluler chs~aes in tho Iu~,as>? and ciliery psralvsis can be c?used b•Lfactors other t*nn )cif7arotto ~~ ...: s'..loi!@Lsirce these chenn.es occur in nonsaokors' lunQs and in the'cancer-fres 3 woa" ' : ~cpW "rindoiti'~5" of snokers ;~ y.S 'JV ~waw becocerous, ciF:arette srloke, therefore. is not the only fsctor to be bla:ed"`ir` lunr cancer M •;; ~;•. and sincc it is not kn_o:rn _ifzether these chi"-6e`_cals s causation. Ci,;aj'ette smoke condensate is carcinogenic to nouse the fa...c`th3t the dosage level used exceeds levels, skin. :2?~... that of the human exposure. aade of Other did not obtain positiva'vresults. Some'inC_erpret this an an indication that cioarette smoke is not carcino~onic. (..;..a.h,... K V . .1 invest'igators, using norainal dos3ge .M.~T:.: saxv. R- pcxat It shouft be noted,- however, that many atter^pts were made to induce-cancer i-i ar . 11 aniz~ls with coal tar prior to the first success with u.~raalistic do-sages. Inhalation studios with cigaretto s=dse have yielded an increaW incidenca of adenomas in adenoma-susceptiblo mouso strains. No ha^an-typo carC~,::no.:,ss have been produced although the previously mentioned collular changes and~bro7chitic conditions have. Those findings are interproted by so_ze as an indication that cigarette v~ smoke is not carcinogenic to human lung tissue. ~o facts offsot such thinking. 0 r First, mice are not men, hence carcinomas should not be eapectad in a host ° t C* TR t 1 N 0 43"22 0 8

-4- »!pYF(.v i3... ~. ~" ~.. ~ . . ..,.»,•:.S.;,F ,.....,,r.:.x~< .. .......:::C rosistant to tho induction of carcino= of tho lunC and Air.ose usual lunS cancar is the adeno^la. Secondly, tho r::tio, lun" cancor deathsstot_l- cigarotto r.... s7o-:ers in tho United Ststes, is aoproxiratoly 1:1780, honco on irholation k+rA« carcinoaa, assi::ainC tho response of mousd and hu^.an lun1r., tissue uas the sene. iiiq :biological o:marirr.ent would reouiro about 1700 nice for the production of one- ltsi; ' ..y ~ Pitx;inga are oft3n diamissod with tho statoments 1•!ice are not nen and-k'ouse r':i+~~i~,not hu-iQn luno tissug. ~ft. Che_-ic31 H3t2. Ci~4"tte smoke Cigarett.A.sooke also »w:x w~ocs: ~~oso findings, ««.. disoissed as unimpo3tant baca'it?e none of be Y_ ever be `.ca.rriod out. ~ Y carcinogenic or coc~,arcinogenic to < hucaan luna :tissuo. It is unlikel v that such experisionts will contains at least 17 compounds carcinooonic to contains pro:aotins (or cocarcinogenio)*agents. at firs.t i;apugnod, are now accepted but the co"""~mpo~ds has been shown in vivo to >;;> , .~:.: ~#i~gnce to Date_ . :.x:. , a < Obzri,otisly, the amount of evidenco accursulr+ted to indict cigarett;e":sraol:e as a healt}i',hi':zard is overwhelrsin~. Tho evidence dttenpts toi shift the blame to 6ther factors, challenging this indict9ent is scant. e.g., air pollutants, n`e ossitates ... !.~ : . . r.v.JiY'.JN~ in the cigarette smose ca accoptanco:;flf data similar to those denied w,< O Y a,< .~>. :. ~ .~+ ence ' Inters orets,~aiis ~f th- Evice ~xH< After reviewing this evidonce, goveriaaental health agencies and 1--.t j societies throug i -~k ned ioe 1 s~ •. e world have concluded that a cause-and-effect relat,10nship ea3sts between ciearette smoke and ltutg cancer. It is predicted that ths"`'recently appointed blwgeon General's Advisory Coaroittee on 3aoking and Health uill~reech the same conclusion. 0 a CD N ..: ~ v ~ It has been repoatedly stated that soae sciontists discount the cigarette smoke- luno cancer theory. This is true. But it should be noted that rrany of those quoted in this reEard are on record with contra~inE views, e.g., Berkson,the stctistician, has s stated "...tho definitive important finding of those statistical studios is not that there is an association between smoking end laao cancer; but that there is an G . C" T R I I N 0 4 3` ~220 ~'

( 1 ~,,...<w., :,;~~~::.: ... associ3tion betwoon :-oking and coat*ns SYom all csuses gc:u`rally..... ", and Yotin, .^..Anbcr of thc Scicntific Advisory 3oard, TIRC, stated "Tho statc:rmt....to the effect a,~ty that 'Tao sum total of sciontific evidence establishes boyond recsonabZ9"`:doubt that .~.~.d _r<,: ciCcrotte smo:co is a causal factor in tho rapidly increasing incidenco:.of hunsn epidormoid ccncor of the lung' ropresents a view with uhich we concur.-... 'i'ne Tobacco Lncustry's Contribution 47 on To inv(-stigate the tobacco s.+aoSto-hoalth situation the Tobscco Indu,~stry has given .~. about five million dollars to TIRC since 1954 for rosearch. According t<y*Llttlo, its Scie~tLid;~lrector, th9 puppose of TIRC is "...to encourage and sugport;c,ualified ~~ rossarctr*iontists in their efforts to learn nore about these complex: ~oblesis Ccancc ;.~~ ." and heart. diseese') Ox: _4r ^ on the W6isii%try of tobacco andits smoko, studiesW 7$ on heart and circulation studies, 4 psyahp-physiologi3cl tob3cco-aaa.lth textbook). ,xantee^, Tublishcsi 19~/, pspors; 36 sp'aGR cancer research, 13 on* hu^an lung on Sastrointestinsl trect studies, studies, and 14 miscellaneous studies (lu_no ` I baliove that much ofzthis rescarch, carrie out in th`~-research departments of the tobacco companies. The necibers crf, this Coapar~y Researcli~:~p.ertment are as qualified, as objoctive, and as interested #ri° learning ".. : ~X . more about these complex problems.....',6's scientists not employed by a!°~tobacco manuSE O:JNi r:.x. .~y;. c.8ncor rovieus,, W.ec.. «. <':.. p3rticularly that on the chemic:?, biochem v'4Mri o:om< and bio2og fb-~1 study of tobacco and its sraoke, could have and should heve been not turer. Any findings made byt us could ave any more adverse effect on the Tob3cco Yndi than those reported by TRC grantees. Tois Company is studying in detail the composition of cigarette scao:{o, but :auch P':... data re:aain unp'ublished because they are concerned with carcinogenic orv'cocarcinogen' ` YW compounds or with patentable m3terial. Tnis raises an ~ 0 c CD N N w W, ~ r Through Docenber 1961, TIRC C T R H N 0 43e.? 10

i-:'^restinr- ouastion about thr, f; rr~r -f con?oun^s: If a 1rc ~. co_?any ;)1rod or ;Tot ?r oven" to thp ch.ir;e th~t cir r.:?;,:e s-o:;e (or ono of its constituents) is an-T-==factor in the' c=usqtion of lun-"ca.iscrnr cr . .•;> coac othr:: disn•z5o, can thn con?,:ny justifiably take the ;-.osition tha.::fcublication of ci:ta acr tain'_ng to cir.; rcttrs s:iolle co*3 aosition or nroonr;.ie:s s1ouZ~,'bo ...,:.}: tiri+"-cld because such data ;.iight affect adversely the conpany's economic status w5cn the company has already inp , in its plea that no such otiolo"Ic effect exists? <:: not my intent to surqest that this Company accept the c~~a arette sro:o- rette-_ at face value, but I do suz-;ost that in cigaxette s.*aoke-health stu6ies. B. ;:<. . A£a,a=consideration of the evidence available 'J~xobloai`}anc the ConPanY's "4° 1tiS ddt~ t aa~ : n na r (wiiere necessary) be acouired:"`.'ts soon as possi,ble to study biologically ciazarette smoke, tobacco, and tobacco accitivo ~ \c" ectivo2v.•;porticinato on the cigaretto s a;e-:ealth obli;ntion to its custoners, :•. 1. :F lities, animals, and personnel I~•s•,t,~;;~rora such st~idies a~y be invalu3ble if gover n:~'cal rostrictions 2: s C imP'osed as a result of the conclusions of the Sur Ceon Gsnorel's: }Adviscry e e • e . Co.nnittee on Smoking and Health. ~• ~ata available on cigarette smoke constituents with edversc physiological effocts be published. ._` l.r 3. Tkata on anelytic,3l pnoceduos concerning such constituents be publishod. 4. The Coapc,n•v's supervisory pr,rsonnel be provided with reports •li3ce: the Royal College of' Physiciens' :•-~ Smoking and Kc-i1tn and the An':u,_ :.ccort of the Scientific Director (ii3C) just as they wore providod vith Science Looks at "nokino (P?orthrup), Tob3cco and Health pamphlets, end .' • : stoc:choluers, a id e~?_oyees, . C I R l 1 l 47 0 1 1sN• t+s.c 11

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