Council for Tobacco Research
1958 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
Fields
- Depository Date
- 25 Sep 1995
- Master ID
- Ctrmn00010849-2859
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- Author
- Little, C.C., Tirc
- Request
- 118
- Type
- ANNUAL REPORT
- Box
- 005
- UCSF Legacy ID
- uur30a00
Document Images
CTR HN 01 1326
1958 REPORT
of tlie
SCIENrhIrIC D1RTC't,CJR
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7(/ItA/a:l/ INIIIIti l'ItY Itl;tiF:All(:11 /://M1IRiI'1"1'1:1:
c)r6all1'LJtIOI1 and Policy
The Tubnrrv Indus(ry Research Cnmmirree is the shunstuing a;cncy
of a research prngrans into queations of tobacco use anJ health I: was
organized in early 1954 by representalives of tubacco nlanufacturers,
grower. .nd warchnuscrncn lhc ('onlnnttee irxlf ncithcr llpcratcs any
research facility nor has any dclcrmination in the stlcntific Inl+gram lltllcr
than making avarl.hlc ncccSsrry funds
lhc .Cl icnn/Ir .4J1 iuuy RrrorJ kl thc Illl.attl+ InAuslry I(cx+rl h(tnn-
nlincc h,u full res{Hmsihltly for rescarch I>,Ihty anJ prrllvImming 1he
Itl+ard consrsts Irf indcl+cndcnl cc'/cntists Jlwlrxs, and cJutatms whll nlam
tain thcir res/tcctive inslltutit+nal eIllh.lUuns lhe $.'IenUtic Advisory IIu.uJ
dllcs nut rtsclf cngaKc in researth fnr tllc 1' I R('.
In its crlnlnluing cllort t.+ cvr'I.c r..rtl rlrunJrJ rrscarlh Itr l;r.lrn, thc
lluarll Ihis yc.lr ur./lril Ot /ll, It.iril Ilinl uf ~V.Llnnt;lul I lnivrl+uy, SI
I,lxliS, MI/, Ill hct0 lnc 3 It,'ard inrinlI1r I(ult,. Itlrl~r.~nll' lninltJil
the llllafll'S rllelntl(r0tr W tCll A1%,1 - ,r ~lil, l- .ll,l t-M111', 1lpI1m ti/llls
uf tcnure, the 11/1ar11 elcclcJ 11r I Ym Il t,sl r.c a. Ir% ( hmnnl.ln h.r I')SR
59. Ile replaces in thls callacity 1)r I Irtlc wh r w.n hrNt clr.IrJ tllelrnlan
in June. 1954. I)r I iltlc cllnunucs as J ItuJf,l mcnlhcr antl :n Surntllic
[)irecklr of the T I K('.
AII Tnbacco InJuslry Research Cltnnnittcc I;rants arc nlmJc uprrn
rcctlmmcnJatiun of thc Sticnlitic Advisory lluard Rctil/icnts rlf I;rarn(s arc
arsured cvmplcte rcicntifie freedurn in clmJucling thcir invcsul;:umns antl
rcpt+rting the results of Iheir rescarth in the actclltcJ s.icntilic nlanncr
Ihruugh rnedical and scientific jt+urnah and smictics 'Ihc irrvcstil;alrus rc
cciving gnnts frum the Comrnrttce .rc ahlnc rcylun.rhlc hrr I,nlrlr%hlnl;
or rel></rting their research results
I
t~1 ~!t It 1: 1~ // It 1'
1 1: N'1' I F 1/: I I 1 It 1: l:'1' // It
1 I. U(1 NI li //)11l%
'I I/It.1/ /:// INI/1 N I Il1 Itl.~l: 1I1( 11 4 4111111
I"1 I I
t:~(1 I.r.r I'!rlr) ~(rl l(. Nl t, l.rr t. 17. N. 1,
ti1:11':N'1'lFl(: AI/Vlti(/Itl' It(/Allll
lu the 'Iubaccu Intlustry kcscarch ('ununlttcc
KI:NNL 1I1 MI°.kk11.1 LYNC11. M 1) , S( 1) , 1 1. I) ,(ilurrrnun
I'rrirJrnr, 1)rurn u/ F'utf.lry unJ
1'rrr/rJJrrr of I'ufJluluXy
McJlcal ('ullcgc uf $uulh ('atulinr
('harlcston, Sou1h Cartrlina
kl('IIAItt) J IIIN(:, M t).
I'rrr/rmrr u/ AfrJicinr. Washinglun llnivetsity
llrrrtr(ir. Washinglun lJnivcrslty McJrcrl Servicc, V. A Iluspltrl
St I uuis, M'a(Wuri
M.KI FN ('Allt1 1., Pit I), M 1)
17.r/r+rrrr tr/ I'hunnut rd.rl; y
('rrrncll I lnivcrsily Me(Itcrl ('ullcgc
Nt w Yulk, N Y.
1111.IIIS 11 (Y)MkOli, lr< . M 1)
I)Irrt frn, (',uJiuvascular kcscarch tn,titulc
( Inivcrn/ty (if ('rldurnia MrJ/caI ('cntct
SJ11 I'rJrll11111, C':IIIIIIrrlla
I.EUN l) JA('(qSSUN. M 1).
I'r.o/rrnur u/ Afrdirinr, l)nivcrsily ul Chical;n
1lerrr fnr, Argunne ('rnccr kcscrrdl Ilu%piral
('hicagu, Illlnuis
,
1'A1/1. KOI IN, M I)
A ++rv rulr I'rrr/r+.trv of l'udurluAy
tlnivcriity u( Suuthern Califurnia, SihtK+l uf MrJitinc
Lus Andclcs, CJIIIUrI1/J
('I.AkI-.N('I{ ('(X)K 1.11-11 F, St I) , 1.1. I) , 1/r 1 I)
Srrrnn/u I)rrrtv.rr, Tuhacco Indudry kc.cal+h ('ummlrtrc
Ihrrr t.rr F.rrrrnfett, kuvtuc It lrckaun Mcalurl.+l I ul+ur.rlrily
Ilal Iterhur, Mainc
STANI IiY I' kIiIMANN, A1 1) , Sr l)
.Srrrnn/ir Ihrrtfrrr l:rnr'ruur, 'Ilic (n.tnulc hu ('.rnirl kr%r.l+li
1)rrrr fnr lirnrrrrrr+, 'I he I.ankcnau Ilu.lulal kcsr.u.h In.lwuc
1'IuLltkll'hla, Pcmluylv.lnia
WII I IAKt 1: klliNIlOI-U. 1k , M 1).
A+r.v rrur I'rn(rrrrrr n/ .Irrrl;rrv
1.dhn. IbqpAinn llnivcrslly S+hthrl uf McJl+inc
It.rluruurc, hl.lryland
1:1)WIN It WII S( IN, I'n 1) , 1 1 I)
l'ru/r t+ur l rnrrtrtu+ 4 ('t1ad .Cr.urvrr r
I l.rrvud I Inivcr+lly
('.u+~I,n~IPr, A1.r.~.~+hu.rll.
Ii()I1I-I(I (' 111N KI 11, I'ill/
.~+I.n r~rlr 1, r.vur/n lrnr, rr.r
P1'C facC
Alllrnulh Iluti rel>.+rl r+ 111101 as Ihal td tl+r StrcnUhc Ihrcat++t t+( Ihe
Jt,lr.u(u InJutrry Ncs..rrtIt ('aunruttlrc, it tc.ally tcpfci rnts .t ttK+lht.rlrvc
ettrvrly
In 1hc tcu'.uth l+rulor.rnr, Ihc Stttntrfh(: ntlvrany 1)ujrd, thc Cnrt:uUvr
uthtCrs .+nJ %/.+11, .rnJ Ihr v,rrru. rnJclvntl.nt rr.r'Irth .rtrnl+sti wMt havc
rtlrn+lctl th. rnlmrual cnnlCrcrttcs, h.rvc sh.ucd tn+l>,+tlantly
S+t h,ts thc A,aKi.alc St+cnufic 1)ircctut, I1r Jtntnr1 (~ Ilr+tlcll, who
Th;ts wttft }'.rret w+ultrm .rntt unurrn(; Cnrrf'y t.Iel-h.hCJ +ml rn.rnuatnrd an
unusu.tlly t lu.c .rntl ta,n.trna Irvc c++nr.+t I wrltt Ihc n+ullrtutlc +d ntturf nfnr-
.tlrvc I,h.ui% tu( rhC I I K(". I+rn1 r.rnt
It ts Jx rh.+l,. mtl+tt»+I+ti tt+ ,clkcl sn tht .uhl:tt n+.rttrr n/ .r rC(t+rrl tile
nJrnl t!C t,,.(+t t+( tile gttaut+ wluth is wurkrng t+,l;Cthcr 11rr,nrghuut thc ycars.
It is, huwcvcr, fhc haJttty tluly of the Scicntdic 1)nctl++t It+ rca+ttl Ihc
cantmua/i+tn :md gruwth nf thit slmit u1 untty 11) a dt:gtcc Ihat ar-,tkes tile
/imc hass rapiJly anJ afi~+nhtnl;ly :+ntl Ih.+t ut.+kc% uut jr+inl aJvrntures as
a tcam c>tcitruK and spinlually 1cwJrtltttg
I
Ubservat imis On tteseai-ch
1N1'K(Itr(r( tY(IN
(irrttfyrng pru(;ress in (hc Jcvctultntcnt uf tile rcscarch ptugtem Intu
tuhacco usc and health Can again he rcpur/cd this ycar.
As +a( Srptrmber JO, 1958. 1the Scicnufic Advi;ury IluarJ In 1hc 'Tu
haccu Intlustry Kescatch ('umrnitlce has since its cstahlishntcnl in )unc,
1954. rrturnmcotJcd grants-in-aid (tu 75 scirntists in SII irtsulutiturs 1 htsr
grants (tJvc all Iwcn approved hy Ihc T.1 R('.
A% t> (rl.ttncd in dclail in previtws rcpurl., Ihc Sticnlrhr Advrsuty
Itnard drH-v nnt ntcrcty review gran/ appht:atit+ns A1uih tuf rt, urt,c, cllurrs,
arul t)ttaulJtt ,ur tlcvulcd tu cxplnrirtg Irratmrang avcnurs rr( rr,c:ntlh and
cnturu.rl;rny. I;r.tnt a1tltltCatiut+v (tun+ x'icrnusls lu c.trty uut nccJcJ invc,lt
g,tuuns.
OI Ihc S),2(NI,fNN/ in funds ntatlc avarLthlc hy lltc 1aahatctt Indu.try
Kc.r.nth ('t+nuntttrc, incluJrng SS(x),(MN) Ittr Ihe curnrng ycar, Ihc I1n.rral
hrs atlueFly I;raMCd st+nu 52,41(IINN/ to apItlicanls A ctrntl+iclc Ir.l yd
ctutcnt tar tcrCnlly cttmplctctl luttjccts Iwinl; sulqaattctl t, y,rvrn in an++lhrt
scchun uf Ihiv rrJttrrl Ahttal $15,(NN/ a year is gtanlctl tu rr.r.trth /cllaaw
+hy+% lu n+i4tC.r1 .thtM4 sludcnls whu drvnlc Ihttr ull ahtN+l ICnns 1.0 rc
srarch r+n Inrtltltncs sctrctct/ and alqrnwctl hy their own in.utuutro.
Iil.twl+crc in lhiti tci>,stt J(e ah\llaas u/ 11 tcsc:ut'h (aal.cr+.uuydCtitl
(ur pu6lrtattun in siicnttfic jttutnal, dutnnp tJte l'.t.1 ytat hy sttrrnlt,ts wbaa
acknr+wIrtll;c suplturt rrt Ihcir wurk, in wlu+lc ttt in p.ut, hy lltc fult.aa.aa
Induslry 12C.r:rrrh ('untmillce.
1'KIN('f!'t.ha .INII Nf:.tiP()N.tilftl'/.fTll:,ti
Vdhcrn tile Infi:rCt'u InJustry f(c.rarch (ltnnnulCr w,t% tuF!envrtl rn
1'/54 antl a Sttcntihc Adviatty Itu.ud uf tn+1r1><'ndrut .rrcntt.l, w.rs rli
patittlCtl, all ct+ncctncd, in.Iuthnl; tile Sctiuldt. IhtC.la+t, attil+tct/ tittetn
tlClinnc Jtrinriplcs and re.l>,+nsrhdtuc..
It w;rN rrtr+gnvcd thel:
( I 1 lltr tail;in and n:+utrc t+( lunl, t.tnrrr :+nt1, ut I.rtt .r11 tyl,r,
nt t.trttcr, pte.enl one t+f thr mt+N crnnlalc>< .rml tl+lht ult u u nulr,
la+,hli rns that rnan4tnd 1t.ts cvrr I.tirtl
(! 1 I ht ttrrtrfdrRily cnul .uhlrty rt/ tarthnv.nt nl.n Jni .r.t .uV
al.++ rvulrnt .tnd ttc adutillrJ Ity thr va./ r»nitn+ty t,l tl,.,.+ tr,l, ,u.rl,l
h,r tr.rert h, Ihrr.rpy urd iJut ,tliun in 1h,tr IrrI-I
( 1 1 I hr nntt :+at a'fN.1naC .t( tt'laaath+I v1.+N.lt, .+1 e~+a +el+,at,
t,( .r t.ru.i and cllt'il ril.rUtmvlul+ I,il+.rrn tnl,e.ttr u.r .n+J
tlti.i ta.+) ! r,mla. n( thwaticv tv Iu.ItA.'tl nt.l a+nly I+y .+, a cl,tr+l ti, +, ,tt+l+t
S
rf.+
Ss~
~'r3
1
n
~
.
3tgr
Sr±~F~"7t
Ivocrtlurc bul also f+y the cuml+lciity of the tliscases antl the need
(tu murc drrrtt ettpcrintrnlal rescarch intu thcsc thseaxs
(d) 11tis rescarch tesk rcyuues crealtve skill, peticnce, tinle,
hard wurk anrl nurncy 'llte fteMeccu Industry kesrarch ('turlmlltrc's
sl,dcJ Irurla,sc is In aJvance sutlt rn e/forl to thc best of ils ability
'Ihe 'Iuhacttt Intluslry Resrjrch ('ommitlcc has Lccn mntt will ctm
tlnue (u lie Llrlh(ul lu those principles and rrsl+rrnstlnlirics
It Is nnt crrntitlcrrd cnuugh to spunstrr invcst11;,1tUtms sulrly inlo lu
h.rt'cn utc In v.rrrrlu. lurrtls, even though we arc hnthng th, t cfltsling knrtwl
edge in Ihis ;lrca is f:rr frurn accurjlc or sulhiicnl Rc.c-rrth i% nccJct)
alstl intu thr h.lstc Ixuhlims tlf cunsulutinnal di+t:rscs. M,nty IJi/rus td
nu+dcrn living, of which luheccu u.c is unly unc, are IKVng .tudtcd fur
tlucs Itu a Iltttcr untltrs/.tnJinK antl cttntrul of c.rnter antl hr.trl tJrsease
1YF/ (lFNI F: Ilf T'IIF. "1'(lllAl'('(1 TIIF.l1KY"
I hrrr err Ihtrtc wht+ rn+M Ihrl f.tilure In atcclrl rht "Irr6.u trr Ihcrtry"
of lunl; cantcr nl;ly result In tlclayulg pntgress Irrw.rrtl cvcntu.tl cttnqucst
t,f thn thtre.r II rn:ty I.e nr,ICJ in 11JSVr1g tllal there has hrrn nn sinlilar
imistentc hy thtnc whrt are muat cnn.rrnrtl with aJvancing rc+rarth into
the cnrnl,lcxrttct ttf hc;trl Jl.rasr 1'rngrr.s can sterccly bc h.tnlpcrcd hy Ille
rcttlgntUtrn Illnl nn,rc knrrwlcdl;i ts cNtrntral tn thr wlutitm uf a latlhlrnl.
Il.trttcul.trly tl tl is .nttrrnllatncJ Iry .1 tlclcnntn:ru,rn antl a Inngrem tu dc
velult Ihet Inuwlrtll~c
Oo thr t+lltcr ItanJ a Inr,hlinl nr.ty wrll hc trhaurrJ, ;tnJ tls snlultnn
dclayctl, hy Ihc su,rllunK aiiry,rJntc of an uvcr suultlthtJ .tnJ Intntalurt:
hyltrrthrltit I hr allttuJc Is Ireulht wtth thr denlt,rr of Ir..drly dttlllusirrn
ulrnt uml It,rcctl nrt,Jrltt.rutm nr Ah.rnrlrrnntcnl of tlngrnauc 1'cnrrrhi;uutms
1 hc I+rr,l+tntcnls of tltt' Ir,h:rccu Ihcrny h:rvc I;cnt'tulttl tntrijsurlay
Intcntlvc antl ctlrmlvr luryl.rl;.rnde hy sclciunK cvitlcncr fur arltl aarrt-
ing an acceltlance of this theory As a fe111I1, a ntrrl xicntufic alnuotlrhrre,
cuntlucivc tn Itrcmaturily, unlr.rl.lnrc, antl in;tJityuacy tf puhltc jutlge-
nlcnt has Ircrva,Ird Ihc whttlc Ilcltl Ihis h.ts hcrn al,rtlttl hy the
crt111t11111JI antl Itrh.ttcu atllterrnl., hrlh Lty anJ I~rrrfcsti,m,rl, wh,r.e un~
mrn:tl
ctunllr,rnutinl: IKrsltirm adnuts td nu ulhrr ju.ll;tnrnt., satrnlihi of
ittri, thin tlretr uwn
Whlle the resulung stlualiun is rigrrtt;thlc, u rs ntll lin.rl ur cttnclusive
II ntusl (le /,rtetl wtth ctmhJcnce Ihat. In the Ihcld nl scicnre. Iht Ituhlic
will tlctnan.l, nntl scicntitls wlll Iunvitlc, tvtnlmuctl rrst.trth, hnllt (,;lar
antl cltmt.rl unltl yucsut,ns err an.wt-rcd anJ tl,ruhla all.ri, of hiy,tntl the
,lenl;trt of trlrtlrvc inlrrl,tiLmUn
AInrtl cvrrN,mc .rl;rrr+ tli.,l Ihr IIr,t It,.rl
I
nf Itlh.lt'cu usc nn :ln intllvltlu.tl i% a menrr rtf Jctcrrnrn.ttr,rn hy Ihc inJ/
vlJu.tl latnq; ;t tli.l.utn lhr .:nnc rS tuuc rrI tfctt,urn. rcl~.trdnll; :rulurnr.htlr
tlrtvrng, sun h.rlhrnl~, tlrcLtry pnltttlurr, .nnuunt ul cRt'rt1\l', JI1tI a nunlhtr
td gcncr.tl .intl wrtl.yrrr.rtl human cusltnns Ih.d rn.ty tuniirvelrly allctl
hr:rlth untl .nrvlvt1
Ihr Irul-hc ian rest a»uritl thot Ihrr.c cnbegctl in (rcrInlnl.lncc ur
sulllttrrt td reu.ut h art lust :rs intp;Wint Itrt Illc arnwcrs as :ulyunt' can I,c
I hry arc .rltn dc.rrlly irl r.rrnr.l am1 arc t)rtcrnuncd tu wurk wllhtnrl untluc
h.ulc of Jv1111L1(,Ir w;tslc until tltc gnal is allarnrtl
In ortJcr Iu l-.ivr Ihr puhltc a ulurc cnlnpIrtc prcture uf the sricnulic
knuwlcdgc tm whicll it nt.ry hase its juddrntnt of tuhacctr and hcrlth
tprrstittns, tlrtt rrlwnt prr.rnh snlur of Ihr rvitlcncc thal has mN hrcn
wnhly /rublt, vitl and nl.ry havt hccn larticly uvcrlnttketl irt Ihc late t,f
rntultunel .r1l.rtks rltal h.tvt: hccn nt.ulr un lub.tcro usr
I.INFS / IF 1:VII/F.N('F:
lhrec tyltcs of cvitltnce ullerrJ hy atlvuc.ttcs u/ Ihr Inhacctt thenry
in crmnrcunn wnh c:utccr :ur tlrlisllc.tl stuthrs. Italhrrlutr,,tl invc.Ut aut,ns,
antl aninlaI c flllcr nnrntaliurt
Slrtiairml tilurlirr
'Ihe sl:tustrc.tl cvitlcnir wes Ihr lirsi Itt :IpItrar. V.urnu%
stuJlr. t,l
sclrctrJ Irulrul.tlurm indriatcJ a Irtyrlrvr m.ubcnl.da.tl a.,rrt t,trnrn in .rJult
whili ru.tlis t,f ccrt.nn ,tgi gruup. htlwren rflirs.ivi uf'.ncuc .nluktnr~ anJ
dc.dh Itunt Iungi;tnccr. Ihr d.arr.rUun w,rs wc.tk .t11J Inu.h Intac untcr
Iain Lrlwicnlnllr, crl-.rt nr hFltl trl-.ncllc snurkrnl; II .ll,rr v,trlctl ft,r Ihr,c
tyllcs nl sntul ing tn Iltr rc.ulr% ttbl.tun.J in studrr. hv rlrllcrrrll rnvcsul-.rlr,rv
Ihrti .rl,lrcer.tl carly ur Ihi rvelueU,tn ttl Iht' .fl.tlr.ltr.il J.d:r a.rl.nn
m.tlrrr tltllrrrutr. r,1 uptnuwn trmtrrnml .rviral hlat Iarrn. In Ihi srlu.r
U,rn I ht ti tlillrrrncc. flrll Cfll.l
/ I ) ('irl:nn .I;tlr.licl.tn. hclrtvc 111.11 nrlr,rl,rrrnrr of snt,rkc ts .tn
rsst'nlr.rl of vrl.tlly rnyturlnnt Lltltu (/lhtr. IanrluvrJ cvulrn.c Ih.l
rnlr.ll.~ltnn w.r. ,t nrl~h~thlr I.rrlr~r
(.' I('irl.un .InUsti.r.ul, hiluvi Ih:tl Ihr tl.unrttl h.unt/ul rllit r.
of Inh.rtr,r tnr .ur tlnccrly .utJ Iur,In rUunercly rrleliJ lu Ihc armrtnu
,rnJ dmmnun of cvlH'.utt' (/lhcr% hilrrvr 111.11 Ihcrc It .t rhrrtAIJ ulr
In whu h c11ct It .ui nclIrl-tl,lr
( I ) l'trt.tun ,1.r11.uu.tn. Ihw,arlc t11:11 r Ielrnl I,rrt,,,l r( J.Itnnr
rlur.rtrn t. nrtt~...rry hilrni t.rntn,rlrnti rllrtl. el.rr 1.trn,.,lr. I
Ihr Jnr.ru,m ,-I .,n h.t 1., 1 1. ,.l v.n t t r,nstJt r.,hly .1. .I Il,,,.r I Iln
rtl.,lt, r nl,rntt.,n nl lutr.,rt,.,t r,nr of .r nu,rd,rr
. nr,ytnr, I.,t 1, .1
.
7
(I
S
llntrl ddlcrcnccs tif t,pinirrn of Illc.e types c,ln tre srulrJ and their
Initt.ll aphr:lr;rncc c.ld.ltnrd t+y S1J11111tIJ/IS Ihcnlsclvrs, yu,rrrrrrrr(rve mlrr-
Itrc1a111rnS of Illc effect Uf tUhJci11 h,Hl'tl lll,lln sIJ111111JI Slllrllis N'111 rCttlalll
t,f little valuc.
('unflirtinR Ilr.ult. CiteJ
A more rctcnt extcnsiun of the statistical :n%ucijti,m t,f tnhacro uu
wilh Jcalhs frt,nl a long hst of diseases cuml+ltcatrs the rrm:tttcr st1I1 fur-
Ihrr at a tittlc whcn the situalion, even as rrFerJ. IunK t'.lntcr alunc, is
nt,t well intcgratetl and reconciled
An cxantl+lc clf the type uf crrnlllcting results which apllcars in Ihe
strtistical data .nJ whith nceJs exlllrnrtiun rnd!tu Ictv,nulrat:nn is +ccn
in dcalhs (rrnu c,lntcr rlf Ihe stnnlach ln white rnelcs
An Anrcrrc.ln rclx+rt shows thc rm,rt.lltty r,rlc frtlm +panat h canccr t,f
smr,lcrs is 61^ Rrc.llcr Iharl Itrr nun stnokcrs II thc as%rxldllurl wcre une
of tdrr.c and rllctl, one wtluld cotllccl the dc,tlh r,lle frrmt c.lnccr of Ihe
slrrnratfl to hc (In thc rise wtlFl rncrrr.iJ tll!.rrcllc use Acthtnlly 11 S(iuvr
crrnncnt h);ures sln,w a drtql frr,rn 10 7 Jralhs I+rr I lN),(NN) in 1'J.14 tu I) 2
tlciths hrr IIN1,(NXI in I')Sh frnm Ihr% cauu
A rrfx,rl puhlr%hctl irl I`)57 in Ihc Irtrrru,rrr Inurn.rl rI I'rhlrr llnrlrh
rcllurnt',1 that "thi% stutly (.nlcrl tu In,lir.rlr :uty tlf,lucct,lldc d..,KrrUun I,c
twrcn vrlr,ArnK .1n,t I;.rvtnt ttntir .
Ort ItIr of Ihr, a 11111101 ,L,tnut.,l In,ly ,In,l%cd elirth rtlc frnrn
stran.rch cunrcr I 2R I,cr IUII,IN1/1 .nnnnt; .nrkcrn whili Ihel (r nun-
srnr,krrs was 11, ror nc.rrly S11"S 1.rc.,ltr :tlinr,.t cX.,tlly Il,c rclir.r of tlro
Amcriran finJrnl,
Ihc ctlnfuuJ tnd crmtrarlrtlrrry nrturc tIf Uirtic hn,linl. t+ cvrJrnt
1u,u Furfill Stnnd (1u/
An esintinatitln td Ihe rclx,rlrJ .taU%lic:11 asux'iati.,n bclwren cil;-
arcttc srnt,krnl; anJ lun); c.tnrrr rcvr,rl. Iwrl f.tcts clc:uly I rrvl Nun
snu,kcrs dcvclt,(p hrt,nchrrl;crnc carirnunta Srrt'nJ: 11,c uvcrwhrlnlinF
nl:rlority of smrrkcrs Jtl not (()ul t,f I,Sh-1,J7h Jceths in Ihr 11 S rn 1957.
11 S vrl;ll staU.urs Shuw 111.11 I l,4'IS tlr,ltlts ru Ira 111,111 I I,cr tcnt / N'/" 1
were frunl luny; cancer rcporlerl as lrrnnt.lry. 01.11 i., I,clicvcd Irt have rxil;-
inatt,I in Ihr lunl;s and nut Ir+ hive sl+rr,nl frr,nr il,cwthcrc 1
lhc flr%l nh.crvatirm stu,ws 111.11 vnr,krrl); i% 110 an cs.cnlral trmrhlitm
h,r laraIr,crnl! tl,c dl.casc '1hc sctr,nJ ulcrvatrun ir,nstttirlcs ,uunl; :nul
tne,n, mr; cv,Jrrl, r 111.11 Ila t Il,rn1 nI c.rn..,ln,n r,l Ihr ,1r.r.r,c t, --nrul,lre
I h,, rnl. ,r n, r rs ~ul,l,urlr,l F,y rI,r v.ra I,,,Jy ,I t~tl~rirru . rn n,r,1r, ,I
r, " r.n,h ,Lu..int 11i.,1 ., nirnrlwr ul .,.n,lrlwn n,u,t txtur ,unulr.uu'uuOy.
t
tIr surnc ct,nsldrr,tl,lc scrlcs uf factnrs must inlrr.lct ln ,r It.ulr.ul,rr rn.lnnir
/n rndrr Irl I/rrHluce any parUcular disrase AII rnJtc.rln,nm arc 111jt Ihr
cundrtn,n kn.rwn as hrtnlchtll;cnic cariinnrua ur lurlg canicr is rlu r..rp
tUtrn to Ihis gcnrr.ll ulrJical e>tlscrience.
Much f,h[Ir,snl/hical and seruantic Jiscussiun Itas bccn tlcvt,ICd tr,
st.rlislical currrLltittns and their relation Iu the cunctpl of "c,nlsrlirat" of
a Jl.ea+e 'Ihc I,rJc11CaI issues arc actually rather sirnhlc.
11'Mt'lI1C,lI Coll,rrlrrlie Il,li 1IC11111nstrUlCl1 that IIIC cI1r/I/16y tlr tlcvrlrqnnrnt
of mrlst dni.rsis, f,,ulrculary cunslilututnal thaascs, is invauahly cnurldc4
Mrny facturs cntcr into tlle (ung chain of causJtlnrl Itrtlcr unJrutanJrnE
of Illc trslx'ctivc roles of Ihc several (ctcttrrs involvcJ Iras usuatly rrsullcJ
in iaylrnvc,l lnrthnJN of prcvrntitm and cuntrul f+y slruwinl; nrw wrys in
whlt h thr t h.rrn of t eu.aunn carn tlc hrokrn rutxc cllrctrvcly
I of ul,l,rnrr, 111.11.116 w,ls as.rx'i;rlyd (nlm early tinlrs willl Ihr "h,rd
art' of sw.uull% anJ nl:u.hrs This errunrtlus "uuesnta"- hence, "I/aJ
arr" Ihrury h,nl; dcLryrJ Ihe cvnlulirln of rfliclcnt ctaniuvc ntcaslnrs,
allhuul;h a tlcl;rcc nf ctlnlrttl was achicved hy draining sw:rrnlls nr Inuving
Ilctq,lr nw,ly frunl st:tl;n;tnt walcrs. Whcn Ihe nllc of Ihc (cnr.rlc un.ytulr,
(AnrI,hclcv) was IrernrJ and it.life cycle JrvcrlhcJ, a uturc rllcttivc and
Irs. cKl,rn.rvr nlclhtxI of cunlrul (xcarrle availahlr. Sl,rayull; vlahnant w.r/rr
wtlll url antl I,rlcr wrllr insrrtlcidc% killed Ihe nlu.yun Irrv,rc I'ull knt,wl
cJl;r of Ihc rulr n( PI:ISlilllll/t//ll in InaLrria (lruvideJ untlrr.t,rntlinl; of Ihc
acntrn ul yuuline and hcllxtl Jrvclup nuve ellcctivc trralnlrnl (or Ill,l.r
whro hcc:lnrc Infcclrtl
Slrll utrr rrrcnlly, sludy tt/ rntlsyuitu hchaviur Il:rs rrvialyd llrru
11.11111 of I.rt,rnl; a src.t.l tn well% irnmcJi:ucly ,lftcr .linlrnl; :r vrrtuu 'Irr.rl
inl; wtth 1>I11 Ihr hrtlrrwnn w.rll, uf ncll.uie Ilalirn/s h,r. Fcct,ntc an cllri
tivc nlrthr,J uf I,luckinl; Ihc sllrr:lJ of m:ll:uia a( its stturcr '1 hus, Ihc vr.rurl
t,f cr,rnl,lrlc rra,liraLrnn td Ihis Jlsca%e, whic'h still kill% rntuc lK'trl,lc in Ihr
wurld Ih.rn rny ulhrr, has actually hccuntc la:lctic.rl (tn Ihe first lime rn
In.lury
It wnnlJ I,r Ixt"rl,lt Itt clch,ltr (,hJ.,.rlldurnlly Iltr drt'rrt h whrrll n
t% frrr,l,ir 1 t.rll swnnl/s, rnr,.rluitus of I'Iesrnr,Jr.r, rcytc.trvcly, Ihi "rruvrv'
tlf rn.tL,n.r bn1 Ihr% is trl,vrrru.ly yuilt' unuulxnl.ull trntc Ihr Inatuc:rl rr.nll
11.6% I,irn I,I.unirl
titurlir. .rI 1'rri.u /',... l1'rn ( anr.Irt.
I tutr. Ihc r,nl.rl Ihr :nlhrrcnlv of thc 1h,ni Ihtti,ry L.rvr t hnl
(rnlr,l rt.,.nIr u.,rtrr, Ir I,rt,rnl ,rny r,rhrr l,l.lu.rhli .rlr,rr,.rlrvr itl,l.rr,.,
u,m lh,y n,.,y h.r.r .ul,rrtr,f hrrl rnurnnvrrl Ihr 1,,.,rluhly Ih.,l Ihr .r%
vrKiru,m hclwrrn nnri.r.rJ tli.uh% Irum ccrl.un Jr,r.r r. .rnJ t ltc,,nc
t)
9
snn,knl}( nlJy tcllr.t Itlc cumnl/tn inllurncc Id . 1111111 /.l,ltn Jv yrl untcCnVCJ
Illlwcvct, Iwu cvcnls nf Ihc I,J.1 ycat--l,nc %(+c( l(iC antl nnc 1':Itcral
h:lvc (+rt,vlJrtl ullrresltng evitlcnte Ih.ll Ihe slml,lc t Jusc Jntl cllct I Irl.ltwn
11111, sk/ cJ(;crly I'r.nl,cJ by Ihc tt)hJttn Ihctlry I,rtqumcnts nr./) nt l he Ihe
CrlrtCtt Ct1,lAn.lUnn
'I hr Ilr.t c.lnlc ftom Sit Rtlnald Fishcr, t,nC t,t Ihr wt,rlJ'. I,rc.lt sIJ
t101CIJllt. J/11I a IcnuwncJ biologist as well In the luly 12 Jnt1 At I;u.l ll),
Iy1H, usucs tlf Narruc. he published two scls uf mtcrestin); t1.lt.t t,n lilr
sml,king hJhlls t,/ twins 7ltcsc pa(><rs show Jchnllcly Ihel ginitli t11.1rac
tcri+llcs mJy Ilcar tin future stnuking habits
Slr RunJIJ uhlJineJ Jala t,rt the suulkinK hJbils td Iwins htdl. "IC1rn-
s/lll:Ir
tiiJl" anll "nl+n ItlcnUCil" acls 'Ihe iJcnlicil Iwun, Jminl' Ir,nll .1
(crt/lr/id uvunt, Jrc rcally a stntClr InthviJual JrvlJrtl tlurml; cJrly tli vrlt,p
Int'nl ullu Iwtl Sc11.rrJle cntltlCs Illr nlln NICn11.J1 (wills, Jrl,rllg I/In two
Icrl/hTCJ vJ, ur t,n Ihe uthet henJ Iwu dlvnnt I inJlviduJl.
I r.hcr's hrst 1,.1(trr sht,wrJ Ihet .Ilnunl; Illc (leirs uf Itirnllt.ll Iwlns,
only ?q"S he,l tliJrly unllkc .nlok/nl; IlJhus Ilnwrvct, Jnumg tlh: 114,11
1tlrnuc.ll Iwuls, 51.' II.IJ ddtrrin(c, m snulkulg It.thits
14'hin IJIC yllc.lnm wJS r,ri.r,t 111.11 Ihc IJcnlicJl twins nnlI11 enrrl
FrCJltr nlulll.ll s.Kl.ll Inllucntt- t.n Ilii vnnlnil, h.ll,lt~ Id rntIl t,lllc'r th./n
tln) rlutl itlt nlu.ll IwUt.. I I.h,t I I'I, I,..I .ttl,l l n. l,L,I., 11" .i lnnllrlncd
his cJrllrr /InJu,ps 1,) Olnwnll' unll I/'. ..t nl, nnt.,l Iw,rl. Mitlh ut1111,c
snltlkrnl, Il.lhllv tunlll.uc,s wllll 111". ..I n,.n 1.1, nli, .,I Iw/n.
In atltllUn Ihi.c tL11.1 sh.,wt l IlI Iltr .ul,ll.,l,ty lrn
alnnnl! NI['ntll.ll (wlns w.ls llnn.111i111 w11:1hi1 II,(' Iwln wili af,.1r.11iJ
Iruln c:tth ollltr .11 hltlh (JV Jhuul hJll td IhC %(ls wirc) t,t n,H uI,.,t.ltttl
I hc yursli,,n uf ctunmun htnnt' rnvirt,nnlcnl was Jl,tl t tm.nlrlcJ hy
I-ishcr, antl it h.11,/,cncJ IhJI thc I,rrluds rlf a ctnmmon hnlc cnvut-nnKnl
avcrJl;CtI Lr.rgrr In the nr+n iJcntic.ll Iwins Ihan In Illc IIICIItIIJI, a sltuatiun
wht.h I;.IVr a I;rcJlir t,lllwnluntly ftlt ntln I;rnclii Inllucnlis In cnl,rc.+
Ihrnlsclvrs
Illus, 1t nl,ln.u% 111:11 .t ccrt.lln lyl'i t,t I,rr.mn t. I;uml; Itl I,c .1 trtt.un
lyhr uf .nl/lkrr I,r J nt,n snlukcr I It ntc, If Ilic .rrltd.crs .lnll nn .nll,kcr%
hrvc Il llcrt'nl hr.lllh rl.ks :u J l,.ut td Ihcu h.,a. hw1ug1.Jl n.llnrr. a
IIJIF111i.1I :11\I,CIJ11/111I high r11.11I1CI11.111tJI s/pnlht.lnic I,rtwrin Ihi/r .nwl
inl; hnb/1s :Ind I,rr,F,,ll,lc rlsks uf tlc.tlll wt,uhl calsl wllhnul vmt,klnl; hJvlnl'
;uty l'Jlr\:tI c/irtl .IS such
II i% n) nc, rtC.lry JI Ih11 t., ;1r1;11.' Illr t11/.111111,111V1' \I/'/,111t allil'
nl 1 nl,rr\ J.,1.1 ns Ihcy sL.ul,l Ihry .In,w I,i vt~n~l ,Ily th,uht tl,.ll a(,I,vtill,lr
n I 1 ll,.nl Il,c t./ua .,n,l , Ilrt 1 Inl ,llira. I-Illly ct t r1.IrJ hy
the tuhectu Ihrory prtryxrncnb Jltrs cRist and nlust Ilc cvJlllatrtl
Slr KI,nJlll 1111111CI( rel'tlgn1TCS IIIJI hls llal.l atc uf a IIrCI1/t11rlJfy nJlure
11try scrvr lu cstJhllsh a suggestive and stunulJling line lur resca.h In
Jrlctnunc Ihe n.llurc anJ exlcnt uf the bul genctic faclurs ullvtuuwly
invtdvcJ
Ilis tcsults as they s1anJ are ntll intended to rrplace or clnuntJlc
Ihe eausr JnJ elfrct hyputhesis. '111ey Ju, huwevet, make it necrss.ry /ut
that hylxlthcsu to "Inuvc over" lu Inakc ttKmt ftlr anulhrr Iwlsslhlc
C(I11Jn:1t11111
II will I,c intrnmcly inlcresling lu fullow Ihe futurc tltvrlul,lucnl t,l
research whirh Inay aJd eviticnce lKJring on biu henclte t'hJrJr(cr/vln,
as Jclcrnlincrs tlf human hahits and hurnan survival rlsks
%muRinK .\At/w IliQrrrnrr. in /'r..pl.Y
lllc scrttnd catr}tury u/ cvldcncc bcars tln thc hyl,ulhcsls 111.11 vlmc
heavy slnukrrs are lyhes uf I,cl,hlc whu stntlki! Js a rcllrcliun uI J crrt.Im
l/.ychtl.um,uic rclJtit,n.hip and /erulw uf living Ih.ll atc ch:IrJC(crisuq: u/
their biulul;ic InJkc up. Such pruplc wuu1J ddlrr Iruut nun slnukrrs in title
or ntt,re psychn physinhlgical cllaracleristlrs wluch shtwlJ, t,n Ihc hasH
of research, he rrcugnitalde,
We wt,ulll nul, uf cuutx, e><prcl lu finJ IIIJI nll heJvy slnttkrn wrrc
of une ur nlure Jillrrenl lylxs Irunl ydl nun-sruokcrs, hut thJt in the snn,k
in(; grtlup tine mlghl lind a predtlnlinance ul nne or n.urc tyltrs d/1lcacnl
frum Ihusc forcJt,lninating in the nrro-srryuking gtuup
'fhls ullcrrstull; and cunlplr>< Itruhlrm was Jisrus.ctl ut slnn. Icngth ul
the 1957 kcl,url tl! Ihc Scicntdic I)Irctlur. [)UJ uhlaincJ srn.c Ihrn hunl
a nuluhcr t,f inJclKndcn/ invcsligJlluns sl/ll Ju nu1 itlcnuly spci/hr lJttt~
'Ihcy du, ht,wrvcr. strlingly sulryHlrl thc fly/,utht.r. Ihat smllkirnl; h.lhlt.
ruJy Ile a l'tlltt'1//111IJt1I ul aclivc, t:y,id, intcrnse and vtnturesutnc Irulllu
of living
I:.xisling cvldcn.r indicJlrs:
( I 1 thJl A111crrnl binltrlyiJl types td I,erstln ti.let Jlllrlcnlly t,,
pvyihu pllyvultlglral vlrrss :rnJ str:un;
( 2) 111,11 .I/th ddlrttnccs in IrJitiun JrC Jl,II It, inllurnt c Idly%
iulnl,nJl InnctlunJl bal.lntc :utJ un1.JlJnte wilhln Ihc Iltldy, ,,nJ
( 1) Ihat wth intcrn.ll rlnh,ll.lnccs whCn tlut nl it,ntr,d td Illr
t,rl;anitln nlJy Ir.IJ Iu dl.rascs ul /ndny tylKs, IncluJlnl; lun,nl
furmaunn
I hclr n n t nnll/, 1 hi Iwt rn thl. IlylaNhr.l. t,l la I...n.0hly I11,. Jil
Icrtrur an,l Ihi Ir.ull. td Su Ilnn./hl I LIIIr's sludy un 1wln. In 1.1, 1, Ivn
cL/, dlllc/in, t'v In I-It 1111.11 nrul I,hyanlt,l;lt .11 It lnlu, wnIJ I.r l,nt ,.I
Ihc I+.t,tr tr ntrrlI utunl; IIC'r,rn m llrr ,rnlrn t,/ 1ytltu,r,nr.rlrt tlrllirtnt.i,
IIim}I rlr,t,rcJ
(t,nltnucd ri,c:uch ut 11,i% hcld, ntt:lutltng infrnt.tl tr,nlrrinir, t,l thr
lylk alht.rtly F,crnt, hcltl unJir thc :trrtlttits ul Ilii 1t,Irttct, InJu,try Ftr-
Scut h('nnrnunrc i, ccn/t.tl h,r I,rt,l;rrs. luw.utJ, tr,tnl,lrlr .rn.dy,l, 0 .1
Ihc rcl.rUt,n t,f Stnnking Ilahlls tu Fhc:rlth and I, I,.rng ,rrl-l,ultc,l t,y Iht
1 IR('
1'rlhulrq{irrl Invrrt it;rt ion.
I'.tthIr,l,rcrJ cvrtlcnie, hr,rd t,n chruial ul"crvetl,m,, ftt,t t.rurr uuu
Ittt,ntrnrntc rn an cllr,rl Ir, t,l,Ijrn ,ul,lw,rt Inr Ihi tnl,.,tt Ih,Wy In
I45A tl.,tn wtIt' I~ul,lr.l,i,l nn nutt,ntInt ,tu,lri, nl lunl, Ir~rr id,Lnnirl
1.rululy (r,nn .r ,anl,.rr.rlrvily Irw ,rtrukrr, .rn,1 Icwir nun vr,- ,l, I, 111 .r
verr.il4 nnn,t,.'I "I .ui.t, nt Ilti lunl,, r,l hIh, ,Irutturr1 tFr.ntli. rn the
durtUnn t,1 th.nrl.rnvdlrr,n rn,l th,.,rr.ml,rnrirnt Ir.rJ tKC,rrrrtl Iltt,i wcrc
rt'I,urlyd Ir, I,t rrn. rt nrrmirnn, rn tl,i Innl-, t,l ,n,,,lcr, Ihrn It nun ,nu,lru
Ihi,i tlr.rnli. wtti ttur.rdiri,l I,y Ihi rnvr,trl,.,tr e, Ir'rnl, /rrr,.rur
Il,t, l,.,irn rI r.rltrly .ittclIItJ I,y Ih,,,i wl,,, I,clti,ttl trt Irdr.tttto
I;utll
I rnni II,+- ., ry ,l.,rl. Itwr tt'rt li.ily rlr,e/tt-imirti tlct, bq,i,l .ununl',
tlir u..t I.i, .r, Iu tl ,t " nl,lii It t ut.rt y:nnl afrnlr..utt i nl
IFtc rlt,t rtf,tnm .I Ihi,t lr,r,m. r, I., rnl' /rrcr rmr rrnrrt l itr, w.r. Ilii t ruR
nl tl,i wlrr,li n'.,ltrr, an,l it wr, Ihi rnl, Ilrct,ur,rt nl Ihi,r li,rurr, t, 'I,rt'
tdrttcrrnrl" r,n wluth thc wlrrdi t'dr!r.t t,l I,.rlhr,lrip,tel ivirl,nti wn, 1,11111
Nru Hr /nr.l. Kni.r, (Iruvfi.rru
At thc Sr,cnth Inlrrn.rw,n.rl (. .rntir (tn I r nJn, Inly I'/SH,
scvcrnl tc,carth rclx,rl, wcrr I'rc,cnlitl wlutrt Ih.rvi Ihruwn niw I,tht Irl,un
t!rl, lnr,hlr m
nrt indilcnlinl (rnulr uf An,itrr.rn w,u!,in rrl,t,rlil 111.11 thr tntl
tlc'ntc nl Is.r,.rl trll rnirl'rr,wllr w.rJirtiJ rtr lun!,, t,l htlr ,rm. lct, .,ntl
nn ,nn~lir, S, .,I,,, wcrt Ihi v.ur1 nr, tl, /rii, .d ,Irwtur.J rli."rljn,i.r
Iwn lnwn .r, mir.,l,l.r,ta :rnd Ilrr .r,lv.,ntt'tl 1rnr r,I Ihr, I,rntr wlutlt Ir.rJ
t.i//t.l Ir,t.intcrn,r, ..
Ih,,, ,!,.~nlr, tht,rrn,f .r14,rutiru.ttilIs .,, Itr,l,irnt1Is ill tlu Irrr.hrd.
hr. h n lir, , r!t .1" , J r.. v r,.l. .r i.l n h. rr ~ n~r~ . r rn~ r.h ru . r, L~n .r,
i
"pre canicr" antl that tu inlcrltrcl Ihem .s su.h is In rttrctl thr scrcnullc
evldrnic.
11 w.ts allu reported Ihal "7he rxcurrcnce rt( Irncutnt,nl.r Ic:rdt ft,
el,l'hebeI pallcrns (tissue ehanges) sinular lu thule /uuntl tn hravy
smukers "'I lut tntl,rtrtanl fact proves Ihal these thenl;es are rnUrrly nt,n
tl,a:dic lur luhaccrt snn,ke.
'I hc,r lacls, cuupletl with Ihe previously mentioned strong dnuF+t cl
pre11ct1 hy m;rny I,nthuingi,ts concerning thr prc canccruus Srgmhtenrr uf
Iltu oh,crvrtl l,nlurtrntry Ussue th:rngrl, shake Ihe lt.rlhult,l,rt.rl luund.rtl.,n
rtf Ihc Inhatrr, h7l,nthr,tl.
A uimrl 1:.I.rrirurut.tiun
Wt,rlcrl in thr htitl of ranier rcx:.rch knnw tlc,l Ihr rr,ull, 4.1 enuu,rl
eR lrt Irnnrlrtetn,n, ahrlr ihnlturlutI, slruultl he e>alralu,l.rliri Itr ur.rn wqlr t t
Irrmc t autrun 'l ltl, 1% r,lkci.rlly su ( 1) whcn Ihc anunal Itttur tldlrrv
Irurn Ihc hurnan In ly(,c tut IrK'aliun ur ht,tlr :rntl (?) whcn thr +uD,l:uui,
fuuntl tn 1.r a(uve tn :rnirn:rls ILlfcr in rttnsUlnhun, crrn.crut.rw,n, r,r nr
rntIhnth uf :tl./,lrcattun Iturn'hux cxprncntttl n.uur.rlly Iry 111.111 1 ht 1 1.1%
svc c.rnrldr uf j ot,c m whrch rnr,lt, ti nul all, rd thc,r vart.rl,IcS art ur
vulvid I, tht' sirlc% rd ntuch puhlrivrd amnr.rl ltnnlmf, c.lHnntinl.
On Ihc 11Jstt r,/ the exltrmrly in,ecwe /unnrLtnt,a of tiuvrty ul
luharrrt Snn,kc crnricnlr.rtcs p:untrd ttn nntu.c :rntl r:rldul %kin, Ihitr 11.1%
I><en hullt tn extraurdneuy su/krstruelurc nf surnu,c :ultl I,ritltcw,n, evrn
Irt yu.tnturuvc "ctjitnr.%" applied 1u man.
l.unR F.. p. ri.nrnf. $hnr. NrKnlior Hr.ulf
Iluw rII atlvilctl antl Insecure this 1tnKeJrur ul t,vrr rrtlcrl,rcl:,'run I,
wat Shuwn hy resultl JcxnhcJ hy a Kranlcc uf Ihc lt,b.rttu Intlu,Uy Re
srarclr ('ttnuurttrr at Ihc I'15H Intcrnaturn.rl (':rnctr l't,nlrct,
In Ihr, wurk, the hurl;r nl nu.e were hiavily antl rcl,iatrtlly ctl,trJ
tn whrrIc tr,lurruc tvrrnRr rrhtaincJ fty ntctlurl, rlu,ily :rlut Ir, 1111111.411
srntdrnK ('unlr:rll tht, wtlh Ihr aninral (rtuLLing wnrl whrth u,itl thr +Am.
uwally Sha.irl, ul uuit, antl Ihe vrt.rrt.t run.rrrrrrurr ul Ivcat yrrdntlui,
n/ ,rm,1r trm,lrn,rd Irt,m r ,mnktnl~ rn.lthrnr Ihrri r, nu tl.,ul,f .r, la Ihi
17t'.rlcr rr,crnl,l.rntc nl tlhr mh.d.un,n wntk tt, tlhc at lu.rl t rutJrunn, uI
hrun.rn ,vnlrnp
(n Ihr rnlr.,l.rlr..n w,uk Ihcti wt ri r,lir,t J Ill Ihr Inn/, ,I nu,
thanloi, dnicllV iurn/,.,r.thli lu tlni tli,trrhrJ 1,of Ilir /,.,thI Lr.l. rn
Srnr,l i r, ,nJ m,n l t r,
Ihrn, hrrwtttl, Iwr, vrt.illy rn,la.rl.,nl tlnnl, h.rl,lar,,,l ,
I I I N1'Fhtn itl,mun 111 t rt,.,Irtti ,ntnlt urr, ,l rhr I I
II
r.rrut rrr rhr Ir.nx rhtupprorcd uml wnc rcpLircd by n.rrrn,il rr+sur
I Ilts was rnlc farwtf that they were nttt in fact I+rrcanrclrru. Ic.nrns
( 2 ) Whcrt er<lxtsure was rrrrunurcJ into trlJ agc anJ IhrtruKhtrut
thc nurrnal Irfe sltan uf the aninuls, the fcsinnr prrtrtrrd hrrt nn r rrnr er
nt r urreJ I Ihrs was a scccrnJ Irrtwrf IhJI they were nut lacc.urccr.Hus
'lhcre had Lccn rcfxtrtcJ previuusly negative resulls in anintals after
expnsure ttt cigerctlc snutke In no previous case, htrwcver, hes Ihcrc Lccn
a prrallcl scrtes of 1tJthrdngical ohservations so exten,ivrly and accuratcly
madc.
'lTre recent work refxxtcJ atx)ve definitely leavcs it ule tu the adhercnts
of the "tar ariJ skin cancer" hypctthesis In show why anP ubrw IhJ1 highly
developed srlJ prrqraganJited theory provides as Jrrect, aignihrant and
c.trapulatablc cvtJcncc as do the olnrc recent negative results Id srnukc
in the lungs
'Ihe smrple IJ(ls Jre that ( I ) lung. u»ur in nute is nuac like lung
Ussue In ntrn 111.111 is skin Ussue ur nricc anJ, (' I crlxnurc Irt trl;Jrelte
srnr-kc in mlcc is mr+re like etlx+sure to cigJrcltc smoke in nran thJn rs
pJrnltng wrth smmkc runccntrales
tiuunJ 1'ruRrc.r Fu.rrrrn
lhc IrrhJccrt Ilrrtrry hrtrfrrrnrnls Ihcrclrrrc nuw thnJ Ihcnr.clvrs with thc
.palhulrtgrc.rl" Ihtnry sltJkcn JnJ uncnnvrnctng
Furthcnnrirc. thc uttlue.t anttnJl "r.lrcnntrnl.tl" sultlunling cvrdrnce
uscd Js a strunr Jtrnntcnt rs nrrw lerl;rly vtu.rlcJ Ly rnrrre tlrrcct anJ srg
ruhtanl ncgJUVC t'Slk'rI111cr11JI rc.ults
As a cun.cyurntr, Ihc whnlc sttut,rr.n IJIr cN Ir.uk to rclr.incc tur thc
stlc Ilne of sl.rtt lrr:tl evidence tn whtrlt, .rs IK'Iorr ~IJICJ, Ihcrc crt,t a+
nrany IrHrphtrlcs anJ crrnlrJJlctitrns IrrJJy as thcrr t1rJ wltcn it wJs first
JvanccJ
When xicnusts rccugnize artJ can cv:rluatc eulxrirnrntJlly the variuus
conr wrncnl clcmcnts rr( Iung cancer c.u.Jtir,n, srwnJ prttl;ress urwards
solution uf the prrrhlun will incvilJhly fullttw.
Ilntrl Ihcn, the scicntlfic or lay rtvrrctnlthJ+is ttn any nnr su.lxctcJ
faclt,r will cr+nlinuc In he J JJngfrlnls Ihrrat to the Ituhlics rhprccralion
of Ihe curn{rlrrny of the situation II wtll, in iteclf, crcate a false scnse uf
at'hicvcmcnt JnJ hccnmc a nurst unfnrtunJte Jrlayml, at'hon
Wc Ihus fintl rrurtclvrs in I95R wnfh Jtlfcrcncr+, dhtulrls anJ crrnlltrtrng
c!anns rrf stJ,rstrc.rl cvtJcnte slrll untectm.tleJ, with Ihc 1,athrdtlgitJl "rvi-
Jrntc" shJlen, s~'Ir uve anJ m.rJrluJtr, arlJ with Ihr um+l rlucrl anJ
rrtu,.l cvt,lrnir fr"tn .murr.tl r.lrrrrmrntJUnn tih~.winl url.ttrvr rr~r~ltv
\t.tlr l ut .utnihrr w.ly, rllc ritlrnntnl% ,I Ilic I IrJCtu Ihrtny hJVc
failed since the first public propaganJa fur Illat Ihctuy in 1')51 to pnxlucc
any new evulcnce IhJt provides any qualitatively ddlcrcnt sulqturt IxyunJ
the rtrnginal lyl.c uf statistical asxsciatilrn.
lutcndcJ efforts to provide sound evidence havc frdcJ. IiviJcncc ol
Ihe inqxulJnce uf lactors other than sruuking in the etiology of cunslitu-
tiunal disease has greatly increascJ. Huth justify continued cautiun anJ
.kepticism tuwJrJs acceptance of aggre»ive anli-tobacco prupaganda o/
general and conclusive nature.
OLjrrfiors lor Rescorch
To summarirt briefly the general background of causation factors
in constituliunel Jiscase, an analogy nlay he drawn with the o/xratitrn u/ a
key in a tunddcr 1rK-k 7he key will turn the k><k only when all elcvariuns
and Jcpressitrns are afigncJ irs pruper urJer and have the right drmcnsiuns
It a single Jry,ressiun is IilleJ ur a single hump filed awJy, the Icy rnrry
fail to uperalc, althuugh somelimes minor alterations may t.e rnaJc in Ihe
Icy's pattern without destroying its ability tu unltx:k.
AI present Ihe nature and iJentity of most c.kvatiuns anJ Jqucssions
in the ctiuhrbtc key to lung cancer are unknown. lhus, rllurls to assign a
printary causal rule In tohacco use on Ihe basis uf stJIlfllcal assrK'ialiuus
ignore all thc unknrtwns and hkuxs undue aucntirrn on trthrc.u usc
-Illc srrtistical rrtatiurtship rnighl c.ist under any varicty of crrnJilirrns
-whrthrr snurkirlg eucrtcJ an inciJcntal, acciJcntal, rrr nrtn sftrcilic cllrcl
tr was asstki.ttcJ with hhysinlugical or psychological ch:rractrrisucs thal
were inJcIxnJenlly cunnrcteJ with susceptibility It, llte drse,tse.
This srtuJtiun emrhasizes Ihc fallacy uf attrml.tmp (rrrnr prescot
kmrwlcrl1-,c, to assil;n Itercenlage figures to any fHrs.rhle etittltrl;rc agcnls
invulveJ in lung ranrrr. Such ellurts neglect entirely Ihr still uniJrntr/irJ
factors that arc ccrtarnly involved anJ ignore also Ihe Irussihility uf synrr
gisnl ur intrr:rcurrn amr/ng farlors. It is conceivable arlJ /t/1rhJhlr thal any
one uf several cundrtinns anJ facktrs, acting rlunr, will lail la frrnJuce the
Ji.rase but IhJt a numher of these, when actirtg in crrncert, mil;hl rrcJlc
cundiuuns favurrng tlre ahltcarance of the Ji.casc
Ihe prrqxt ublcctive rrf rescarth into lung can.er eurrlul;y rrnu.l. Ihrre
frrrc, he In iJrntify anJ Jctcrrnine Ihc drutcnsitms uf a. rueny Lrrlrn~ J.
Ixs.rhlr that nr.ly crtnstdute Ihe elevations und rlrlt,c.surnv tn Utr Icy I-r
this Jrseax As unJcrNJnJrng tr/ lunl, canccr Irrrrgrrssc., incrr.nrnl)y cf
fcclivc anJ ItracUt.d rnc:r.urcs for Ixrvinlwn anJ rrrnlrnl nr.ry hr co,lw-r rrd
Irr evr,lvr 11 r. rr.r.rrnablr Irr hnlre 01.11 .omr c/1ccUve rrrnlr"l m,ry rl~ vrl,rlr
lunl; Irrfrnr t-vrr y I~!r.nr rrl /hr cJUrI rAy 11.1% Irrtn t urnlrlc-trly t'lur r.LitrJ I hr'
nccrssJry Jhrr.mun m 1Jtt' Icy m.ry wrll (unvc Irr he u+rnrl.fc nnc
I1 1 5
IIrc Lt,l, t, Itt Irntl entl I,rcii hyr111, 1 tht nunrrtnn, cl:nttnl, rn.r6 cr1
in I+rr~Jut ntg Iung trrt.cr rnJ It+ 1rn rlc tShc lrnl r+r Irn1, +mt vtrlni 1.rIJ1 trr
rntctrul,lr..It In Ilu, I.t,1, 11+r rnlcrc,t, t,l 1he Inil,lrt, Ihi mctlttrI IIr. 'trurrt,
Ihc vt+lttntary htIlllr af,rn.tt'+, Ihi luviturntnt Jrlr.nllninl, :rn,111ri Ir,l+.rttt,
imluttry. .r. will rt rrlhcr 110100 Urcv tlrat ntjy f+r tt,ntctncJ, ati ccnlr.rlly
irlcnttc:rl
In tlcvtIrI,rnl, r ri,carch I+rlrKrrm un Ihi, teutm.J Iuunrl.rtttt. tt 1te,
I+ctn rrt nlruii J. ul trmr.c. Ih:tt thcrc is a vrxilirmn, uuuunly tlial rJtrK.ltr. Int.tl
cltrntn.+Uun nl ttfirtcu u.c as ;t IK+.,Iblc innttr,l mtr,utc
Av :t prniutrI IS wrll :It viicnulii ntrttcr, it i, htlh1y tlnr,un.rl,lr
whclltcr I'rt,hllrrlrnn nl tuhtit'0 u,c t. tt:+vhIt ut lurd,Ic, whrlhrr it t,
rlc,ltth1r. .+nJ wluIltcr thc ,t+uY.ltt (trr nl,l:cIlvc wuul,1lrc :rtct+nrl+li,hrJ
lhc I+rnhrhiurrn ( 'untcl+t Jr,cuunt, t+r tlvnrrr. :,11 inmulrIatn,n nl
,rn,dtrnf~ l,inrlrtt rn Icrnt, u/ ldi.+.ntt'. t.1.+*.+t+"nt, t,lril uf Icn,r.-n r~r rlhrl
Irrm trn, 11,t .r u, .tIrtttllitlly ill JrltucrJ al fur,inl hrt .rn.c 11., ).rl~l~r.tt
l.r IrC Lrrlrly t.rlliru Ihi stxadr~/rtrl, It,).Irnlulu.rl 111 Iltqttit hnr It.y.1ur
I,Iry,u L,l t.r) tr.rLn whiri lcthttt,lut, n1 ttie,tu.'nrrut enJ tvrhr.r/rrrn art
Ic1.tUvily un,ltt ,Icvclr,(,tJ Nivrrlhrlr,,. thiy rlurtr,l An nn.rnr~lwurel rnrl
td,~iCUvr t un,rJrr.rlr~,n rr( t I,r,rt lrre .r,L,1trJ I,y .+ ,trh,lrnt+.tl ru.rlutrly uf
an ar1u11 I,nl,ul.rtn,t+ tltel Ilr: luntlwn, nl lulr.rttr, rr,r rn nrtrJcrn
I+lc hrvc ,untc 1urrlrvc ,ilnrht.imr dtt.1 v.tlui I Ilr-rt, (rr r1rt 1,i .+ntl
cv.ilu.rli Ihi,r Inn,trurn, rn I,n,nnr Irrrn, 1,y 1"ut1 Intti tr.r.u,h ,Irrrulrl,
anrl rrt' 1~i url, nr.rtlr I hry w111 l.t t.-nurtrrcrl
1(itt~ynrlr,n 111.11 Ihr ,i.uth L,r I.,,Ir,t, rn..11,,.1 rn 6rnt t.,mtt ,1t11
/tr, t.rt ltr In we, t Ir.rt Irt Nuvtrnln t. 1,tl Ilrr Nttnur.rl rclltC
rnt Atr I',.Ilntn,n hiellh .nrtla,trtri, dn.l ,crrntrlu nttr,lrl.ilrn, tc
kn,+wlctllitl llren 111.11 cvrt)rrttc rnrlIrrrlrng rtr I,nllnt.rnt, +, ttrrn ut
Itrnl t.tntt'r w.r, rt 1ti:rl :t,, r+t 1tt.rtit 1l+.tt1, 11t.r1 I+runIlnl, Ihr
,rnlunnr,
hnl~it tl ,nml,rnl
Vl'ht, lrtuwt wh.tl rrlhtr (u lrut nci rl tt+ lri r,trnultrt{' Mnt+y Ill-alltl
tlti, hevc hicn ,ulrr,IrJ hy tltntt:tl n1rtvtttt,n, :tntl Iry anun.rl r,llirl
mcntt 11+rsc ltavc Ir, Iic ,ul l litncnlrtl :rnJ ctl,Lntd
'llhc Iti,ttnrr. ul lunr t'antrr vrclrnt, nrct) 1n h: tnvi,u/.+trrl +ttu+tul.ly
Ir,r crnuntrrn cltmcnl. ,rl cvcry Icvrt r+f 1.'t,nn.t1 .rt+,l n+.tla,tl ctlritrinti ticv-
itA cltnrt. .ilrc.r.ly ++++tti .+Ir,nl ,utlt Ittti, h.rvt' tl, iurm.It.rlrJ Ilhr ptnnit,r
Ilt.rt Iht, .rly~tr~.ulr nr.ry yrclrl vUrl rnlr.rrueUrrn Atnr,nl 11+t.' ++t.+) I,r ntrn
Wrntrl tln, ,tuJut nl W.rllrr 1 inkr, ti1+rhL,n t ..,r,nr.r. .tnJ r,1 N,nm.ttt
Iritlrt .i+rJ thr. tIl,la,ttlt,
Il,r tr~n,l.~nl rl.mlrr r, Ilr.rl Iln, lurlrlv -+v Ilu1 1 I,.rnl l..r
.,.,II I, L ~rnlr .~t,l,ri1 I,y tL~ ,rnl,r ,t,lr, .1 I.r. I.r rn..u y
I'rogress iit Rescarcfi
'1his sciuun is dcvrtuJ lu a Jiscussitm nf thc majra lines of rescarth
cfftttt hcinK sul+pr+ttcJ by the T I R C. Ilre rcxarch prugram has a Iwo
fnlJ purlwrsc Onc is the aJvanccntcnt u( ntcdicel and scicnttfic undc[sland
ing tt( cancer anJ hcarl Jiscase, particularly. The nther is nrlentetl to
yucstit,ns t1cN hrvc lxcn raiseJ Cunccrning thc pos.ible title of trrhaiit) in
thcse unJ Itthcr htnnan ailmcnts.
l. Itl11fC F,xperimentut Keyeurch
lite SucntOii /1Jvisttry Huar1l has cunlinucJ ilc atlivc wtcrca in
thtcc Fhrt+rJ Itni. u,( tcscatch that nr.d Jevclt+ptncnl anJ catcmtnn
It r. hnlKJ th.tt .uch (atbecdurc wdl Cunltdrulc stcatlhly aurl ctrrt,lnri
lively It+wntls Ittc c.tIhlLslrutent ttl a snunP ubundatittn u/ c, Itcnmcnl:J
resccuih un llti ctinlttgy uf cttmtilutian:tl Jiscascs
Such a hwnJtut+n is an csscnU:tl clentcnt in tltc lin:tl st+Iulttm t+f Ihr
prnhlcm. t+( rantrul nr causalinn tt( such Jiscascs IY+ JiviLrlaucut nrust
ptcicJc anJ will Vtncrttc lhe tyl,e u( yuanUlattvc stuJics wl+itlt atc an
a),.ulutc I)rcrctluivitc ttn e.acl 1nt+wtcJge.
'thc thrcr {rncs t,( rescatt:h tucntit+ttcd ate ( I ) (.utinnlrn+itty ,nd
ICtu,tss:ty, 12 ) I ts.uc ('ullure; ( J/ 1'sychu physiult)gical fak arn
llrc+c will hc hticily dt.iu+uJ in urdcr.
1 1 A111'IN(N:F:NI(:11'Y ANt/ I{1/1AtiSAY tiftll/lla
When thc .t+Uttiial rsstx'rtlir+n stuJies t+n lunl; c:+nicr iniidin.c anJ
cig.trctlc snurArnl; wctc lit.t puhlt,hcJ, thc siulplc+l anJ ntn,t t+hvittu. Ihcuty
pur.ucJ w.t% that Inlh:tccu snutkc nul;hl cttntain ttnc ttr nu+re suh.tencis
lnuwn tt+ tictcn.c tt+ be,iatiint,tcnit It+ anitn:tls Arn+nh sr+.h su11+ncts
wcre xt+tne lurlynuilrar hyJrrxathuns lhat laeviuu,ly Irrtl Ivcn sclrer.tlcJ
Itt+nt ct+:t1 trr end t4rntllicA by elhcuti.ls.
It was luliial. Ihcrcftttc, (trr invc,u};atars Itt tntJrtl,Lc t Itcuucal :+nal
ysicut Itrh,icu,tur,lc wrlh thc viry scnvttivc nrntlcrn tcchnirfucv nf t'lurtrnr
trrly:y+aic .rlt,rrrunn anJ sl+cttrr+mrttic mclhnJs tt( ic)rnltliatnnn Suth
imc.ulelinrt. hIVC hccn ttndcr way in .cvcr;tl Lthnr.tttrtict (ru a mrntl-ct r+f
yrlrn anJ .r tirl.rrn .umrnnl t+f .1t,rA trAing is ntrw (+ut.rhlc
Iltt u,c I tl,t,c u+,,,lttn tcrhimitres has rc.ultrtl tn tilltrtt. I,y In,lc
hrnrtrn/ rnvr,lr/.rlnr, rr/ Ihr tlrict ti.rn nl ,iverrl lalynnt Irn hyJrra .rrlrr.ns
In rrl.rrtilr .nn~lr 1J.nrr r,1 Ihi I+e, :ntuelly hrrn t,nLNt'r1 Irrtt 1.,1,.atn
srmrltt tn t vrahlc rlu.rnltly Ih.'y hevi nnly htcn rrlcnlnccJ y+cttrrlt.rlrh
I1
Ih
ir.rlly rrt hrl!hly tnntrntr.rlctl fr./cltnns nf .nrrr4r ttmrlcn.Jtr lhc InvcNu
RJtnr4 rtIurr1 111.111 tile rmmittc yn.rnuttcs itlcnLrltc,l arc fJr Ircluw tile 1nnd.
t,/Inr,wnlnuhrl-l,el :tcllvlty rrn i.licrnnanlJl JnrrnJls
Ihus, a I,rrrhlinr is inllruviJ hy Ihc c.lrcmc u'n.rtivtty nf thcvc rnrxlcrn
anJlylla JI Ictllni,yucs ( Inly t few ycers al;rr, :I snnllJr scJrth wrrulrl hJvc
rcturncJ ncl,Jtivc IinJmgs :rnJ loh:rttu srnrdc wrwlJ h:lvc hccn rcrt)rlcd
/rcc rrnm Ihc.c hyJrlKJrhIqIC As n1011ers stJrltl'. Irlvc51/plllls are Irccd with
tile prr.hlcm trf rntcrprelinK the signiftcance of the in1in11rsntrJl Ireccs uf
such rclxrrtcJ suhslanccs '1 Fhe problcnl gains in intl,/rrl:tncc whcn cr,nsiJ-
crturm is given fn Ihc lacl th:rl simllar hyJrtxarhuns have hccn iJcnlilicd
in r,fhcr crrmmrrn cnvirtrnmcntal al;cnts, int'Iuding nnt only tuy air hut
smnnF; Ihe hakcJ, rn:rsted, hn,ilcd and r+lherwiu crx)kcJ (rxxl pruJucls
In Sil,trrntx r, I'lSR, an AuslrrllJn cancer authority rclx,rtcd 111.11 tile
hiJllnl; rrl .t.rrth unJcr tcrtaln cnnJuirms pr/wlutcJ Iraccs nf hvArrx'arhr,m
sirnrln Irr Uw.c rrl+nrtrrl ulcnUlttJ Irt snr,rkc tnndcns.rtcs frum hurntrl
trdbJCCn
Prr.I,L rn. r/ Ifi,rrri.ny
I lru., ncw I,rhlcnl% I)evc tx'rn r:rrwd rrf hrnJ.%:ty and t:trtinul.,cntcily
tests nn livrnl-, Jrunt.rls Out'%luons ptcvinlct) fur Jllcnlion /nilurli Ihe rC-
IJlilrn. hclw,in rLr..rrc Icvil. rLr..rl:c inlcrv:rls :rnJ 110.11 clnl sc nl Unlc;
tile Iauldrm rrl IlrrcvhrrlJ., Ihc Iur.al.lc t'unntl.rlrvr cllctlv nf nrlnulc dnses;
:rnd thc t,unlrtct rnl.ntLr/n,n. rrl nulr.rtrnl. Irrrnuotrng, inlydnUnl! JnJ aug.
mcnUnl; JI'rnls
I IrC.t I~r,~l.liin% rrl Iqrr.r.~.ry Jn,l c.rrclnulini.is J(c nl l,rr,.ul irnlxal In
tile wh.di I1r1,1 rrl Iri.rllh nrvc.lrl,.rlr.n ,rm1 1tnl",.i Ihc nccrl Inr nrutIt Ih,rstt
Jnrl sy'%ICrrt.rl_II wotl
Ititnlruirrl/- tlrrs nicd, Iht' S.Itnlrlit Arlvrr,ny It,r,ud tilrnn.,rlcrl .1 tun
fcrtntc rrn Ilri snlr/rtl on A1,ry t/, 1'/SH In :rrl,llti.1n In ntcnrlrcn n( tile
Ifr,JrJ Ih,rsc ,u1, nrlinK wcrc
I1H /IUW \klt 11 AN11t kVlrNl. t lu./, I.,hur.,rry ur HnJry. N.,u,.n.J
1 .nr In.nrnle. Ilrrl,c.d.,. M.n,l.,n4
ItH I HI Ir (. HUl K, \t.i 1',r,k
AI, ,n,l In,rnIC. 11rl,h. Nrw y',.rl
Itk (: 'l)1 I 1 A 1(/k 1 A. Ihr.rn nt /lu,,,h-t;y, lI,e 1 Ln.,g,. MrJ.,el
GL,,..1. ( hn.,~n, Ill,n,nv
/Nk I HI 1/1 klr 1 1 kl N( II
IrH 1V.n1 II H I 111 \trlN, 11J,U,ncr.rl Iln,l~~gy Cnrr,n. N.,rronel t en
tr, In.nr~~ir II,r1,r.J.r, M.uyl,,nJ
I)H I lll Illrs II(IKIIIttH(,1 K, IrrvJ,nl, Ilw kr.r.,nL In.)nurr, lm ,
1.uul, iJ)r hu.rU.
Ilk w r Ilt'l 1'1 K. 1 I,r,l 1 n.vnurcnt.J N.,rrn.,l (..n
Irlt r 11 ~ul 1`, 1 1~t N,I 1 H It,l, ,rm, ni n/ 1'I~ ~ ~l,r~y .~~,1 IIn
I
1)K (, IItIHKrttt(:11\ 111II11 K.1..,rr.,rc Ifu..r,n n, r I~,,r);: ( kc.c.u.h
N I 1
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1 ItwtN II ,nII/lrk/'11y kan...% r.,r:. k,,..,t Ir I.,a1.un IUr
rn. .r r.,l I.dn,,.,rur 1. Il.u I l.n bur 111
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11k Itl NI \PIIN .\ KI)IIIN. Il,p,,,r~~rn ..1 /',d,h, IIc,Jrh ,,oJ 1rc.rnrr.[
ht I
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\11/ \H I 111 \1 \\11f,1V, A.v.t,,nl llnt,rnr Neha,n,J ( ~utrr lu,rrnnlr
14,6r.,L,. K1.,u/1.,uJ
I)k Iv11rHK11' 1 1111 Ak, ( href, I,rM1ur.dury uf <'A.mK-~I 1'Irarm:ri,daY,
N.,un.J l.n.vr 1n.ululc Ilklla.,l.r, f.1..rt1~nJ
( hc crmfcrtn.c rc.ullcJ in .clling ulp ccrl:tin r,h/ccUvcs Suhscyucnlly,
an S A 11 Suhtrtnnnnlcc rfn Iliu.tss:ry anJ (:Ircinrr;!cnc.ls w:rs alqx,utlrtrtl
lu wtrrl :ICllvrly fur J hasii IattEr.nn un su.h I,rr,lrlcrus Ihc hr.1 .crics l
ncw Icsls r. Ixml~ I,Lrnncd currrnlly al thc Illn Rc.c.uch Imtrlulc rd (':rnl
hruh'r, hl:r.. It rN hryaJ 111.11 Ihr.c will Itarl tr, nryarvirl rnctltnJ. ul raling
wltJ,rnrrs .rnJ nnUurrs l,n ril,ruvc c:urinng.cttit' atli.rly rn sl,rnrlnrJlrcd
Jnlnl.rl .rrh.tr.ur.
i1s 1, wcll lnrrwn, .cvtr,ll Lrhur:tlttrics Ir,IVC rcl,raltrl IhJ1 tile I,cr
srslcnl :tJrnrnr.lr,run rd srntr{,c tv,nJin.:rIcs iu hc,lvy Jv.rlc. rrn Ihc .lnlt
nf .cn.nivc .rn/nr.tl. .Ir:rlns 11.1% rc.ullctl nt rr'.:r.itrn.ll ut.rhrn:rnt Inutnrs nn
vnJll I,crirnl.llcs rr1 tile Ic.l ,rnlnt:rl. Nuw :Irnunl' Ihr.r n r,nc Lrlarr.rlrrry
ptnrlt wh,r.r .lutly w:rs prrnancJ hy Ihc SircnWic Arlvr.,rry Ilrr,url Suth
exl,crnurnt,J uh.rrv:/uun.l,ruvirlc a ufininnnn tci Illnnun.lurrn trn tile qlus
Itnn td cllril. u/ Inh,rtrt, .nnrlc rrnrlir ntrnu:rl crrntlut,rn. r,n tile rt.laralrrry
.y.tr,n rrl luut AI ht'.1, IhcY :Ililic:lr lu Sli'nily wh.u rn,r.l ntv..ul.rl,rr. tun
ccrli L:r It.ldr l.rul,rltc atlrvny nl Iht' Int,rl tt,ntlcn.Jli lur I,Jtlrtulrr It.
.ucv ul I,ct rhi .tr,un, rrl anun.rl~
tirrrrrR. Inlud.rli..n 1'r.h A'rI;ruirr
r\II ,rnnfr,rl ctl,rtnnint. unrrlvluF rhrrtl rnh,tl.rlin nf srnuAc Ir.rvc
Lrllitl hr Irr,vhr.i I.rnnthnlini. i:ut/n,rur,l, ,rnrl rvin .rrr,J.t tun,lrn..rli.
tnlr,rJn... l rnl Ihc 11,14 hi rrhrnnt hr,rl Ircc. 1.1 nrtnrr.rl. )n h..rvy rln.,rli.
(rrvr lerlrrl I rnrlrrcc Iln, ninl,le.ot
luth rt.ull, rnrl,h.nvc Ihr nicJ lur drritl t'.I,irrnrrnt.rl tr,ntl..rrr.,,u.
dnurnl. tnrl..u.rl,lr Ir..rn'. ul v:nuru. .)urnrel .I.rtrrs ,rml t.lrrt).rlly nl
hrrrn.rn htnrr. %rn,: hmir.rn cvl,irrmrnl~ wllh la,lrrrl t.u,ntul,n t.rnn d
Li tnnlrrul,l. lt,l Ihr rrtir.c Iq,rr,lnr: .rl.lrier 1 Irr rn lrt.,l1 .\ ntnrrl~, l
l.rr I,r.lr.n.rlr,ml 11.1%, Irc.'n rnyd,rttJ Irr 611.111) ~t.u. Inr Ur.rlnunt
nl hrrruin Nlin ,Ir.,,rJrr. t.ilh,rnl c,.r rrtr.rllnl uty rr,.,/nvi.l ..r r,lr,nlI
t ert )nnlt mt .n Ir, rtt I lu. nlrtn. Ihr Ir,,..rlulrly 1 ,rlunr,il I, .1. ,t rllr .m h
nl,.l.rn,i. r. .r I .nhr,tnn Ihr nurtIr rrri,lr,1 rrr.,nr. r,
I,., , r, I,n,ii.rr, 110 rnn 1 , r, . I'r, 11.11411 ,r 1 1, .1 I,.,,, .,,It
~Ir,mn n r,JL ,u. Irllrr, n. r nr .l,n .u..t 1Irlrl,lt Iq Irr nn .ui~l
hmn.rn b,nri. ,tlu.Ir ru.ry 10, ,.rl,.,lI, nl nir, I,n,r..,6.rr
IH
(/n Illt wIrIc II :II,IKeh tht'rt' 11.1% ht't'n .111 unlu,lillrJ Jrt/rc' /,1
clnl,ll,l,it nn Ihc aorttc(H Ihal a.I,illht :1(;rnl In .tl',rnls in thr I,.,tluul,tlr
(+tt.l,c tt( .nn,ke ntiF'ttl lti a (,ttlut In ll,e .1(,It.trrnl rr1,,W,n.ln(, l,ctwa'in
snu,ktng .m,l huln:rn hrl,nahgrmr t'./riimnuI V,Irunl. I,rr,lw,,.l1, /t Inr.t
sutcs rrlrtin(; tl+ snu,ktn(; Ihel (,I,tce IYIIl rctiIntc un Ilti, tnntcl+l trt (,rr-
m,lllnc an,l t,lnlcclur:ll tn thc Iw,int n( i(res(aln,tlnllly.
2 rlI/F: c111.TIIltF: ti(Ii1111'ti
Ihr us.ut ctllwrc pr//(;rrnl i> n,lw well lut,lrr w,ly in Iltltc ltntsat,ily
ccl+h'ts 1f h,,., t.lkca (hc /uttul thlcfly of (wt,t tl,K'1,Ir.tl (rlL,w+hl(, a(,l,nrnt
rncnts 11) (urnt+ll ,lx't l./lltc,! Iraln/n(; ut Ille arl .Inrl li ntr ,d u,stlr tulunc
nr sl(rn I'Invi,in i, ntadt /1,1 ahtw rtt.ttk ulx,n IunaLuurnl,ll (1r,drlrnt,
uN wt'll ,s Itrr,IJrlu% hc.lrlny; yx t lht ,,lly ulw,n Il,c .,I Inrnten
1un(; m.I1tn.,S I t h.tllrnl c
Irn ,mc I.,I,nr,llmy, nnnn.ll dn,nl.,1 .tn,l hurn,u, 11,111! U,.ut ,Ir.lrll+ Ih.lvc
m,w txrn m.llnt.,mr,l Ir n,.rny ntnlh, nr tvrr,r, tfirr,nnutt,. th.tltli, h.tvt'
Ix'cn utcrvcd n,mulrly II frcyutnl Inlrrv.lh, .nul Ih. rt'v(w,n,t% t v.lrnnuv
thellinl;c\ ere nw bt(ntnm(; In hc l"crvcJ i\nlhrr 1ab,n.tlty i, .las
tcnllrUny c11n1( ulxln mtl,ttctl aultutr rt/rth,wl, wtlh :I vlcw lu I.I.trnmg
e tK'llt'r vnrvlv.ll r.llr ,rm.,nh tnlhnc,l at11.
A cnnlirtn,c 1 ,is,rw I,t).,r. I a,l,.,,tl,' ,nI.,I,,,.,Umn. .InJ ,cl nt'w
r,1,tls w,ts IttI,I n I'r,K I1, , .,n, rn1" t1, 1 II' 11,i,iril,
fltc (IluwUtl; .n,.l ,..,t, I,..aul
I/K
I)K
Uk
1)k ('lltl ll r Iwtl'1 k r lu,. , .1 I',d..... ,.I " , , sn.. rl 1... .r,.., 1 .4
hrr d MnL,-r Il-n. N- \..t
(,1/1K/.1 11 (,I Y. Ilnr,l., I,un,t IL,v.,ll I k,.,.,r,1~ 1~L~n
tury, As,,....rr /'r,da..a nl \n,K,ry Ihp.ni,miil 1 `...,/rry (fir
II(.t,nI llnraralyr'xh,.,l 1 Mr,Larnt. I/.,hru.r[, MrrYl,,m)
A11k1' V KI I I/, Iht luhn, 1luplun S.h,xd ,d Atrdramr, Ilrll.ru,.,r,
RI.,yIrnJ
Iw/NAl Il M/'A/ I'. Wu(cs..r rn0 ( hrrnn.,u, Ur~rrln,rnl u1 1'hy
Ilk
(/K
UK
UK
1)I( s,.duKy. 11,rr.l,u, h,.li/ult (or /( rllul.u ktsr.,r.h, ILt tlnlva-ni/y ,f
N[Ma.kr, I rntIn, Nrhrrsla
AI t( I. /1 I 11/1'1, Iht l/n,rtr+ily uf Nthrr.lr, I lntuln, Nrln,..~r
MASAIIIKO Al11lt1ANI, I/svur (ulluri I.rharrlu,y. Ikprrlrnrnl /il
Analnmy. Iht tlnrvrrsity ut It..+ MrrJlul (:atvr,wn Ir...s
Y/1 NAKANI5111, liswt ( uhu,t 1 rMnrt,uy. Ilrp.nlrnrnl / .4r,r
1,,,ny, lht tln,vcrslly u/ lr[rs MaJrtrl 11r.,n.h, (:rlva,bm. I,.r.
( 11AK111' WTYMI)lltll. S/..(1 Sai,nn+1. k,~.ar II Iral.,~ M,,,,u
I,.d I rhu7mY, Hrt Il.,tx,t, Mrrnr
!sIIIAK I M tl SS(IMS. AMSlslrnl l)r.rtlnr, Nr/1,u,,.,l (bn.cr In.l,lult,
1)K Hrlhr.dr, M.I,yt.nd
K/11111 KINI~ K S^NFIIKII. Ir..ur M
n
~
1tr,JaRY. N.trnn.A (.narr 1n,utut<, N.,tunrl lu.iriutas u( Il.~llh, It,16tsJ., Mar)t.nj
S ( 11111'l1Y',11/1//1:11'A1. Itl 1 1It( II
Ih, I~It.rI,~)r..,) In. .1,11,1r. nt.,,1-.r,l ,n :t ,ttr.lN ,.1 a~,
f
r
use have .rfrratly htcn Inuchcd u(wrn I hesr in.luJr (hc (;t/rI uf suhl4tlIng
lhc teasun. (,tr ,nlt,kinK III sl,me tSr,rnlyUvc an,rly+rs in trrnro ( huul,ln
ncctls unJrr nllw/crrn cunthliuns trf (llc. It is inlpurlont ltl lratn jusl wlw
snw,kcs antl wt+t, dt,es nul in telatiun lu Inyehrd,tl:y, (thysarh,(~y, /eru1Kra
nlrnl ;.ntl w I,tl Itl/uslolenl, and tu dcatadr: (,attc(ns ltl sulatktub I,chevr,n
Such drstrlltunn may I,e aplyliul lu yrarng I><rs/rns whu are jua br(;uuunA
Ihts l,r.trutc Itu tlrlcrnunc wlwt klntl af J sCICf11lN1 Ixcuts I1 utay t+c rp
phrJ 1/, nlutc mature sluukcrs /u dclcrnunc hl/w Ihc cvululu,n tll thcrr
sn,nkink; p,luclns lrav IYCCn tclalrtt lu Iheit (»ychulltl;ltrl and I,hy,rutgn rl
nl:tkc up :utQ lihclr lric c><(kricnt'rs.
Ihe l,hcannlene acclwllpanying Ihe crssatil/n of srnuklnl; alicr h.nh
h,/hllualiun nray ht tlt'sirlhahle in Irrnls of Ihe tcspltn,cs, tc.ullu,llucntv
and tcaclluln, (u ,Icl,laveuun Sinltlatly, Ihc drllcrcnt'r> arnuw)(; /n,hvnlurls
in IILe ra,r /,r surtcss wnll whiih Ihry can u11c/ 1hcu Irratltccs ,Illc-t lua(;
c.(kncntrs ntay IK Imftutuve.
71hc (y,h6,f;ttal anll (,hyslullr(;icrl tharaclctrslms 1,( pctst,n. wlut
have Ihvcd tu cxtrrmc old agc as Ilcavy snwtkcrs, wllhuul ill cilr((s. Inry
pruvc 111 t,e /,f spt't:i.ll rnlcrrst.
'Iwn I,il1 studlrs Jrawin6 up/tn Jal;l alrrally acrunlulrtcJ In /tlllcr
researth Itr,yrtts wrre s(wtn.atrtl scvctal yeat% attt and havc n+tw rc-
sut(cd in sugl;cslivc (Irclmlirlary rc(wnts hy I)rs. (Llrk Ilcalh Hr111 ( ha/Ics
McAtlltur.
'ft) srl up sprcilic Itlans anJ guals as wcl( as Iu dl,russ thc lct'hniyucs
av:111:II,IC (,/t altal'k ulN/ll IhCse llllht:uh Iyr/l1YlCllls, \t'vcral IlllUtlllal rUllnlt
t:lble tIrnfc(cntrs h,tve Iwcn s(w)nsured by Ihc Iluartl
'Ihe fitst uf t11rx was held on tirlllcmhrr 6, 1957, ;In,l inclu,lc,l Ihr
fulll/wing (x'rtunv uthtr Ihan mcnlbers u/ Ihe lSI1;uJ
Ilk 1 kNtil /: /II IIK, An.,x,,dr Ihulo..ur of /'sy,laduKY, I)hrralw .,f
1 hnra,,t Irrrnu,R I'roKn,ul, tlnrvtrsrlY uf I/lrh, $rll I.,1[ / nY, Illrf,
I1k 111/;1 NI- M III 1//d111 K(:, 1'/,.an,/nr I'.),lhuln,,./, 1 uur hrrah,
( rhl.nuir
I/K 111 NKl' I 1/n11N('I-Y, Prtvidrn/, I~ducrliunrl I[.ImK C,ru,c, 1'1u,.t
1nn Nrw /, ncY
11K knl I'll W.1111// (:IKAKI1, Wufcssur nf Nrur,phYal,l,.4y. Mcnl.l
11r.,llh Kr+a.nah Inslrlnlt, Ilnrvrrs[/y ,d Mlahr~.,n, Ann ^,bur, Mah
1/H IH)N1111 W M.,.KINNtIN, I'rol,..ur u/ 1'sY.h,d,.KV. Un,v,~,,,lr /
I rl,/,nn..r (1n ~,IUr, Inll/tult uf I'tr...n..hlY M.,+.m[nl rml Ita...u.l,
IIr,1rl, y, 1 ,'Ir/,nnrr -
Ilk 1',% (11 /'11K 11 K, I1:parlrnrnl u/ 1'+yahulu6'Y. I/nrvrr.,lY .,1 U,.,h
%r11 I rtr / dy, 111.01
Uk 1) I/ 141I111, I)uc,lnr, 1'sy,Lal,.p.~l ti.rtnar. (h.n,,,n lNh,a ,.1
N..v..l 141 ...,ra h. W.,.hrnt) (1tK kINAIrt I1(,11ik/ I:r..Au.,lr \.L,..I of Il,,.u.r.. AJo,..,,.,,
ttK 11/'.1 I IUtllll K, n.v.aI. Itsl,,.,,14.,
Mu sIr, \, h,..d .,/ I1. rl,h, At.u.u,. ..A1,u,., ,,.,..
I/k ( I AkK W IIIA111- Pr..fe.,nr n/ A/tJitrnt. Iluctrur u/ Ile+llh Ser
,ar, 1,41, I/nt.er,dy. MnlhuJ, A/.,,+ahuarl.
Ilk (/11k1I C M,AKIIIIIR, Psy,h,d,yrvl r,l rht llnrvervey /Ie+Ilh Strvµr. 11. +rJ llniveruly. (
rnfvrJ1e, Mau,hn.ent
ItH I Ak1II IfJIIII 11111 '1IlI1MAS, Atuxr+lt Pr.Je,tu. ul McJ,.rnc,
Ilht Iol,n, /lnplrnt Un,versrry, N.Inowrc. M+tyLnJ
A sccunJ confcrcnce un lenurry 24, I'1SA, included thc ftAlnwinR
Icrstlns:
llk //1\1 1IIH11/IK, Aswcialt Proltsvot ol Phy,nduarcat tiy[trr,c, I.m
ct.iry ul Mrnnt.uld kho.d of Public IIt+IdA, Mutnc+ryJrv, M.nne,.rr+
l)k I)IAN I1)AVII'S, AJrmnivl.a/or for Rt,c+t.h nn I un{ (+n,tt,
An,rnt.,n (.nttr $ocrtly, Ntw Y.wl, N Y
11k IIAHIfIN I1 IUNIS, Ui.nt,rn ol MeJi,+l Phy.rcv, llnrver.uy of 1+I
if,ant., Itrtlclty, Cah/rm
I)k M/'r1W/I1 1AWION, Attnlanl 1)vttru., Psythul..p,.l Sc.-tt,
N,un.r,.wn Sl+le Ilu..r/.l, Nu.rna.wn, Pennalv+n,a
IIH 1 11.1k1/ C tv1,AK1II'IR. t'snbnh,rr,l lo Iht I/n,ver.nv 11,0111 , )rr
, . Il+r.+r,l Ilru vtrvlY. (
IIH IIlkt 1' Hlt 1111K, 1luttt..r. /'.ythut~r,./.,rr,+l l.br.r+l,n), ILr
I,du IAqdu,. Mthcal C.b,nJ, H+Ihuwrt, M.uyl+nJ
Ilk K'1111AR1 II SIII I ININ, tht.,l,n, (.dlrlit u/ 1'hy.ar.n. .nJ \ur
rmt, I ohm,fnr llmvtrsrly. Ncw YrwY. N Y
I)H II 1) SMI1I1, 1)uhlnr, P.)vhnlupaal S.,tn,c. 1lrvrvun, I)fl,.t o/
N.,v+l krw.rth, Wa,hrnKtun. tf ('.
Ilk kI NA1/) 1A(:Il/kl, l~r+Ju+tr ti.htt,l uf 1luvne+t AJnun,.n..rin,
Il.,rv..rJ Ilnrversiry, <+ruMrJKt, 1I+v.ethu.t/h
'Ihc+c (trn/crcntcs and a still lurlhcr sc..n,n of a slnall suh cunnnnlcc
t,n (ktr.l.cr 17, I'lS1{, hevc In,MluccJ J 1,1rn ctIn,l,rl.mg cnntrclc ul,jrc-
Uves Ihe lir,itd nrrw f)Lrns tit a.uv:tle scvct,rl nrw sluJlcs of :ucunlu-
Ia/cJ d:rta in Ihc hnltc tl/ t,hlrininl; :Itl.huun:ll tlut's Ih.d nl:ty I,It,vc inl
fwrl:tnt in thc untlcr.t:mJing ul lltc wldcshrc,J hum.ln nscs uf luhaccn
11. Crrrfliuru+l'rrlrrr llt'+t'rrrtlr
Hf6CJrlI1 inlt, the eltects t+f nrct+line :trul +nulking t,n Ihe c:uJiuvascular systcln has rcccived
consiJcrehle Iht,ughl anJ attcnliun frunl
Ihe ticicnlific /\Jvisuly Ittlard In addition to gr:lnts ruatJc slxcilically for
rcacarch lanjccts nn this suthjccl, a numhcr of rNhtrs, such as Ihe granls
In Ilc:lth, lirtliek anJ Keys, cr,nccrn IHqlnl,/lilln sludlcs Iflal inclutlc in
.
It,rmrlitrn un Ihc InciJcncc t,f corunary thr:lrl Jr,c.l,c in rclelirrn hr smtrking
(rnfw,rt.lnl aJilrlitrns Irr rnt'thc:rl knuwli,lhc t,f Iaclrrrs allcctinl; Ihc
hcarl anJ tlrcvl,luun Ilavc alrcnly hrcn nlulc :1+ :1 rc.ult of Ihrs rc.r:uch
In tunnttl)nn wllll .mnkinl!, in It.rrlriul.lr, tht hnJrrlF,. hIVt I+rt,tlrrccJ
tvtJrnic Ih.rl r% cnnlrayy tu .,,nlc nlltn yuulrJ t,l,lninns drrivcJ Irtau
sln,lii, meJr Ivu.r t,r tlrvcby,rncnt nf In,Lty', Ic,linulnr+ Ir +uth wrk
I)r ^1. Krtn
t
( nrfrN /(.rieu Ptrarnr..1
1)r (',Illcll he% crtnantcd lu I,<rntil his rcvrcw tu lie int InJrJ ,1. Ihr.
stcutrn r,f Ihc Annn,ll 12clwlrl It shntdJ I.c nu1rJ /h,ll hc tlr.ru..cs Ihc
prngrca of st,n/e wnrk rhal hIS ntrl yet I><cn Irnhlr.hcJ Illc rclnwm.lcr
rd Ihr. c,rrJluvauular .cctinn is I)r. ('a11tll's revicw.
(:rr.lh;.r h,ls undcrl:lkcn a cunlprncirn.ivc s1uJy t)f the iardruvJUUl.tt
anJ rc.l,ir.ttt,ry cllccl. r/l nicnlinc incluJlynl; eight hJrJ111c1cL] td attH,n
'Ihe ncl cllccl un tllc circulaUun is cumlllcK hccausc uf thc u/.lny sucs
uf :rclitln lhe resulls inJl.;uc Ihat the initial clfecls t/f nitntlnc ar1J Ihn.c
prtNluccJ hy .nl,lll duxs :uc tluc lu sliuluLuinn uf chnlnwtcccl,lr,rs rn Ihc
alntic rnJ c:uuriJ Mahcs, whose allcrcnl% rcllctly cau.c hyl.rlrnc.t, hyl,cr
Icmu.n :Iml I:rrhyi.IrJrj Pvlca.utclurnh uf Ihc h1ut.J 11rtw llut,ut,h rbc
fcmta.ll rrlrry rn Jnhs .rml 4.11% I/rtwlJcd cvnlcncc t.f th.urhas .r.t,nJ.uy
tu 1I1ct Is r,n I,Lrtl prc..rrrc wi111 ntl rnarlctl Clltcls wlut h cuulJ tt
a1lrllhuteJ lu a thanlr ln Ihc rr.l.t:rllcC t.f Ihc vascuLtr I,ctl
Anr,lh,r Intr/ccl Irnvnlving thtr Ilh:urn:lc(.lugy ul nltullnc i. 16.11 of
I'rh4un, wlrn rs stutlyrnp Ihc struclurc-aclivlly rcl.ltit.n,hyl t,l cutn/,nunJ.
whlch I,ruJucc Illciy clfccls Ily :tclinl; al Ihtt s.lulc silc :r% n/iuunt llrs 41.11.1
are ctln,ut.nl wltlr thi hylwlth.va Ih:U nictltlna and t'crtaln tuhcr bLKklnl;
ahcnts tlcut:Isc Ir.ul.nussu,o Ihrt/ugh dlc .ulrtrlur ccrvlial I;.Inf'lu,n ut Ihr
cat Ly inlcrlt:rrng wllh llhc rclc.r.c uf :tcclylthulrnc /rulu Iht: l,lrh,ul/;hulut ncrvc
Icrrnin:ll ~
l1'irufin' .uvf ffJ..... f 1'rrsrla
Sint'c nrctdmc, ill atnlc suhlcct. :11 Ic.ul, r.ruscs .r launytl Jrry, of ,km
Icnll,cr:lturc, inJlc:tlUnl; c'un.lriiu,m tll' thc sul,crluial vc+.cls. It 11.1% I,tcn
ctmunr,nly ;rsvurrlttl Ihal nlhcr vauul,rr IKd. Itarllcil,Ilc sinuLuly Il.rw
cvcr, Ihrs is nr/t Iruc nl nr,lny tllhcr Jrul;s; in lacl. Ihrrc rs rnrlrc Itl,cly In
hc d rCilf,r,K':II rcl.ulun.llilt hclwetn Ihc vasculet ttmc t,t thc tlrcl, :ut,l
sulKr/icl.ll vcsscl. If Ih,s wcre ntrt llrc ta.c, /1 wtu/1J rc.ull rn a.h.rnl,i
in lllc cJl,erny of Ihc v:lsrular systcrn ncccs.rl,lring
crrnc.Irr.nJml: ch,rn/:r.
in c,uth:rc r,ullarl Sl,riiel :Illt'ntiurl 11:1c thCrt'lure hctr1 I!ivcn /u Ihc s1uJy
of Ihc cllc:r. trl nlcrHmc Inl .fkc/ht' v:rstuL1r IKtl. AR.t/ftirn/r.l 11.0% tn.,Jc
tnca,lucn,rnla of Iht cllicl of nrcullnc t,n Ihe hltuwl fL,w Ihruulh Iltt .Im
end musclcs in ntrn Kcsult% nLt.tincJ Ihruul;h Ihc usr t,l I,Irlh).nr1/.rl h
tr,luu,lni,, .,nrl Ihi Ilina1 Ilhcnn,,.lttlrl1 ncirll., mtht,ut 111rl Ihr .b-w
inlrrvcnrnrs nrlr,tu,n ,rf nr,ulnlw rlnrc.tas hhr,pl Ilw tn Ihr lln ,nJ
int rc:ras if Ir.rn.,rnlly rrl rr,lrn/ .l, 1, 1.,1 18111,4 Ir Snl,lt.,r 1 I,.r .i ,r,,,. l .r
r,i,lv Irn, h, . n r., J, e,.,rl,rlJr 1 1,.,v.,,.,1 In lln. ,, 1,.rr rl .1,,,.,1.1
h,n1, J Il,.ir ,,, I.,nl .il., .r. I') Iv NI.r.rnr...n. /.vttl,r ,,n,l 1.11,1 nli, in r
I,,,I,I,JrrJ .luJi, ,.ur ILr I,L-.J Il,,,t in,l Juu,r In Il,r h.,nJ .u,J I,r, .u.
which In"viJc Sd1111JCtury rvrJrntc thet tllr veu' Kttn.trttlur rr.l>.rn.r
frunt srnrtkinF th.rractcrislic td tltr skrn vcsu:lk td thc h.rntl rs mrl sh.rrrd
hy Ihr vcacls sul+ltlying Ihc tuustlcs trt lltc ftuc:unt In thc l.tltcr. Ihcrc
was citFtrr nu resltitnsc or a sntatl intrcase in hh>,rJ Iltlw
'lltr etfctl uf smuking t/n Ihe Ixrrpheral trrtul.ttiun ha% hrrn stuJred
by frrunJ using ntultr lcchnical pruccdures (skirt tcnt1ltralllrr, digital
plclhysnutl;ralthy, raJtu srwlium skin elearance and A-V thlfcrcnce in O,
satur.lulm and Ltclic aciJ). A significant rctlutuun in Ikrilthcril skin
tcntrcraturc raJitt srxlium clearance and vcnuus oxygen salurariun was
observed after cigarette srnuking. 1his was asstkiatctl wilh an incrcasc in
/tulst rate antl markctl individual varlahrllty with Jiy;tlal plclhyvmuKralthy
1 hcre were no siRnifit'ant changes ttbsctvet) fulluwtng sh rln +nud rnl;
.Srrrlnn has 1,uhfishcd his study trf Ilte clfctl rtf chcwing tuh.rrttt nn
thc ttitulnlnm rrl..nting an intrre.c tn -Pulse r.ltc antl blttt14l Itrcvsurc,
a dctlr.tsc tn skn tcrnltcralurr anJ thangcs in Ihc h:rlh.lK,nthtt.relth,
changrs whlth arc atlrthutctl lu Ihc nktNinc ahsrutxtl dmtnl; Ihc thcwm);
n/ I4A..Itttr ( omlterrhlc sludres are now Itetng carried uut 4111 Ihc ellrtls
rtf Itlx and t/g.tr tn trkrng
Srntrl,...' l'nrrnta Ftn.ntl l)iflrrrnt
llh.rnrtlr h.n ttuJtr l Iltr tutul.tlnry rt'.I-n.c lu til;.uctti .nuoktng
ill hralllty ntalr Inrdit.tl stu lrnt. wh.t It.tt,iluelly mJull~i hy nm.un td Ihr
IrJIIoINa/t11.~1'I.Iph .um1 othrr litordrttl,% l hc rr,ttll% h.rvr Itct n.ut.tlyicd
wllh riltrin.r 141 Ihc vy.tnht, tli.t.l..ltC antl ItnlSi Ilres.ulr. hr.rtl rJlc,
strt+kc vnhltnt dn.l c.trJt.rt- outltul I hc (den r% Itt turrrL.tli Ilic I.tlltrn~
of t'trtul.rtnry atttvrly wtlh ulhcr th.rr;rtlrrruts tlf Ihe inJntJuel Ihe
results shtrw that slntrkirtg results in a vil,nnccanl nlten ri.c rn %y.tulti and
tli.rstullc fvcssurc, hcart r:rle antl crrJi;lt: rtutput antl a f.ill in slrnkc vulumc.
Pulse tur..ure wjs little atlccleJ I he results were reprrxluctblc anJ Ihc
petlrrn ch:rractcriaic lur Ihe intliviJual She has af.u provlJrtl csulcnce
that smukcrs as a tlass are tt/ a tltllcrcnt ctat.tttuUun;rl tylx tltan nnn-
smtrkcrs, in Ihel the parcnts td srttodcrs arc rnttrc Ircyuently allttted hy
hcarl tll.case than the parcnts rtf ntnt srnttkrrs
Il'n.rJ 11.1% lucdsurcd Ihr ve.utnnstntlur clfirls td sntukinl; nt rcl,rtir+n
lu Ihc trntlxralu/c of Ihc cnvirttnmrnl dnd dhstinrntc (r.tnt Ioharttt uant.
a Itlrthy.rntrr/.ltlnc Iethn.yue :rlytlit-J to Ihr It.l antl anklc Ihe smtrkinK
of Iw tIF,.Irllr. rcvullctl in a ritlutlnut in hltwtJ fltrw tn nc.rly all rxlxrt
nlcnlv ;rvcr.rpinl 22"S Ixing little :tllcttrJ hy alt.trurncr or runm Icrnlrrr
alr rr \ntnlu r, Itr wlutrd Ic%t v.r~rK n.lrithnn 111.111 ttMrhnl! Illc tnvrrttn
mtnt Ir.nn K 1' I.. r.N'1 In (urthrr Ir.t% tn Jrtrrnonr wht~lhrr Iht.r %Urnult
.tl,.. tllrt I tl, t int ri.r.rtt Itl-rd Ilow 111.11 rullnwv .t prrual trl r.'.rn,tvc hY1xI
emia, it wus dcrnttnstralctl that tstkly ct>tlling wa% a rnurc t unslslcnl sttntulus
thin srrttrking twu ti6arciles in reducing reaclive Ily/tclrr/lla, rnd thrt Ihc
two slinluh ntay have adtlitive effects. (:.pcriulcnls on paticnts wrth syrn
pathcc4mtirctl Iruths showed no decrease in rcaclive hypcrctnia bltHxl
fltlw durinK snulking, producing evitlence that the slimuli in normal pcr-
suns were ntrdiatcd Ihruugh the sympathetic nervous system.
l;*t A tlran, whtt was assrxialcJ with the rtxtve wotk, sludtrtl aFso llte
effect u/ nicutine on the peripheral veins. Rapid inlravenuus atlruinislra
liun resultcd in constriction of Ihe veins bul, since this was acauultanicJ
by pain and hyfxrvenlilatiun, cor»/ricliun may have !><en sct'untl.try. lhts
appeared Ut bc ca)nfirmctl by tests which showcd that htut+tl shillctl out uf
the furearrn vcins in each instance during hypervcn(ileliun whllc hrcallung
air 'Ihis sulxcas that peripheral venuus cttnslriclian rnay serve lu intrrasc
thc avalLlhtllly u/ hltalJ lu Ihe lrcatt duting dccp brcalhrng
Nu F,(IrN trn llrnin llluurl Flute
II'rthilrr is tluing work on the effects of cigarclte suwkmg ttn Ihe
huwan hrarn Measurements rre being ntatlc on Ihc crrchr:J hluttt) Iluw,
cerebral mctalndivrn, bltwttl gases, btartl pll, clcctrtKardalgrams, arlrnal
pulse Inc+sure curvcs and elcclrtxnccphalugrarns OIhrr Ih;rn an incrrasr
in Ihc pnlu ratc antl an inlerruittent flaltening rtf Ihe clectrttrncrph.rlic
rct'tln/ings, nu sil;ndicant changes have thus lar Ixen fntmtl lurtrbttm is
evaluating elcclrurelintlgraphy in cumparison wilh trlhcr Irchniyues fur
he stutly u/ the circulation of the brain and retina.
A rtunthcr of grants have been given for Ihe stuJy ol chan);cs in Ihc
curunary cilcutatian resulting from nicutine and smttking /lu/Arrnrhrrl
ha+ sluJreel the cllecl of nicu(ine rrn Ihe cumnary clrcuLurun in rrlatnrn
to the rtsygcn rcyuircmenls of the hcart in hulh dugs and rllarl. I):Ita h.rvc
txcn uht:tinctl, indicatin6r that inqwrlanl changcs arr Inttttut'td ttnly wnh
rclativcly hi/;h drtscs uf nicutine eyuivalcnl to that nht,nnitl by Ihr nJrela
tutn ttf ft+ur cil;arcUCs Nicotine resultctl in an incrcascJ car.li.rc oullrut
with :r currc.lwmtling increase in curunary artcry (tluutl suthcitnt Iu mrt1
/hc int:rr;nctl utygcn tlcntanJ "lhe average nle.tn cttrunary vinuu% binttJ
urrygrn Icn.rmi was .hghtly rcdurctl
1hc studtcs rtf llrnK are in atvccntcnl with Ihe :dnrvc I).rta wtrr r.lr
lainrd thruu)h eudiec t'.tthcteriiata n nn Ihr rllicl tt/ ct/-.uil,r .nurlml
un lllc cortrn:try hltMtd Iltlw antl urn myrt.'arrhal ntcl.rhulivnt td Itrurlicn
nttrrnal hunr. n vtrhlttts 'Ihc rtsults .htrwctl an inirr.r.c in tn/un.try Lha.J
tlnw .11141 n 1.111 rn ttnrur.try vaaul.tr rc.r.t.tntr, alttrtg wtult .rn rno l..tu tn
nlrl.thuhan I l r I,L ttJ Ituw kil l f~.rt c.rntl lu l.tl ly ctt t'ctlrJ Ithel nictlrrl
f,tr Iht ttti.. cni/ly rtltcnJthui ()Ihrr t'tl.ilunintv tlr.rl lutn".ntly wlllt
il 2S
tl w tk.rlu/, ntnts lf ntclhl,tl, tn ,IUJy Ihc 1tc.trl if I,.tucnt, wtlh t..rn.ny
dt,r,t,c III Ihc ctficrmtrnt, ul ftrllrr Inlre.url1n.try rrlctt.tl Inlrttuut, uf
rutUnr (11111 1 u;kg ) In tlnf, mirra.ctl t:l,run.try (tl.n.ll If.tw wtrhr.ut
irnlrc.r.inl; I.Ila,.l l,rin1c lrt Iti.ul r.ttc I 1~(i ,hl,wid dil+rtn,n .lnlt tn-
vir,ntn uf I w.tvr Ihr,c rllctth atc :thldt,htt/ hy "11'A.
') lhcrc i, cvt lrnic th,tt the rt-tiltn ld ccrt.lm tlruls ,ut It a, rrl;..nr,vinc
is n,t,dtlird hy thc /'tcsenre t,f artetitnvclerlt.,r, t,f thr ct'rl,nary arlcrtes
11ti, I+rl,l,lctn is hilnl; sluJicd by 7ntvrll in r:tlI,tl, nt:ttlc Jiltirrt,t'Irrlllic
by hif,h chwlc,lcrt,l llicts In the mrnnal i,ltlaltJ hiert l,cr/u,u,n wtllt nrctl
title rcwlls in a f.rtcf dacrcaw in (It)w 1ttlltrwcJ by a mltrc I,rulun)'rd ln
crca,c in l.rrfu,n,n rate lhe I:utcr pltesc is ah,cnl III Ihc alhrttt,tlcrl,uc
htarl this Jlllrrcnte, rf it lKCUrs rn rnan hutn ,ntnktnl, r, nf uhvtuus
itnlw+rLtnlc Itr lur luuhlcm 1('rn;rf 11.1% unllrrw:ty .1 s1uJy rnf Ihi .hrmmt'
cllt-t1, nf ntl.,rtnr nn thnlc,lrr.ll mclal>,th,rn, u,tnl, t;tht,ll, r.n .1 hy!h
th.di,lcr.,l Jtil ('h.utltt, IKynnlt Ihlc tKCUrrtnl, wtth rull,unc .0h,ni ur
tlLUli,trr.J 111 .ni, Ict1,rArtl ln /,rrlnntn.rry c~lKnntrnls, rntlullc 1I ) m
uc.t,iJ ntt,rt.tlrly. ('.) Arvcl,q,n,rnt td Ir,itms un I,aws, anJ (1) 1rc.ucr
tlillt,utnn ,f thnlc,tcrul in tltc ,.Irra Intl irt,, (4) I;rr,tlcr ilctu Kerlhtt-
gral,luc anJ l+.ttltnlnKic cvitlcntc ld t.rrth:rc invulvcmtnt anJ f,cnl+hcral
v;tttul.v ch.ntl;r,
Wult .1 vtcw nl dr,trtbinf; thr n.tlur.P ub,/ry r,l a.,rLit an l tl,rl,n.try
~tlu tu,clcrlIt. Il.lnr.rn is ,IUJytnl; .tulnly (.t,r, l.l acl tJrnt.tl Jr.ttlt dnd
Iluc wtlh stnfIr rl,i,,,.lrv l,l aittlc nty.K.trdt.tl Inlertlii,n Ihr J.t.t :uc
In tic arn:Jy),cJ hy l.u c, ,cA. ahc, Irrtnt tl,nl .'au,i ul tli alh, ant t.tlcJ clm
dtunn, ,uth av hylkrtcrr,ittn, unJ vlKi.,l hi,ll,ry .
Cuf: hrr);rr (unntl I S N"', stn,tlFvlrly tu It,l,.tl ttt r> tr.it I Ihr ,.trnc
f.crtcnt.tl;c .t, ntitJintc ltf allrrpy in girtcr.tl I,n1,ul.tti,m Il.h.ttitr ,yrlnl'
Itttns wirc frntr Innc, mrlrc (rcllurnt in /huve havtng hlt,ilrvc ,kut tt,ts A
hil;h it,ncl.tItnn w.t, nt,lyd I,tlwcrrt fr.,vtivc skrn Ic,tc an/l ahnurrnal lrcn
phcr.tl v.l,tul.tr rc,l,tmw, af,cr ,nu,ktny; I'n,ittvc rC.ttlinn, wcri lut-hcr
in ,ml,krrs th.rn ut nt,n stnl,kcrc :rnJ 1,nrticuLuly htl;h III p.ttirnts wtllr
tltrrnuht, .Inl,itti, l,hltlcrans
lll. (.(r.rfrFr' tntrl 1lrrrrrG'rrrrl 1'1ttr
f i.t,trii .tn.l IIV/MIcnJI ulcct are tll It.nticuLlr inriril rrt ril.tttl,n w
Ihr u,r l,f I~,1elrl, Ihc,c arc atrwml., ,ttntcnls tu wlntlr a,tr ,nl ,Ielnuc.J
a,,,M ietu~n wtlh Il,l,.rcclt u,e he, fKen rclwrrlt' I I,y ,.,tnr ilnJrntn.6,lIC.tI
ullir
,IuJri, Iltirr ell t, a cltnical u:t,lhuttn :unnng tn.utv I~hvat1.,11% 01.11
p.,Urnl, ,lu~ul~l hr i-ttut'd tn ,r.Inu.kml-, .,Itl,nutFh Iht' Ir...ltla~n .il,l.r.,t
/i. 1,'J Idt11t'r 1r-l,It.Hl~.li.ry r'l, itnur'llA l'vt.lrf,~t'
`,u, r tl if tili ir ,. mn ,.It.,t tl-Itrt ,nt0rr,tnJ Il,nn ..tnti r
tIi J.tl;y, ul, t'r tlt,r.l,r, hrvc latwrlltd an rnlirc,tUnl; t.l,c Itlr t ~Irinntinl. l
csf,h,r.ut.,n nl Iltr h.t,u ulwtn wlnth s1:Wslrtal ,tl.tr.tln,n l,1 tlu, 1ut.l
llt.ly ri,t
I ht Sl linltht Atlvuuty Illr:utl h:t, w(.rr ,Itlm,nrcd IFhrrt mvc,ltl el.n,
in thc ultir fIrIJ .rnll several sluthcs have mrw IKCn crmtlrlrtctl anll 1,111)
fitllcJ I)t 1'hilt/t ('lrulrrr has rcpurtcJ Ihc c/lctts uf crg.trctlc ann.krny; lm
latticnlc wtth dutwlrn.tl IJccr as cump.rrctl wrlh Ihc clfcct% rrn ficrmm,
wnhuul an ult:cr hr,lnry Vulumcs uf 6aslric sccrcUltn, hyJrlty;rn tun clm
ccntraliun, "frcc rt:ul,' "lic cunccntrauun anJ uutlwl, urulrclin, I,Lt,tur
I><psinlt},Cn, dlal,IvcJ ga,lric mueine, vi,elnity uf g:uttic juitc, inlrel-.t,lnc
bjlllHtn frrc.vurc :rnd inlraga+lric Irmlxralure have I>'<cn mcasurrJ
Ihc lwcral/ rcvull uf Ihc,e sludres was that nn srgnilic;lnl dlllrrcncr~
wrrc /nunJ In any ttf Ihcsc re.pun,es as belwecn nltrru:rl Itcrams and ultct
vulims In nat i.rlcf-unlv, smltkinl; ju,( (rcfurc ur dutml; nlca,urrnlcnls
pruvrdill nu al;nncA, aul .hantic in crlhcr nttrnr.tls ur ultcr /r.urrnh 1'Lt,m.r
fxIrvn,q,rn w.t, .111 cuaplilw, Ivinl; dctrca,cd in atntcnrr.twtn Ilr .1 ,m.Jl
bul sl.ui,uc:Illy ,r),ntlicanl Ikl;rcc tluring IkrilrJs uf aml,kin};
Currrlariun. H.rnnin (lnri pfninrd
Ihcsc lindinf,s, Ihcreflrte, lad curnlrlctely Ilt cRld.un Ihc .I.tlr,ll.al
as+tk'ialiun thctwccn ulicr and snlukmg un a I+hyaulltgtc.tl ha,v, I:uhir
ulccr is inllucctl hy still untlixlu,eJ fac/las, rnhcr Ihan thusc sulJletl t-r
else thc ;tlk'i:tuun is invehtl, ur rc,ls ultun snme uthcr It.t.r. ;rllul;clhrr
lhc willra><;td intptc,sinn that ulcer eliuhrgy i, p.nUcul:uly inllucntrJ
by cnullitln.tl nr f1,ythn,nruauc fnilttro, IcrtJs Ilr r,ri,c a/~:ttn Iht yuc,lum
whcthcr Ihlr,c whlr :Irr ulcer rrlrnc lm accuunl ld .untc clrrncul uI cl.nvr
luuunal m:dc ulr are uutrc Incely Ih:rn ulhcrs In Ilnd sld.ttr tn ,nu.krr1;
'1 hu i, tu sulI;c,l thal ultcr and Jrvire Itt srnukt nlay h.lvc j rlluun.m
c.tu,r t.tlhir Ilctn ,1.rnd in Ihc rcl.tultn uf cau,c :rnt/ rl/c.t I hc Ityl,..lfhc.r,
c,l,tii.llly tt.t,mrTdc in rt,Itcct lu Ihl, It.ult.ul.u Jr,r.t,c .~nJ
Irnd, lu ,Inlt invc,Itf;.lnun again uult thc p,ychulnl,lcal 1r.t1rn A,utul.n
inlctlucl.uutn lrf Iltr alK'ialiltn Iktwccn snu,kinl; :utd l,llttr ,h,t.t,i, I,.r.,
lll tt,ur,t. IKin 1)uI Iluw.lrJ Irul in ltlhcr~c:r,c, stull alyti.u, ut.ur tunlcr.
'u1;d. Ih url~h UII lnf,tt':rlly ttnahlc.
('Ilnic.rl tc1~1~11, Irni,t, rncvcrthclca. rn inJlc.tlinl., 111.11 ul.cr P.lttintv
wlur :ui cuml,cllcJ lu ,ru1t ,rnl.kml; shltw hrtlcr Iti.dutl relr, Ilt.,n Ilnr.i
alluwcd /tt tl.ntlnui III vrcw ul Iht ,I:dus III uttuul Idty,tul.qrt.tl rr,l,.nt i
mrn,urcntrnl, .n tnJu.dcJ. Ilu, lacwnt.thly rtll.Fldr ldrr%.rtnm rrni.un.
.1 rny,trry
1. 2 ]
I
i
rn
1
/1 bst racts of Reporl s
I-Ith rcctplrnt uf a Tuhricu Intluslry Rc+c:rrc-h ('unurrutrc );runt is
rc+J1unvhlc for lftc initial prr+cn(rtiun trr pulblii:trrtut of tllr rc,ulls t.l 1u+
rrscarch in si'icnufhc mccttngs of in al+prupri.dc sttrnlific jtrurn.rt+
Ftdluwing arc ahstracls, alrptuvetJ hy Ihc authnrs, uf rc+cerih rr(Nrrls
thal have alqrcarctl in scit:nlific journals (inclutJlnl; two stMm to hr Iruh-
hshcd), wrth cknuwlctJgcntcnt of sup/>,rrt frtm. Utr 7 I F{ (' Ahstracts
of earllcr pa(+crs by grantees which appearetl in Ihc 1957 Rcl+txt of the
$cienldic Ilirectur are listed at the end of thit scctiun '1 he n:,nte uf the
scicnri+t lo whtrnr the T I R(' grant was alat)c is given in parcntlrescs at
Ihc cntl of cath upcning Itaragral,h.
Ihrsc ah+rracts have Irccn grtruluJ unJrr +ri hc.rt)rngs I('.utttr
Rcscarth; 2 Illrrn,rn I.ung Sludres; 1 Ilrrrl antl ('trcuLtturn, -1 (irslrtr
inlc+tln.ll, S I'.yt hnlrrgit .11 Slutllcs; and 6 ful..tct tr ('hcttu+lr y
1. Canrer llr'+rtrrth
"A StIRVFY ()I (')MPOIINIIS / UF{ A('1IVI I1' IN '111F SI/PPI(FS-
SIl)N (11 M(/IISI= SI IIA('I OIIS (i1 ANI)S" Ily I 111tn li IttK k :"nJ
Ilrltnln Mtrin, 1{ r+wrll I'drA f\trrntrrt.tl In,lrtntc. Ilullelu, N Y(-u.urr
.
Krtrurr It. Vnl I H, Nu H, lr.rgr+ 1(K ) H'! ~, Si pIrnrl.ir I9SH 1 I I RC
gr.tntcc (lrK k /
I'urpu.. u/.turly Srh.ltctw+ F,Lrntl Ir+h h.rvc Fr,rn uu'J by v.rritru+ rr-
scatncCr+ to as+ay Ihc Iwrlcncy trf lnrrwn antJ su+l+tttctl sl.rrt t.uunnl;rns
Ixc.rusc they can bc t'unlplctcd wtrlnn a sbtrrl unrr u,t ntudcretc cRlwntJrturc
of anunrls antJ m.ltcrial If rcllahlc, Ihc ass.rys wunltl grcetly rrJutc Ihc
lirne fcyuirctl ftrr the /rectiunautm uf trutlc tnatcrtels cau+nrl; sLtn Ilmmof +
irt nrrtc hy I+mlarintrnb cllcctrvc fruttitrns 1hrs invcstil;.ttirm w.rs unJcr-
takrn In Ir:rrn n+tac alxrut Ihc nalurc of sih:urtrus gl,tntl supl+rr,.urn
threrul;h slutly td the activity of a vrriety u/ ctnnlHtundk of krnnwrn tn
suslxctt-tl carcintrl;rnicity or wlrh prmnuttrtg. inrhaung ur hrrtcntt:tun);
arritm in carcinrrgrnc+is
Pror.durr: -1 wn IhutJs trf the h.tcks of Swiss nlitc al-ctl SS (rS tlays wcrc
shevcJ Iry clcctric tfiltl+cr. On thc ftrlluwing Ihrcr t1ay% ruth :mrm.rl w:rs
trretctJ twice tl.uly with (/2 nrl uf Ihc tc+l strluuuns hy alluwlng Iltc
hynld Ir+ flr+w frtrnt a(tilrctlc nntu thc trnltr trf the t'hlq+rd .rrr.t A Int:rl
of 1111 rnrnlwrund+ was cnll+lr+yrd in thr+c c>tl'<'rinrrnts lhc anrnt.rl+ were
s.t,rrficctl 4 dtyt aflcr the latl .tlr/dn'atrun antl nu.rtr,ctrlut ,tu.ly trf Irrr
I+.trrtl +lirlrs w.rs rn.ldc lh¢ rcl.tlrvc srh.rcctrus 1'I.rnJ sulrluc++u.n rntlr.
nf cu Ih tmnlunrnrl was t)clcrnrrnrtl
Firt.lirtK.: Ihrrlrrn trf /hc t'r-nr/wrunrl+ tr+tr,l Ihml en indrt rrf 111111) trr
mrrrr, Il. h.r l rtl.rtrvtlY srn.rll rnrlttr+, enrt /1 h.rJ nn mr.r,ut.l,l .ntrvrtv
~r I~.ir r r~n+ )'I.rn~l +ul.l.tr++iun w.r+ turtln r nrt r,..uy mrr ,ulln r. nr .~, .r
ttrlrrrn n/ +krn t.rrtrnr~lr~nr: .rttrvrly 1Fhc Irntcnt c.rrtinn)'tn 1).')
1
tlrntcthyll,eni( t) acriAine had vcry weak suppresst,r at (rvlly, whrlc t tnlthrt nlc
was rnutlcr.ttcly active Ihuugh not a skrn t'arctntrl;cn. Sumc cuntpuuntl+
may cause Icss suppressiun in cunccnlra(cJ suluUt,ns IJt.rn thry t1I, Irum
a tJrlnte unc Suh(rit to Ihcsc Irmuatiuns, schaceutu glantl trsls can trr trl
grrrt veluc lur Ihe stuJy of crrt:inngrncsis.
A scctrod applrcautrn of wch Irsts Iics in Jclcrntinatiun of supprrNsur
activity per unit uf weight atuJ per unit of chrumuphure at vrrruus wtvr
Irn);ths -Iltr tccluuyue can l,e enrpluyetl fur crude nralcnals whrch h.rvc
h.rtk);tuuntl absurfrlrun preventing e.ata idtuldicatiun. An cxernldc trl
Ihis aplrhiautm is tlrrnunsttalrJ by Ihe case of 2 hacliuns tlcrivctl Irttut
crg.trcttc suruke cttntJcnsale. One cuntainetl 41( units trf suppresstrr actrvny,
antl when tltlutrtl 25(N) tintcs had an optical density of O 6 al 100 nullr
miirtrns, Ihr ratiu of activhy to uplic'al density falling well wilhrn Ih¢ rang,:
uf (trur strun);ly active byJrtkarlwtn carcinugens. I he tclhcr cuntaurcJ
ahuul 4(I(/ units of supl,rrssur aclivity rnd, when dilulrJ al I(1(11/ lu 1,
IIJII arl UlrtIt-JI tlrnspy u/ .75; it is clcar frurn the ralUU rd aclivtty (u ul,lt.al
drn+rly Ih.tl ncrthir bcnipyrene nur Ikntanlhr.rcene cuu1J h.lve .rtitrunlctl
(rrt :tll td the suly)rrsst,r activity (,f Ihis fracliun. '1 hc nnnng antl Jusc
sihrJulcs u+rJ by (hr authurs are largely arhilrary. 'Ihry wcrr tlrsrl;nrJ
lu I,rrmil thr ruaainturn reslwnx Itour ciKatc(le smtrkc cuntlrn+alc
"('AR('INIt(iFNI(' A('7IVI'IY OF ('I(:AR131'I1i SMOK1: ('ONUI N
SA') li I 1i11rtl uf 'Iraurna and Rcmute X-IrrJtlWtlUn " fly I MI U(i 11ut n
rntJ (irumta F Mtwrptt, Roswell I'ark Mcrnurial In+ututc, 11uIL.Ju, N Y
( f'rcp:trctl fur puhhcauttn )('I' I K('. grantee: I1t,ik )
1'urp.r..../ srudy: Strtne eRperirncnlers have rclstrrlitl pruJucutrn n/
turutrrs hy alqrltcal/un of cigarette srnuke cnndrnsale tu nwuse +lins whrlr
ulhtrs havc nut uhtainctl any malignancies.'Ihctc havr hrcn iniun+istcuitcs
Jht) alntmf, .tuthcs rrleting irritrtit+n to carcinugenic Int.ir+.rs I htsc rR
(Kritnrnh were ctrnduclyd In drtt'nninc whelhrr Ihe tllvrrgrnl tesultn ctrulJ
h:tvc htrn dnc It, nnnnr drilrrcuccs in LaintrnK Irthnryurt, ;,nA al,tr In
drtcrntntr whcnccr sccuntl:rry al;cnts wuu1J ruaAc scrccnrng Icsh naur
senvrlrvr
1'ru.rdurr: ('rgerctre srntrkc cundcn+atr w.ts IauthrtcJ In a rn.tnrltrhl
tylrr stnrdrnp nt.tthrrtr rn wlnch a IS cc 2-sriund lut(1 w.rs lalin trntc
every mtnulc unril thc hutts wcrc ahuut 23 ntm Inng, I hr t trnJrmcJ
was w.r+hrtl frtrm Ihe cnllcclion Il.r+ks weekly wllh acrtnnc, antJ a
2(1'sttluUtrn in I S ru1 of aicltrnc was nltluinctl tnchrtLnl! ahr,ul 1 g uf
snntlc tlt+ldlelt Ixf c.trnat td ctr.arrltcs 1h,s w:r+ rtlrnrrtictl a+ srduturn
Swi+s /rntelc nutr wcrc dtvided rn(u R grtrulrs lur I ~Lcrintint A.t+ IrdLrws
1 1(/ rnlic +h.rvitl .,n altrrn.tlc Altrnd:ty% lust Itturr Itr It.rrntrnl- , wuh A
11 111 mttc rrc.rlrtl av ehtrvc, Irut p.urtlcd wrtlt atrtnnc, 111 (It nutr
sh.tvcd 111r lir+t I rul.ry td r.nh rrtunlh .uttl tuH Iremtttl wrrlr n" tnud tlrr
(trllrrwtrng A1rrnJ.ty, IV 1/1 tuiir +hdvitl wlrt'n it alqrr.utrl nrtr+,.nv ,nl.
jr. trvrly, 1'rrntrrl wrth "A" V III tnu t' rulda rl 'enh +.rnJlr.rl : r I t.m. +
wr.-kly lu,l Inrur Lr I..nntrnl: wttlt'A" VI III tnntttrl, Ir..rt..l Irtr \' I-r
Ir.turl.rl wrtlr .nt~rnnr, \'ll 1/1 muc 1h.rf wrrt nivrr +Ir.tvrJ It.rtntrrl wrllr
"A"\'III 11) un+he+rtl rnltc 1tr.uirl wnh atttrrrtr 111(. rrunr Ir.r, A,..I
Ihc rnitc wcre shJvitl with an clcctnc clyqxr, anll "parrlllul;" wJ1 t.uncJ
rwt hy d+,sca t+f 0 25 nil uf sulutu+n a(+phctl with a synngc and Itrrwrng
evcnty nvcr thc cnure shavcJ arce All anrntJls were pJintcd I1/ Urnes a
week ca'cIN (irnu(+ IV nrtcc, whitlr were pJintcd S ttn+cs a week
lr+ Lrrwlutc strluunn "b", a bcpt:ute cxUrct of Ihe cr+nJcnscJ tJr was
trcatetl trl remt+vc nttu(nte arld other hescs anrl then rnaJe up to a final
vt,lunrc uf 1 rnl r+f acetone sr+lutitro xr uriKinal teru+n of ttgrrrttcs 'Ilus
is fivc tnncs dtc cr+nccnttaliun of ulSution "A". I'xl+crintcnlil rnite were
JtvirlrJ intu 5 gruups for [inperintcnt 11 as ktlluws. IX: 5f/ nan Irralllated
Swiss frmelc mice, painted with "U"; X: 65 irrarliateJ Swiss frnralc nucc,
painted wtlh "H"; X I: 39 irradiated Swiss femalr mice, painteJ wit t ace-
lunc as contruls fur X; XI1: 45 irradiated ('111 mJle rnrtc, 1larntrJ willt
"II"; XII1: 19 irraJrated CJII males, painted with acetone as cuntrols
h+r XII A single irrJdiaion Jux of 25(HI r was JcltvcreJ to a I square crn
arce ut skin when thc animals were 55 days old; lltc IIV1. was (1 1 nrm AI
PJinunP wJS drmc live times a wcck and all Ihc animals were shavcd as
nccArd lu krrl+ Ihc Il:ur alattl.
AII rd Ihc .nrnr,lls of htNh ct(xrirncnls wcrc Ireutlcd tunlrnwur.ly unhl
they rlrrJ tit were rnrnihund 'Itre skirt lesiuns wcrc eaantrncd nrrcrr+sir+l+t
tJlly wrthuul knr+wleJge of Ihe e>t(krrrnental grrrul+s hr+rn wltith tl+ry t'urue
FindinRrr In Swi.s mice paintcd with cigarette sntnlc cunJrnsJtc, hcnign
and melrlm.rnt .kut trnu-rrs wcrr IarrJucid in all grr+ulls rc(;errllc.. tul
cr+rnttJcnt irnl,rlu+n 'lhc JJIa ,nJi.Jtc th:tt yu:+lilJhve Jtlfcrcnics in rc-
sults Jnu+nl! I,il'ruJrruic+ I+rr+hally Jre nrrt tluc In ccrlam sl+ccihrJ Jtllrr-
cnres rn +Lrn (t.rmlrnl; Irthnryrrrt hut nr.ry t.c Jnc tu tlrllrrintcs in muutr
str.iks tnrld.+v.J No lunrnr. Jt.OL,LrJ u+ Jny ../ thr trmu-l nntr Skin
cJnccr. drvtl .l.+d rn 7 1.1 .... 1, + V n n: I..rn,Il..rl r+J/, rn Is (r,mp \'11 nurt
( nrvcr .hevrrl l. rn 2)'r.mfr IV rnr, r(.t, nt J..Iir n n. t r.,.It v 1..rnJ tn I
eJth rd I,rr+rrl+ I(t)r.r+rrl h+ wcc11,,1 enJ 1rrmlr 111 ( h.rv~J nnuuhl~ 1 rnrtt
In Swt%s fcnr.rlr .lnrl ('111 rn.rlr ntrtr, mtrn.t urJrh.rtn- r.l .r tmell
arc:+ intrrJ+id Iltr mrnal+vny rd dntenl JrrJt nl .lrn Il+ I+.lrnlrnl, wrth rrt,
arctic smuke tnnJrnwle In tlu. Ca.c R irrJtlhatrnn a1111JrtItlly attl'lI a% a
sy.timic intuJlmR agent tit carunn}rnc.is. 'Ihc Swiss fcnrJlc rutrc were
ntuth nuore sin.itivc to Ihe ct+mhincd treatnrrnt than tlre ('311 rn:tlcs
Skin canccrs dcvclr,pcJ in 17 tirtrup X mice, in 2 Fruup IX nticc, and in
I gruu(1 X II mrrute
lhe data sLpgrsl that the dr+ta(;e rale crnl+lr+yctl in Frl+rrintcnt A
w:rs IIIJ1lIrI1JI Mrcc r+f gruuh IV whith were painted r+nly 5 timcs a week
Revc :t rctlw+nte sinulJr tit IhJt rd rninr:+ls pJrntid Il/ tinres a wcrk 'ft+tJl
tunu+r yrrld is cr+rnl+.rr:+hle in 311 prr+up+ N'hilc thc nunnc-s nf r.irrinrrntJs
varied (rrm+ rrnc Rrr+ull tu anuthrr. Iltt nuntlKn arc tra+ sntJll 1~+ w:rrr:ntl
drJwinl, cr+ntlutarnt It allht.trs that Ihc qnPub.rtrvc dillrrcnccs nh.rrvcrl
arnnnl; I.rlmu;tlmics Jrc nrrt tluc In sm:Jl rlrllcrcnrc+ in thr urithr+J uf 1Jr
al,lrlrtatrnn
Il+r Int.cnt dLrIJ Icnrl tr+ rrrnrirh.r.iir Ihr irn(urrlJru rhllrrintr. ur
strnitrvrty of .rr.rnr. in c,o(xnmint rlr.~1n :utrl rn rntr rl+rtt,runn of rc.ultt
In rhr +.nt ./ .r Nr.,l t.nrinr.lrn, rhlllrcntct rn . n.rtrvrly enur/' rnne
.ullv
.ti .n,, nut~l~l .. . ..... I li,r .r~r.n.Ut rlivr .Ir11. rrni. , m r.lr, rnw nr .1 r.
l l., i1r, ~,it. .i tfh 0 . r" rr1 rl. A+' r ia..l, n..~lr r. .. v,i iA nr,.rnr, .~,
of
r
i
skin t:utinrrl-rn 11 has htcn (xanlcd r+ut n+any trnrcv 111.11 Jrtirn:rl etl+cri
rncnt.tlirm tJrutnt I,c uscd as a srrlc rnc:r.ure tit Ilrr hJiJrJ tu humJnt .rv
sr+ciJtcd with an cnvirrrnrnentJl agent 'Ihit i+ I1.utrrulJrly Irur rn Ihi
(srr.rnl scrirs uf ccl+rrirucnls
"A ('(K1tI I.AM1) IIISfUI (1(iI('AI., ('Y I(1LO(iI('AI., ANI) ('Y 1(1
('I IIiMI('Al. S I ttl)Y OF '1111i I RA('111:UIIRON('IIIAI. I' 121T. ANI>
I.I1N(iSOI MI('I: I:XI'OSI:I)'IU('1(:Altlil"11i SMOKli. I Itrr+nthdis
wtllt Atyl+icJl 1'I+ilhclc.rl ('hen6rs in Mitc F.IwseJ Ul (ll;areuc Snn+kr"
Dy ('tr tl tr 1.(ur ntt NaI racl It, Rutwrt t l.t ur rrtrNUl Itt,t K, P1 1),
and PAut I. 1),N/t IN, A1 S, with /he tcthnical ata.tJncc rd I'AiMlr tA
SuarfrK, Inttitutc of 1'Jthuhrl;y. Wrstcrn kcurvr (Inivcr.ily, ('Icvclnnd,
OItir+ l',uu rr, Vrd. I I, Nrr 1, pel;cs 49(1 5(Ih, May lune, 1'158 ( 1 I 1l ('
gr:uttic: ('irilic I curhlcnlKrl,cr )
Yurp..., .I/.ru,ly: In view uf the rnany cumplcR anJ unknuwn (JClurs
IhJt rney hc tit uula+rlJncc in Ihe Jcvch+l+rnenf tit t:anccr in ntJn rt was
Jccirl..l trl invc.trl;Jtc thc inicrdcprndcncc tit ci6arcllc .uwkinl, JnJ 11111
nwn:rry cantcr tit thc c><(><rimrnlal uniucrl hy syacrn:rtrc .IuJy nl tltc
clfcit rrn dtr trathctlhrunchial Ircc, no atudics tit Ihis chJraclcr havrng
htcn rrl+urlcJ in thc litrraturc.
1'r...rdurr: (irr+ula of Ient:de ('1'r albino nrite (rrlu.rJ in wirc cal!es
whh lrNNI and w:ncr in a nKmt u( cunstanf tcm(xratlur, whirc ntl .vnnkiny.
wJ. .d6rwrd, were c><Ilrttcd lu fhc sntukc t+f up trr R ci(t:+rctlcs rlJdy in a
s/1ccLtl th:mrfrcr, whtlc cunlrul rnicc were IudgcJ in :r sintilar ch:trnhcr
withuut ciu'uclle +nrr+ke e><(+rlsure, all uthcr crlnditirln% ul Ihc tett tninl
idcnutJl I lie tmukc was r1I1f:1111etI frllllt c/l!:Ireltct, nulonltJ tun a whcel in
the .nurkrnl; ch.rnncer, and 61;h1cJ at rcyuircd intcrvul. I alxrimrntJl :+nJ
rn:tfilunl; cr+nlrrd luicc wrrt killctl at selected intcrvJl. in .udrr lu .tudy
a1ICrJUrrrts in thr Irachculhrunchinl Irce.
FindinK.: 'h'I+in linf c.lwr.ed tit Ihe snulkc, 1}tc mice wcrc vtry ruuth
cothed :uul :rttrn+l+tcd 1r+ esr:yk Irum Ihe snulke. Ir-rit:rlirln td the cychJ,
anJ nJ+al rnutu.a wai n(ten nrHeJ, anJ srtmclirrncs thr wht.ker% were hr.t
'11tc+c ctftih du:+ll/aarrJ un h:JrituJlitln lTte ntitc lu.l wril;hl nr Jul
mH intvc:r.c tit wcil;ht whcthcr the drllcrence in wci(ht hctwtcn Ihc ti.l
:rnJ crrntrr+l mtcc wa; rluc Itt hss ftwKl intake t'annrH hc Jrt'rrlrJ, nr+ nuui
Irun:rl .lutlhr. havinl' hccn rn:rdc
Ilt.hrLytrJl .m,l t'yh+lut;ital ch:ln),rs in Ihe hrrmthi rrf Ihe etl+rr.rJ
ntitc can I.c JrvuliJ /r+r crrnvcnicnrr rnlrt 3 main Itrr+ulr. I I/ nrr .i/YUIr
cJnl t Ir.mlIct, (2 1 hront hrtia wrllh ntfld (ttulifrr:rlivc r I+ithrlr.rl t'h:rnlIrt; ( 1)
Irrnnr hrti. with nrJrAcJ, rdtrn atylticcJ, 1wrdifrr.rlivc th.url-r. (If ' 1 i.
I+rr.rJ n+iir, 11 h.nl F.runthiti. Jnrl Ih hr+wcJ rnultihK:ll th:rurr% n+ rlrr
hrrmt Inr. Mrnr Ih.+n f+Jlf Ihc rnir r whFh hrnnilhitrt 11.1.1 Inri rd i1nthrir.d
rlytlrLrtt.t rn rn.rnY rry+rcls tiuniler tn wl+Jt wuuld I+t r.rllrJ t.ut+n"nr.r nr
trlu tn m.vl ( )Idv ?.hnwid .rluenwn. trll mrLrldJtr.r f)f /r nu. r Ilr. t Jr l
n,.l h.rvr I,rr.ur lirn.. 7 h.rrt :+ lrr.+ tvtA aJt m.m.+lurrt Irun .r id rlr. ( nn
N.. lu.n~.tuu. w.r, f..uml .rn+nn/' tl+r rrurlrnl rnrti. .uul n..nr ul rlrr 'I
m.rl.hrJ tnntr .1. .li ...tJ nrylnvn .( ncl- rl+nhchJl hnrnl' .
ll
Otlrr1111J11vc rnirruspcc'trlrllhultlructtic studics on ctIls frtlnl c.Ilt+scJ
ntlle wltll c1lrlrprratlVcly shght histul/athtllugical chrngrs showed a gradurl
incrcase in siic, protein cuntcnt, and dry mrss, whtlc the 1)NA ctnltcnl
rcmrincd ctanlrnt; crlls Of epithcltel areas with pruldcratiun, on Ihc tllhcr
hanJ, showed a grrtltrrl intreaie in I)NA content in rJdiut/n to the in
crease in sitc, protein content and dry mass.
"A ('OItFtIiLA l F h IIISIOLOGICAL, CY7Ol.(HiI('A1., ANI) ('Y IU-
('Il1;Ml('AL Sltll)Y OF '1lIE? SI:V()ENCE OF I:VI:NIS IN '1111?
I1RON('IIIAL IiFI11IFLIt)M FNOM MICE F.XI'OS1:I) 7O ('1(i/tR-
F.1-11: SMOKF. II StuJies on the Fate of Atypical Lpithchal ('hanges
in thc Ilrunt hi front Mice EsptucJ tu ('igarcttc Snwke." l1y ('et ta te
1_rtrt rl r rnaru(:r m, I'N I) , Rutltlt r I.rur NrrNnt KcrR, M 1)., Wtt t IAkI
Irn11t/N, 1'IrI), anJ 1'Alatl-IA SnArrrll, Institule t/f Pathtdugy, Western
Reserve Ilnlvcrsrly, ('tcvelanJ, Ohiu I'rescntcJ at lite Scvcnth Inlrrnau.-nrl
('anccr ('tlnl;ress, I unJun, lingland, )uly 1958. ( I I R C. granacc: ('ct lite
1 cuchtcnllctgcr )
1'urpu.r o/ audy: In view of dle statistical findings indicating a possi-
ble rclatiumhip txtwccn cigarette srnt)king and human lung cantcr, anJ
sincc Ihc great rnajurtty of these ari.e in lite brunchial Ircc, an cxpcri-
nlrrltal study of lite seyucnce of evenls in lite branthial epithchum of rmce
after etlxnure to cll;arrl(c srntlke wrs unJcrtaken Iruril a hrstulul;ical, cytu-
Inglcal, and cytlxllcrlltCJl point nf view.
Prorrdurr: Gtt/u/1S uf Icmale ('Ft rnice al three nttlnths uf a);c were
utptr+eJ tu cigarette snulke in a chumtxr which Ixrnuts Ihe ht/u,rng of
bulh lite exlwlseJ and cunttul mrce at fhe same Intue unJcr Ihc s:unr strnJ-
arJiieJ cunJitillns, lite only e><ceptit+rt being Ihat lite ttlntrtrl miie rrcclveJ
no smnke '1he test nlire received snwke ffum clgarrllcs t'onsumeJ at re-
yuirctl intcrvals At ccrtain periods aftcr cRptlsure, e>tllcrtrnenlal mice anJ
Ulcir t'l)nutlls were sacrificcJ artd hhrcks were taken Irllm lite srmc sitcs
of Ihc trachcr/brunthial and lung Iissues.
FindinR.: Whcn nutc were etl>,1scJ Jrity to tire stntlke frnm 4 tu 6
eiKarcttes for a Lericxl of two rntmlhs ur hinger, marked t'hanges were
Gwnd in tire hrunchial ellithellurn 1he mice developed irt Ihe ruaprrity of
cases a hronchitis which JillcrcJ frum Ih:rt whiih llccurs in nlitc altrr
viral infrctitln, where Ihe striking fcatures are Jegcneralive chrnFes of thc
eptlhchum anJ cells 'lhc hrunchius following cif;:trcltc smokc cRllu,ure
was asuwiatcJ wilh matkcd, often atypicrl, Ilrtlldrrativc Ilrtx'c+scs of Illc
lining cllithchum; there a{1fleareJ Itr lre a step wi.e scyucnt'e 'rf allcr,luoms
frtrm a nrntnal restinK cprthchutn to a swtlllcn tlnc ttr a prllli/rrrtivc nnc,
anJ finrlly lu rn alyf/ltat hyf.efplasllc tlne; and s(nnc dyspLr.uc thrngrs
whith irc tnmistrru wilh the Jcsil;nrtinn "carcinumr m.vru" No n)v.l.ivc
carclntxncts hrve hcen It1unJ in any of lite rniie which hrd hren rtl/t/.rJ
tu Ihc stnokr td ul, ttl I SIN) citrrcllcs tlvrr a Lcritx) tll nc:lrly Iwn yrrr.
! ln lt,r .,Ih~~r h..n. l nl n.a r whi, I1 w~'rr tcl.u.r. I to t il.uttlr %onukc
r. 1...1 , I..it., t..,. ,t.l. o.,l I,- I n, iill n-uin il.
I
I
I
I
strcml;ly tuggcstinR rcversihility of Ute changes in Ihc ca.cs lllrxrvcd sn
far 111cre scctutJ to tlc a gradual desyuamation uf lite atyprcal cprt))cllum
fulltlwcJ by restnrrti/m to the normal one.
('utrclrtcd wrth Ihe histological and cytuchcruical changes, (hcrc were
gradual cyttlihcmical alterations in the bronchial epithclium, the earltest
change being an increase in protein which precedes the ccllular changcs
anti which is ft11111wcJ by an increase in the !)NA content. These altcratrnns
are also reversible when e.plnute to cigarette stnuke is atuppcd.
"1f1U1.lKilC'Al. ASSAY OF 1'OSSII)l.E CANCER PRO1)1/('ING FA('
1ORS IN ('1(lARl:l-E1: SMUKN 7AR." lly II. R. I'KAt r-'11wr.tAS, M l) ,
Medical College nf Slluth ('arulina, ('harlestun. ( E'rcparcJ fur publication
2)
urp uar o/ .rrufy: 'llle varying results in the testing uf cigarette snulkc
ntlcns:rtcs un lite skin rnf lahoratory nlice tepurteJ irt lite Iitcralurc in
Jtcate tlle ncc.l fur thluuugh studics of the role of a Lrge numllcr of
JI.'crcnl strmulr in rxllcrimcrual cartinlrgenesis
PrurrJure: ('rgarcttc smoke concentrates were applicJ to lite cervix anJ
upper vagrrlal area Itf mure than 2(M) UIIA I mice. As cunlruls, lite sulvcnt
used tu dissolve lite c<ncenlrates, 2O-melhylchnlanlhrene, anJ physical
Irauma produced by rotation of a euttun4ippeJ applicator, were tested.
FindinK.: Preliminary data on tumor yields were J(11f%. fur rnrte painted
twice weekly with cigarette smoke concentrates and 25% hlr those paintcd
three times a week. '1'be solvent alone produced 6(1'76 results with painting
twice weekly artJ none three times a week. 1he methylchul:rnthtcnc resulu
totaled 6U'% with twice weekly painting. With the cll1tt/n applrcatur Itic-
tinn, tuntor yield was 42 g% on twice weekly and 25^/ with three times
weekly.
The cellular respcrose of the mouse may be so sensitive as tu invalidate
or renJcr yuc+tiunahle Ihe use of the nwuse as a reliable indicator of car-
cinugenic putcncy of various substances. Certainly it wuu1J appear thal
traurna rnua br kept at a minimum and Ihe tar itscll ptlaihly uscJ in
whnle Lttm rathcr Ihan being dissolved in a sulvent, which rllpcars as
ptllent as mcthyltht/lanthrcne if used long enuugh.
"SOLltltl.li I IVI'R It I'RO-1I:INS 1)IIRING Illil'AlO('AI(('INO(iFN-
ISIS I)Y AMINOAYO UYIS ANI) 2 A('Ii1Yl AMINOI 1 IIUI(IiNI? IN
'l Ill; IZAl'." Ily SAM StlMrrp, l:nltt v M Y1111N(J, Jrlll fhMAkrl yN (; Or r,
Instilute fur (':Inccr Re%carch anJ I.ankenau Iltlslllt.tl I(e+carch In.titwe,
1'hilatlrlllhia, 1'cnn.ylvania ('urn rr Krsrurr h, Vol I H, Nu 1, Il.rt cs 11 dh,
):ulurry I')S!i ( I I It (' grantce: Strrtd I
I'urpu.rn/.rudy: Invcstigaliuns Jr:J/ng with 1hr car.rnr~t;cncsr. Iry
aminrlartl Jyrs, 2 rtclylrrninuftuutcne, anJ hyJrtxarhuu. hrve rmh.rtrd
Ihat l)inJinK tlf rnct.rfwllitcs uf Ihc%c ctlrnlwunJs Itn thc Irrtllrtns tlf I.ult't
ur/crns i. a nrtr%..uy hut ntlt a suthtit'nt rryw.ilc lur Ihr tlt vrltyllncnr ul
nrtqplr+lr thu., pr.-trm hnuhnt, trtun n1N tmly wuh Jrnvarivrs 1 t.n
cintlprrnc tlyrs . nJ /iyJrur:uh ns. I-ul .tfat willl a niln t rrt int lt ni/ .v.l
Jvi ou Ihvllr x.tl-n 1 v/Jrntt u1"l .uplcvtril Ihrt Iht v"liildc In,0riii. ..1
{I
file 1arl;cl Ivl;.ln5 nlry f.c cau,ally Intulvcll In thcu t'.Irtmtll;rnt'Sr5 IhuS,
file h I,rl,lilrn nl r.11 hvcr ttnt I/niy tnnt.lin Ihr l,ulk /d tht' St,luhlc hlnlnJ
.tnt JycS, bllt :nc thcmxIvcS altn.ttl tnurtly ah.cnl Irunl th rc5ulh.tnl Ilvcr
lumlv, I/.u.lllchnl; Ihc ah5cntc 1,1 La,unJ tlyct in file lunlnr I urthl: r ctltlt,t-
,tn,n Ilf file /n1JIt.ItrJ Ilrl/trn) Iltlcrlnn nllah.lnlan InvUItCJ w.rt (llcrcll,rr
nCt i ,..I r y
1'ra.r..flf..: AJult ral5 uf h1,11h 5ctt'S wrrc IrJ 'Hl hhrrum Jt.U11cJ w;llt'r
InJ a 5cmi \ynthrlrt Jtrt cuntanlnlg 12t.l.cln antl I (I ntl. rllw
Il.lvrn, Ag A nunlhcr uf Jycs uf Jrflcrcnl cart/nnginli l,tllin.lc5 nr ntmc
wirr .I/IJ:d In Ihc Jltl fur varyind Inrilltl% anll r I;rllult 1,1 tllnlrI ra15
wcrr frtl Ihc ,bltvr Jrct wnh/lut Jye 1 hC fhcll.rllK ert rrlulcn, 2 .Iti lyl.lnlul
I,Ilulninr, w.lt ,115u fCll in a Ivarn Jlt'1 lu tn:Jc r.lt% anJ trnufl.ucJ witlr a
tllrrt't1+ImJrrll; t/tnltlll Jirl 111 Ji5lrllgui5h Ihc rllctt% ri5111t1r11; ffltnl file
tartrn/,l;cnic f,rlrct5 fr/1ul Ih/,sc Id rel;cnCraUvr I-.ruwth, ),rr ,r, r.ll. It( hl/tll
5cec5 wcrc Il.lrlt,rlly ht'Ir./1rcI1,nliirJ, they wcre ..ItrlhtiJ :II thc cnJ t,f file
IIurJ J.ly, whirt file gr/rwlll ydtc 1,1 Ilver n-I;rni r,luIn 1N nl.l.nrl.11 I hc
vlluhlr (ivit I,flrlrm. Irtun Illt r.lt. wiri 151/1.IIrJ .rrlll etl.'1ic,l tItylrly,hurr
llt.llly, enJ tllr II f,/ntirnt wcrc ri.ultctl /urlllir /nl,l .rt tuhtnltllll,nrnlt I,y
.In I,r tlrlt.ll Ict I1nIt1Ui
I IrIrlfllgr: I Ili I,/I,Irtf15 1,/ Iwl1 \IIIt 1.11fi11,/1/1t'lll\, h, ;Irltl \Il/w It tllll
Lnnt,l I-,n/nJ Jtr, frlun file teltlnnlrnit Ilr n,m c.trtrrlul.trnc tlyt'. I eth
:Ir., r.lrtln,11-tn 11I file 5u-r1C. I,rl,lllqi,l .1 tllvuhC:tf11 n1lJC./\l /rl file .,InUUnI
d Il,r 51,Iw I1 I,rIlcrn., hul Illi .li/l n,n t.lrclnl,lin JIJ nt InJntr Iltl.
rt'tl,,,na, Jryu/i Illc en.ll I,al. I,rnJu,Intn nl (t)(5 h/nln,l III Ihl'.c lun
It'rllt Irtlinll~ nl Ihr Irvtr t.lr,lm,lrn, 2.Itrt)le/nntullunrini nlt,ri Ill.ut
J/,uhlt J file Irnrllrl nl .1w tt I,rnlt In. I ivcr 111rncr.llunl, Jtc Intlt lly.
:Inll Jrtrr.l.r.l 1,.0 Intel,c. /tr I/. III,I rlI el,l,t'.,r 1 I,r I.lu..llly /n.,,l.cll
m Ihl. rc.Iwn.c I llt rc .Il,l,r.u t I,i Iw ( nrn irl'Int. hnr. /,I c.IJint r.
ft'I.tllfll. In I,ret ln I,nurl,l .1/,1 II)i. In,l h I,ret nl.. 111.11 ,II,I,I 11 Illt' II)In.
/hiaN tl/.ll Illc n/r"raldi Ir.nl lnn.ll,n 1 Ihi .vll ,Itr rnJllttnl In.t'r
lulnln rr.nlt, Irlnn Jrlt'lu,n tlf t..rnlr.ll It.rr I1Irln. Ily tlnlunuwJ rt
In,alrc Irl :tv t ert rnI~cnt
Ilthrr l.nnr....: Il.lrnl,n Rllntl,n Ittiluurl.ll I unJ (nf ('lntrr {(i.curtll
antl i\Inirilen ('.Iruir Stlt'ty
I (. llrrlrrrnr l.rrrlF; ,ti(rrrfrr.r
(l(iA I(1: 1 11 SAtOKF Ilti I I 11 ('1 ON I'III 11()Nr11t1' I IIN('IIUN
N11 -1\IIKI MI NIS" liv Ill-Kl,t I Atl,lrlt, N11), ./nll Nrttlvnl 1
K11/P11AN, A1 1) ,U.u/lln /(t'tl.rr.lIt,ry I.tlntr.llury I lnnt'r.llt 1 tinlhrnl
('.Ihfl,rnl i tit hn,I ,nf AlrJit Inr. I I,. Atl/rli , (Irhlrtun AIrJr, nr, ,\'ul ?fl(
NI, 1, ? 1 1 !'11, ftl.uth I')SH ( I I It (' Ir.ultci C\ll,llr) I
I'11r)rnu. u/ twlt : A vcfy lnlh trlt lilCllt C uf t 1/Jn'lli ~Innl, ulr h:l. 11t'1n
fLdill tnlnn,nly ul lllc ht.h,fy Id (t.ll1cflt\ wltll 't'VCrc' l'Ull,llt+l'111.1 \a11Y11
thcri 15 ttu .rl,l,./rrnt t:nLC flnr ehr 11,n-IILImn, 5nt 11 .n f\I,It.uli Il, rtrlt.ltn11
Iln~l. nr .1 fhl,lIv t,l sntrlc t In,uul I,ulln/m.,ry tl/.r.l.I I h,' nt lulty
Ihr I I, /, u( nl,l, , Yltr ..I1,. II In
,.I,Iln.rll .I. I.I wllt IIH 1.1 I,.Illt nl \hy11,1 II,I, ~,nulnl/
Pru.rdurr: 1?ath uf 125 nlrrt and 16 wunlen suhlctls aged ftum 24 tu
711 was given a c/nnpICte pulnuntary evaluauun wbtle al resl anJ altcr cr-
ercl5c, cxtcl/t far Ihrcc subjech with hcarl J/5ea5e arid nne n/nnl.l suhlctt.
SIUJrCS wl:re t11/talneJ un 9 prtienls, all but 2 wllh sevcre Itulnwn.uy
enlphy5cnla, in the supine pt/5iliun aftCr snnrking twu cll;arettes; sume rn
haled Jt:cldy, ulfters harJly at all. In another test a smoking devite wrs
useJ so thut snu+ke would he inhalCJ with each breath. 50 suhjCits were
aluJlcJ Juring the 5nluking uf une cigarette, of whom 23 IIaJ insvgnihcanl,
8 mltJcrale, and 11) sevcrc tx vcry severe ernphy5ema. Pulnu,nary cunl
pliancc rncuturcmcnts wcre uhtaineJ on 41 subjecls IlHrcxl gas cuthangc
nlcasurClul:nts hcfurc and aflcr smuking were obtained un a gruup ul 5(/
euhlecl5, 19 with insignificant. 16 nltklrrate, and 15 with sCVCrc ur very
sevCrC crlnlthySentJ, using Iwrn CJ{ercise tests (Itr cllnl(laralive purlMbes.
Fir.rlinK.: I lie usr rH file 5mllking Jcvice Ilrrt bruught nutfc wntkc inlu
file Iungs than urJlnrry snniking pnNluceJ consistcnl significrnt Jrcrca5rs
in artcrlal hlrntJ utyl;cn salur.luun and in arlCriul Ir(/: in tn1.5t 5uhlCtti
wull 5rvcrc ur vcry srvcrc Cnlphyscrna. ht nurrttal sublccls :InJ 1h115c wuh
a rnl.Jcratc Jtl;rce of entllhysenu nu significant ch.nges in b11Mrd gas c.
ehan);e tctultcJ Nu sigrrilicrnl changcs in hhxxl gas cnthangc werC nltlrJ
aller file sluuking tu( two cigarenes, either with Ihe suhjccl ;rl rest Ilr aftcr
e.rr.ne A Jr.rca5e in uxyhcn uplake Iw'curretl when IrcaJmdl C.rrtltc
w:ls JImC ,ftcr srullking twu cigarcllcs, and IhC venUlatinn vulumc was aISU
J/:trcaSCJ, lur/hably at't'uunling fur part nf the utygin Jrcrrax.
1'utmt,n:lry cltnlrlr,lncc rucasurewenls after 5nlllkutl; tlne flgJtelle
were cuntl,trntly rnJ signilicantly JcercaseJ in n11+51 sul.lrth -nunn.l) as
well as th/lsc wllh Itnlnwn:uy cmphysrma l'he c1.15Iic wlak //1 brcatlung
was inircau'J in Ihc nlajtaity of cJscs. (n twu ca5c5 in whlch aulllcs wctC
Jtme altcr Ihe sublcits st+lppCJ snwking, tunc for threc uutnths anJ nnc
file twll yrars, sll.rnliirnl rcduclions in rcSiJual air wcrc nutc.l Ihr ic
sult5 intlit.l/c/l thal Ixr\uns willl scvere or vcry savrtC cnylhy5rma wttlJd
hc bcutr 1111 to slnp smuking.
"O1151'HVA'I'IONS ('ON(TRN1N(i "1111i IIKON(I11 1(fl A 1'IVI: '1O
SMOKIN(i ANI) ISNVIF(()NMIiNI'." Ity 11. R. I'It.ttl IlnrnIn%, MI)
1)i(tarlrnint ul I':Ilh/dngy, Mcdrtal ('ulltge uf !iuulh (nruhn./, ('huli.tun
7 ri-S/urc /Nnhrtul luurnul ( Vul;irnia, Nllrth ( arulin:r. Snuth ('.utdln.t ), V.,I
5, NII 1, pel;cs 21 -21, May 1957
I'urpn....f .rNU/y: Intrca5ing knttwlt:Jl;e Id Ihe cvltluti/m anJ hfr hl5
(tfry 1,( nl.lny nc/,platn/s indlcatc5 Ihat inv.151ve catrintlula (rcllucntly 15
/11rtrJc'J hy cluthCli.11 ah/11Mr11JI/ty It suth thanl;cs nughl lie Jcltrlid In
Ihr hrunthlel ure in v:unlu5 I;rrdu:.tiun5 ut Jcl,fct'S tcl adv,/ntcm.rH, thrn
slully w//uIJ ItruvlJC v,IhJ lu.lninl.'ic sulllwlrl ftlt IIIC cvulutlun Id Ilrun, h,~
gtn1c t'.turtnllnc1 unllcr file inllurrltc /d v:uiuu5 slimuli
l'rlrr.Jurr': Ihc 1).I,.Irlnrinlt I11 I'elfjlllol'y nf 12 in.uluW,n. In wltllIy
scll.lr.tlcll I,nrl. ul file Ilnrlt'J SLItiS I,hldmiJ (ri.h huln.ut lun/ , Ir-
autol,.nt, T I '.rt ul,n. I,f Illr hrllnl ht.ll w.rc t.lll n.It I/,Ilnr 1..
a.I.In,l.v/hrr,1 I,I.,n It/r .r11Jy, ut,l i1.uhr11.11 th.ntl!t't an,l I,Ihr1 1rr/rl,I/II
t111.1 wt'rt' r('tl,rtiCJ I Iltl,rrl[. I,f Iht- Ir.llil'rttl' SJtt/lkllll; h.lhll~, nl t
III,,,tlnn.
a' i1 i5
aud grigrallhlc erlvirrlnrtlcn/ were alus l,htaincd, ar1J cltlthelul changcs were
juJgctl un IIIe hasis of nu>,leralc Ir/ nlarkcJ basal CeII IIyIKrhlasra, 3lfallfl
canl/n, syuaruuus rnrlaplasia, and carcintnna In tituu
findinR.: Of 78 cascs with daluatc hislurics sluJred thus far hy the
authur, 34 were non smt,kers arlcl 28 nurdecate l+n heavy cigarette smtrk-
ers ('igar and pi(se smtlkert and (urrner snulkcrs were not IahulaleJ
Mtxlerate hasal cell hyl.crplasia occurretl in 15 non snfukers and 14 mlkl
erate or heavy slnnkcrs, and nlarked hy{~erplasrs in 3 and 2 res)ucuvcly;
sytunlllus nlctaplasia uccurred in 8 antl 16 respcctrvcly; strallfitatlnn In
une cach and c.rcinunla in situ in none of the cascs 'I he results are stnclly
prchlninary, and aJdltlunal casca arc under study
"FFFT("]S OF SMOKING l/l'ON 1111' Mli('IIANI('S OF IIRFAll1-
IN(: 1. In Normal Suhjccls. 11 In Patients witlt ('arJiupulnwnary Ihs
case' fly ILRNsI (1 AirIN(:PIt, MFItNitl M(ilanSfrrN, :u1J AlAlreur
S Sr(:At, 1)cl1arlmcnt uf MeJlcme, 7'ufls llmversuy tithlNll of Mrdlclne,
and I unR Slaur/n ('I uhs ) and I)rlrarlnlcrlt l+f Inlutaurln 'Ihrrafry, Htyttrn
('Ity Ilrr.l+ll.l, lltnttrn, Mass lhr .4,ncrrtun Rrvrrl. n/ lubrrtulrrut lnrf
I'uhrlrrnu.v l)nrlnr+, \'nl 77, No I, pngcs 1 Y and Il) 16, lanuary I'l58.
( 1 I R(' granlcc Scgal)
1'urpo.r n/ sfudy: lhe ellcct of Iuhatco anloking un Ilalicnts wlth
brunchrlllulnlnnary dncasc has bc'cn a trrnlruvctsial subject ftlr sllmc tumc
('umlfarativcly few d.ua lln xlual th:fngcs in pulnulnary functiun hclure
anJ after smukrng arc avallehlc AtcurJlntily, stuJlcs trf swh (Il:fngcs in
nurrnal suh/ccl+ anJ In I+alrcnts w/lll carJnrllulmtal:,ry Jlsc.lsc havc hccn
unJcrtakcn
Prurrdurr: I 1 wcnly nurnul suhlccts ( I I srnukcn ) wcre stuJicJ hc
fure and aftcr vntrklnR I ur 2 tll::frrtres Mresurcnlrnts trf enJ c.)rlra
Inry pressure, curnlrllance, and in.lrlratury and e.lriralllry rc'ltt:lnic wrre
taken llurinR nr+rrnal respiration and vuhrnlary hYlxrvcnttlatinn Stunc were
ntmsnu+kers, nne an e.ccasitlnal smuker, one had stnllllcll 2 rmmlhs, and the
rcmainJcr were pil.e and cigarette uunrlkcrs in varying yuanlllics II Nine
patients with heart dlscase (four smakers) and 25 wllh pulmnnary tli.ea.c
(I S smt/kcrs) were studicd under the same camJiliuns as the nnrmal suhjct Is
FinrlinRs: I lhcre were no slatlSlJcally significant dillrrcnccs In Ihc
nlechanics of hrenthing between smukers anJ non snlukers in the cunuul
state Althllul:h sr+nle suhjects showcd changes in the mcihanic. 11f brr:lltl
ing, stati.lically inlllcative nf Ihe apl.ear:lnce (if uneyual venlllatiun. Ihcle
was ntl tli0crence hctween 1he rllnlrtll slale and Ihc INlst smt/king sl,tlc
II Slntlking did nlrt hrtfducc any sil;nificant ch:m);cs in rnclh.rnii:ll Ic
tistancc, (+ulnlnnary cnmpliance, or the wnrk td hrcathirfg in nurmal su:+
jccts anJ in paticnls with rheumalu- heart di.ea+c flnwcvcr, siNnlfii.lnl
chanKcs ch:uartcrvrd hy an inrrcase in niccharuc:ll rr+laanic anJ Ihr
wruk nf hrc.rrllinR, wcrc llhscrvcd in patients with chrrrnic I,ulrutlnarv rlo
physrfna and Irlhcr Inrlnltfnary diu-a%cs ns51h'/:1tc1I wllh t hrtlnlt hnm.hrus
'Y 00 l tilA IICII( A I OII%I'It\'AII()NS (/N A (()(I/1'It'\ II\'I
SI(lUY OI- IIIIMAN I'111.MONAI(Y 1'AIII( )I(HiY." Ily I'.I/wIN It
Wn SuN anJ MANY I I 11uNNt. I'rut rrtlL.ngr u/ rhr Nurr.,nuf Ar u.lrmy ,rf
Scienrtl, Vul 41. pages 11)73-I1)7M, 1957. ( 1' I R('. 6ranlcc: I'elhuhlglc
Anatumlc Study)
l u ascettain thc It:lthuhrglca) cunlliliuns in run u( Ihc ruill lungs at autulr,y,
a Jurcn p.uhldrrl;rsu atruss Ihe country agreed lu ccxrlfcralc tts taking
fiftrcn slandarrl sctairms and reading them fur: (I) no pethulrrl;y, (2)
Ilyllcrlrl:l,IJ, ( 1) rllt1./11Iai1:1, (4) :/IY111l.aI r11Ct:111I:m:1, (5) l:a/llllr/rll1 1/1
ernl, anJ ((1) i.luc/nnrna Ihcy fuunJ that after Ihe age trl 25 dlcrc w,r%
nrrt nluch c'hangc In tlle atnuunt u( palhulugy and that mcn's hings shl/wcd
nnne Ihan wnlurn's 11 was, huwever, apparcnt that the lrIlhtdtl);i+h nl
thl: lllllcrcnt ccnlcrs Ji/fcrcJ sumcwhal in thcir cla»dicaUun t/f Ihc Pa
thulugy of the tundltitnn fuunll in Ihe lungs. ITley thereGlre all al;rccJ lu
rraJ a sarnlllc trl fnrty shJcs 111c s1uJy Rives a Jiscussitaf of Ihe llillrlcnccs
shnwn in the rra.)rnh trf Ilsc.i forty slides by a Jtften dlllcrcnl Ifalhldtrl;l.ls
Illc study is ctrnllaurrlg in an cf/tal lu set up reas/lnahly stfuntl crllrne nf
itlny/arram uf Illc In1I11Hlrlafy ct//1111Illlrlf at aulupsy in the ilfllrrcrst crnlrru
111. Ilcurt und (:irt'ttluliun
"('AR11IA(' I:I I'I('IS l)F INIKA('ORUNAI(Y AI(I11(IAI. IN/1:(
'II(1NSOI NI( l)IINIi"ItylASltsW. Wut,ItS,SANrtul.n V (iuiKsAN,
M I) , UrIII 1AX1t/1 I I11 I t r 1, M I)., I)Cllaft/11C111 cs( I'h:lnn:lculul;y. I lnlvrr
sity nf 1'cnrtsylvrnl.l Sthllul uI Mcdicirse Inl1 Uivrsl/m uf ('uJlululy, I'hll
aclclplua (iencr.ll Ilrnlfital, 1'hilallilphia, Pa. ( frru(u1fUl1 Krfrrulh, Vul A,
Nu J, p:Il;cs 1HV. 1'15, May I'15R. (1 .1 R('. granlrc: Ilcllct )
Purpt.sr../slurly: Ihc acliuns of nicotine on Ihc hrart :Irc pntaly un
dcr+IrMrJ In spnc u( calcnsrvc studnrs. Since nlcnlinc Irls hrcn uual Itn
S(1 ycIr. lur c1ucIJ.111ng aulunrnnlc nervc functn/a. anrl h.l. Ircrn rc.lron
slhlc fur many'sl);nllii:ufl dr.rlwcrics, it was srlcctiJ lur syarulluc mvc.
Ug:ltnnl unJit a scl IJ Inikctlures dcvl.cd by the authnrs whuh I/crln/l tht
aPlll/lallnft tll nlitllulc lluectly (t/ v.lrlllns Il:uls t/t Iht he.lrtl rrf Irr:lctliIlly
inl.ltl :Innnals
I'..rrrrlu..: ('ulnn.uy attcry cathcrir:/uun Lcrnnltnl); IrrtIl/itd tllul., Ill
jccurrns Inlu v,rrruu. %rlcs Ill Ihc hlrtl and tltficr c~llcn/uinr wirr Irir
Itrr/ucd tm 11 nrrrrn.ll aJuh runnglcl Jr/), unJcr hgIII :Iniahi.r./ In .rrnlc
Ilrcl/.n.11am. myrr..ud/.rl ctmlr:IC1Ul11y was c'stahh%hcd hy surp.ic.ll %ulurc
tJ .1 Wallrm sIr.lul f;.luf;c h/ Ihe lsllnsed sutfacc tlf Illc vcntralr in Ihc err.r
%uIrI111rJ '/y tll.' irnr.n.lry aflcry 111111 wh/ilt injcclrrlns trt nlirrUni Iml ap/
nilrturnc wifc nr.ldi In trlllcr PrCI/ar.ILUUS% curtln.uy hhNrJ Ilr/w wa. Inra%
uriJ Illund luc.~rnc :rnJ cliiUlKarduq,r.ll/h rcerhnl,% aLu wrri rr,urJrJ
R..nfl.: N.1 rvrArntr w.ll IuunJ 111.11 any lhl.c rJ nanllnc, Inlri/rrl
inttl :uly of Ihc Ilnrr 111.1111 crutrn.lry hr.lnthe., can c:n/.i trrnsrrltU.rn r-l
ctmrn.uy arlcnr. (\1r.l.nrrnlrn/ Id rnrr.rn.lry vnrr% uvrlll.rw .lurwrrl J,
t rr.r.r+ nnly whr n Ilrr I.L.rnt lur..ulr IiII .IS .1 fcarll /rI nr.rl l rrl er nlr r, .J..r
sl.rwml. 1'n.rrr~r rLr.,lr..tr..lrlr :ur.l"ul Innlrrynt illrt/, nl n/...unr nr"n.
.rhly wrrr elt.nnl.enrr.l I.1 In.ri.r.rl fnl .rnrln.lry Ilnw, rflrl Ih~mlh Ihr
17
1I
hlr+t+tl I+ri.,urc tlrrl nrtl ri[c In[r+f.rr :r, Ihc.c IrnJrnl,[ art :rlq+ht.rt+lt Itl
Ihc inhal.ltwn t+f ntculrnc frt+rn tt+l+etcn srnnkcd hy Intacl hmn.rm, lite
tt+ntlrr,iun wnultl hc Ilr;rl an);tn.rl all.ltks a[.rxr.tltJ willl srnr.krng .rrc
rclcr:rl+lc lu intrc.r[cd c.utlr.ri wurk resulting /runt thc syrnlr.rlht+nrrnt.ui
clf..1[
I hi tlcctrtti;u Jml;ra(dui ch,rrtgc% prc[tlucctl in Ihc anirn:tls hy rrtlrn-
ct+n+nary nt1cclJtm[ rd niitHlnc, c(tntcl+hnne anJ nr+rcltrnclthnnc :uc [rrnd.u
lr Iht+,c tlc[rnhrtl rn ntcn aflcr inlravcnuus rtlnrinr.lr.tuun nf nnutrnc antl
'trnrinl. crl;.ucllc smr+ktng
/(hhrr Krnnrtrr: I rfc In[urancc Mcdical Rcscar( h I untl
"I)IiI1ItMINAIIONS OW 1)I'N ('11'N) 11IIAMINI_, AIN1IN( I A('lI)S
ANI) AMINO S(1(iAItS IN III (M)I) OW ANIMAI S W1111 I KI'I I(1
MI'NIA1 Ml(K'ARI)IA1. INI AI((`IION" fly (; ('AItMINA, ,1I), A
111 1114 1 v, M 1) ,.rnd I( I Illr+c, M 1) , I)i 1).lrlmirnt td Mt rlu mr, 11',n1r
rnlt++n 1lnrvir,tlv S+h+w-l tr1 Mctlrrrnt', SI I tnn., M++ ( n.tJaw.,n Nrrrw, lr
Vtd h, N++ I, I+.tl;c, I\ I'), l.mu:rry 1't\M ( I I H(' I;ranltc Ihnl;)
I'riviuus rtI,.,rl[ Irtrnl this laht+ralury discnhitl ilr
tuleAyy. I+.rthnh.lrt anA nrcl,rhtdr. hn+hnp. in huur.tn. .tntl tlul;. lull-m/;
nty+r.uJiel rnl.rrtw+n lite th.rn1c, nrtlurlitl c.uly rllcrjItun[ irl thc nrpn
cjrtlr.rl u,.rl;c t+l I+yruv.tlc :.ntl Lrcln/r. I..Il,+wctl hy r rr.c in I+Lt[nr.r .rttnrty
r+f tirt.rnt entyrnc, ..luth rc.rthi, a l+..rk 2-1 hrwr, allcr Ilrc utiury In lite
IrCerl, whin till nitr++,l[ r[ :rl rt. Itcr/lrl II w.r[ rlrtrtlctl Itl ntvi,IrF.rli lite
/r+un Ihc icll, + I,ul+,l.rntc, t+f ,ni.rllrr rttt+Irttll.rr tarrlhl,
.vhtth, rl w.r, tnn,i,lrrrtl, nul1+1 m-1 ILi rtL.tlrtl lu trll nitrt+,r, Lut rn,tc.ul
mrf;hl rcl+rc.cnl rnrt.il++drt .rllrt,rlr+ml ul Ilri till wlutlr w+arl.l I+rtttJ: trlt
(li.+IFt +n I.rkc Irl.rti in tt'll, wrtfh ri vir,ihlt rut'I,rhi+ht tlr.rnlc.
I\1).v.rrth.rl Irnl.trtttnn w.l. I+r++tlntitl ut rn++nlril rLy,
unttir .mc,lht'[r.r, c.rlhilcrs wrrr Inu++Jurctl irun Ihr t++rr+rt.ny [rnu,. Ilrc
c:rr+Nal arrc/y ;trul Ihc (ctnural .rrttry, ;Int1 hlunJ I+rc,vut' ri.r+lrnl, ,rnJ
h6a+t) ,.unl+lr[ wirc t.tkttt ;11 urtirvrf% t+l 5, IO, I\ :tntl lll rutnnli, .uttl
1, 2. 12 .mJ ?d Ir.+nrs ftdluwrnl; crnhrdiiaUtm uf Iltc ctnt+rl.rry .irtirrc.
1)rlcnnm.tUt+n. ul 1)I'N ('II'N) :rnJ Ilnantirte wcrc ru.ulc hy I)utuumrlry.
anrl t hr+nn.rl++);rdl+hrr :rn.tly,cs nl :rtninu aiitk antl :rntint+ [u);.rrs wc rc m.rtlt-
Findir.l;.: Ni, ih.utt-c% in thC tt+rtm.uy .rrlcrinvin++n. thllcrrnic[ r,l Iht,c
.nl+,l.rnct[ wtrt L+untl *Iltc :urllr++r[ s.ry Ilrat lite hlchlm+J itr,l, 01.11
thr,i nc);eltvC tt'+ult% wcrc tluc Irt tirt' /,ril Ihel, a111rtru1Ir Ilit 111,111,01
n( ;rn.rly,i% were CUrrnlcly [cn.rlrvt, Ihi tn:rlylic crrur Ix+4+.rl+ly wr, ,Irll
Ir + I;rc.rt, it r. :+I,+r I+n.[il+li Ih.tl Ihc vuh,tantis :rn.rlyicJ wirr ,tr t.rln+llv
rt.rh+fiicJ th tl Ihirr accurrtul.rh+m tn lite hltwul t urrltt nnt I+r Jrtrt IrJ
lt S 1'nl+lit' 11c.rllh Strvi<C I rfi In,ur.+n+t
Rc,i.ntlt I un+l. Iturr+wl;h[. Willt++rnc.rnrl ..+n+l Arnrrrtan Ilierl
A.,nt r.+ln+rt
'11 l-\Il(tl tt 1I1'It11 ti tIN I111 AItltI tilI It -\Nlt I llll(11 1 s I IrJt;
1'I 111 I i'.I I) 111 \If I' Itv .\r+n, Ilr uwt r. A1 It f rr.nt '+rA M.'. 41 It .
.~ul Itrr r, .Mn I IIi.. .. /t1 tl I,\t 1' II, t+.rrnr, +I t.trAhi n+r .+n+l
1
Ihuracic Sur);cry, Washington llnivcrsily SchtKrl ul Mctlr.lne, St.
Luuis,
Mo. Anrrruun luurnul uJ ('urJt(PluKy, Vo1. I, Nu. I, p..gcs IO) I 12, lan-
urry 1958 (l.I R ('. grantee. (Iing)
1'urpo.r rr/ rrudy: '111e mtrtlJutlion uf surgery on the arrestcd humrn
heart Ilas nl ltJc a study uf uxygcn and subs(rate utdirrlion uf Ihe arreslcJ
rrltl hbnllatrng heart nf prJl't/laI Inll?ltrlance. Uata un u.ygcn usage are
scanly, and nu uhscrvatitlns nn suhslrale utilitaliun were available. In
atltliuun, an estiluatuun of thc uxygen cunsuntpliun of arrested hcert w,t%
esscntial in rc cvalu.rtitln uf prcvious figures on myt>Lartlial cllicicniy
J'rurrdurr: I wtl scls uf cal><rllllcnts. lite linl trn upcn t;hcsl ancslhcllrctl
Jugs, the secuntl tluttugh rnlrtnlat:liun uf calhcters, were crrrrcd uul Slrvcrc
mytkrrtllal dl[lurhant:cs were cntuunlcrcJ in Ihe (irsl scrlcs hciausc lite
ruclhtalulul;y was liutc- ct/nsluning; t/lis, tttgclhcr with lite ataual Iraum.r Itr
Ilrc hcarI rnu.clc tluring Ihc prucedure, may be r(s{xmsihlc for sumc uf lite
rc[ull, uhl:nnrtl 1).Ita uhtainctl hy calhelers, which (xrulillcJ lurlu.ian uf
all ctrrnn.rry jrtcrncs, were cnruiJcrcll of greater physit/hl);ic va6drly
I'inrlir.K.: In lhc tqa'tn chcst a111r11ai. Ihere was a sigrulit:anl JcihnC In
Ihc usygcn usrgc Iran the rhylhnlically cunlracting lo lite ;Irreslcd hcatt
Mytx:artlial tatracli+rns uf subsbalcs were muslly negative tluting lite
ctrntrul (xritxl In lite clttsetl chcsl anunal, no s1a1b11cJI lllflerl'llce c.intcd
fxlwccn IhC oaygcn usage uf the eulply rhylluuically l'tnllracllrtt,' IlCart
and lite lihrill..hng or arrnlcll ury;'rn 'flte results inthcale that Ihc uxyl;cn
u[agc ul Ihe Itcarl is ptinlarily dclcrnlinetl hy its exlcrnal wurk; they aisu
sllggc[I that Itrevlt+us vallll's calculated fllr the /lll'illPl//1:a1 eI1/c1etlCy tl(
{Nc Itc,uing Ihrarl are /tK) Inw.
/(/th.r Rrunr..r.: 11 S I'ublic Ilcallh Service. I.ife lnsuranre Mcdic,ll
Rcscnral I unJ, Ilunoughs. Wcllcunle and luc., antl Atncrrcan Itiatl
As[trcialiun.
"('ONIRA(`III.IIY OF A("IUMYUSIN I1AN1)S 1'It1.I'Altl`I) IitOM
NOI(MAI. Ar)1) I-AII.IN(i III/MAN II1?AR'IS" Ily K KAKU antl R J
Ilrru;, 1)t'paruncnt uf Medicine, W:1[fnnl;lon Onivcnity SchrN+l rtf Mcthcmc,
St Luur., Mu l.nnrnul rr/ ('Irniiul lnvrsrrKuli.+n, Vld 17. Ntt 1, pay;cs
4hS-471/, Ivlarih IYSR (1'.I R.('. granlca: Iiinb)
f'urpu.ru/.rudy: I'rcviudi wttrk (rtrnl thi[ (rht+r:llr.ry [h+twctl Iltel
acttnnytrvn b:rnth Irt+ru Ihe hCarl nlu[cle u( dttg? preserve un.luuluLheJ
t'untret lllily Inr tmc htrur atter death 11us sugl;cstcd thal it wuultl
f4: (wr.srhlC Ir+ invcshgdlc (ltc cunlraclile prulx'lllcs t.l atlUntyu.irl I.Ikcn
at aultyr[y Irrnn nr+rnctl ]r1tl IJ/II/Il; f11/r11J1l hcarts as well n[ It+ Jclcrrnrni
Ihc clliit t+l t.rlrtunt chlurlAc, drgnsin and niiul/nc un Ihc h,ln+l.
1'r..r.vfurr: Mna It' Ir..uc wa[ t+hLlmCd at arltul+[y In+nl 41 huurnlt
hc,ul[ al I+trual[ r:rn/,iry; Irnnt rrnC Itt sr htlurs alltr tlc.r111 nI Ilrc I+.urint,
uf wluarl 1? Jrctl t+t inrn);t'[llvc hc:ul f.ulutc :Ind Iht rcm.unJir Ilnrn
nl.rbl;nnnty tirrlrn,r, td lite Ilvcr, Icukt'rni.l, Ix'IHri ultir, t+r tirtl+r.tl 1.+,
i ul,tr .u irJrnt l ht- rnu,t Ir .Itct mtini wt'rc nnnittl ;rnrl c. rr.r+ li J r,r +,Ll.un
;1 .trtulimn +.I .++ I++r.+y.,vrt 111,11 w.r. Ihin tnnrl.rt,.rvl In/++ I+.+n.l. I I +,n
Iratlrlrly nnJ Ilrr rllr+l, u/ Iht Ir,lid tuuy+++urnJ. n Iltc,c (...n. l, +.+++II.,n
rnc.r.rucJ t++nrl,.rr.rlnily
I' )
1K,
FinrlinR.: Iltc tinrc inlcrval hclwccn tlcath of Ihc prlient and tlic f,rcl,.l
r.hl,rl r,f aclumynsln t1rJ nul affcct Ihe +hralcnrng 4.1 tlte h.mds. I Ilc ll-n-
Iraclthty Ihus rcntrtns unJintinishcll fl,r at ICJSt slit hours aftcr llc rtlt
I1anJs fucltarcrl /rr,rn nlvmal hc.rts tlcmonslrated a rcvcrsc rcl.rulutsfn(,
hclwccrt htad and Irrccnla);e thurlcning 1)il;ustn and cal.iunt (hlur,Jr,
whcn aJllcd scpardtcly to the s/tlutiun, failctl to affccl cuntracultly ltl thc
m/rmal or faiGng hc.rrt apccinlens 111c cffccl uf ntcutine was slrghtly 10
r rluce Ihe shttrlcninK, hut so alightly dul direct eflecl uf tts
h drug un
n crmrractahle laotrlns of the heart cannot hc ftustul.rtcd
/Othrr rnnfur.: National F(cart Institute (11 261tO, I r(c In+urancc
MrAica~ Rcsrirch I'urtd, Amcrican Flcarl Assrk'r.ul.,n, and Ilurruul;hs.
Wcllcumc and ('o , Inc.
'f RI:SSt/KF-VOLIIME ('IIANGVS IN T111? F/)I21'ARM VFINS O1:
MAN I)I/RIN(i IIYF'1'RVI?NI11 AIlON Ily 1ltrrN W I:r k.terN Wr1
I IAkr K IIA.nt trrN and 1rurN NJ. Mf (,% NlA1fINr1 I)tI1Jrl/llcllts nf Inlcrn.rl
h(cJltinc rnJ Surl;cry. St.te l/nivcrsily r,f Irtwa (r,llcl;e ld INrdtunc, Ir,wr
('tly !r,urrnul n/ ((rrutal lnrrthgrllrlrrr, Vol. )7, Nl+ 7, It.ll;rs !)56 961.
luly I')5R ("1 I R(' grantee. Eckstcin)
f'ur/rn.ro/.hufy: Peripheral vcnl,us volunu dccreases during hyf,er
vcnul,ltum I his chanK,c may t.e altrlhtrlcll IU a fall in inlralummal `,rrssurc
and to actrvc vcnuus cltmlri.lum I hc rnvcstigatil,n was pl.rnncll tlr llc-
Icrnunc Ihc rclatlvc rnyw,rt.ln.c nf c.rth nf thcsc lacll,rs anJ whclhcr Ihr
fnrcarm vcrtnus cc,lw,nscs to hylrrvcntrt.,tn,n wtrh n,.ntlelrJ hyl,rr.t1,rti.1
are dt/lcrcnt (rntu Ihc rrslw,rncs Ir, h)IKr.rnul.trn wllrn cnrhrm lhr,.IJc
is alhtctl tu Ihc In,l,rrcJ air
/'rorrrhnr: Iwcnty clltnnrrnt. wrrr Ikrlurrtrrrl nn I(, hr.rllhy mcn
21 Irt 34 years of age After valurs (.,r vcnnus (lntrnvhtltly (n,r:nirrcd
plcthysrnagral,htcally) anJ ftressnre hrt.trne st.rhlc thc ,vhlcrl w:rs askcJ
to hyl,erventrlatc In the first 9 cl/x'rnucnts Ihc subjccl w.rs irntruUcd
to overhrcathc tu thc fxrint of symplluns by rneons of ruaximal impira
tory efforts with passive eapiralitrns. In thc final 11 eu/,crirncnt, the
suhjccts ovcrhrcathcJ in the srrnc way wilh prum(tling in an c/llut Il,
maintain a reduction in cnd-exr iralury (Y), tension l,f about 15 nun 11(;.
After twls to three rninulcs of hy(xrvcnlilatilm ur after stabili7aliltn t,f
respiratlxy rate antl dcplh or end eaf,iratltry ('O, tcnsirtn, rtnc trr Iwu
ntcasurcmcnls l,f vcnt,us dislcnsihilily were madc l hc nvcrhrcalhinl; w:ts
thrn slupl,cd and uhscrvalilms cr,ntinucd until cuntrltl valucs rrturncd
In the final I I c.{~crimrnts hylxrvcntilatilm was rclxatctl wilh S r,r
((1: enJ 21^b l,tyKcn in the inspireJ gas After t,nc nr Iwo rfi.rrvaliuns On
vcm,us llislcn,ihihly and pressure the hyl,crvcntilatiun was +uq,prd anJ
rnca+urerncnls cunlinuell until tvtntrol values relurnetl
FindinR.: 1=urr:trrn vcnl,us pressure dccreased drtrinti hylcrvrnul,rlir,n
whilc hrealhinl; /ir antl averaRed a slight increrse durtn(; hyl,crvcnul,rttrn
while hrealhiny (Y). Active h,re:trm venuus cOn,tritlinn rw.nncrl rrlrt
Lrrly rfurinl h+lrrvrnnl.rliut, wrtlhnnt sirnrht:tnl ll,l(rrrnrc+ wl,rthrr rr.rr
Inr'ellirr,l .nr ,r .rrlrr.rtlun/! ('fl. 111~al ,lu/lrrl nut ld Ilrr fnrr.rrrn
v in. rn r., I, rn.t.n,,,~Inrn,t b,l r.,nril itmn wliill~ I,Irellrrnl; :ur I hr
1
drerease in hurarrn vcnltus vulume averaged lU9'; Ihc (Iccrcasc atrri
It1/1aI,Ic Ilt vrmnts i/tnstrlctlun ahrnc avrragrJ 2) b'7; Ilrr Jc.rcase ceu+.d
by the fall in vcnl,us (trrswrc alone averaged 7 uf the aver;lgc resun(;
valuc l hc vulumc change was significantly less while l,vcr hrcalhutF; (1),
h k:ausc (l,rc.trut vrnt,us pressurc lailcll lu (aIL It is suggcstrtl Ih./l Icrl
A trl val vrnuu, clmstrrttum nlay serve lu inrrcasc the availal,ilily uf hh,rrtl
lthc hr:rrt durutg hyl,rrvrnlilaliltn.
1)N..r Krnnturs: N:IIIUnaI Ilcarl Inslitute and Iowa Ilc:lrt A+,lk'I.rUun
t
IMMt1NO1 (1(;I(A1. ASI'F('IS OF l(111A('('U AN11 SMOKIN(i' Ily
11 Srt vr t t t, 1'n 1) . I' S LAM1lrN, I'n I) , anti I I It 11AAc:, M I), I)e
ftrrtrncnl tlf ('h.tun.lrl,lr,l;y, Mcllllal CIIIIc6'C llf Vlrglrlla, Richruund 4rrrrrr
t u.r Inurnuf u/ drr Af.Ja ul 1t rrnl es. Vul 2)4, Nlr S, page+ 561 SH'),
NrrvcullKr 145 /( I- I It l. grantrr: I l:rag )
I'rupu.r ../ .rudy: A survey u( Ihe literature failed lu rcvc:ll any prr
vn,us cunrlnrhrmlvc review ur Ihc Intrnunulugy of luh,lrcl, anll Its lutHl
uct., rutucrwer, thr whleel flas Leen far (rurn curnprellrnsrvrly inve,t/
gatcd, :tnd nl.tny I'rps in knuwleJbc of lhe suhjccl hc.anlc al,l,:urnt tlurrnt
tlle analysis.
I'rurrrlurr: A review of all literature dealing wilh luhaccu inununuluKy
was undcrlukcn, dlvillcd into three parls: the inmwntnltnl;y of nicuunc.
I)le imntunulul;y of tuh.lt'co and luhaccu srnuke; anJ Ihe rntlurncr ld t/r
hartru un irnruunc rractittns.
FirnlirnKs: I. atnnrluuthtgy rd nicnline: A vast nunthcr u/ invt+tl(;ahr,n,
11r1 (ltl. :Il'llltrrl'll /ltll'rJrlle Irf rlll'1ltlrlc rn nlany arlllll:ll slh'l'll) havl' (llr
nlshrJ nu evldcncc th:lt injecliltn of nicutine gives rise lu any irnolunltlugical
rc+lnm,c wh:rl,r,cvrr. 1 hc necessary tcchniyues fit llctrrruinc whclhrr suh
st:lnces not anligcnic in Iheulselvcs may combine with bl+dy rrulcins ttt
give risr to :InlthlHly funuatilln Jo nltl appear to have l,crn appllld to
nicltunc 2 Inununltlt,)y uf htl,acal and tl+h:lcco snutkc: Ihr (und.nurnl:tl
anitnel rni-Icrinrcnts h:rsit: t/t any study uf luharrn ,crl,ilivity ul ntan h:tvr
nul hccn nlatlc, :tntl varir,us cRptrimrnlal nlc(htKls which mil;ht lrht.rin
Ihc nctcss:lry knr,wlydy;c are dcscnhcd 'llle test ltr hunl:ut skin rrattu,ns
to tld,.tirl, rcctadrJ in the literature pruville evidcncr Ihat skin stnsitlvlly
to Il,herrrr cx(ract, may hc a true inlnlunltlul;ical rracl/un 1 II :rl,l,r.tr,
frurn sutnc calKruucnt.:tml l,hscrvatiltns that luh:li.u snurkr anJ/nr nicl,
lirtc nl:ty inllurntc irrt.un intnlunc rcactiuns Such rrlauun.lulrs. hnwrvtr.
arc at I,rescltl r,h,turr, anJ surne uf Ilrrrn al Ire,t nt:ty I,c intlirect (e~
IFtrnu(,Fh niir,unr rrlcasc uf rltinrl,hrine frurn thc aJrrnal FLrntl.)
Sununrny: I.I,crnnint.tt wltrk un thr Intnwntdu);y l,f Ilh.trclt is fr.t1ntcn
l,rry, :InJ a crnul,lctt vlrii imntunrdr,lic:rl ,ludy uf Ilrh.,crn is urlrnlly
requrrrd, in L:rrl (r,r Its uwn sake, in I+arl t.. scrve rs a l.a,i, fr,r rv.Ju.rtln)
ctrlain InltIrto ctrr,lr,tic:d t'unl'crls 1.1 di,rasc Muth trl Ihe puhtr,hrtl
cluurJ wr,rk i. crltnvra:,l, uutrilrr.rl, and in.lJrllu.Nrly tuntrultrd. .tn,t
hrrr tnu a wl'll Ji sil nrlt lalqr:lnl ld t hnii.tl invc,U(;:rlinn lrf Inh.tt r u,rn
stuvrlv m rrLrltm 1, rlr+r.r,c r, 1ri:llly to I-r rlrsltrrl
'l(t11I 1)1 1)11151t1 I A I IN Illlt\1nN Nlill(11111N Itll IANI1
~ l~
Illti I1'II)IiMI()1 O(iY OF ('Uf2(NARY IWAR 1 I)I%FASG." Ily
ANt e t Krv., I'rt 1) , FANIIA, (rrlrl I M4Nr 1S( 1/ (iMAN1/, , Iv1 1) , I JIM/rJtllry
of ('hy+whrl,tt.tl Ilygicnc, ltnivcrsily (if Mrnncsrrl.l, Ivlmnr:q>,dts .4ru.rrtorr
Inurnul u/ I'uhhr llruhh. Vul 47, Nit 12, pa6r+ 1520 1.5,10. 1)ctrntl.cr
I'157. ( I I R('. grantee: Keys)
l'urprr.. u/rrurry: '1 he altllrrcntial frequency of coronary hcart drscase
h.rs hcrn nuteJ arttung variuus pupulaUUns in dtllrrcnl parb of Ihc wtrrltl.
Ujtd h,rve trccn uht.IrneJ on Ihis subjeet with the tull.rt>,nalirm of a Llrgr
tlurnhrr of sc'irntisls in ntany Cuuntries in order to cRannnr (hc rc6ttrnJl
anJ uthcr ddfcrrnccs which may relate to incialcncc of Ihe dt.casr.
1'ru.r.lurr: Ohlcttive ftntlings of severe curunary alhcntstlrrusu fuunJ
in rcrcnt large srrics of routine jultlpstes (Jeallht frnns all tautcs) anwng
Japrncsc men in 1JpJn and in IlawJrl as c011t (tarcd with tvhrtc rttcn in Mln-
nctuta JIl(1 IlJwatt were uhtaincJ for fuur Jrtenrual age hruups Ixtwccn
10 arul h') ('rnulr,rrdltlc tlala wcrc nul ovatl.rhlc (ur Lus Anl,rlrt, hul hrrllr
scvcrr alllcru.rlrrrnlt anJ corollary hrarl dlseatc .rc curnmun Ihrtc amrmg
Ihc l.rlrnrtcu', wltu+c nuwlc of life is inJlttinFunlralrlC (runt thet of IrK.r1
('.lut.ra,rns, tn tunrr.rsl lu IldwJrl, wllefC Ihe hrcJl lapanetc nurle td life
it Intrrmrrlirry I-clwccn Ihe /t,rllcrns of lapan :InJ Ihe cuntincnl.rl Unrlctl
Sl.rtrs, :rl Ic.r.l rn rcl,artl to Jrrl I).rlr un avcra),c tlic( and trrurn 1,01.11
thuli.lrrrrl cnntcntr.rurrn in thrnc:rlly hc.rllhy nrcn frunt 21 Irrrfw(.rlurn
Prrro/rs in Irrur tunUncnts wcrc el.u trhternrd, es wrll as uthcr Irrtunrnt
cvulrn.c rcl,rlrnp, Irr Ihc+c .rnd ruhcr I;ruuf.s
finrlinK.: Ihr rrlx'ntnrnlel Ihrtrrttlc.rl tnJ clrirlrnrirrlul"rcal rvrJrn.e
itnldit:ltr% llrc rlrrt, :rrrJ )t.rrtltuLrrly Ihc lat+ In Ihr Jrrl, rrt Ihr rhllcr.ntc
Ihctwrcn Anurrtrn nrrn jnrl mnny trlhcr pqrul.rlrrm+ wuh rcl!.rrJ lu Ihr
hit,ll (rrrlucnty of trrrunary hrerl Ji.r.r+r llir tr.rrtlr frn r.lhrr I.utrrr+ +u
let h.r+ hcrn un.utars+ful N'hrlc Jrcrny Lrt t.rnnrrt Irr Ihc +1rlr rr.l1un.rl,lc
:rl;crtl. Ihe wcrl-lrl ul :ICtlnnul,rlrng rvuAnac I% su.h Ih.rt c.trnavc rr.r:uth
n Ihc rlurttnm uf Ih: rulr of Iltcl.rry fel in :rlhcru);rnisrs :rnJ IhtrunlMrF,cnc
r% is warranlrJ
Orlrrr Rrrrnrr.rr: Arncri:an Ilcart Astrtcialiun, Ivlulncsrrta Ilr.rrt i1t.u
tLllitln. N.ltitrn.rl 1).riry ('uunc/l, Nutriwm FtlunJ.llitm, Wtlh.nn. W.Ilrtnr.rn
1'und, tiihwc/tpc I uunJ.Hitrn, unJ Mr 11.tvtll Wrntun antl ~.+tMr.rlc+
"I IiSSONS I ROM St NllNl ('11(11 I SII:HO1. Sllll)Il ti IN JAI'/1N,
IIAWAII ANI) IOti ANGF1 FS " Ily ANr t t Kt vs. I'rt I) , and Iv1nM
(.sMl-t II+Nt v Ki t., 11 S( , Mmnr,rl~r ll+, Mrnn . NrrnuMtt Kml,MA, 141 1)
JrIII AMIMA Klr+l1stw., M I), l.rlr:rn, II IIMrINII titlwsMI, !N 1), (11.furrl,
I nlIl,utd, .rnd Nlt. I aM%t N, M I) . I'/1( I', Ilrmululu, '1 11 4nrruft rr/
lrrrrrrral A1rJrr rnr. \'rd 411 Nu I, It.rpr. R 11/1, l.rnner y I'/5K t I I I( ('
1r.lnlrc Krv+l
I'Nrlr.,..Ir/.rrr,lv: An ralrl.rn.rlr.rn fr-r Ihc I,rw rn, ulrnlr Irl .rtht'r".rIr
rn+r+ nnr) trrrrur.rrv Ir.rtl clr.r'.r.r rn l:rlr.rn i+ rnr.r... ry rrt Ord.r In rur. lrr
r rn.1 Ilir r.ru.i ...u.1 Ir, .rl.u~ nl .,f Iln'r r.qHIrIP,n.
Minnesota (4l/O aulupsies), and the average percrmages uf crlurics pro
viJcJ by fats in the Jtr1 were u1.l.nncJ for Ihcsc pupul,rtitrr», lugclhcr wttlt
drterminatiuns of serum ehuleslrrnl, tmuking hahtls anJ uther rharatter-
islits of clinically healthy rucn in the sall)e areas.
FindinK.: '1 he srrurn cholesterol level in lapanese rncn is tlireclJy reIJICJ
lu the pcrccntn6c of calories provided by lals in the Jict. *Cllcse /inJrn);s
do nul cunslhute pnKrf of the hylwthesis that Jielary lal is a ntajur latltrr
in Ihc alcvrlu/rrucnl uf coronary heart disease, bul arc consistcnt, in tlclatl,
widt thc Ihcury. lhe Jillcrences between lapanese and ('aucasier» arc
not atruunted for by Jdlerences in climate, relative obesity, physttal activ-
ily, tlte use of alcuhul and tobactu. the concentration of prutrrn rrt 1he
A h rl, or thr inlrke of "essenlial" fally acids.
(lrhrr Rrnnror.: Aturrican Ilcart AssrM:ialiun, Naliunal 1)riry ('uunitl,
Mr. 1)avid Winlun and the Winlun ('untpanirs Fund, Mrnnc.yHrh+, :rnJ
Kal sourcct in ),p:m.
"('11A1KA('IIiHISII(:ti UF 'IlIli INI)IVII)t1Al. AS (illll)lTOS7S 'II)
'11I1: r'1ZliVl'NIION OF IIIiAI(1 UISI;.ASIi." 11y ('AM(r11N1 lltntll
'I nttsuti, A1 I) , I A('1', Assrrttrlc I'rulcssar ul Medttntr, )rrhns I lupktnt
l)nivcrsity tithrMrl of MrJicinc, Italtunurr, Mc1. A.rnuFs u/ IrrrrrruJ Alrrlit r.nr,
Vul. 47, Ntr. ), ptges )K9-4t11. Srptruthcr 1957.
I'rupo.ro/.rurly: Wrntilicaliun tul gruups susrcpuhlr lu cnrun.rry :tnd
hyl+rrlcrvstvc hcart altsease is necessary lur the purl>,r.r uf tcstrng lucvcn(ivr
rnr:r.ures Stt;nihc:lnl rutMlilitaliun of sonic of Ihc /:rcturs wluch cunlrihutr
I>,rth tu Ihr Arucncan way of life and tu the hil;h inttJcntc of hcart disca+c
in Ihrs cuunlry tnay Irccumc pt/ssihlc whrn all tclcvanl L,rtturs :uc knuwn
B'rarr.lure: Iltc aulhnr previously ( 19551 had relwrrltal findrngs un
thr intiJrnte of hy/xtlcnsiun and cnrunary hrarl dur:t.e 41, hulh aruung
Ihe grandlrrrcnls, patrnls, aunts and uncles ul Johns Ilupkms ,nrdtral slu
llrnts. In tlte turrrnl sludy lhe asstKialiun Itctwren a/wsilivr prrcntal htt
lury and thc stuJunl's Inrsun:thty anJ othrr uaits was ctmsrJrrrd, nnd
trrl:tin indrvrJu.tl t:h:rtactcristics wcrc Irtund uture Ircyucnlly tn Ihu+r
with p:urntal hylrcttcnsiun ur curunury Jrsca+c than in Ihutc withuw
FinrlinK.: A fuur w,ry Krttupinl; of br:tllhy subjctls atrurthn6 Ir) p.rttnt.J
bttaay and tntllvlJu:d chatarlrri+uts is pruplrsrJ as a It.rsis in sclctting
highly su.crplrhlc inalividuals (ur Ihc purlMlsc ul tcsttuK Int vrnttvc ntctt
tires 1 Ilr 1rlrhvNlltal "1NNtttve trJtlt" ro this Kruupinl; tna luJr lu);hrr chu
Itttrrut Irvrl., uvcrwrtgh( and,'ur ntrn cclunturlrhic htrtly Iruild, hythcr
h1uuJ prr++urr Irvrls, luphcr hr:ul relcs :rnJ hY1Mrrcat'Uvrty trr tulJ an.linr
eRrrctsc (as )acvuru+ly JrlutcJ) It i% nctcswry'ir)r a suhlrct tu c.hthu
twrr ur rntur +ut h"Iln.rtivr Ir:uls" htfurr Ftt: is cla+sthrtl at h,rvinlt "pu+tltvr
utJ/vtJu.tl th.rracra n.urs " Altrr rcvirwing dtc frndrnl:s rrn 514 sludrnn
in cvcn tun+ciutrvr tLlttrs, trnr ti>tIh wcrr 111.14,01 in (:ruup I whrrc
lh rlh It,lrrnLll :rnrl unlrwtlu.tl (:rtlnr. :ur IMr+tltvr; unr titlh iu 14rur1r II
p.ucnlnl Ltatr,r+ nrl. .rtlvc and mJIvlJudl I.rilrn (wr+qtvr, r frw Ic++ ur
<irrrulr I I I Ir.ut 111.0 Lu Irrn Ituvnvr anrl nultvrdu:tl 1.14 Irrt. nr/!,rtr.r, urJ
:rl~~ml urrr IIm.1 rn (:r.rulr I V Ir.m 1.1.11 rnrl rndavrdnnl I.n rnr+ nr t.rtrvr
"I lit rrrn.rnulrr t uu61 n'.t I.r i I.r..Ahr.l Jrhrtrlrly t hrclly Irt't ..n.r .. I rrm r r
teurty m rrlnrJ Ir, Ir.nrnl.rl In.t~urr:
1l
1"h.v K.n..r,r.r: 11 S I'uhlri 11cJlth $crvrtc, Alrtwrll I Jlrru.ounrc, 1.11
rlly 6('u, Ittlcrlc I.alltlrJ/11rrC) Ihvt.run rrt ArnrrriJn ('yen.unrrl ('n,
I'.rrkc, I)avic 6( u, Ihe 111114 rhrt ('tu , Vrlt't, m AtlnurnNlrJntrn, anJ NeUnnal
11cJ11 111vtrtule
"VAM11 IAI. ANI) !'I'll)I MIOI.O(ilC ASI'I ('IS OI ('(/KI)NARY
1)ISFASIi ANI) I11'I'1!(11iNS1UN." Ily ( AMt111Np IttnrlI ItInnlAS,
M 1) hournud of ('hrrrnrr lhrrorrt, Vul. 7, Nu 1, IrJ);rs 1'/!f 211R, Marih
I'I S H
Yurpu.r ull rruJy : On the hypothesis Ihal Csscnlial hyprrlcnsit,n anJ
curunary hc.rl Jiuacc arc asitscialcJ cunJiUttns tn wlnth mululrlr cIc-
nrcnls IrIJy a dctcrminrng rule. Ihe ulvesligJlutn is inlentlid tu c4ldure
v.riuus frc/urs wluth mJy ht nf vatue in the prrtlrtUun antl Itrcvrnuun
of cJrdurv:rtiiul.rr drvcJSc
1'ror.rlurr: I rrng tcrm sludres uf I+Jrcntal hicturics ul lnlrn 111114111%
nrrtlrt,J sturlrnts wrrc cslumtlrJ lu 124 suh)ctl., whu wt'/c ti.r,sdrtJ
attnrdml; lu the (trur-way grlrulting tlcvisrtl hy thc aulhnr rn I')11 Ifr
ceuse ul iufrenl itmccrn uver a/Mrsslhle link t><Iwecn stuukrng JnJ inru
nery Jl~r.tx, Ihi smtrking hJhith (if Ihr stuJrnts were ClJSSrhid, ant/ the
rrlJlittn.hip uf snudinK tu the variuus cunywrncnts af Ihc luur wJy rla+.i
hieut+n wJs stuJrrd. including the parental histnty and serunt thtdc.lrrul
Icvcls nf Ihe suhjtcts
FindinR.: I hc mtrJcnic nf hylxtlrn.irrn ant/ itunnary tli.cLltic arnttng
pJrcnts tr( rc);ul.u snrnlcrs wJi hil,trcr Ihar) antung Itarcnlc trf Ihu.r
wltn were trtt'JVUmJl nr ntm snurkrrs Ihc JrtIcrcntc wus Fhrglrly tiil-nrhrJnt
%I.rti.urrlly wltcn su).jttls wnh a Iwrcnl.rl Iustrrry td drfrnitc nr r1uc.Urrn.rl.tr
hyltrrtcn.um wirc tunylJrt'tl wrtth suhlrith wthnsr ()ertrnt. wcrr Ilir Irtun
thet thsnrtlcr I hc tlrllcrentc, Jllhrru);h IllarkCll, WJS 11,11 .t.tti,tii.rlly crpn
htJnl whcn suhlctlc wrtlr antl wtlhrrut a lmttny uf 11Jrcnlal tutrutery
dr%casi were ttrmlr.ucrl IFhcrc wrre mure nnn srmukrrs :rnJ fcwtr rcruln
srntrktrSIIIJrI eRlWtICII anurng Ihc suhjitls whuse pJrrnlc wcrr huth cnurcly
(ric frtun hylqrltnsurn artJ iraunJry hcart dtscase, t'nnrlt,rrctl wuh all
/,lhcr sulrleils One u/ Ihe mt»t signrliiJnt thlfcrcncts hrlwcrn srnrrkerc
anJ nun srntrkcrs was ftwnJ in rr,IKiI tu Ihc ihutcslirnl Icvcl at Ihc thrrr
lower chuleslcrul Icvcls snurkefs were in Ihc rumtuity, whcrtas al hy.hcr
Icvrls Ihc smnkcrs ttrcdtanrnatrd 'Ihe Jata Ju nttt tntlriate whcthrf snnrk-
inl; incrcases Ihe level ttf Ch11Ieslcfnl tu whrther students wilh higher thn
Ic.tt-rrrl Icvrl, arc nnae hkcly Irt srnrrkc
(lflrrr Krnnfur.: (I S I'ul.lic Ilraltlr Srrviic, AlrFartl I nhra.rtnrir., ! Ir
I llly h('rr . I rrlcrie I Pubnaltnirs IhvrNinn ti( Anrint.rn ('y.rnenurl ('rr ,
1'.rrkc. 1).rvi. & ('u , Ilir I/lrjrrtur ('n , VclcrJns Atlrnrnr.IrnUnn, .rmt N.rtu'n.rl
I It Jrl Inrtrlrrtc
'11I1: . ('llt('lll A I(I(Y !(I til'ONSI It) 1MO/:IN(; 1111 VAkIA
'11(IN IN 11\I I ICI(N'AI(1)I()(;l(AI'1I1(' Sr`t( )I;IN1; II tiIti IN
III M III\' Yt)IIN(; kII N" Ilv ('en.rrrNt Ilrnrrr Irn-rA. A11) .uul
I i .\ !tlnwrrrl, At l), 1)r(.rrlnrrril r/ Nlrrlanr,. ).dm. Il..l.lrn.l~m
I
vcrsily $ihlwrl trf Mcdttine. Iuurnul rr/ ('hrurur I)rtrtnri, Vul H, Nu 2.
pal;rs 21)2 2") August 1958. ( 1' I K,('. graMrc: I humJs )
1'lu pu.r .r/ .tudy: Prcvious studies shuwetl Ihal, on the avrrJge, suh-
jeits wrth a hrstury o( parental hypcrlension appeareJ nwch nuae rerilUv,
in iuculJlufy re.lwrnse lu sntuking Ihan did lhuse with nurrual paren(s,
wlule suhlctls with a hislury of parental cttrunary Jrscase shuwed Irs~
reslntnse than cuhcr ul lhc olher two groups If Ihese varying pallrrns tul
ciriulatury reslwrnx lu smoking slem frum inheriled constUutiunal Jdlcr
ences, Ilrry wuuld prnvitle early indications l+f liability to carJitrvasiulJr
Jtccasc in IJtcr lde. ft is clear thal Jilferences in the patterns u( reslwmse
lu smuktnl; Jrise frunt Iwu main sources: true 'constrtu(iunal" Jdlcrcmrs
between rntltvitluals, anti varialiuns in physiulugic tesp.rnsiveness of Ihe
individuJl fnmt linlc lu time. It is also c ear that the srnuking tesls will (tc
of little value in inJiviJual prognosis unless the eunstilutuwnal faitur is
rouih mure 1mIwnIJn1 than the sccund. AciurJingly, studres were unJrr
takcn ( I ) Irr rncJsure the rcprlwluribility tuf results untlrr slallllalll cunJi
titros, :uttf (2) Iu aucrlain whal factors influence Ihe results anJ thcrcfurr
shnutd be sltnJJrrlvcJ if Ihe marimum amuunl of infurrnauun ic tu lie
drrivrtl frurn srnnking Icsls.
Prurrdtirre: A ttrtal nf 245 ballisltM;artliuRraphii snrukinl; /rsts wcrC
tlunc un healthy rrnale ruetlical slutlrnls, all of thcro snrukrrs; 6') sul,jrt(s
(Scries O) haJ nne Icst each at a random limc in lhe JJy; ttt Irst the fr
prtKlucihiltty uf thc results 32 r11Cn had f11ur tests eaih, IwU laInrc brcak
f,lsl anJ Iwn br(urc lunch (Series F), and 6 subjects hJJ eighl Icsls eath
over a pirit>,I uf nine weeks, all in mitl-afternmtun, with dirt and activities
kcpt as s1anJJrJ as /xtssihle Ihruughtwl Ihe peritlJ (Scrics 1? ).
Iirnrfint;r: Smuking brfnre lunch prlMluceJ results in Serirs I: sntukrrv
srnular lr+ Ihrr,c in srrics O: a hi);hly signilicanl mean risc in hhMrtl prc%
sure, hc:rrl ratc antl l'arlI1JC fale and a fall in slntke vulume I'ulat IlrrswrC
w;ls Irttlr allrilrtl 'Icsls biGtte Irrcakfast in ticrics 1: snurlrrs shuwrJ
(uwrr inntrtrl rcatlin(;s, with a Ct/nIl11Ct11Clllary incrcax in Iltc trs/arnctt lu
smukiug, stu t1:.tl Ihc final figures after smuking were rrmark:drly cun,t.rut
Rcsults were csccnlially thc s:unc un a second lesl day In Ihc Irsts trn
Srrirs I: wlycils thc first Icst cctrncJ tu (.e an unhiJ.cJ rctimJtc uf tht
rnran 'Ihr rt-IlrrlJucilrilily u( Ihe rCculls was caliul.rlctl, anJ il Itrrwetl lu
Le :u) intlivirlual tharactrrislic. Cumpafiatn tuf Ihr Ihrcr ccrits ttf Ir.t,
rrvta1cJ nn prrut dillcrrnres. Frum Ihcse lintlingc il alqtc:rrs tlrat Ihc
hallistrK:uJur) falthii smuking te.I gives resultr whirh are sulliticnlly rr
rNlucr(+Ir Itrr uce as a srrrcning test Itt classify yllunK adull% airturJing /rr
hcrr p.rllcrn% rd iuiulJtnry rc:rclivily.
(Ithrr I;rnut.rr.: NJtirm:rl Ilrarl Inslilulc and VclrrJns AJnlini.IrJtitrn
'I:11.1 ('f O1 ('OOI IN(; ANI) /)1 SMOKING 1OI(A('('U 111'()N IIII-
III (1111) 11 OW 01- Itl?A('1lVI IIl'I'FIMtN1A O1 'IIII- IO//1 " Ily
JAY 1) (M t PIuN, M I) , 1 I:nwtN Wr,rn, M 1) , anJ I(ntn M t W Wrl r IN.,
M I), I)r/r.rrrrncnlc n/ Mrnc~int. Ilrr./rrn 1Imvrrsily .rn.l Iv1n...rrhu.rlr.
Mrnrnn.rl Il~~.lrrr.rl.. Ilu.Irrn. tt1.r% (nrnl.nr..n Vn1 I)f, Nrr I 11
I)f?, Arrl,rr.t I'/\>t 1 1 I It 1' 1rJrrlrc Wr, ~rl)
15
II
I n
1'urpuaru/.tutfy: Prcvitlus wt,rk having dcmun.IrJltA th:ll luhdtco
snu,klnl; JnJ bt,Jy axding dttrc.r.cd 11re "resung" I11tx,J Ihlw t,( Ihe (t,n1,
it wJS tlctldctl ttl t)cacrnrinc whcthcr either t,f Ihrse twu slnuuh jFsu allccts
Ihe Intrc.nctl hhxxl fltlw that (t,lluw_ s a fxntxl of /SlI1er111J (rcattive
hypcrcntia).
1'rnrrdrtrr: Mcasurcnlcnls uf hhxul flow wcrc t,bl.nnrtl by Ihc vcnuus
txclusinn IdclhysmtlKraphic nlcthtxl on p2ticnts wilh and wuhtrut vasculJr
tliscau 1hc suhjccts were aged 16 tu 72 anJ were hJbrtuJl snulkcrs. lhey
wirc at'tlnnatctl lu rtrom Icmpcrature (11)° F. in (he w;lnn rtlum, 6!6° 1:
in Ihc ctx/l rrxlrn ) fta at least one hour and for whatever :tdJ/tiunal lime
was rctyuircJ In uhtain relatively crlnstanl bhw1J Iluw Jntl skin (cmllcrature
nuasurcmcnts lhree resling hhxxl flnws were ohl:linctl every 5 minules
fnr IS nrinulcs ArlcriJl tN:clusinn trf 5 nlinutcs' Jurruun was then apphrd;
following tclcase, hhxxl fluw measurenlenls wcrc repcaled at 15 secuntl
intcrvJls Inr 2 rninules anti then JI 10 scct+nd inlcrvJh Ga a furlhcr 6
mmlucs F:n h sul+jccl then snlnkrtl Iwn rrFulJr lyllc tq;.ncllrs et his own
rJlc, rryutrlny, alxlut 14 minutcs I Ive nlrnulcs Iflcr .mt,klnl, 6rrJn, ar-
1crrJl txtlusr.,n wJS rc.llll,llcd Jnd litc /1rcvruus nbstrv.tun. wcrc relltetrd
I hc Irrst trst w15 m:1 wJrnl rtx,nl, tl,c secuntl tn a tnul rtwnn, .1nJ J Iht(J
Ic.I wes rlt.ult, wllhtlul snlt,kulg, hy tlxdml; thc rnurn (rum R1 It) (,N" 1:
I tn.tlly, scvin synylJlhcttrlruliiJ lil..% tl( h Ileurnts wcre slutllc,l in txHh
Ihc w.lrm anJ tt.,l rnvntlnnrcros
Fin.fin/;.: In IS of 27 w.rrnl rtxnn :lnd 6 tcf 14 t'r+ttl rtwnn rsf.crimcnls.
Ihc srntrkrnF t,/ Iwu crK.lrcl,cs tlctrt,r.cJ Ihc rt.ttlivr hyl.irtrrmia h1u,tJ Ilnw
nl thc (txrl In 14 u/ 17 sluthc+. tnr.hnl~ thc cnsutmmcnl Irunr NI (t) hH' I:
dchnilrfy tlicrcJcJ rcJtllvc I,ylwrcnuJ I+Lxxl Iltlw u( thc Irtt,t anJ :rp-
pc.uctl In IK' J nwri cunastt'nt strnurlu. Ihin trnnklnf; in rc,1tlnl,~ rcJt(Ivc
hy(xrcnrt.l l hc +luda's Jlstl dcimunlrJleJ that .nrnking ,lnd Ia,Jy ttNdlng
m.ly h.lvc aJ,ltuvic ellrtls In rcJutntl; rcj( livc li)I,rtcu,te
LitIwrimrnts nn flJtlcnts wllh syntp:llhtctun,ricJ Irnihs 0n.witt rh:rt tltc
ahtlve nl15cr1rtl re.litlnsrs werr mctll.ttctl thrtlul11 thc .yntl,.tthrlrr nervc,us
sy.tcnl 'I hl% was ttmfirlnctl by thc stuJy trl pJlicnls wlth unll.ttrr.ll .ynlll~
Iheclt+nly, whrl shuwcd no dccrcJSC in rcuttive hyllcrcnuJ 1dt,r~J ILIw In tll
syn1l,Jlhcth,nuictl ftxH durinl, snluking hul a difinite dirrc.ra in Ihe
cuntt+nlrt.lntly stutlicd unsymltJthccltlnrircJ hx+t durinl; snu,kml'
JV. (.(rsfrlrirrtr.rlirlnl
'I ( I 1Y'1 OI ( I(iAl(lil-11 Sftt(KING ()N I)I%\(I( VI I) (iASIHI('
fNtl('INti ,1N1) VIC('OSIIY ()I (1AS11(1(' 11I1('1: " Ily 1'IIIIII' ('"tltN,
A/ I) ,\'ctir.rn. AJnlinis/rJlirtn Il.r.l,rl.rl, Itrttux. N Y,ln.l /'Itnlc.rl Prtl
If..nr u( `urgiry, Alhcrl I'lu0trrl ('niklt' nf f\lithtltli, N(-w Ytrtk ('Ily.
P11 unrt `tl r 1, f\1 1) ,/ lsNtrt ll W I1INNIIW I N, NI I), Vilt-r.in. "t,In,ulis
Ir,tlr.,n Il Prnvldrnrc. 12 (, anJ Il.,.tr.n Ilnnrr.rty Sihtxtl nf
nlrtli, rni, flt.,t,n. nl.ta ;.In,l l)rrNtrt lrv I( III,NrI . A n.\', t, ren, nrltrlrrl
,1 11 Nn F,,
r%ir.,r-rl 11...Iat..1. 1'r...Ortur. It I %
/. ,/" ,'/',r 'Ir. ) 11, , ru.l,, r I'11 7 1 1 1 I( 1 r I
I
Pw prnr .r( .furly: AvaiLthlc Gtcrrlure does nul rcvcjl :uly stuJres ul
thc cllctt td smnkin6 ufwn Jnsnlvetl g:utric nlutnl.s tn rclcrt:ncc Itr any
fwssihle rclJtu,mhrp of JtssulvcJ ntucins Iu Ihe vlxuslly tl( y;nlrlc juNc
lhis study wIS untJrrtakcn tu investigate thcse cllccts of snluking on ilJ
Ircn(s wqh Juut)cnal ulccr antl tun a gruup (1f nl/rlnal sul+jccl5
Prurrtl.rrr: 'I he study group t:onlpristal 21/ patlcnts wuh untnnlpll
calctl dutwlen:d uker, average age 45, and a nonua) gruup uf 1(1 univcrslly
sludcnts, avcrabe age 23, without cvitknt:e of gaslrulntestulJl Jr.cJ1c
(Ilal( (i( cach 6rtwp sr»tlketl and Ihc uthcr half scrvcJ as ctlntfoh m Ihc
Icsls.) AII werc habitual smtlkers with the cacepuon uf 3 ulcer pJUC11t.,
who were included in the control group tl( ulcer patients. An avt:regc t,l
three cigarcttcs was srnukeJ lur 3:Ihs uf Iheir len6th at their usuJ( rJlc hy
Ihe two smoking gruups. ('hanges in dissulveJ uwcros and grsUic )uite vu
costly oh,erveJ I><twecn the pre-srnuking and smoking Leritxls, anti cuol
parisrms tr( all the dJta fnr smokers and nun-smukcrs in llle Iwo grnups,
were sul.ruiucd lu stalislical analysis.
Fir..finRa: Iln,trr thc ct/ntlllitms uf Ihis invcsligaliun, ntl signl/iianl ahcr
atnm m Ihc tuncrnlrau/rn of either g1.roJular nluctlprutrin or .llssulvrd
rnuctll,rutctru ru In Ihc relative vrscuslly rtl ga.tric luice txaurrctl tlur/ng
ur aftrr snluking In inJividua( suhjccts Ibcre did afilx:ar tn Ix sumc rr
IJlitln.lup hclwren the rclJtive viscusily antl lhe cunccnrr.lurtn u( uwtn
fuutcu.c td thc g,lstric juicc.
"'1111i 1:11+('h OF ('1(iAf(U7-Ili SMOkIN(: (/N INIItA(iASIRII'
IfAI I(NIN PI(I titi(IR1: ANI) IIiMITRAT(IRIi (/F 1'A I II-N IS WIIII
1)IIUI)1NAI. I11 ('F.R " Iiy 1'tull t/' ('INlrl It, M 1) , Vc(crans Atlmints
thatUUn Ilusph.J, 1lrnnit, anJ AIIN:rt Finstcin ('nllcl;c u/ Mctlhcinc, New
Yurk ('rty; anJ Ilollua u W. IIANNrIWI N, f111 I) , IIANrtI Ir I. 1111N, M I)
antl (a)1 nwyr+ I. MrN/wr, 11 S., Vcluans Athuini.tratlun Ihl.lnt.d I'ruvl
dcncc, 1( 1(:unrnrrurnd.rf v. Vul 35, Nu 2. I,agc. 176 IM2, Audusl
1'/S8. ( 1 I.R ('. Kranlce: Oxqlcr)
Yurpu.ru/.rmly: 'Ihe imprcaitm tlttriveJ frunl a review ttf thc rnrJlt.ll
hlcrJturc is Ih:d thc ctlccl uf cil;Jrcllc snulking un g.Llric Ixrisl:tlsls IIJs
ntH Ilccn Jdcyuatcly tlclcrmiucJ antl bas been suhjctl lu cunsiJcrahlc vJrl
aliun. ('hangc. in inuagastric Icmpcralurc havc Ixcn t.uriLdcd wall
hunl-'t:r llangs and wil(t the prc+rncc uf active g:lslrtc utccn Ifrrausc r f
thcir inlcrc.l in Ihe intlucnce t,( ci);erctte srnttking urn Ilrc ),asUii Illlyslnhq;y
uf JntlJcn.1) ultcr IlaUCtlts. the aulhurs undttltxlk Itu stuJy .mt,kmK clIctls
nn inuJl!n.lric lucssurc antl Icnlfxralure in suth t:a%cs
1'r.rtv rfrur: I urly adult whittr nlulc (1Jtlcrnlh wilh unrnmllGraltJ tlurl.hn.J
uttcr ugrtl 22 It, h5 wirc +lutlicd All wcrc hahrlu;l) slutrkcr. Anllsl,.l,
ult,rl/t, :/nlJt al enJ scd.lUvc nlcJlt.llittn. wcr. w/lllhrld (rrr 4m hrrur. aml
Irturnt. L,.(rd .Intl rclrtinctl Irtan .mnkull, /ur IO hnur hcfnrc Ihc ct.un
in.wrm, whlt II w.r. JrvrJrtl utlrr Iun1 Ix rinJ. ul 111 nunulc. t'u h I,rrnJ
I w.r. J I,.1sa1 I,crnvl Orrrirll., Irrlnt) 2 IhJll lllc I,.IIanl. .nlttlct1 1JV.r.-(,.
nt ' S tr t 2 h t rl'.tn tlr. rrt h) I)uunl'. /x nutls 1 nml 1 11 . uni
In h.,l/ Ih, ..n-l, r%" enJ .lb.l.nnrrs tile nunllrtr .ln,l thn.tU..n ..1 nul r
1,.rarn L.rlln.,n I.r,-.antw.rvr. lttrc n'ct~rrlrtl .nnlmur.u.ly Iluu,rlI, ..II
1.
i
I
1
I
I
j
tcst pcri,x)s In the other half intragastric tcmpcraturo was mtasureJ
tnnl lnurwsly.
F'indinK.: ('timparison (+f the snlukcr and ct,nlrol gn,ups revealed that
undcr file c'unJllions uf Ihe invcslig,rtion, cigarette srnuklnl; caused n,l
signlficant Jdfcrcnccs in the nundler or durallun td intragaslric balloon
pressurc waves and no significant tlilftrcnccs in intral;astnc tcm~x ralure.
UhscrvcJ rlleratiuns were of small nlagnhuJc and nlay ht ascnhtd to irldi-
vidual varlatlUrls antl to file eaperimental rnrthutl.
V. /'syclholoRica! ti(utli(v
"h11 Pl.FtI:N('l:S [1[:I1VC-I:N SMOKERS ANI) NON SMOKI RS." By
0 ARC W. )1PAr,l, M 1) , Ileallh Services, Ilarvard tlnlvcrsily, ('amhridge,
Mass. A.M.,1. Archivti ol Inrcrnaf Mcdreine, Vol I(/I, No. 2, pages J77-
3RR, Fchruary 1958
I'urp...roJ.rudyf Why sl+rne mrn smuke anJ othcrs Jo not has never
t.ccn a+lcyualcly c.plained file yucslit/n hes sume mcJlcal rclcvarlce now
that heavy srnr,king has txcn relxntetl to have a statistical rclaUunship to
lung cancer anJ Ixnslbly to corunary Jlsease '111e uplxtrtumly to esplote
certain d.lla already co)Iecled in respect /o d111crences in physiyuc, physi-
ology anJ Ixrrsr+nahly httween snulkers and non-smokers pernuts study
of file yucsllnn whcthct slnuklnl; t,ftcn nlay hc a syrnpttun t+f physiolugic
or pcnlm:,llty tharectrllstics wh/.h thrrnsclvcs may Influcncc tllsease.
Prarrrlurr: 1he snurkirtg hal,lls and t+lhcr tLlta tln 252 srlcclctl college
mcn, first stuJ,cJ in 141M lu 1942. hhave hccn full+,wcd hy interview and
yucsnnnn.rlrc vncc Ih.lt tlrnc I hrrc were 61 non snu+kcn ( 24 20 ), 95
nloJcratc sm+,kcrs ( 31 7 -, ) wh srnr+kcJ ul+ to 19 ugarclles daily (in-
c)uding 11) whu were thlcfly Inl+c arlJ ci);.,r smukcrs), and 96 heavy
srnl,kcrs ( 1}S I-, ) whn vnukrlt t,ne or Innrc l,jtks uf crg.lrcttcs daily
either ctmtinuously or for a nlalnrity of file yFars
FLrulinR.: ('nrnharisrm t,f smoking habns with a wide varicty (lf data
such as phys/cal fitness, height, weight, numhcr of c,+l,ls, ))ulsc, hhRx)
pressure anJ symptunls accompanying stressful experiences, gave largely
negative results lllere was a strong tendency for nun srn,lkers tu he sluw
brcathers anti ft,n heavier smnkcrs tu he rapid brealhers htuscular reflexes
showed Ircnds which suggcstcd they may diflcrcntiale snlokers fmm non-
srnukers, as the rcflexes of smokcrs trnJcd tu tx reduced Iicavy snulkers
inJulged mt+re in alcohol anJ cu0ce than did non srnr+kcts. M,xlrratc
sfn/rkers Icndcd to gain rnt/re weight during Ihe years and heavier srnnkers
tlt lose weight C'ase historics shuwcd personality dllfcrcnccs hctwctn tlle
Ilcrvitsl smkcrs and non snN+kcrs, reslless energy rlf the Gunlcr, quiet
Jc1+rnJ.lhllily r,f Ihe luner. While file suhjetts shnwrd a wide )cnlraphic and
vxu,ct',+nnrnic Jlstrihulit+n anti in rnany ways had divrrl;cnl 1wrst+nalitics
arlJ I+hy,iyucs, they were reslriclcd tu a scKmcnt tlf cr+llrgc rnrn and in some
rrslucts n, an intctlcctua) class /l//wevcr. file resulls sufgc,t strongly
that sn,r+kin); is rn,xe Ih;ln a sufxrrfici:ll hahit anJ h:ls sunlc nril,m. :It Ir:,.t
in Iwrs,+n;+Ir1y .u,+l I+hysir+lnlic t Ileraclcn.li, c tiurh t h:u,,r Irri%ti, s n,ay
hevr l,r,t .rt nmn I, r,1;I,1 In a 1+1.,1 e In file elrnl~,ly ul .rI tl t- s,n++k,n)'
,Ivlt I inlh+r invc.t,ft.,tr~+n ,s rc+l,nrt,I 11+ l+r+~~c su+l, ., (~n,nl
"-1111i I'SY('llO( U(iY OW'SMUKIN(i " Ily ('IUMI t s Mt AMIIII+M, I 11 I N
WAt11Mt/N, ;Ilxl bIIIN I)I/KINS(IN, IlCa)th 1t-fv/lt'S, II.1fVarll I/rllverslty,
('anlbriJgc, Mass luurnul u/ Abnurrrwl onJ Suu,d f'./ythrdu/;y, Vul. 56.
Nu. 2, pages 267 275, March 1958 ( 1 I[K C. gr:lntce. McAftllur )
Purpo.r uJ aeruly: A review uf file sparse htrranrre un smukmg rnJ
pCts11r1JIlty fevcjjrd that no destripllve data nut gutxl Ihcury r.istcd to
answcr the yucsthuns of "Who snlukes'!" "Whu Jtx;sn'1 slnr+kc't" "Who
smukes Irxr rnuch7" and "Who can stop smukinb?" AccurJingly, . 11111
attenlpt at dchncating a psychology of sruuking was made.
l'r.rr.dure: llasic data were obtained Itunl lhe Study of Allu)I I)evcl
opmcnt, in whlch 252 Ilarvart[ alunlni, selected during thcu suphumnrr
years fllt lack of visible abnormafity, were stuJlCd hy, a gtcat range td
nlctlical, physiulugical. Qsychulugical, anthrolwingital, and s,xloh/gl..ll
technlyucs, and fulluweJ fifteen years suhscyurnUY hy annual yucsthmn
nairt, rctestirlg, anJ visils. Oualiuns a[luut soluktng hahits were aslcJ
n,utincly
FindinRa: A vtliUnR numbcr of file subjects did not s/ur+ke: IIIN (11"1.
1
had nut hegun lu sluuke while suphnlnorer; f61 (24^,b ) nevcr h:rvc In ;nly
une year, it was (r/und, mure than 40% of file nlcn will he "ul)" sn,uking,
thrlugh for ,uulr rnen this is very Iculiwtr:lry. Whctllrr a rnan srul,kcs I,r
nnt secnls to t.e JNerminetl by whether or not hr has bcen nrientcJ al file
hahil as a resull of his social milieu. Whether lie hrcnmcs a heavy snlnker
or is unahle tu slop snluking secros dcternuncd hy file usr/ulncss td thc
srnking hahtt In his rersonal ncrtls. Very antiuus tlr :Ipu:11eJ mrn nlay
adupt smukinl; as a ttnsiun rctlucer, hul Ihis srrm% to bt ct+ma,un Imly
whrn thr habit is already well establishcJ hy uthcr clrculnstjntcs I:luu.
linn:ll)y crlns/riclcd individuals scent to "take Itl" snu,kulg with .flc.'I.d
eal;crnrss.
Nun slnt+krrs tend lu be h/wrr-midJlr cla.s in urll;ln, :u1J :,rr ul+-
w.trdly mnhllr, c:trnrsl young lurn. -111cy arid Ihclr parcnts arc Ilcn laI,s
'I hcy w:ly pur.uc scirntilic ur Irchniial earecrs in nl:,ny In.tancrs Sm,d,cu
arc likely It) cunlc fnnn mrur privllcgcJ h:ukgruunds, uflrn rn,rrlnt! 111"
nr+s nr hurnani.trc carcrrs Whr/hrt a rll:lll t'an aItrr hls srn++king Ilah,l.
srcros tn I+r lu+,sl "drrply° dclrnuirntd IIlutts lu yult I+r cul tluwn srrln I+,
lie nnrnl:ll, slnce srnnkmg is yulie wiJrly srrn as 1 "srn.lll vl.r " cvrn hy
snlakrrs In };cnrr:J, it is file ncrds 1h:11 Iead Ir+ hcavy srm,king :drer thc
h.lhu has hrgun 1)1.11 al.u n+lhtatr against quittinl; or cunin); Ih+wn
I lie rlfc, ts of ural gr:lnhcatiun tttrivtd :IS :trl inl.lnl :11 file hrr./st m.,y
t+c rc)rvant lu a)orru,n's alhility lit cllnlrn) rxcts.ivc ./m,ling, tmrc a t'rc.,t
dr:,l 1,1 t,~heit,+ h:,s l.rrn cunv,nncd (;ruufn wilh file .Il+lluy lu slup snlk
in/! crml:nn a vn:,llrr )xrccnl./l,c Id h++ttlr hahrrs 1/ ,+nr J,xs n,+t thurl
t,l a I,.ychn.rn.Jyuccll rtpl:ln:ltin. Ihrn a dr/vt rcduttu+n Ihc,Ny a-rnlt t
/it file ,I.,r.,
V 1. 7'rrhrrr'rrs (ar.'rni.f r Y
t nn)n1 \ f I l'Y/(II)1'I ) r;Af`1r`1A NII I IIYI ,\f\IIN( IIIti I 1 I(I('
A( 11) Ati A III(INnI(1' NII IAII)I /11: ()1 NI/ t11IN1.' I/y IItM1,IN/
11)
I
i
I
h1( KPNNIl, 1P , I.I-NNI1X Il, I IIt1NN1/1 L, alltl I'UWANII K IIr1W4/AN, IlC-
partnlcnt of 1'Ilarnlact+lt+gy, McJ/tal ('ullcKc Id VtrKln/.l, K/thnlunJ
Irrurnul rr/ thr Amrri('un (hrmrrul Sr+t'irty, Vnl 7t/, pagcs 6142 .(IJd),
1)cccnlhcr 5, 1'157 ('I I RC. granlce: P. S I arson)
l'urp.r.roJ.tt.dy: Since nlany previous stuJics have shown that the
nlaj+rr part t+f adminislercJ nicotine is mclnht+hieJ by both animals arltl
man to t+lher ct+n11x/unJa, it was desired to Jctcrrrlinc the dlcnlical naturc,
mnde of furrnatlun anJ physiological efTccts of the nicutinc nletalw6tes.
l fle present study rclxlrts the first chemical iJcntlficalit/n of a cornpuunJ
prtNluceJ in the nletabe)lism of nicotine in Ihe intact aninlal
I'rlxrdurr: Nicotine ( 10 nlg /kg.) was adminislcrcJ Inlravenously
to dogs under Lcntnharbilal ancsthcsia over an K hnur peritxl Samples of
I R hour urine were subjected to cfvnmalographic analysis fulluwrng prior
treatment wil)1 itrn e.change resins. lhe paper chrurrlatl+Frallls indicated
the presence uf a variety of pyndine JcrrvaLivcs not prestnt in cnnlrt+l
urlne
FinrlinR.: Ily t-rsml+arisnn t+f the paper t'hrnmal++grams wuh chrumato
grJms of knr+wn cnrnlwrunJS, the prcunt'c uf ganlrlla-( I I+yrlJyl) garnnla-
n+cthylarrlinuhutyrtc acid was indii,ltcd ('unfirru:sulln of Il+is was atl+ievcd
by thcrnlal cycllraliun In the knuwn laclaln trlllrsine idcnllhctl by infra
~cJ sl+cttrumSunlc ct+lininc actlunpanics F,vnnla-(1 I+yriJyl) );arnma-
~nclhyl,lnlinuhulyri cnclhyl,lnlinuhulyric atid in Ihc urrnc lhc f+rcunte uf the ft+rrncr m.ry
inthcatc (+hysiuL+gical pr(><-cacs whith IcaJ In /ts fl+rlnaunn, (+r, allrrn:llcly,
ctriinine mry ari.c thruugh slN+nt.rnc++us lacl:nnliIllnn t+( Iflc amuln at'IJ
OrllrrRrnntrrr: lhr /1n+tri.en I.-hIttu ('rnnlr.lny
"MF-lAI1(11 I/I S(/t NII't111NI ANI) A tiYNllll \Iti OI N/1R
NI( () I INI' ' fly III PIII N I ft1. 1,/ r.NIS, )N I I NN..\ It I IiPNNIlI l,
FIAIIVPY N 1'L'INaPIPln, 1N ,InJ I rrtl l l I Ih tt1 s, 11.I+..ru.anl uf 1'herrrl..coingy,
M1cJltal ('+dlcgc +d VI11',II11J, JI1J Kc.iettll I.+h.n+lury, Ihe
nucnh+gy, McJltal ('ollcge uf Vltglnla, ar1J Kc.c:uth I ah..r.ltl+ry, S11e
Amcrican It+hrt'cu ('onspany, Kitfunund, Va /rn.rnul o/ tllr (rnrrirun
('hrrrur ul .1rk rrr), Vol I((1, pege% 1614-11+1h. Al+rll 5, I')tiR ( 1- I K('
granlcr: P S I arsnn)
Purpr.ro/.tudy: Illc hylK+thcsis that cl+lininc nlay I+lay ,1 key It+lc
in the nlclat>.+lism of nicutine, since cotinine itself has been ul'tanleJ frnm
samples of auluxiJlyeJ nicotine as well as frum fcrmcntcJ tuhartr+, retluircJ
testing ll)e study was designed lu provide synthctlt: clnnpuunJ, rclxt+cnt
inR fx+slulalcJ inlcrnlediates in the Jcgradatinn schcme whith wuulJ f.lcili.
tatc the acceptance or rejection uf the theory
I'rnrrrlurr: Vx/.crimcnlal stcf,s in Ihc synthesis (.f g.Imtna ( 1 pyriJyll
g:lnuna rrlcll+ylanunnbulyric aciJ, P.en1n1:1 ( 1 I+yriJyl) I'.:I/nme r+tyhutyric
aciJ, F.Irnrrla ( 1 I+yridyll-garnnla (+tlnunuhulynr etlJ, I11 Ile.rntIlryl(nlin
inc. I'Inune I I+otillyl) ):lrnrn1 anrmuhulyrli a.IJ, :nul ;Itclil I11 nurnic
+Jir+r :vr rlr%. rlhrd /n rlrl.+/l
It .nlr. f.~1.urnr w,a I+yJ-lvr,l Ly Iln' u li..n f I..rrurtn I.y
Jr..t.. lr /~..r..in.r (1 I.~riillll 1.inni1.11n+11r1Lnnrmnl.ul~/r. .~.I.I. .1 I+n,
\11
slhtc intcrluuJlate in Ihe binlugical JcgraJaUnn tlf nrttllinc. Yinc dust
reduction (if g,lrnrlla (1 pyriJyl)-gantnta-oaiminnhulyrlc acid gave a mir-
ture fruru wltich gamma-(J-pyrltlyl)-ganlma-antlnt+hutyric ciJ anJ Jcs-
ntcthylcullnlne were tlblalneJ. Ille Iatlcr yieldcd Ihc t:urresptlnJrng amino
acid upun llytlrrdysis Nurnicutinc was ublaincJ by rcJucut)n uf Jesnlctllyl
cutlninc wnh Illlllum aluluinum hydride- ('unscyuently rsiculinc rltay 11c
t+htalneJ thruulJh an additional methylrliun reactl(111. ISItrIOgICJI sluJles
of thc cumpt+unJs will he JcscrihcJ in subscyuenl rcfx)rts.
"II)FN'1I1-I('A'llON OF S('O1'OLIaIN IN ('I(:AKlil'1'li 1OI'A('('O
ANI) SMUK1:" fly ('IIAI/-IIWA YAN(L, YASUSIII NAkA11AWA, JrIJ tilAl11N
11. WrNUI N, Ihparlnlcnl of ('hcnlislry, llnivcrshy u/ OkLthunla. Ntlrrsl,us
1<rurrrul trl l)rAunir (!)rrnilrry. Vul 23. No. 2, pagts 2(IJ-2(IS, I chru.try
145H, ('I I K(' f;ranlce: WenJcr )
Yrrrp...ruj.rudy: A nurnfxr of eRlxrimenls haJ shllwn that sculydtth/t
(l1tllillN+Ry 7 IlytlrURyl1111111at1r1) cRisteJ in Ihc tlricJ Itaves, slcnls and
fluwcrs (if It+battn planh, lugclhcr with nlnrc Ihan ctghl ulhcr hluc.
/lutlresting cuntlw/unJs. It was dctlJcJ to Jclctrninc whclhcr scul+utcttn
also wJS flresCnl in I(jhaecn after curing and int;urlMnaliUn in cigareuc.,
anJ, if sn, whcthcr it survivcs Ihe sruuking prtxcss to I,cnisl in thc m:t)n
slrc.tnl sntuke
F.xprrirrnrnr.: 'lllc Inhaccu from 29 brands of ci(;:uclits cunrrllunly uscJ
in Ihc Ilrn,etl Slalcs was csansineJ, including king jnJ rcgtJar slre, Itllcr,
nlenthnl anJ JenicutinircJ cig:uelles L'ach cil;arelle was snwkcJ tun a
stanJard sm++kolg nlachinc undct a varicly of I:unJitinns (varying ralts
nf I+u1T, slsecJ uf smtlking, butt Icnglhs, e1c.)
Findint;.: Sct+pulclin was present in all of the 2') branJs of ciKarcllcs
anJ in Ihe ntainslrrant sntuke of all unJcr each tJ Ihe varying cundl(ir+ns
1 snlukin); tcslcJ ()u:Ir1111a1IVe ltllJlcl t)f Ille sc+11N+Ielt11 I+rescnt ate untlcr
w:ly, and two aJJitional Islue-ffuurescing conlptlunJs are bcirlg irvvc.u
ga1eJ
OIhrr Rrnnrtn: 1 lie Alumic I?ncrgy Cnmmission
"1 OKNtA'l ION (1F S('O1'O1 F1IN I-KOM 1'S('lll IN ANI) fS('tll l;
I IN IN 'I I11{ Itn I" Ily ('uAU IIwA YAN(:, II I) ItNA\ All N, P I PI INA
N1%, A1 K Snt It AN, anJ S 11 W/Nntlt .Irrhit-rt rrf Ifr.nhrnutNV rnrJ
llinlrhv+u s, \'r+I 7S, No 2, pages 518 519, Junc I'1SK ( I 1 K(' I"ranlcc.
WcrsJc r 1
!'urpr..r n/ INdY: Vulscrinlcnts with raw antl t:urcJ Inl+Ittn hIVlng
tlruu+nstr.+tt.I 111-11 st'tq+rJt'in was present in Ihc Iltanl is w, II as in Ihr
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thII thru urtnr iunlrlncd nnt Irnly t'auhn :Inll c+tulclln 1,111 s.lll\Irlcl/n
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Id r.culclin Wuh thc IO nig t111srs nf cllhrr clanlluunll. Ihr anuwn(s
I lr hyllru><y 7 mclhllnycnunufln plus twll ul /hr unlnl/wn I,IUJut(s wcrc
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annrunl Nllnc u( Ihc t'Inn(Nlunds was Illunll Irt urinr ul thi (/lntrul rals
OIhrr Rrnntur: NJtlnnJl Inslitulcs ul Ilc.lllll
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lalOutt.
1'r,rlrlln.r: Irth lnh.lttu IunJulI Ir51cd w.l\ IlnrtIl:ISiJ h..elly ult thc
ulk n rt'I,nl Inerlrl, In.lnlllrtg 11 lyll.A nl tl/'ut IIf ? I la.lnll., 16 "Ildt ylrur
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s.lyt//liltn tnntrnl 111 snwAc wlutulrt anll 11111.1.tn IuuJutl i afnal. w:lt
nlnJi hv c11rn,Ir1I /)e/xr chfl/mell,Ftellhy, wlth yu.lnutellvi .ul.llytl. nu1Ar
Illr thll.r .hllwlnl; tllc Inl-hc.1 :Inlnunt.
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lul;hc.l .unlunl /tl stnltillcun r:ull-ill rrllm I 4 111 1 4 nlitrltFrnnt Ilrr I
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in Iu lnul,Irturl J ti~..urtlr. I hc "fl.ll ymlr Ilwn" :1nJ pll.r 1/11,,1tt u. c11n
t:\InrJ Sr/qwdtLtn In Ihc r.lngc. 1/1un11 (ur n1.InufattlncJ I Il-ercllr.. hut
nllnc .11 1hc.r :1(ytr/l.rtht'll Ihc ulltt'r hnlit% lur Ihc Llllrr I Irr snullt :Intl
tlliwlnl; Inll.lcalt. t/1nf.lincJ rvcrt luwcr alnlluntN u( u/tl,,,lrlrn
, / llrfrlt ~rnrrlr : 1 hc /111nnIC 1-nllly ('nlnnrl.al,n
r
I:nlluwlng it J I151 (d .Ihttr.lcls Ihal :1(t1u.Irr1I In Illc I')S7 I(cplrt /.1
(hc St'icnU/u: I )Itcc111r:
"I IININA/ 11111Y ANI/ IXIRA/-IAHIIIIY /11- III ANI A/ IllAll/1\1N A111 N
1/1 A111" Ih I 11/1nr, At 1) .r.,1 N 1 Mr««., A/1), 11...I 1.1.ru,,,nl,l M,J,
tu.t, Ihr Mt.1,..1 /,01.4t ul AIl..m.. Hruom[A.nr 1 r.,ul..rr.n, Ittv-A, Vol 11, N 5,
r,ttt. slv 5.: V.~In,u,lrr tv1A
'( UNINA( I11I 1'NUYI NIIIS 1/1A/ II)MY/I\IN 111N1At11 ANI) IIAN1/1 1N1
PANI IJ 1 NrM UIKJ\' /11 ANIY" B. I I).rn/. M 1) o.J N 1 IhNU. M I)
l.u.,,..1../ Yl,.,,,.1.,", V.4 1117 N,. 1. r..St. 141 15u, 1).a,lrr IVS
"11/11 I 111 ( II,ANI 11/\M/IKINI} IIN tY1N11NARY 191001) 1 1 / 1W ANI) MV1/
1 AN111A1 AlI 1A1//1111At" b) 1 M /., 064 1) /) 1uu.l. 1.111 1/.,,n
tnr,n, A/ 1/ A 1.vlll.«,,s. A11), A\n,.rr, M 1), eJ R 1 H,r.... A/ IJ
V,J IS, N 1. r.at 1511t1. ItMI.r. 1917
"I/1At:Nt1\It1VAIlQ-111AI IIVIlY /1Ih1Allc' IIII/Y17N/1t:lNASIANI1 Y11(1\
PI11)111 )Cll\tI\11A11 NA\F 1'r.lu,un.r) Ntlr11 u1 1 mJm[. ru 1'.I.tnl. .,/h A1f«rL.I
InL..al«,n .nJ I ntr Urvaa " Hr Nn u..n ) 11nw1, A1 1). Ar rt.l,. l.\1.. A11l .
uJ Ar..uw \n,..r, A1S, I,.I..n.,l ,.l rht A,n.rr.«n ALJaoI A.u.,wru.n. /uut 6. Iv11,
rr,. 64 7 Ato 11 1 N 1 [un1p. M,uPil
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11 I N / [r.~,la Ih,~n1/
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Illq AHl N It N,..,..., A11/ .,1 1.1»n.n.nld ..I
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1/151/ Itlll .\N111H1 NI " Ilr N II MI S
k.......ri .... i,. N.,i.~.l..l..l..d,.l~..l \~,.~.,1 V..I N., 1.11 1/.
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.
51
r
w Mb.frn anJ A(rJnnrr. Vul 14. No 1, p.trv SUt 127, Wn.trr IV16 1 7 I k C puNre.
Ry.l.rn1
"IIIF. 1)ARK f 1)(A11ON OF (()' HY Stl(( 1/1 INf 11 AVI \ MFTAH//11(( IIANGFS SVHSFI}t/FNr lU
INI11A1 I I)(A11UN" HY P.I~t Su lu.r., Vwir-.r. 11
ItN(M, Gtu.rd M Krr«r1..r, (1vu. Srrrt enJ 11rur.t Sr.n1.., Ikp.rlnKnl of Bru
tMmlury nd Nunnwn, Sahrwl of MrJarnt, llnivrrury uf S.wthrrn CelJurnu, 1 n. Anteltv
Plrw/ lArrrdutr, V.q 12, No. 7, pat. 197 200. Alay 1957 I T 1 R(- tnrltc: Sdtm.n)
"MII(111C RAIF OF (:INGIVAL fP11/1E111/M IN IWO AGI' (JH/)tIPS" By lutr.
Mr.r., B5, Au.un S M...v.w, I)S, rnd lofern P WtrNU1HM MI), Ilrrnwn nf
l)rel PelhuluO. Ilnrrtr.ry of llhno.. (falktt of tkntnqy, ( hw.tu /uunrl nJ lmrurtsu.r
hrr.nrufu~r. Vol 27, No 4, ptcto 217.247, Ottuhtr IVS6 IT I R(' trenrteI S,huur)
"VFN11I AllON IN CIIRONIC PUI MONARY FA1/'IIYSFMA I Prnwrr Vnlumt .nJ
Prr.untIAr. RrlNrumMps II. Corrrlelron of ('omplunae nJ Mr,IA.nr,.l Rr,nunae
Wrlh R.wunc Pulm.rn.ry Funrllun Teut' By E.HSt l/ Atln.ute, Mr.au1 M Guruf.rrw,
end M.uen 5 Sruu, Lkp.runenl of Mtdirlnt. TulU l)rn.rruty S.har.l of MrJwmc,
R..ron Meu.ahu.rU. Arnrrlrrw Rrnrr n/ Trbnrof.ur n.rJ Pufn..wa.r ft..rartr, Vol 74.
Nu 2, pHt. 210 219 nd 220-2T1, AutuN 1156. Il I H(. tr.nlrr Srt.l l
`IMMII11AlF IIIFt'1 OF (1IFWIN(7 TOBAC(t) //N (lR(YIIAIIUN O!- /IAHIf
IIAI (IIIWfkS" By U..w I S/4uN, MI), A..aw0 Ir.rane, A/1), 1urr k H..uw
MI), .nJ kn.rel F R.vr, (.rJr.r I.Mu.rrny, (kp.runrnr of
Inrrru.l Mrh.rne,
l..r nar Grnrul lluprul enJ Krlrrrint I.Ma.Iny, Ilmannr of l .... n. u, //hw
l.urr) I rAr .L..4.w Afr/n.l 1 rb.u.ry 2, 1951. patr 111116 11 1 kC
tunvt Sunml
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noted Ihnt sulne uf the projects have been curnplctcJ.
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1'rulcnlrlrc lalivdn~y of Iht W'hrlt IllrrrJ
( elh r-f A1 n n,l 16r I Ilr, 1 of WLrlt
11h,.,J 1 tll Achrrhr. of ( rr.,nurrn.,
Nun,uun rnA OIhrr Influ,nat. 1<)
A SIUJy uf 16r I tlr, 1. uf 1,g.,rrnc Sm1
inp on I tvrla ,J (l.nlna A.rJ, 1'tp.m
anJ (Irf~p.rn (/ 1'1
An Invrat,R.rn,n u/ tt,r Alrt.rf.,Jr,rn nf
1'ynJUrt I u,n/r,unJa ,n rhr I uh.u,.
1'1.n1
ktary,n.c. nl Iht 1'rnphtrrl Vtmv in M.n
lo the Inrraytnuu. nJnun,.urnn of
Nnu/mc (1')
1 a.urun.~lu,n of / lgrrtn, I'..Lrr rnJ (iA.-
rall: Smnlc l, n.lin.rlrs fur n,um.Uc
1',rt).yJn IlyJrrti..rh,in.
A l, rn~il.rnnn ul I In.nc.acme Spcclr.
u/ 'I'..Iyat.ht nr,un.,nt Ily,lrunhunv
.,nJ ( L~.rty kclrlcJ ( nuya.un,l. K'hi.h
i1r. oI Irir,rr.l rn Ihr 11u,1y of Au
I'rJlnl.,n/. .u,J 1 rrrrrllt Sn,nlc in ko
L,nun 1., I, nA 1 rn.rr IIn,luKy
4
1':r.un.J,ry .,nJ \rnnlrnt rn t ullrgt (irrJ
oalt. A I,ll.tn Yrrr I ulluw r,p SIuJy
/l I
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Irnn a,l Iht ulrr 1yi1rn, ru
.1nnn.,1. ,rnJ M.rn
I'.,/6,Jr.4n An.,lun,. s%I... ly of 1 t11uLn
u. Ilun,..n Ilrnn.l.,
I.1r rnurnr. ,.r. rhr I.~, ,~1, r r.l I,
I I R111II nNl,l k A1 fl, llur,r,.,
, , in/.. ,i, '1. nu 1 I ul.'n ' 1'roJ
~.l r..... .. It. ,r. ., h Mr /n,n Il,r.(,rr.rl.
J.
,., I,
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I 1/ K I k I I INI /. M 1) , 2 cr rurtt rn rAut
.I..r,rnr rn Af.-Jrnnt. MtJi
t~J /,.IlrGt r,( VnA,n,., kiafunonJ 19.
Vugmrr
(:I Ilkla O ( :F Y, M /1, l)rrertut. Frn
.a r llnrll ('onr rr f7rrror.lr I,.bru
r,.r. ll;f.,unn.nr u/ .Surrrrr, luhnv
Iluplrnv II...pru1, Il.ttunrorc. M.+ryIanJ
1:1 kIkIJ111Y(:(It1S( I/A11, Ptrf).
.t,.nr,rnr I'.ufr,.,,r u/ Nnrlunr..r.r,
I4 p...rnrrnr / nJ Alv,
Anrh.Kr, Ihr k,wlrlill:r tnvU/ulc (ur
McJnrl kc.carah, New Yur1 21, N Y
Ivcc ( I,nltl
A( I AkK (Jklll IN, Pul) , IIraJ ,f
lln., hrrnu,lrr flrp,unnrnr. M.1/ An,lrr.
aun Ilu.prlrl auJ I,unur Invhtulc, tlnl
vrrvly ul Ir.r, Ma'Jnrl l enltr, IIuu,Inn 2f, 1rca,
Ml1k111N I (,k(1\SMAN,1'n1),M1),
.I..,,rrnrr ( ln,nul rn,fruur ul Alr,lrrurr, Itn,rcnny nf ('aldnrnu MeJkrl
/ .ulcr, 1 u. AnUtltv 21, ( .IduWnr.
t Akl l l:kl/ll/11, Prl1), M 1), A,
v..rurr rn /'hn.nlr.Kr stnJ rAorn,.n.,I
.cv. 1 /n,vrrvly nl 1'cnn.yIvrnir (:rrdu
,ur S.6rrd n/ Mc,h.rnc, 1'hil.Jrphrr 4.
Prrur.ylrrn,.
1( n n As nt ). o-/ 11 , rr,.lt, rr,r .,/ rl,.,.nr,r
,..1..,,r. Mr,l,arl (ullrl;c o/ Vucuu..,
knlmwml I'J, Vu~uua
" 1\I /I 1 11 1111 Ii 1 N\/ 1111 I, M 1/ ,
r.......... v f/nrr. Irn
Il,..p,r.~l, IIu1.,J,lphr rlphrr 11, 1'.nn
111 k111 kt k I/IIN'III(/kNl, M11,
1'LJ~JrIphu 1.
1'~nn.~lv.,n,.,
YHII)F.IT '1111 F.
/ 1wrelrtWrn o/ Mulrrtt. hnrul 1nntJwn
PtthwmcJ on the Ptrilheo.l ( utul.
(UUn of Nut.nil IndivlJu.ls in ktcum
ttnl rnJ I.rccl 1'nauum anJ Aller
I.rruvt Ilclure nJ Alltr SI..at nJ
Aalu.l SnrulrnK
A\/urly u/ Ibc 1 Ilctlv u/ (loolartllc $rnul
inr un t1.t 1crrphcr.l (lllulrt,un of
/o.IrrrJuels .vnlh Arlcnu~ckruarr /lbh
trnn. rn.I .Hhcr Prrrphcr.d V.vuJ.r,
1)ruv.cv, llnlrrmg Muln Icthnrul Pru
ttdurt.
1 tllnw.hrp. (ur %lu,lyrnl: Ihc / uhurt ul
1lorurn 1 ung Itv.uc ra,l Iht l~llr,la
of Knuwn rnJ 1'a..d.Ic ( aramutierut
Agenl. I/pun Sua h I rvvue
1'rulttdyla A.llvurt, uf Ihe W/ulc 11har1
1 c/l, ul A1rn rnJ Ihc I Ilral un Wlult
Ilhrrl / tll /4a nvIrrv ul 1.un.,~. n.
Nulrntun 2.1.1 ()Iher Influanacv
1 hc 1 Ilr.l u/ 1 R(4"I/IC 1/1l rj:.urllc lrunlt
un Iht IuJ.alnrn a.l I rnarl by l I,tnu,.l
( -ump,unJ. (1 1' /
Ihc Iflr.l u/ Snu,l,nt n I~trlru, (:raua
I un.luwn.
Ph.rrm...,.ln/;rc ]IUJy ul N,aulrnv nni ka
Ld,.l Allrlunl. Il /
I're/vr.,hun fnr 1uhh. rhnn of r I1..,r1 uu
Iha' hlningu Mlr'a I. o/ 1 u/.,,t, rr ~nJ n.
\rn.ulc 11'1
Alr...raan,col u/ ( rnunrry 111rrwl 1Iuw,
1.nJ..u Wrn1 rnJ ( rrJrra /lcy/;.n an,l
/ .uhnhyJr.dt Mc/dha.lr.ur m Nvru,u
Irn.rvr \rdr/ra1. llclurt -,l nfrar l.nrn
vcn,.ua Nnunnc n1 A/lrr \n,..lurr
11.,ml.uJ I rK.,rrlltvr I( 1
nrt. ny,r. I,r (n~lw r 1'Ilurn.,ry N.
LI...m.
ul Ihr I,.,, h,.r Ilrn, /,,.,1 \1 .,,,, r I r,
h.,,.n \nn,1r .
S7
Cfl (h 1 F F. AN1/ INSTITI IT111N
I AKK W 111 AI11, M I), PAynnun,
hrt..rr.nrnr uf llytrrnr, Ilarv.rJ Ilni
vtr.ny, ( amhnJ~e )ti, hlatathualls
/sec 1-rrn.wurth and McArlhur)
kl1SS1 1 I 1 1101 MAN, M l), Pro/ruu.
n,l I(roJ, hrp,nrnrrnr o/ Pathuh.rr.
I our.una Srat l/nivtrsily School of
McJrcinc. New (yrltant 12, 1 ouitiana
I- 11(1MHIIk(i1~R, M 1), Prrridrwr, Biokt.c.rch I ehuulorict, Inc., ('.m.
bnJge, A/asahu.clls
/1 kRY IIARi lAt'ORCON, MO, I/i
rn rur n/ f.1n rrnpAy,rrrLrrr, New Ynr1
I yt and I~ar Infirmary, New Yur1 1.
N Y
AN( I I K/ )'S, 1'rt 1), Pru/rn.,r r.f /'hrr
ll rF nr unJ !tu, r,,., I nh
r..d,..r nl Phn,.,ln~uul llyfvnr. Ilur
ar.ny of Mrnncwta Sthr.J uf 1'ulh.
Ilr.lrh, A1.nnterydrs 11, Mrnnr..ur
1()\I I'II H KIkCNI K, M 1), Pr,.)rsr,..
Ilnntruly of (hr-K.r
St h,r.l ,d A/rJr. rnt, l luu~u, IIIrmN.
KI NNI III /' KNIII)ISnN, M I), Ir
rnrunr ( h,./ l,.h.,.ur.,ry 1r / Vtl
tr.m A,IrnNnr.li.un Ilu.pit.1/~r.nlr,
Wa.hrn~rvn, P,nlrtt,.. / l'urhnl,~t.
Ilnrvtrvly r,f W'-hrnRlun INtJr,..I
1. hrNrl, 4 ~nlr, Wahrnstun
At VIN I KI)SAK, 1'rt 1), An,.wrr Pr
)rrrnr ..f ( hrmrrnR W+.hmllun $yu.rt
( ullcte, New Yur1 l/nrvcrslly, New
Yurl, N Y
MAkVIN KIIS( IINI R, M 1), Prnlru, r
u/ Purhulury, New Yurl Ilnrvenrly
/'ollcge of MtJnrntl llurtnr u/ !'d
rf.,.lr.'y, Hrllevue 11o.prl.l, New 1'url
IA, N Y
rnN.,,rr
//IIIMAS (1 A1/'PI Y, M 1), A
1'.,~/rru.r r,/ Yurhuh,tr. Nurlhwtatrn
I~nivrnny MrJu.l tiahrrd, ( hit.rtin,
Illnun.
1'1111 1 1 1k111N 1'ull Pr,.Jarnr .-/
11,,, , h~f. M.Jurl l~ulh~t of Vu
e..... / N/r,hmomt IV, Vupnu
1'Itl/)I(T '1111 E
/'rr.on.hly anJ lrnrdmis in ( tdltte (:raJ
u.ars A Irflern Yc.r 1 olluw Up Study
f(' PI
1'.Ihuh.rrc Analnmrc StuJy of ( tlIular
( h.nKrs in Irttm+n 1lrnnthr
Ihe 1Nfluurat of lobauo Snwling on
At wt M yotvrJr.1 Infut uun
S/trJir- atn ( .ram.r~cnr.r~ .rn.I Ihc Ifiu
a...ry u/ ( .r~mu~anrt /1Cents
A ('ump.nsun of IIccnurennnruphy rs
. Mc.un of I:v.luuttnr Ihe I Ilctt of
Vautun.ttulur I)rutt. lJpon ( rrchl.l
anJ Rrun.l ( urul.rron K'uh (hhtr
lrtluwlur% fur Ilns I)trinnru.ruun (()
t h~nrltn.llct uf Mrn Int/uJrnr % mu1
ui/, In /'upuLtruns I)iflrrrne in the In
trJrntt uf luton.ry Ilt.rl Ilr.r+.c (1')
16c 1/lcrl uf 1ub.,ur 1nu,1ur6 Ilpun
H...,I (:a.lrit tiicrdn.n+ rn A1.n
1'.dh,Jngrc An.rIunnc SinJy of ( rllul..r
( I~aner~ ut Ilum.n HrumLr
Ih< Lrd.rlr,m oJ LIrnIJr..u~rn uf 1 cr
Lrn I uwrr H.Nlrnt ( -nl~untnh nl l1/
artnt lntutc
Palholuliu An+luunc Slud) u/
( lunlrs In Iluaun Ilrnrnlu
( cllul,rr
ILlln.lnl;r. Anannu. Sl-ly u( l tlhJ.rr
( li.urc, rn 11unr.,u H-a.hr
1 nrsni.~rr,
1 1' /
,I Ni,ururc
~n 1I11111' II(It1111N11IR(iIR, /'rt1), A 1,r1 Ilr.l, td
, .1 .,u Wr.l a..l l /r.,/nr .I 1rr~~/t 1 rhr Ir.,th
.,~, R~.<r.r tln ,rr.rly \.h,NJ nf Alr,t rL,,,n,Lr.~l Irrr Irrn Mr 1 tp,~srJ
. r.n 1 IrrrLnJ h/lhnr r 1 u-.., ,nc \rulr 11'.
t
I:H AN'17 t. Arll 1NtiTITlr1'1OIV
I)AVII) F MANN, I., Pu1), Arroclurr
ar/ PAurmarnlrrgy, 1 crnple
Ilnrvcnuy Schtrul of PharmacY. PhJa.
Jclphi. 40. Ptnnsytvama
( I/Akt hS (' McAK11111k, Prn1), Pry
thulnAnr rn rhr (Inrvrruly llrohh Srrv.
nrr, 1larvnrJ (lniversily, ('ambriJae
)fl, P6Jasatlruscllt (Stc Iarnswurlh and
11c.lh )
<IlAklhS B Mc('ANIS, Pn1), Auo-
r rurr /'rn/rt.a.r u/ .S,rdt. Sthtrtl uf Agri
cullure, Nurlh (arnlina Slale (.ollcgc,
k.tltrgh, North ('arulma
K 1 1 I Y I M( K 1:1 , M 1) , Astotiure Pro
/rru'r r'I A(rJirmr. MeJtcal ('ollege of
Sr.u11t ('.rolm., ( harltsltsn, South ('M
olnu
Ill)(NI Mt)NIGOMIiRY, M I), Aaroth
urr Pru/nsu. of AlrJirinr, Universily
of Ptnnsylv.m MeJicol Sehoul, Phila.
Jtlphu 4. Ptnnsylvania
GLOkGf li M(K)RF, Prtt), M 1), I)i
rrrrn., koswcll Pal Mcrnorial Ins1i-
ttne. HuHalo ), New YorL (See Bocl)
11t1k11.Y I 11: MI/II hY, M f), Pro/rs
tr.r nf A(rJlrtnr and 11Lrrrur, ('ardio-
Rrtpoumry I ,r6nrarary, l/niver.ily of
Suulhrrn ('alrfornia S0,trol o( Mtdicme, I nt Angelet 17. C'+Itfornu
WII 11fM S Ml1RRAY, Sc 1), Rrrrurrh
.41VN IJIr unJ AJmrnitlruht.rt f lrrn r,u,
Rowr 11 Ltltun Mrmurral 1.bura
IurY, 11.r IIarINn, Malne
I IUN 11 11 K1 I' 1/ I. I'rr I1 , I'rnfrn,rr
..l !'Lr.~,d~.,yr ..... l ll.. rnr, lmr,n.rr
/,. t,lL,h, Hr.,, ~ h rl ln vntdy nl
Ntl.r..l., 1 ur, uhr ,IN, bu.Ir.
1'It//Jt:1'1' 'I 1TI E
UItccl of loh.ttcu Srnole anJ lobacu
ResiJucs un A1elhylc hol.nlhrrne InJuccJ Skin C.rcinuttenesiu in Mtce
(C)
Sraial anJ Pcrnonal htltrminanh of
SmukinR Bchavux (('P'
Arncnrt ('untenl uf Stnls anJ Abwrpllun
by Ihc lubauo Plant
StuJy ut I ung Funtliun rn Smultrs nJ
NuttSmulers (P)
Influen.e uf luhacio Srnulmg trn Ihc
H1twJ 1'1uw of Skin and of Mustles of
Faremrdt's in Symp.dbrUuuweJ .nJ
llnsympalltcclomved Subjccts
Influence of Niaulrne (r v ) and lobatu
Smoking on HIuoJ hlow in llmnan
Skin and Stelclal Muxle
An lnveslipaiun of the Physiolugic.l 1-f
(ecls of 1)irecl Inhalalion of Tuh/cto
Smu1e by I atNxrhHy Animalt and Itre
SIUJy of Ihe Iliolosital Response o(
I abtnalury Anirnals to ('unlinuutrs Ingeslion of I)ie/-lubaaeu Protlucl MI.-
luret (('. P/
A Study of the (iffet(s uf Smolrng on
1'ulroonary 1-uncliun (P)
lht 1'rtrhnlrun uf ally l'onttulleJ
Ammals unJ I ttururs (ur l/se ut I~tIKr
imcnl.tl He.e.nb un lul.acau in Kclr
hun lo Ilc.lrlr hr(.1 Iht 1-+p+mlun u/
Knuwn Inhre.l SIrKIs rnJ S..urtes u/
lumur Supply. (tt) Ihe 1'rrNlutuun rd
1u.h IlYbral, ur IlcttruryCuus 111N.
. Ilrtumt Nrtr..rry,.nJ Itl I/rr kr
Lrnr.n u/ 41.9, hl+lturl la \ - Jr, I.
I,rrun.nl.l W,N\ .d 11,t I rI,~N.rlnry
\IUAy u/ the I l/,.r, t,1 I1.u,u \ur.. 1r
(,. ,.mNrnl. r, r V.,rru. \rr.,u,t .~/ l r.
.urr ( cll. l ultrv.IrJ /n I
51)
l. ~K
t
CRANTF.E ANt/ INSTITI/'11(/fV
p1)WARI) W. PPLIKAN, M ly, ,Irrr.
trarr I'rn/nrnr n/ Phornr.nr.ln~r ~n.!
1.prr .n nr,rl f 4rtrrptnrn r, Hu.lnn
I/nrvtr.ny S.Inr..l of MeJrrrne. Bo.lun,
h1.avr hu.cllt
1 M rYlA11kA1, Pu1), Pru/ruu. ul
( rn/sr, llnrvrr.rlv of le.as McJrca)
Hr.,na h, (.alvtatun, 1 taa
1/ k I'kA1I 1IIOMA,S, M1), Prn/rr
r,r rn/ 1',.rhr./sy. McJrral (Colte[c of
% ,.rrrh ("arulrn., ( h.rltNun, St,oth ( at
.dm.
\'Ir Il/k kl/ 1/1kUS. A11) , Prr,lrr,,n
.r. on.r IIrnJ, l)ry.,nr
S'anfurJ l)nrvtrsny
S, h,nJ of MtJn rnt, San ! unaruu 11,
( IJarnr,
k 11 kI/:U/1N. M I1,
f rpr.rnrrrrrl Y,~rl,,.l.r. I lnn.r.rrl r1
Ita~a Me)rr.l Ift.nah, lr.l.t,rnn
:tt~t
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1'.,/rrrnr n/ A,nrrnI,.rr Ilnrvn.,ry
r~l luulhun l a!rfurnr., 1 0l An~rlc."
/ .rlrlurnu
111 N1,1MIN A kUHIN, Pnll, Aru.rr
un Pn./r rrr rl PnALr Iln,lrA urJ
/Y .ynrn rr Afr,h, mr. H.ylnr Unrvrr'.ily
( ullttr of MrJi.rnc, Ilou.lun, Ic.as
WII I IAM t) k11]11-1 t, M 1),
,rrr .n rhrr/. hl 11 AnJtr.un Iloaprl.J
anJ 1 urnur In.lihrle. I/nlvtr.rly nl
lrut MeJnal ( enter. Ilou.run 71,
Irt.n
Pnlll I) SAt IMAN, PI{I). .truvrrrl
v.r nl Nr.aArrnlvey, tlm.er.iry
of ti.rwhtrn (.Irhnnin S.h.rd rd Mr.1
rurv, I ut Anrrles ), ( vhfurnu
I\111 \I /1rr11k, 111)\, 1'rr1t, 1/\a .
r
Ir..,'r 11 n, .rary nl Iltn.. r.,I
r
1'tt(/)t1Y 1111F:
A Slu.ly nf Srruc/urt A.uvrly Kelehua
vhrp. Amnng Ihugs Whrth Affrct
Nuu/rnc ScnsuUvt I'hy.rad..gra.rl Mtcham.ms
Frlla,w~hrp. fnt $InJyrnR Ihc (IJ1ure of
11um,n I ung li.aue nJ Ihe 111ec1t
of Knrtwn and I'n..rblr 1.rcinngema
^gcNS lip.,n Such Irasue
Apphuuon u/- a New IlrrrAt..y lechnryur rn I'simur.rLrr,n of 1'iRirelle
Snu,1e ( unJtrn.rte. (.rr Pusuble ('.rcl
nuGrm I P I
P.rthnlogra Anah,nuc SIUJy of ('ellul.r
( hantrl rn IA,ur..n 1lrunrhi
A(..mparanve SruJy rJ d,e I flealt ul
Whole arnJ Fr.auunA I ar.al. t,f ( q
.rttlc Sroule nJ Ihusc ut Known
(art inuttem un (1) 1 he ( ytlury .nJ
Nualtar I1NA ('unltnl of IprJermis
in Var-rous Sryarn% t,f Mice anJ/ur (2)
Ilre ( ) toluoly.nJ Nuclr.rr I)NA ( on
Irnl uf I trng anJ Urrlhrhunr of Ihe
hrunJu.l Irce of Mne rnJ Il.rm,,ter.
I lfr.l. rJ Irrhra,u \nwlc /'onJnr-le
k..pu..lru) 1 1 .,ar anJ l/lhrr
,I',..,.. ~1 d,t Ilr) II'I
rl.a Mr.l. .,n,.rn r.f Ilxlrnal
f Ni.,In,t ..nJ ktLtrJ
An 1 v,,lu.rllun of Ihr PL,enrrnrrnon of
lumur (iruwlh Inh.nctmrnt as an
A.aay L.r ( arcrnugrns Arnunt t)ro
Pnlycvalra IlyJrucahuns and ktlaleJ
( onqarun,h
1'.dMJn`,c An.rlnnnc Slu,ly of /'tllul.r
( Ir.rn~r. ur Ilumen Itr.,n. hl
Ihr 1 nrYur.na Mtah~nr.rn fa,r Ihr 1)ar1
1 r..,lrnn u/ (/1 hy 1.,L..a.., 1/'/
\uu,c M.pra h.d Anunu n. rJ MrNhr,Mm
rn IrJ,.,,.o Ir+at
Il,.rh.tr, r h.,ng,, rr, rl,r rl, J rh.ryn
l.I.rnn nr.,l
nn m.,l. \nh{r'alrJ Irr I.,/,.,rarr \m1r
1I'1
i
i
I
(:H(NTF.E ANI) INITITIITII/N
AIAUKI( E S Sl (iAl., M 1) ,('linical
Prnfrltor of AftJrrrnt, lu/ls llniytr.
ahy Sahtwd of MeJnine. Hoa/un, Ma
sachoalls, lNrtrtor. UrparlnVnr nf
hJ.oLn.r.n TArtapy, Boshln ('ily llospnel, Hnslun, /Nauaehu.et(s
/ IIARI I S 1: Sill KW(K111, M t), A."
uvnr Pn/nr.rr n/ Rrrr66nlnty. Ilmvtr
sily of k.rheaer Schutd of Medicine
anJ Iknlrstry, Kn.hcvcr, New Yotk
I)"4VII) I `IMIIN, M 1), hrUrrurrr rn
Ah,h, nrr .n,l I rll.rw rn ( or.h.n-..u rJ,u
Rr,..u.b. Ihuvrr.ny n/ ( inunnatr (ul
Irgc ul Mi Jra rnc anJ /~.rnlr.rc 1 abura
tr.ry, 1 rnt rnn ru Gtnerrl Iln.pn,J, (/n
cuur.rlr :10, (11nu
\nh1 SOKcII:, Ihr 1), Rrr...nlr Aaurrrdr,
11ra In.MUIt fur (.,n.rr I(a.a:n.h rn.)
I .nlcn.rn Iht.prl.,l k\'K'Jrt11 In.nlulc,
1'hd.rJrlpln.a 11, 1'enn.ylv.uu.r
1 kI 1)1 kt( K/ SIAkI , I'nl), Pr.rl.-
I Nnrrrrr.,n. 16uvnr.l ti.b.rJ nl
1'nhln llrallh, Ifu.lon IS, hl.vsxhu
acll.
MAkIcIN It %111 7111 K(il K, M 1), Prn
f, ..,n ,rnl ( h.un,rn, /)rl.rrlurrnl ./
ll,nr,.l.,r. Nrw
Y.n1 I/n..r.ny Pu~l (:r..Juwe MrJI
a.J S. h,r,l, /rr.rr r,.r, Nrrr )'nr4 SArn
..nJ ! u rr (/nn, Ncw Yrw1 (lnivrrvly Il,ll,.nc ~1rJa.r1 ( tnlcr, Ncw
Yur\ It,, Ncw Yurl
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Function in Nu,rnel Suh/ccls nJ Pa
litnls Wllh (cruin Rcspiraury Ihu.vr
' ConJnions (C P)
Rcla/ionahip of Ciol.rtllc Smuling In
('hronic ((>Dstuuclive ) Pulmwt.ry hrn
physema
lnvevlfpliorl Into the N.IUral Ilianry uf
('.ranuma of the I ung Wrlh Pulrcular
kaictence to the R.Jiogrrphic Appcarance of Suah Pnrcesu.. Ihe Ivrllesl
M.ande%lalion n/ ( uncrr un ( hea X
Ray Phnlariir..ph% and Ihe I+hul.tunn
of Ihe RelwUomhip of Srrnuling Il+hn,
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I tm{{ ('.nctr /C)
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lhe IRrtls of Prte Smulinl{ ,.nJ I/tu
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ul Man
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n/ I'6.r rn.rruf-gr, S.hrw+t of 1'harmaty,
l)nrv"nity uf Kan..rs, I awrcncc, kan
1 I 1)WIN WOOI), M 1), Intuurnrr ..r
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MrJrunc anJ Rubcrt I)awsun I van.
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Othtr (/rllans A I'athnlu~rc Ana
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( hrnje. rn Ilur.r.n Orunahr
t
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u/ I he,c ( r.mp..unJs in the nnrn.al
kr,pu.dnry Syliul (/')
Ihc Ihlarnun.rnr+n uf the ( hr++nri Iflct(H
.rI Orilly nJnnniderrJ Nrcntrnt r.n
lcrum ( Iwlc.lrruI u+J /'hu,l,hulipiJs.
the IIccnrk.nJro~rapluc Rt,lr.nst trr
I rCunuvrnc, anJ the V,rx ul.r1 I'alhul
aRy of ( holcaerul fed Kahhrts
I he I flecl of PrulnneeJ Inhrtati..n of io
h.rtcu Sutult aoJ of IhuluntrJ nh,nn
tn.e hrrm the lhc of Iut+ac.+r nn the
1'inphcral Vr.aul.u Rr./r.n.e lu A.utt
InlralaUUn nf I uh-tu Snruke rn Man
tl P/
