Tobacco Documents Online

own ngnt. but they become matcnally tntensified and confused when tne•.c is a flat and complete acceptance of an incomplete degree of analys:s of their elements. or when mixed standards are empioved whtch obscure tre:r origins and component pans. Such bctng the ease. the Setentihc Advisorv Board will continue to maintain an open-minded approach that encourages new methods of tn- vesugatton. recognizes the long-time factor in obtaining direct expcnmental evtdencc in this field. and refuses to subscnbe to. or endorse as conc/unve. incomplete or rrstncted evtdence. even though pressured to do so T^c need of protecttnc the public by adherence to a conservative. att::ude wtl:. we hope. become evident as this Repor, progresses THE Ct:STOM OF SN101:I.',G Dcep-rooted and widespread human customs have some reason cr reasons for the:r adoption and continuation This is undoubted:y true cf smoking It may be unnecessan or impossible to discover or de.'.ne al: of the underivtn¢ motives involved, but it is necessan to attempt to dete.^r..ne and to evaluate any influences for ttood or evil which our habtu mav ha%e on heal:!t and well•betng There are. fonunatel%, some helpful pnncaptes to g•utde us in such effons. Beause the reactions of individual human beings to any babt; var. t.hrough a wide and often unpredictable range. cer.ain inherent ltmt:azter:s in the da:a and restrictions in tnterpretatton must be eoostdered before appi}tng anC ex:endtnE am con;iustons derived from s:aust:cal stud:es on ii^tted pepulauon eroups Swec::ng tteneraitzanons as to the sociological appltcanon of or as arc us a... :.' nc: alwass. unwa_ and tne~!ccuse Tt:es are aot to aro::sc .esr.....,...' ar:~ :emp:aao.^. .,, de...., or to eircl.'mvent rePJIa::C.^.s The ^.gh: et sei'-dete.^n:nattcn is a ser% s:.en, tra:t in ,^e Amencan p;...... 1: has e.•.arac:er:zed our benastor s:nce :... caNs ef our ort_gtn as a na:tec. and it wt;: cont nue to do so TASh OF GET7TNG SnC'ND DATA Recc_c::z:t:, thts. the e~ora of the Sctenn.^.c Advtsorv, Board ha-e been and ~,1: conunue to be directed tow ard encouraging sc:enttsts to acqutre and -oublish su:'`.ctcn: data to help provide a basis for sound and votuntan oec:s:on b% ei.e t;td;v:dua: las•man as to wna: c:s attitude te%2-rc tooacco use sF:ouwd be 1: v. `.' ta:e a lonc :.^e ar:C ,..,...n cren:t~e a;tnkmc to devtse and tc carr. ou: :..: ex~crrne tts or. Ua:;rn co:^~tc:e answers to the mult:nide of !n C T R_ H N 0 112-8 E

o,uesttons can be based. Many tndtvtduals. skills and tecnntques will be requtred. It is not necessary, however. to wait for aeswers to all the ques- tions before one can bectn to formulate tentative opinions or worktng hypotheses. In fact, the reaction and degree of receptivity of tndtvtduais to partial or incomplete evidence varies just as much as, or perhaps more than. their rcactton to use of tobacco itse!f. The right of an individual to determine his own level or threshold of convtn: bthty is unquestioned. There are and will always be individuals who are convinced wtt':ou: the need of experimental evidence that all tobacco in an> form ts ev::, nez;c;:s ar,d toztc. There are individuals with a ss:r.:iar att:tude :o%ar:! zIcohe:. coaee. and the use of drugs. sera or medicines. T-r.e are at the other extreme individuals who. after pernaps 5v years of life ezpertence, will not admit that even excessive use of suc.`h agents has a de:e:ettous eftect. Neither of the extremist gsoups is likc!s. to have any last:ng ef!eet on the behavior of the vast malonty of the public and netuner w,i;. in :.".e lons run, contribute much to a more intellieent and une:-tottonal anai%sis of the role of tobacco use in today's living. DISE,ICES OR1GINATIN'G a'ITHiN THE BODY I: is well to repeat that the diseases with which man wil! be chte.".~ concerned in the foreseeable future are those which ortgtnate inside of htm b% some unbaiance, derancement or distortion of function. The cells and ttssues involved have been present before the disease occ::rs and t: , re-,atn as a part of the bod\ orrr, the disease is reco¢ntz.able. Th:s makes it doubivi certain that the btolo¢tcal and biochemical na:ure of :he ,nai"duol v.tll be a factor of pr:r^e tmpor•.ance in :he ert:tr.. and .,....,,rne of eard o%ascuiir diseases. u;cers, cancer. menta: tiir•.ess a^d e;°e: e:seases of eneogcnous or:gin .A:: these facts co^tb.ne te m:ke clear the g'eat and unavc:c3^:c res:c.^.s:'.:itty of the laberaten and clinical tnvesu:atcr .,n de^^:n. .ne de:ree to which conclusions reached b% him can proper!} be eztenee~ or Fecerai:z:d to cover the whole population LUNG CANCER AND CIGARETTE S)tOF:fNG Smoking as a human custom has existed for a number of eentur:cs. and lung eancer as a disease has eusted for an tnde^ntte numbc- of ce-tur;es- eeratnl. .m..a^% more t.`:an smoking The apparent increase in lung cancer. espectall% among middle-aged e: old:r men. has been retated b% some srattsuctans to a cornc;:ing tncrease in the total consumption of cigarettes CTR HIN 011266

It is evident that much of the numencai increase in reponed iunb cancer cases represents an increase of people in the suscepuble age grou:s and tmprovement sn ability to recognize, diagnose and report toe disease !:o one has shown how much. d any. of this numerical increase is an ac :.•a: rncrease sn attack rate. Some individuals, however, have accepted t!!e apparent increase as being almost 100 percent rea:. They tlso have c.n• stdered that statistical data showing a somewhat paraLlel utcrease in cigare::e consumption indicate a cause-and-eHect relationship between exceu:ve c:garctte smoking and lung eancer, when taken along wtth reports of a .".tc:^,er percentage of smokers among lung cancer cases than among ot-,er g: oups used as controls. Such assumptions stimulated some investigators to bcgrn sn e•etts - as:,c hunt for the '•component•' cr `ce:::ponents•• m tooa::o smor;e luna: ca- be blamed for the unproved cause-and-eae:: relattonsh:p as weL as fer the reported production of skin cancer in some ezpe:.ments o*::.`. certain strains of laboratory mice. The limited experiments with m-ce are of doubtful sig;ttficance :r ezLrapolauon to lung cancer in man. However, the report that highly c:n- centrated tobacco smoke condensates can induce skin eancr ut mice unde: ce^atn eQndittons has led to a search for a specific substance that may. be responsible for this w tth the definite implication that it would also eause lung cancer in man. The skin of mtce-especially that of certain stratns-reacs by cancer fa.^-auon to a whole host of chemical compounds It ezhtbtts uncontroi!e: grc-th with unique senstnvttv and speed compared with the skin of ines. c: .; e other animal species whtc!t have been tested. Tebacco smoke. like the preducs of burning an. eo:npiez vece= c s::_s:ancz. contains a eca: numoer oe cnemical compounds To dr:r:: tsr•a:c. analyze and assa% such compounds is the present m:er-.s: ac:, of a number of research scientists rJes^ae t!t;s. no spcr5: const;:uent of tobacco smoke has been four::, :na: accounts for the re~one~ btolo¢:c acttvttN on the sk:ns of mice ORIGr, OF C,LNCER L1I:.NOQ1 1: ts verv human and natural for people to hope tltat a single. stm::c ca::se of an.N type of cancer can be found and neuvaiized or eitm:nate~ Aicn; with entrustasm to find rnr cause of any type of cancer Lhere is feur:;: ra:.-a!;% a g:ea: pub,•: neµs-appcai for an% and all theones. eia:r.u ar:: eti;eencc of anr ser: pernttne in that direction. Durtng the past fes% years we r.ase had man% eza:::p;es of thu fac:. 12 C TR H N 0 11 2 E30 7

L ntorrunartiv. hot- trtri all nidtncr troni both loborarorits and ciinre s tndreatts rnar tiit probitm o/ cousorion of on.% t.%pt o/ conctr 1s compies anc d prcuit to anaiti;t. It is fatr to sac that a ph:losoph% of over-stmpiificatton and an attempt to convince the public of a final solution or of a lethal r,sk not eemonstnted b% ezpertmental evidence are neither kind nor accurate nor W se. Those who maintain the less glamorous artttude of tns:s::nc upcn pat:en:. urne-consuminc progress toMard the wnoit truth µ-:ll suFe: te!7• porarni.y tn pubi c opinion compared Mtth those who hold out the hc^e ci more rapid and sensational solutions The~ ma% e%en be ciass:ncd b% so^•.c as =e:ne eb::!se and obs:ruct:or.a: Tnz: fac:. hoMeve:. does not chan:e or Aeaker, the bas:: so;;neness cf t-he e;d adace. Mh;ch applies comp:cte:} to the control and cenzucs: of the so-ca:iec constitutional diseases such as cance:. that sa%s the ioneer wa% arounC ma\ be the shortr. K,a% out. It is perhaps heaith:er. bc::. men:aii% and sptntuall%, to accept and adhere to a phtlosoph% of pat:ence anC unerr.ouona! skepticism until the various fac:ors %kh:c': contr:octe to the e::g:- of eance: are knoKn DANGERS OF OVERS111PL1FICATION 1N' SCIENCE To ove:stmpld\ our concept of the et:oloe% of an. of these diseases ts a_an,r:ous precedure fo: a: ieas: two reasons ia 1: tends to !t^:: the extent anC d;re; :on e` tota, rese3:c"h e.°.or:s te uor/, baseC on a r:n_:e n%pothes:s 1: .e':ers anc e.^.•.:cas,zes :esearc.^, e~or:s in tr.e c: a:..a n: ;e s es:an;a;, e.~e, of % ;eu I` ._^p.ex,t\of e::oicg} Is la•er ^ro~eC anc ...- s:rr.;,:c shc\%n ._ _, :naeequate cr tnco^n... conr•,cen.. in tae p: .. .:~ anc su.-.c::e:s ot tne simpie tnecr•. is snaken and future conciustcns ., cc__.ed Te a tesser bu: st..: in..,.:ant de_ ... pubi:, ss:ep.,ar,. ul:. ....., .•..;u~e .^.1L... if ne: a~.. ot,,.:t:se.....' as \te!i 1: c:a% oe he:~; l to d,scuss Cnea% s,;:^e of t^c factors that reed! :., be eens,cered and e%aiuated in tne prob;eni of lun¢ cance: causation beiere a soluuor, can ae cu:meC 1. SEX A\f) %1kR1TAL STATL'S T.-e:e ap;eaa tc ,., c:ea: e,:cc:::: .na: .,en s:^o~ a h:g.^.er moruht. ,::a:o:\ e:seases ar.C al~o from easa:o- from iung car.ce: anC aL o:ner res- vascuia.: d:seases. ~.an do ~o:ner. l: is aso true tna: Nhen ad!usunen: is 13 CTRt ! t't 0112266

made for ace. both men and women who are divorced shou a h:e^e: morulttv from these diseases than do those wno are married Why are these things true' Is it a redectuon of d:fterences in hor-nonal makeup betMeen the sexes or between balance and adiustmcnt of hormonal acuva. related to marnal status' Is it that men and divorced people ave a more tense and exposed l:fe respectrvely tnan do women or married people' Or are there st:li an unrecognized (actor or factors snvoi.ed' 2. EFFECT OF IRRITANTS Acm:tanc fer the sake of arpu^:ent•the exten: Of a still unana;Nze~ en~ ee:a:at:c increase of lunc canc:: in uh:tc ma:cs. what ma% be the pess:o:e e'ects on cancer incidence of former lune tniur., fre^ frem -cured'• pneurnon:a or tuberculosts or exposure to mustard gas. from combustion products of gasoline or diesel en¢:nes. or other air ;oi:utants and ensuonmenul a¢ents' The fact that statisticians find these e:ements d:f`ccl: to measure and that macs, therefore. completely tencr: them tr, the:r s:ud:es does not automancail% el:r.:tnate them as poss:tie factors to be stud:ed. Arnone en.•ironmental e'tects of possible significance mus: be included t1; reiauvelv recent increase in exposure of the lun¢s to x•ra%s These ra%s are known to be a carc:n2cen:c agent and their eftect appears to ~e cumt.;ianve In an+ sampie pecu:auen the individuals who 6ve in c:ues or nea: ¢ood dtaenosuc centers a:c ^tor: apt to receove x-ras d:a:res:s or trea:rr:en:. and tt:s rn t.^.ese ar:3s :',a: lung eancer a;.pears te bc :r.os: 3. S)lOK(NG X ER~-L -r, OVERQ EIGHT ~::ere is evtdence tr.a: cessa:icrn o.` the smoking habit ma% be ioiio-et r~ a s:_cn:.^,cant increase :,. ._. 4e:ce: There is also ev:dence t.ha: over- w; -. peopie are -crse hea!tt: risk in boa; ca^... -n= car-;oscscu:ar disease tn-^ jr: :t cse •~ne are not What ts the corr.arae:%e Ca.^.:er SC t^C CSYrAeIQ.'.: a'•Z: t: 'C S-'.~ACf' 3. ~'N1ntiING HABITS ~ver:or.: a_ere:s :`a : ea: ind:%:dua; de°rreocei tr- sc:ei<Ln; haons and that th: .r_ and evaiuanon of suc` ha::cs vtvoi, e a %L:)ole grist c' O', :ousi%. a person Mho smoxes to the but: a fuil pacK of c,care:::. :~r c_ recer.es a d:flerent amount of smote from cne Mhe smokes a 1,... ;,a:. to ona half Icnvh or to quarter-ienc:h The temperature and con^e : ,' smoke also var, a: difIerent leng:h of the e;¢areae Hab:rs c` !rczuenc----Cepth and retention 0 CTR HN 0112611~'.~

the smoke in the lun¢s-also vars creotlv In ae:ual fact the onlc thtnc :na: %ke can tx rei3uveh sure of in class:ncatton by "pacl consumpuon'. is :na; the two-pacl a das smokers reach for and ltFht (or give awav) a-^ ctcareues. the one•pack smoker 20. and the one•half pack 10 Are these re:c:tons. therefore. indications of dtflerent levels of nervous tension anc of response to it rather than accurate qu]ntuitts'e measures of tobaccc smo:e exposure' 5. LATENT PERIOD I 4nc:her eo:^^!tc_.:ne f]ctcr in lunc eance, r_usat oa the_..es :s d:r'e::nc[ of opinion conce:ntn_ a latent period of :G er mere se3:s `. I ::s:zed s s:]:tsuc:]ns who relate the app]rent increase in t.^.e d:sease :r ,..::easeC consun;puon of ct¢arettes A some%%h]t stmtlar situation existed tn the incidence of cance: amerc : eari% ..orl.ers utth x-rass In both cases it is evtdcnt that some sort of ehan_ees in the ussues c.` .... .re s:duai rr:ust precede ann trtccer eflect of the reai e: :hccrc:::a: ~c aeen: ir, bot:s cases the nature of the exposed ttssue ac.ocars to a i]c:cr of m]ler tmport]nce Of all of those exposec. no more taan a vcr• s^a:: ^tnorus of heavs ctaarette smokers and onl.. an unknoun fraction c` i-::'• AcrKers deseiep cancer whtch can be rei]ted even stuttsncalis ut:r. .... 'a::; or ocCllra:ICr T: fccus 7:..':UCn on the accuse.a, oe:uvatlon or haba :s. t~e.:fC... ._ ~•. - a or [^C"]S:S to a pCssi~le C3U13tI%Y faC:or that is 1^'^o;:.^.: a".- e in :.•: sas: .ma,er:;% ci c3ses Sccn dtstcr.ed e^:r::as7s :s ci c. __ • .._c cn_-1 ._., itad to un'::;ur.a:: nee`ec: o' rne:: srr: es :a:s .: i - 6. NIETHOD= OF kzc>1' OF CARCrNOGENE_I5 ~s N:: no sans.`]:;on r.:e:hod eztsts of obser.'tnc the course o' c:,anr-: .. ss.,. tr ,.. it.; acc T,•. Sc:cnr.,,'.; Adstscr• Bca:_ :s. ...-.- s.;:~er::r.: researcr in;e tissue cu;;ure of adult human lung t:ss-;c .,. •..- .. : and :r_: o~sersauon of the response ef iunc t:ssc: tc sar:eus chai:erces 4n cn are prestous to or eoncurrent with ooser.a- r~::. _- ,^esr.c,e and'r:.,...; as a ste; in the rt¢^: dtrectter. ir. ;cc r-ear.:::r.e. ccftairn res.!ts Mtth, animals serve to e:r.7ras1_1: %ar,:~.s ouesttcrs a. Proier,:c~ e_z-,csure of t~e iunes of rodents to masso-e doses of e:care::e s:r.oRC has faued to produce bror.chocer, c cancr. C iz [`ti i ii Z 0 112 ..+• O

(b) Tobacco smoke or smoke condensates have failed to pro- duce cancer even on the skin of suscepttbie strains of mice when applied in the quantity and at an exposure rate tttat would stmulite conditions of human smoking (c) The extrapoDtton to the human lun¢ of results obtained by patnune of or tn)ectton into the skin of mice is dectdedlp questtonable. It is-++ell known that mice of ccrtatn strains have hieh carcinogenic skin susceptibility to scores of atcnt% no; proved carctnogentc to man. The skin of the fingers of cicarette smokers. parucuiari% hea%} smokers. is due:::. exresed to smoke but there is no record of an% smoker es•e: hasmc . t:;^:or. e:tner malignant or benicn. on his finee-s as a result of this exposure Yet the skin of humans has reac:ed in this was. to x-rass. showtne that it can become the sea; e` carcinogenic atuvu% under proper ehallenec. "- PH1'5IO-PSI-CHOLOCICaL FACTORS Alt!toueh the isolation or sdentificauon of ph%s cal. psycheloncal and emct:er,al human classification types appears to be remarkabis d:fFicu!:. t.^.e recognition and tmponance of indrviduol human d,je.ences tn thesr r:s;e:;s are unr.ersal and impelltn¢. T.^.ere are undoubted!% important individual variations tr, the re.- t:lara. order. temoo. tntcnsin and eumuiattve e."ects of ner,.ous an: response to life snmul wh:cn not onis influence ha:::s c: _.r.astcr bu: un:c~. tear d,rcc:is on t::c health and sunisal ^,respe::s :. .... .-.... :~..~. _-..r:s to oe:r. ;nc and te :^eas:::e oroeesses c.` t!i:s n;c are cc: , n ,.x c:ex in tne:r oKr. ncn: out are snl! essenuaiis "pioneernnc ..• .c ef a large mass of iuerature in t^e gcneral hcid Howes'er. even %L::r. ... .r.^naestmai amounm of werK accempi:sned. tncrc is enoucn suc¢esti- es:ce-:e e.n. the extstence of d:~c:ences between so-ealled heass s^:oKers ar:: no.^.-s^':okers to encoL;racc ..,^unutd, creat,s extended and cecrer:c: .esear,,. on tnese asne::s e.` tne heait^ prob;..,M broadt~ speakir.c one mas reason toward an approac^ to .^e ;.rob:er7 as fc::oN'S . . a T:^.._ ar. :nd:sicua: d;~erences in surtitsai pe:entu; and .., onse .., 5:....~.. and S:.ess ` Tr- n:a!...... .. ...,, ha.e suc:essfull\ ad:ust:d tner- sei%es so tr.a: a%era.c life span ci man has tncreased b\ de:ades o%e: vas: na!f<entur. 16 C1 t`rr t i 1 `l « 1129.S.

(c) There rematn a large number of indrviduals who reac: in such a way as to establish and maintain internal unbalances or inadequate adjustments to streu and frustration The tn- dtvrduals who reacted to combat by shell shock, battle fatteue and various neuroses are clear examples. It is not necessary, however, to encounter such extreme and evident st:muli as those of combat. The higher death rates of both men and women who are divorced bear silent but tr^^res- stxe witness to the delicaev and wlnerabil:tv of the nervous and glandular mechanism of hu:nans and of :.^e lasting tmponance of these mecnarwsms in tne maintenance o! he3lth. Ezcesses in various types of behavior are one of the reflecaons c' the presence of neuro-hormonal unbalance. Thev are not t2he primar. ca::ses of such unbalance and thev do not furntsh the cure. Tnes are ar: ou:uard and visible si¢n of an inner and invisible crisis of some so:: Ezcessrve use of tobacco, alcohol. eofiee, or other agents. may therefer: be ;.::rnarrlv a symptom. not a cause. The more nervous. restless. frustrated and harassed people mav be : r^.c-: the bad health risks Adjustment to life ph%stcall%. emotionalls and rnen:all. reduces. avoids or dissolves the stress and strarn wh:c!: are c::n:ca'.lv experienced by the non-adfusted. Of t^: three types of smoking-pipe. ctcar and ctcare:te-there oouid be ecn:ral acre:rnent that mechan:cs alone µouid sugces: .::a: nenous and restless peopie wouid be more ltkea te use etgare::e: l: :s ..,.. .,casenabi, to look fcr .^.e he3sti' clcar_:te ha^.. to be a-n tnc:ca::en that the individual involved ma_% be ezoresstne his ncn-adius:- ...-... :: seme phase or phases of life. C~nstder. for ezampie, those statistical data which aptxar to sho%& assec:anen between heav% ctearette smoktne and death from various :sres C: :an::: (:;;n;. lannx. phar,%nx. esophaeus. toneue. mout^. iip. biadde:* pres~::. sto:^ac^. pancreas. ltver, gall bladder), pneumon;a, tnr?uenz:. aer::c aneunsm. duodenal ulcer. gastric ulcer. tuberculosts, eoronar: ar.e^' dtsease. asthma. cirrhosis of the liver, and automobile acadents Tai::- at face vaiuc. such data would provide clear evidence of the fac: :.`a: '.r- outward anc vts:bie hao:t of heasti smoktne is a re9ecuon of sucr. a LL:ec and var:ed pamut of tnternal d:s:urbances and unbalances tha: n-: pess:bie spec..^c. caurar:tie value becomes reduced almost to an absvrdtt. Newever. its potenual diaenorrrc vafue as a danee+, signal requtnne physrca: zad ps.cnoioc:cai anaiys s and explanation becomcs evident and tmpennvc Lr I' . 1 i!~ ~`~

!t is entirely probable that other habits of excess in the use of iumulanes. sedatives and vanous dtcury etements will be Eood danger stgnais of a sunilar sort. So.is excessive activity or tnacuvtty of hormonai systems (e.g.. sex, thyroid, adrenal. pttuttary ) or excesstve asceuc1.sm a: the opposite end of the curve. We should recognae, therefore, that in a conunutng propram of rc- search on the relation of tobacco use to human health we are dealing vnt.`h evaiuauon of a habit. Such a habit mav be, and in this case is. a %isible and str:i:ng phenomenon on which our investigative mteilec: se:zes With avid:r% tccause it craves a vitibie and ranq:oic opponent against Mh:cn it can .'s analvt:cal power %k c must constantlv remcmbc:. however. that the boa~ or mm,,i v.h;;:~. Ke are stud%tng is the reactor-the battleground on hcaitn anc d scase fight for control These bodies and minds are of an tn^n:te nurnoe: of t.pes and potentialities, and it is these dtfterences in :nd:vtduais or. -A h;:h st:mulus mLst act. In the face of our existrnc ignorance. which is vast. we should tr tndustr:ous -in research, cautious in interpretation of results, and hc:n::: u•. recommcndrnc alterations in smoking behavior as claimed prevenu~es of :n:crnal and naturallv occurrtn¢ unbaiances and health rtsks CT R HIM 0 112 cz, 3

The Research Prouam %.1 7-ae orpanuation of the Scientific Advisory Board as prcsently con- ststuted .+as completed in August 1954 and shortly thercafter the Boud developed the policy and procedures under which it makes panu. Since the scope of interest was broad-all aspects of tobaeeo use and h::a:an hcalth-it was necessary first to define general areas within wt;,c^ appiicauons for research grants should be considered. The three continuing areas of investi¢ation withsn which the research g:a^u are made have been previously set forth. They are. in bne.': 1. The phystcal and chemical composition of tobacco and us com- bust;cn producu. :. Tissue changes in humans and animals. a field which encompasses a vas number of laboraton and clinical expenmenu reiattng to the lungs, c:rdtovascular svstem, dt_gesuve tract. mouth. throat and endocnne glands, bc: r.c: iimtted to these ?. Smoicine and other uses of tobacco and the emotional and physical makeup of smokers. Recog;suing the advan:aces of flezibility in the groo-lh of a research proca^:. the Scientific Advisen Board has continued to adhere to this genera: plan of investigation W::.hm this broad prozram. there have been shifts of emphasis as :he need and opportunrt% for imper.ant research possibilities developed SPECIFIC AREA_Q OF RE~'E%RCH 7ne subIect mattcr e` erants has br_n speca4c Spec:al er:^!;as:s has been placed cn ezocn^ents relating to ezpenmental cancer a.^.d urc:nogentctty. to aspects of cardiovascular disease, to the stud~ of hu-ar: iungs, to the b ocne^, s:n ane chemistry of tobacco and smoke mg'ed:ents. and to t^e sr.;o• c' Ero.;rs of peopie who are smokers and ncn•smoiers T*e general trend of ,"c reseirc^ proeress in these fields is dss.-t:s;cd beiow rn some detail. As ~i r. a:mos: all scientific endeavor, quick results frcr: inese prolects are nc: :: tc ezz~ecced. and most are still in progress T--:s Report goes tn:: cens ecr3t:c detail on one aspec: of reseasc.`.: na.me:}. that of ezpenme-ta. caece- and earesnogentem assa} This is done because aeneral tay and sc:ec::`.c inte.est his centered on tbu phase of actvnry, and some of tnc prc.:c-.s encountered are frequently not full% appre: a:ed This empr.asis ,rn rc;crar:e does not imply any lesser interest to CTR HN 0 11~'91 4