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TNIS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO . Pad 3 CONFIDENTIAUTY AGREEMENT. CiGARE'I1'E LABELING AND •ADYERTZSiNG-1969 COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE HOIISE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS 7TB,ST BZSSIOA ox H.R. 643 . sILL TO A1Q7rD ?EX siDL1tAI. CIOaEIIiT! L1ESLIIro AND .DVSrrtulio a,ar wrrs ssaPaor TG zas i.aszLU+O OF P.CC- AOTi OP CIOLtIfT•IZi, AMD !OE O?B3Y POE.POBES (.&A ss.IW sw.) H,R, 1237 A sILL TO DIRLQ? TEL PIDtLL COYYQN?ClT7ON'8 COUmIS• EIOA TO lBITABLI88 1TGpLATION'B PEOBIBITING CERT.LI1 sEOADCAB?INO OF 1.D\'t=IEI\0 OF CIGA.SDTIES (And Etmlhr BuI.) H.R. SQ55 A EILL TO /TiTNOTRiM TBZ TZDLL.L CIOLRL2TL 118ELI7:0 AND ADVERTISING •OI (.aa gl&Irr sw.) H.R. 6543 A BILL TO IiTPE\-D PUBLIC BLIdH PROTECTION WITH RE• EPECT GO CIGLE.OSTt lYOtIKG AND FOE OSSER PCEPOSES (Aad ttst4r DI)1.) APRIL 1S,1a,17,18, 21, 2Z, 29, 24, 25, 28, 2D, 90,1\D MAT I Serial No. 91-12 Prlate0 for tDs ae of the Commlttec on Intantate and ForeSrn Commerce D.E. OORt>rf[LNT PEIN7INO OTTIC! s= waasrnOrGr I u.. C T ~c H N 0 14 1722. Gj

10 DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO I~ QUNFlDENTtAIITY AGREEMENT. The CHAiRx:v. Our next witness is Dr. Sheldon C. So:!.:..,!=. pathologist,'NeR York,fi.Y. STaTEKERT OF DL SHELaOA C. 80]dVEES, PATHOLOGIST. NEW YOEB, N.Y. The CAAIRYAX. Welcome to the committee. Dr. Sommers.l'ou t..ar proceed as vou see fit- Dr. So"rns. Thank fou. Mr. Chairman. I atr, appearing a- t:,e reg uest of representatives of the tobacco industry. Mv name is Sheldon C. Sommers. I am a p}irsician specializ:r.:. :n patliolo~ and director of laboratories, Lenno: Hill Hospital. 'N ~~ York, clinical professor of prlthlo~, Columbia L'niver::rr Co:- Iegeof Phfsicians and Curgeons.?~eR 7 ork, enct clinical prnf~-=.•- ni patholo~s, I niversitp of Southern California School of ~ledicine. Lo= An~eles. I also teacb at Cornell Medical School, Tufts-New Er,_:~~.:~ Dfedicnl Center. and \evr York Medical College. I am a Veteran=' .A,d- ministration hospital coneultant in pathologr. I ani the P/l'tn:' ~.: Patholop• Annual, a eearlr scholarly publicathon composed nf F-= } Rritten br and for pntholoj:ists: I seth-e on the editorial boar(ls ~- t• journals,~hare about 220 medical publications. and am the coauth~r o` a gcnecolo, teztbook. My curriculum ritae and publicatio^= are attached. • For 2% rears I hace been on the Scientific Adrisorr Board. for Tobacco Resenrch, and am currently sen•in: on its subcomnii;-ee to reernlnate re.ettrch programs Rnd rlanninR in the field nf tnk-n and health. Reecntly, I have been appoinred research director of ::,e Council of Tobacco Researcb, as part of a newly initiated pro:ra^: to broaden the scope and sharpen the objectires of the siiPnr%r:-~ : e- search. The funds budgeted for these purposes hare been cor.=i-ae auRmented. At this point. \ir. Chairman. mac I present for the record br Dr. Clarence Cook Little, who is the scientific director. and Dr. Itnhert C. Hockett. the associate scientific director. of the Cov::..:? for Tobacco Research 1 The CaArRxAx. Without objection, they .rill be included in the rec- ord following your testimonv. ~~- D:. Soatsttxs. Cnnsideraticm htas been given ertensirelr in th- rent hearings to the question of smoking and health. )-Ione=- Ric? differences of opinion as to the importance of reported sociations between cigarette smoking and earinus diseasP= are }:e;d by presently actire workers in the pertinent fieldc nf medical -i~:,-. It would be unfair to denr the existence of eridence borh anposthe belief that cigarettes mac be or are associatrd = a- tisly vrith various human diseases. Eindividual Rorking in this field ir natur111c influenced ; particular scientific disci pline, ezperience, and the resvlts of his'oR-n experimental projects. I am a physician particularl~ interestrd i: human diseases, their causes, the stages of their derelopmer% and the consequent opportunities and strategies for their control ar.d pre- rention. Diagnosis of disease, patient care, and disease prerentiorn are the medically crucial issues. CTR HN 014*7227

IHtg ppCl1MENT SUBlECT TO 1081 WIiFlDEHTtALiIY AGREEMENT. Lnn" cancer ha= aroused the greatest public and governmental in- tere_t. The most common types affect males five or six titnes more often than females. No theorc of causation known has adequatelr ezrlained this striking sex diBerence. `1'utnen, whether they smoke or not, are less"susceptible. It is doubt- ful that notable benefit could be anticipated in preventing lung cancer anio::= women by any present public health program. Among men. vrho are relattvelc more likel.• to develop lung cancer. onlv a small number of even heacy cigareite smokers are fouwid to ha~F canoer. This association does not constitute causation. Of the totnl population most heacil.• exposed only a small minority su'.ryroup is affected, and .ncy is tinltaoRn. Lung canoer does not occLr :.: tl,e great majority of eitlter moderate or heavy smokers. Statistical cou:- pnri~ons het~ceen smokers and nonsmokers are difficult to make R•it.hout ~ntroducing two serious types of scientific bias: (1) people self-select RhPther to smoke or not. and the populations studied thus are not randoin: (2) no mathematics exists for statistical comparisons of nanra»dom or selected populations. - Medicnllc trained pathologists would not employ death certificate dlapl~o;es. unconft•med bc a study of tissues grossly and microicopi- calic at surgerT or autops;c, in sucb investigations. T)ie overall autopsy rate in the United States is below 10 percent, and without supporttng data there are too many death certificate errors in distinguishing betT, een primary lung cancer and secondary spread to the lung of orhp- cancers, among a number of difficulties in the scientific use of <1o^tlt PertlFlCat". L.ti,{ cancer is of various tcpes, and several have no implied rela- ticaahtp to any envirotunental-agent. It is a gross ovenimpltfication to 1umr together at leact nine different tumor types and ascribe them all to nnc agent. including cigarettes. Afier at least 30 ,reatrs of experimental ~•ork, and many snoke inl~alation experiments in animals. lung cancers of the most common. sqn:iuious cell human type have not been prodtked. It is usuallp difficult to prove a negat i~•e, but if cigarette smoke was a cause of lung cancer. it is tndeed surprising tltat no animal experiments have succeeded in its procluction. Skin painting studies are scarcely relecant to the lung. `!nt•r stud}- is urgentlr tueded of what other factors, such as ~•iruse,. urban air pollutants and degenerati.•e changes contribute to lung cancerderelopment in animals and rnan. \Iedical fashions change: for ezample.30 years ago authoritie: con- sidered tuberculosis the most common cause of lung cancer. It is also well to mention that understanding the formation of lung cnncers is one of the most complex and di.fficult problems in cancer research. not pre:e:a:r well understood and not yielding simple answers. A second even more serious medical problem is cardiovascular dis- eace. !:inre it causes about half the tot.al deaths in the United States and ocerall affrcts lnnFe.•iry more than lung camcer. Again, it attacks mi,lule-aged male.c more often than females, for unknown reasons. In respect to smoking as a possible cause or contributing factor. newer multifnctorial statistical studies also point to a farnily history of heart disease. diet. blood choleeterol. body weight and 6lood pi*csure as independent predictive factors. Rhich in various combinations are assoctated with increased rates of heart disease. Each factor alone, L, TR t ! N t..f 1">C'7d.. 6

1NlS DOCUMENT SU8IECT TO 1082 OWDENIUWTY AGREEMENT. including smoking is not a cause. A number of studies show no rela: i~:: of smoking to.heart disease and ought not be ignored. Aging ar:•i eoronary arteriosclerosis, of course, overshadow other processe; ti.a: contribute to the most common t~-pe of heart disease. Another difficulty with coronarf heart disease concerne hot- a : rately the diagnosis is made. When the most adcanced clinical tr_.= are employed, evidence for coronary disease is found in almost i:a:: of all men over 40 years. By this age racticalir all the coro::;,:- arteries show some pathologic lesions. ?ince both coronary and cigarette smoking are so common in the L"•.S. male porul: t: .•::. it is quite difficult to find adequate numbers of people for compar._-:. .cho have neither, or only one of these eonditions. A well-known sta-- tical fallacy is likely to exist when groups of such unequal size a~e compared. Emphysema has now been added to the list of diseases blamed c:: cigarette smolnng. The newest medical publications and gorernnien: a; reports emphasize how difficult are the diagnosis, the classificatior.. and thegr ading of severity of pulmonary emphysema, even amo:-.: tzperts. The cause admittedlr is tuilrnoern. One cotnmon form de- velops in every person with age, and lumping several types as if cLe comprised an entity is tutRarranted. Thus. death certifricate diagnose- _ or a routine pathologic diagnosis of emphcse.ma at present are =ci- enti6callv practically useless, except in a few specialized research centers. In the current era of relattre ignorance concerning how tc define and recogniae emphysema and other chronic lung disease:. no sweeping generalizations as to causation can be justified. In reneRing above a few selected discrepancies. d:fficultiee. oomings, and unsolved problerps in the field of smoking and hea!t:.. there is no .cish to denigrate the concentrated efforts made by workers to find ansRers. It is simply that the field is too neR. ;..~ techniques still being developed, and the conclusive proofs no; .~at in. It is less than 40 years since lung surgery began, for essn:, 'e. A few items in the testimony of others may justify commen:. Tae Surgeon General compared inability to deaionstrate the formatio:: of lung eancers i.nerpe rimental animals exposed to smoke Ricl; lac:: of experimental production of leprosy. However, leprosy has been produced in animals. Some confusion arose through use of the word "addiction" in co::- nection with tobacco use. Bfge nerallv accepted WHO criteria, sn;os- ing tobacco is not considered an addiction. Dr. Williams of the lmerican Cancer Societv stated that a ph~•s:- cian looking at a slide of lung cancer without utformation could tell in some detail about t,hepa rient'a social life, cigarette smoking for some 20 Tears, and so fort~h. On the basis of znv dailv experience as a pathologist. when one looks at a slide of lung cancer neitlier a pathologtst nor other physicians can tell whether it is from a n:a:: or .roman, and thus eannot accurately describe the social life. Fu-- ther, it is not possible grosslc or microscopicalls, or in any o::•,er .vas known to me, to d~atunguiah between the lung of a smoker or a nonsmoker. Blackening of lungs is from carbon particles, and smoe- tobacco does not introduce carbon particles into the lung. Ti,e Icational value of the various specimens shown the committee in this situation escapes me. C~~ M N 0 ~.~~e~'`22 9;

THIS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO 1083 ppNFlDENIIAUTY: AGREEMENT. As to coronary heart disease, a spokennan quoted the dean of \fount Sinai Ifedical School to the effect that the relation of cigarette smok- ing is as firmlc established as the tbenpeutic use of anticoagulants for treating myocardial infarction. A recent publication from 2 ale \lydi- cal School anah•zes the use of anticoagulants and concludes that the studies are not .rell enough designed to draw any useful conclusioi;=. These are cited as overstatements or misst.tements of medical 1-noRl- ed~e made by some .~itnesses. The 3,4-benzpyrene is not proTed to be responsible for human lung cancer, and consequentlc its amount or the removal of it can scarcel.be considered at present crucial scientific matters. Cigarette sniokin is not a unique health hazard, as claimed L-y Chairman Hvde of fCC. As Dr. F.ot,in pointed out, no mystical prop- erties are attributable to cigarettes. Scientifically, cigarette smok;ng has not been proced to be a health hazard at all. 1fany figures were cited concerning 30,000 or 50,000, or 260,000 per- sons per cenr having or dying from ]ung cancer or the other diseases being considered. Since it ts not known what the causes of lung cancer, coronary beart disease,or bronchopulmonar~ disease are, the multipli- cation of numbers does 'not contribute to tmderstandinF them any better. One recent article on the millions of persons reported to ha,~e one of a long list of diseases concludes that there must be scarcely- any healthy people left- KoR to review briefly the specific areas of deficient knowledge and the research needed for better understanding of the major diseases claimed to be associated with cigarette smoking. As conoerru lung cancer, multifactorial statistical techniques are now in use epidemiologically, and they Snav be expected to provide quantit.ative estimates of the relatiTe statistical importance of urban residence, occupation. lung infection, and inherited tendencies amor.g other possible factors, including cigarettes. We strive for a better ajgreement on the classification of so-called ptr,cancerous lung condi- tions and cancers. and this is slowly being achieved, partlc by inter- national cooperation through WHO. Techniques to study ~-iruses, in- cluding chronic cirus infections, are now becoming more widely applicable. The predominance of males with lung cancer and tlie ecidence thnt men who hace lung cancer are endocrinologically ab- normRl aln deserves more study. In animal e:periments, a suit.able lung bioassac model for inhalation studies is earnestly sought and technical adcances mar be achieved within the next oear. New techniques of histologic, bistochemical and biochemical studc need wider application, and pathologists will need help to apply theae special methods more widely both to human and animal maurial. E:posures to both the gas phase and particulate phase of cigarette smoke must be designed so that the chemical resc- tions at particular sites in the lung may be understood. Doses and re• lated responses must be evaluated. Although hitherto not found, an animal model trystem for producing lung cancers like the common hu- man types st ill needs to be eought. In reference to cardiocascular diseases, additional multifactorial statistical analyses and pathologic studies are needed. We will endeavor to determine iccuratelc whether arteriosclerosis of the eoronarc ar- teries and aorta differs in its development or quality or in quintitc CTR HN 014~~'`~~

iHIS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO 1084 QDNFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT. between smokers and honsmokers. The.et3ects of smoking on blood clotting and clot dissolution are high priority sub)-ects for study. Coronary blood flow can now be analvzed overall and the nutritional flow measured as well. This makes feasible studies concerning both the possible acute and chronic effects of smoking, in persons with and without evidence of coronary disease. Myocardial metabolism, abnormal muscle proteins and carbon monoxide et3ects all need further study. Vasomotor activity and cardiac catecholamines like adrenalin are of currently greater interest. Cardiac reactions differ with age, and these diSerences need to be better understood. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as bronchitis and emphysema, are rather poorly unaerstood. Further development of both the clini- cal and laborators techniques for their recognition is a pressing prob- lem, and a.ride educational program concerning the present ad~•anced methods available should be undertaken. Onlr then can standardiza- tion of diagnoses and scientific anal~ses be possible. The relations of chronic lung diseases to repeated or persistent bacterial and viral in- fections, aging, particulate and nonparticulate inhaled irritantF, changes in the bronchial secretion~ and to immune reactions of lung are all Raitin exploration in detail. Pulmonary function studfes over long periods ~roro adolescence on are badly needed. Vasomotor and catecholamine reactions of lung are of incre,asing importance. Bron- chiolar disease is an emerging entity of great interest and complexity. Animal models are urgeat.Ic needed tn these fields. This rerieR leaves unttientioned many area= where knowledge is equallc lncking. and other diseases clnimed to be smol-iing that are either rarer or with an even mor* tenuous relati-ir:- ship. The needs for research are Mat. perhaps esceeding the prezer.r number of qualified investigators and tpeir arailable time. Cooperative efforts by the Gocernment, private foundations and public charital.'e organizations are hoped for and necessarc in these tmport,ant health fields. We all want better health for the public. Chronic disea.:es like thn=e discussed above decelop over long periods and they do not havP ti:c• simple cause-and-effect relations Pasteur and others found in certain bacterial diseases. Simple solutions of these complex medical probleni= mny be hoped for but they are scarcely to be expected. Tension i= a ~ dnilc fact of life in the I'nited States, and reducing it is one nf ir' imrortnnt daily professional actiriti~. Smol-in:. 7ike alcohol n, %i cheRing gum or tobacco, is widely used to relax tencion. Ph}•sician; hare more work Rhenpeo ple hace no release for tension. Considerable time, effort and moneyare being expended now and more isbeing budgeted for bture inrestigntions in the field of ~tnokiij_ and health, by the AAL4-ERF and the Council for Tobacco Re.=ear.-b amorg other organizations. This reflects a growing 8eld of heart nr,,l lua research. If the answers .rere for practtcal purposes alreadv :it han~, augmented programs in this field would scaroel} be justified or attract researchers. Not much research on typhoid, poliomvelitis. a11d tuberculosis is going on now, as compat^ed io years ago. The currer.t upsurge of investagattre projects and grant requests in the field nf smol.-ing and health is one good indicator that at least among reaearch workers the answers we need ooncerninlt the caux3. developmental stages, diagnosis, and control of these diseases are not acailable. To CT~ HN 0 14731

1095 PtS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO CONFIDENTIAUTY AGREEMENT, claim there is now sufficient scienti6c evidence to establisL that cig ;- rette sntoking causes diseace is in my opinion unjtutifiec]. (The attachinents to Dr. Sommera' statement fo11oR :) Ctasactrt.vst Vlrit otr Sttasro. C. SoscMna, M.D. Born : July 7. 2916, Indlanapolis. Indlana. Harried : November 6,1943, Edith Brius, no cbildren. S.B., Harvard Collete,10.37, cum laode. M.D.. liarcard 1>itdtcal Scbool.19l1, cum lande. intern : Chicago CnLeraitJ C1inIn.1911-19i'S. •aristaot Resident and Resident in PatbolotZT, New Ugland Deaconesa 8o•pitat. Boston.1UStl-i6. Anaistant Resident tn PatLolou, Ree Hospital for Womea, Brookilor, Ifs•. 1U/8. •ristant Resident In PatbologT. Boston Lylui<-Io Hospital, Boston, 1fNB-18. Resident in PatLology, lienry Ford Hospital, Detrolt, 1W9-S0. tamerican Board Certfiscate in Pathology (Clinical PatLolon--Patbologic Auat- oml).1930. vcaoclate Pathologist, New En`tand Deaconess Hoapital, Bocton.19;,G-;3. 4si.-ta.nt Pathologist, Harrard Cancer Commission, Bo.ton, 1650-53. Patbologlst, lfaucacbusetts )femorial Hoapitals, Boston. 1t1.3-81. PatLologist. Scripps Memorial Hotpital, IA Jolla, CalJfornia, 1681-C3. Associate Director of Laboratories, Francie Delabeld Hospital, XeR Iorl• 1:i#3- 67 ; Direrto-1987-8b. Director of Laboratories. Lenox Hill Hospltat, New Tork 1965-. Assistant in Patbolog7. Harvard Medical Scbool, 3946-49. Instructor if. Pj• tholoQ, 1934-5=, Aasoclate in Patbology,19.52-33. Ltt•turer in PatLologc. 1!,L+- G3. • Associate Profeasor of Pathology, Boston University School of lfedicine. Boston, 1t+33-fil. Ctiuic'l Professor of Yatboloay. L'nl.arsits of Southern California Sc•bool o' !f edicine, Los Antelea. 39G_-. Associale Profesor of Patbo)o9T. Colambia Unl.eraltT, College of Pbfsicians k Surgeons. \.T.. 19tf3r85, Professor of PatLoloF,r, 19db-8b. Clfnical Profess-,r of Patbolor?,1986-. Gptain.lfedical Corps, t'olted States Army. 14t2-4a. Sllrrr Star, Bronze Star. Croix de Guerre and Presldential Dnit Citatioc. Bergen County lfedical Societ.r, X.J. Americ•an Assoclation of Pathologists and Bacterlolosists. Cullet;e of American Patbologists. Amcrican Society of Clutic9l Pathology. TGe liistocbemical Societc. ' Ainerictiu Society of Ezperimental Pathology. \,•M ):;nstand lancrr Stxiet3. XrK Enilaad Society of Patbolorists : President, 39:,9-84. Intrrnational AcademF of Pathology. Society Exp. Biol. and Hrd. N.Y. A--sdrmc Mrd. \.)'.Academc Scl. Editnr. Pathology Annual. 3986-. Editnrial Roard-: Escerpta Uedica. J. Clin. Endocrinol. QMetal.. Sclrutillk• Adcisorc Board : Muocil for Tobacco Itesearcb. cosiutrrres Culirr of American PatboloRlsts. Commtttee on Clas, A Xomenclaturr of Ilt-~a•-. •uirrican Nocietj of Esprrimrntal Patbolo~, Liaison Delegate to .tw.r.,:,u Society of Clinical Patbulury in Cancrr. Fircretarc.Elect. New 1'urk PatboloFinl Soci.t.v, isr.ci-t ('ew•er Task Force. X.I.II.. Ad Hoc Pathology n'orl•inr Group. ('bairtu:rn. PvausarD asrnciss 1. Jacot,s. J. L. and Sommers. S. C.: The apecititp of forrnolised protrin=, J. Immunol.. 38 : 581-511,1937. '1. ]teoklu. V.. Ksdisb. aI. A. and Sommers. S. C.: Leukocctosis-prontotin} factor fo fotlammitorc e:udattr of man. Arch. Patb., E3: 3bS-192. 1fq_^. CTR' i Ii i 0 147322

T'NtS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO 1086 GOdFIDEtiIIALITY AGREEMENT. 3 LrCumpte, P. 1f., Sommen. S. C. and Ltbrop, T. D.: Tumor of arotid body type arising tn the middle ear. Arcb. Patb1, 44 : 7E-81,19/7. 4. Warren S. and 8ommers, S. C.: Clcatrizina enterltL (regional lleltia) as a patbolotic entity. Lm. J. Patb., 24 :475-W1.14Nb. 6. R'arren. S. and Sommers. S. C.: Giantrell inclusions in cicatrizing enterltis. Proc. Soc. Exper. Bioi. k Med., 8: 461-463. 19aS. A. Warren S. and Sommers. S. C.: Patbogenesis of ulceratl.e colitis. Am. J. Patb.. 25 : 657-659. 1949. 7. Hertlg. A. T. and fiommer, S. C.: Genesis of endometrial arcinnon:a. I. Btady of prior biopsies. Cancer, 2: 94b-958,19t9. 8. Sommers, S. C.. Bertig. A. T. and Benaloff, B.: Geaeas of endotietrial car• ctnoma. 11. Cases lU to 35 years old. Cancer, 2: 9;.7-9C3, 1919. 9. Hertig, A. T., Sommers. S. C. and Bengloff, 8.: Genesis of endometrial car• cinoma. III. Carcinoma In situ. Cancer, 2: 964-971,19a9. :0. Sommers, S. C., LaR1e?. T. B. and Bertig. A. T.: A study of the placenc.3 in prernancy treated by stllbcstrol. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec., 55: 1010. l4HS. 31. Warren, S. and Sommers, S. C.: Proteoljsis in intestinal disease. Gastro enterolo4e, 14 : 522-32E, 1950. 11 WFatt, J. P. and Sommera, S. C.: Cbronlc marrow failure, mcelosclerosis and eztramedullarl bematopofesia Blood. 5: 329-3a7.1950. ]3. Meissner, W. A. and Sommers. S. C.: Postyarttua endometrlal bryerplasia tn diabetics treated with stilbestrol and prolgesterone. J. Clin. Endocrino?., 30: e0,3-409, 1950. 14. Sommers, S. C. and Jobnaon, J. N.: Conte.nital tricuspid atresla. Am. Heart J., 41: 1b4-143, 1951. 15. Sommers. S. C., Wilson. l. C. and Hartman. F. W.: LTmpbold leslons in poliomyelitis. J. EzDer. Yed..93 : 603-512.1951. 16. Warren. 8.. Holt. ]C W. and Sommers. S. C.: Some early nuclear effects of fonisin4 radiatJon. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & 11ad.. 77: 2F.&-.'91. 1951. 17. Holt, M. W., Sommers, S. C. and Warren, S.: Preparation of tissue se<tlons for quantitative hlatocbemtcal studies. Anat. Rrc.. 112 : 1 -M-196. 195:. 18. 8ommers. S. C. and Telob. H.: O.arian stromal b,rperplasia tn breast cancer. Arch. Patb.. 53 : 160-166. 19dr. 19. R'arren. S., Bolt, M. W. and Sommers, S. C.: Some cytotogic and bistocbem• lcal studies of radiation reaction. Sm. J. Clia. Patb., 22 : 411-117, 1952. 20. 1fcltanus. R. G. and Sommcrs, S. C.: Breast cancer prornosis and ocarian cortical atromal bsperplasia. New Ent. J. Wed.. 246: 890-89C. 195:. 21.Sommers. S. C. and Yoang, T. L.: Ozspbil parathyrold ademomas. Am. J. P a t b.. 26: 67 3-6 8 9. 1952. 22. Edwards. J. L. and Sommers. S. C.: Radiation reacUoos in parablotic rats. J. Lab. and Clln. Med., 40: 342-115l.195_ 23. Cbnte, R. \. and Sommers. S. C.: Hemolytic disease aad polccptbemta in parabiosta intoxication. Blood. 7: 1005-1018, 195=. 24. Bollander. A. and Sommers. S. C.: Lepromatous leprosy. I:esc En` J. ]fed_, 247: 634, 193=. 3.",. Cbristrnsen. W. R.. Sommers. S. C. and Spaulding. C. E.: Et•rct of so•t roent3en rays on the rabbit skin. Am. J. Roent`enal.. 63: 801-1-Z0S. 26. Sonrmers. 8. C.. Cbut. R. N*. and R'arren. S.: Heterorransplanration of bu• man cancer. I. Irradiated rats. Cancer Res., 1:: 90A-911, 193: i'CA. Cbute, R. 2K., Sommers. S. C. and R'arren. S.: Beterntrnn-plantatiorn of bu• man cancer. 11. Hnmaer cbeek pourb. Cancer Rrs.. 12: 91°-91i*. lA-'_. 28B. Somtn^rs, S. C.. Sulliran. B. A. and Warren. S.: Hetero:ranspl^n:atioc o: buLuan cancer. III. Cborioa)lantoic membranes of embrFonnted eg;s. Cancer Res.. 12: 015-917, 1952. 2?. BroRn. W. J., R'lnston, R. and Sommers. S. C.: Membranous stlpbylococ al enter)ti-i after antibiotic tbrrapc. Report of tw•o area Am. J. Li;e-t 20: 73-75. 19;,3. 2c. Sommers. S. C. and ldcllauu!t. R. G.: Moltiple arsenical cancers of skln and fnturtml or;.ans. Caucer.6: 397IA .'i. i'A. Sommers. S. C., Anderron. l. M. and Warren. S.: BnRement membranes in cbrnnic lnrestinal dixa.es. Lab. Inrrxt.. 2:~-~6. 30. R'akeA.•IA. R. D. and Sommers. S. C.: Fatal mPmbranout starbylocnccal enterltis In surgical patients Ann. Surg.. l3r: 2a9-.^.i:. 1P .M. 31. alc?1anu-. R. G. and Sommers. S. C.: Si:niticancP of gnstric polFl,s accotz,• ran r ' inr cancer Am. J. Ciin. Patb., "-n: 746-i57.19:,3. 32 Sot>lmrrs. S. C.: Ovarian Rete Cysts Am. J. Patb.,'„4: 833-8`~9.1n:3. CTR HIN 0 14733

1'HIS D4CUMENT SUBJECT TO 1087 CDlIFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT. 33. Sommers, S. C.: E0docrine cban8es after LemLdrenalectomy and total bcdy irradiation in parabiotic rats. J. Lab. & Clin. l+ted., 24: 36G-40i, 19W.. 3a. Bolt. 1\f. Vt'„ Sommers. S. C. and Warren, 6.: lotranuclear chantes resulting from ezposnre to tonisini radiatlon as detected in frosen-dried prepara- tions. Lab. Ineeft.. 2: 40b-418.1933. 33. Sommers. S. C., OeTer, B. B. and Cbute. R. 1\.: •otoradloirrapblc arsenic localization in adult and embryonic eplthellum and connective t:ssue. Proc. Soc. E per. BLo1. ! Med., 8{ : 234-259,1963. 3E. Sommers. & C., Telob. 8. L. and Goldman, G.: O.arian lnDuena opon #or• .iral tn breast eanca. A.rcL. Snrj., 67: 916-919.1963. 3i. Sommers. S. C. and Lombard. 0.1i.: Cancer aaaoclated with orarian st:omal bsperplasla. Arch. PatII.. 56:4Q2-ld5,19S3. 3S. Warren. S. and Sommers. 8. C.: Pataulor,c of regional Ueitls and nlceratl.e colids. J. A.m. bed. Assoc.,154 :189-193,1954. 39. •damson. N. E., Jr. and Sommer+. S. C.: Endometrial ossification. Am. J. Obat. and Gsaec.. 67:18i-190,1951. 40. Chute, R. r., Senton, B. B. and Sommers. S. C.: A laboratorj epidemic of buman•type tuberculosis tn Damstera. Am. J. Cttn. Path., 24: 223-'r8, 19M. 41. Lfarcial•RoJas, R. d. and Sommers. 8. C.: DttTerentlat.ed mocoepidermoid tumors of saliTar5 glands. Arch. Otolaryln`.. 59: 13u-140. ]i+:,i. 4:. Hollander. A., Sommers. 8. C. and Ortm.rade. L. E.: Histocbemical and ultraviolet mlcroacopic atudles of eIlronic dermatoses and the corium membrane. J. In.est. Dermat, 22: 33.'~-U8,1954. 43. Strande, A., Sommers. S. C. and Petrak, )lt.: Repozul enterocolltls ln cocker spaniel dogs. Arch. Patb., 57 : 857-362,1954. 44, Sommers. S. C. and Ivfeiaaaer. W. A.: Basement membrane cbanties in chronic tb, ~r ldltt and otDcr tLTrold dLeaaea Am J Clin PatII 24 • 434-A40 . s 45. Wood. J. S., Jr., Hol7ote, E. D., Clason, W. P. C., Sommers. S. C. and R'ar• s ren, S.: An experimental stade of the relatlonabip between tumor size and aumber of lung metaauaes Gnttr, 7: 48i-M3,19G4. 46. Goddard, J. W. and Sommers. B. C. Method for thyroid cell mapping. Lab. Invest.. 3:19i-210,19uL 47- Colcock. B. P. and Sommers, 8. C.: Protinoais in Paget's disease of the brust. Sure. Clin. N. Am., 3i* : i73-783,1954. 48. Burt. A. S.. Landing. B. H. and Sommers. S. C.: Ampbopbll tumors of the bypopbcsis tnduced tn mlce bc I° Cancet Res.. 14: 49i-W.. 19,1. 49. Sommers. S. C. and ]leisaner. W. A.: Dausual carcinomas of the pancreas. Arcb. Path., 58: ]01-171,1964. 60. Sommers, S. C., Ederards. J. L and Cbute, B. 1\.: Increase in hyper- sensitivity lesions and parablosls intoxication after adrenalectomy. J. Lab. and Ciin. Med., 4•1: 531-643.1954. 51. Sommers. S. C.. Crozier. Ii and Warren. S.: IIltra.lolet microscopy of glomerular diseases. Am. J. Patb., 30: 919-939,19.54. 51 Turner. D. D. and Sommers, S. C.: Medical lntellijence. New. Eng. J. a1ed., 231 : 74i-i 45. 2954. 53. Patterson. W. B.. Cbote, R. 1\: and Sommera. S. C.: Tranplantatlon of bumIn tumors into corttsoue-treated baausters. Cbancer Res., ]4: 16,;. 54. Goddard. J. W. and Sommers. S. C.: Thyroid atimulation in diabetes m.l• litus. Diabetes. 3: 1954. b5. Sommers. S. C.. Murphe, S. A. and Warren. S.: Pancreatic duct bTperplasle aud cancer. Gastroenterology. 27: d;#1-6-10. 39:a1. 54. Rohman, W. and Sommers. S. C.: A double primary carcinoma of tbe nrinnrc bladder. J. i:rol.. 72: 13ii-11T7,19:,1. 57. Somuter-. S.C.: Some applications of ultraTiolet microacoly t(. B31Q. 5: ln'-]0l;. 1954. ~S. Lrmnn, H. Af. and Sommers. S. C.: Clinlcopatbologic cor.ftrencr. AC . J. , Cl/n. Path.. 24 :1403-3a0i. ]9;,4. 59. Summers. S. C.. Crozier. R. and Warren. S.: A study of rbe u1rrav:oict micrr.scopc of rrnal rarvlar dlsease•. Circulatiou. ]1 : 3~-13. 60. Wl.nJ. J. S.. Jr.. Hnl~oke. E. D.. Sommrnt, S. C. and 1%'arrer:. f`.: of pitultar7 rroRtb Lormone on troatb and metatat:i~ farmation of n transPlantable mouse sarcousa. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp.. tk;: ^::-l6G. 7fiS,. 61. Somwers. S. C. aud R'arren, S.: Vleerative eolitla lesions in lrradiated rats. ar:,. J. DiZest. Dls., 22: 111, ] M. CTR HN 014734

62. Sommen. S. C.: Endocrlae abnormalities la women +rlth breast cancer. Lat. Ine est., 4 :166-174.19:r,. 63. HaleT, B. L, Dews+ G. H. ..nd Sommen. S. C.: A histocbemlcal comrariso_ ol Di't>:aar+, thyroid b7perplasia and ad"omatotu goiter. erch. Pa::... ~: . 69:.-640. 1935. 64. Zeefer, C. S. *nd Sommers. S. C.: ClinicopatboloSic Conlerence. t= J Clin. PatD., 25: 1063-3067,1955. 63. Bommen, 8. C., Gates, O. amd Goodof. I. 1.: Late recurrence of gracu,v•l eell tumors. Obat. & GJaec., a: 89S-39S.19.',:,. 66. Sommers. S. C.: Deeelopment of ra.earcb at 1[aasachuaetts Hemor:a: Ho•- pltats. B1SQ. 6 :113-11S.19GS. 67. Handler. A. H.. Daris, S. and Sommera. S. C.: Heterotramplantaticn rspt:: ments w•itb human cancers. Cancer Res.. 16: 32-3t.. 15SG. 6S. Parker. T. G. and Sommerr. S. C.: Adrenal cortical bsperplasia areoa.;•ac~- las cancer. Arch. Burg.. 7~ : 49;r•499.19SS. 69. Sommers, S. C.: Testicular spermatogenic cell bFpertropby arcou l~:.~::.; prosutic bcyertropbe and cancer. Am. J. Path.. 32: lb;,-1:>r•• 70. Sommerr. S. C. and Baler. K. H.: Bimilaritc of clomerular absorptions ln diabetes melUttts and after conlson therapy. rrv.. c.- E per. Blol. & lled., 91: 262-265,1956. i1 Sommers. 9. C. aod Chute, R. N.: Ckrcinotenesis aad altered host reacr.oc, !n Darablotic rats. Atch. Path.. 61 : 265-304. 1956. , 7.. Sommers. B. C.: lntroductlon to patLolop of neoDlautic diseases. J. Stu9~ut A.'dl.a.. 21-25, Aprll• 1W. 73. 8bakbasblr, T. and Sommers. S. C.: Chronic menstrual endometrlum. G'•s: & GFnec., 8:112-135. ]bSti. 74. Sommers• S. C.: Basement membranes. =roup snb4ttaoces and lympbo<c:i~ at;6r•qates to aEing ortans. J. Gerontol.. 11: 2v1-28U. 2956. 7, . Bria, )st. and Bommers. S. C.: A'•bUjbted" ascites tumor. Trausplan:. 8 :100..•10C.1936. 76. Sotnmers. S. C. and lt'adman. P. J.: Patbo,<enesis of polccfstic orar:e: A=. J.Ot•st. & Gyuec.. 62: 16(-164+. 1N:.6. 77. BotrBbton. G. A. and Sommers. S. C.: Renal chante< in sbt.(l: tres:- lerorterenol tLevopbed). Am. J. C1in. Yath.. =; : 21r34. 1a~:. 76. Barr. R. and Sommer•.. S. C.: taur.ual cau.es of deatb after surRery, Aw. Heart J. 53: 23Z-2339 19' T . 79. •Ddartel• A. and Sommers. S. C.: EnAocriue correlatioi,• in tuaa:mert o- - Obrosis and cbronic crstic maetitiE. Ann. SurF. 3•i3: 80. Sotnmers. S. C.: Endocrlne cban8es w-!tb prostatic circiauma. 1, 347-35S. 195:. 81. Iamhie. A. T.. Burrow•s. B. A.• aod Sotntners 8. C.: Cltticoyatbotot` 17.•t- fereuce. Rrfnctorc anemia. apmmasltrbul:aeniia. and mediastmaf ••t Am. J. Clin. Patb., 27 : 444-i52.19L7. 8,21. McXu1tT, J. R. and Sommers, S. C.: Seraroacanrhoma as a surtic•a1 pr.:••- losic entity. 8urj.. GYaec. & Obft.. 104: 66"a-665. 1957. 83. Jaoei. R. G. snd Somrnerr. R. C: Glumerular siterbtiou< in l:ldnr•p- treated with desosycorticosteronr. Arch. Path.. 64: 64. Salts. H.. Sommers. S. C.. aod Smlrb.rict. R. H.: CliaicopstbolorFic cnr-.;. - tiowt of renal blopiies from essential hypenensive padents. CtrcuiL;:i :. 16: 20i-212. 1957. l:,. Merriam. J. C.. Jr. snd Sommers. S. C.: Mammary peridtutai bpa:::. itu dialxtic w omen. Lab. lncr•t. 6: 41:-t-^0. lN: .:. 56. Meisaner, W. A., Sommen, S.C. and Sherman. G.: Endon,rtrial endometrial carclnoma. and endometriosis prnduce+d erprriu,rnta:.: ; estrojen. Caacer.10: b00-W9. It+:,7. E7. Sommers. S. C. and atriAanrr. R'. A.: Ao•t rrlarioashipa ln esiw-riu-.: ,. eadoaietrl.al carcinoma. Cancer. 30: 510-515. lli:,7. 8fi,. Somniers. S. C. and Nelssner. W. A.: Endocrine abnonualitles acco:a.• .+- intz hutuan endometrinl cancYr. Cauc•er. 30: 516-5'11. lQ.*.T. 6w. Eontter, L.. Sommers. S. C.. Relmati. A. S. anil Enmer,m:. C. P.: in the .urFi;•al management of themic rumor: Ann Snrg.. 14fl:•fY+-1 - 1957. 90. Bsrr. R. a'. and Romnfers. S C.: Endocrine abnormalities acro:w s::-. : bepatic clrrbosis and bepetoma. J. Clin. Eadnc•rtnol.. 17: 1017-1V.1•. 1:. . 91. U1lriet. W. C.. Lentini. E. A. and Sommer>. S.C. Exc•itabllttc at,,1 tractllitc of postmortem buman beart muscle. L.b. lnreft., 6: 191-1t. CTR HN 0 1 4"r -5zj