Tobacco Documents Online

34 CTR HN 0112*r5

~ EXHIBIT / CTR HN 01 127G

1 REPORT of the SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR CLARF.NCE COO}: trrTLE. Sc.D. Chairman. Scientifie Advisory Board Jul-- 1. 1956 • June 30. 1957 TOBACCO INDUSTRY RESEARCH COSUIITTEE 130 East 42nd Street. \e.. York 1-', 'N. I'. r •y ••',, CTR HN 0~. ~•~• ,f

i SCIE\?IFIC ADVISORY BOARD to the Tobacco Industry Research Committee CLARENCE COOK LITTLE. ScD.. LL.D.. LtTT. D. Chovman. Sctenttfic Advisory Board Scienrific Director, Tobacco industry Research Committee Director Emerirus. Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory Bar Harbor. Maine McKEEv CATTELL. PH.D.. M.D. • Prolessor of Pharmacology Cornell University Medical College New York. N. Y. J' L'L'S H COMROE. JR.. M.D Director, Cardiovascular ResearA Ins:ttutc University of California Medical Center San Franctsco. California LrON 0. JACOBSON. M.D. Prorerror of Medicine. University of Chicago Director. Argonne Cancer Research Hospital Chicago. 1lltnots PAt1 KOTIN. M.D. Arrocratr Protersor of Parnolop L'nrversitv of Southern California School of Medicine Los Angeles. Calttornta F:ENNET}i MERRILL LYNCH. M.D.. Sc.D.. LL.D. Presrdent, Dean o1 Facuirs and Protessor ol Parnolog. Medical Coliece of Sou:n Carolina Charleston. South Caroitna STANLEY P REINfAN"N. N'. D . S~.D Scrrnnr;,; Drre;ro• rmrr:rus The lnstitute for Cancer Resea::~ D,recro• Er*.rr rus Tne Lancenau Hos-.itai Rese;irern lns::n:te Pauadc:p^ia. Pcnnsyivar.;a W7LLIA',! F. RIEN'HOFF. Ja..,l.D AlJOcrar[ ProreJso, of Su/Ffr% Jchns Hecktns L'nrversic% Scliooi of %1ed.cmc Baltt^ore. Mar.iand' EDWIN BNk1LSON. PH D. LL.D Proltssor Emrrrtus or Vita: Starrsrres Harvard L'nrvr.s r. Carnbre:e Nlassa:huse:is ROB---RT C. HOCKE 77. Px.D Assocrarr Screnrrc: Drrector C T~' N N 0 112-r--" 1 6

Organization and Policy . T:'e Tooacco lndurt.> Relearch Com,'nzrtee is tne sponscnn; of a researct: program into questions cf tobacco use and health 1: aas orcan:zd in euly 1954 b% representatives of tobacco manufa;:;:rc-<j irros+crs and warehousemen The Committee itself neither operates an. research faciluy nor has any determination in the scientific procrar•: c.n-r than mai:ng available neccssar. funds The 5crenriFc Ads•iron Boo.d to the Tobacco ]ndust-y Resear:- Ce-:natee bas full responstbil,e} for research polu} and prog•a^:n:;c: This Bcard consists of ntne tcde;enden: sctenttsts. doctors and ee ;:;;r Khc r:;a:n:a:n their respe:nse u•.s:::caona: af`itat:ons T-ne eha=-arn a,s_ serties as Sc:eat:5c D:re: er of :..: Tcca;;o Industn Research Cc rr-,::et The Sc:e^::^.c Adv:son Board ..oes .,... :tseif en_¢a;e in resear;r. 'cr :. Teea;;~ l:,e::str. Researc- Ce-.r:,::e- A:. research n;en:. is ^-ac.__ _.. ._.,,......_nda:,on cf __ S:._.... Ad%u:n Bcard tc caal:-~,e~ .n. , _ ..__.. YSt:f]:c:s uCrY::.g ... es;:: llsGed r':ed:;al S:hOols. un:%ersil:es ar.~, Other researc,', 1nSta~UC.^.s R: :e-ts of Tooac__ Researc., Co^tr^t.^.e- g7a:::s a:. assure: c,,:rp;e:e s;:cntt^; frrec~r.. ... ,,,nducueg thetr tnvesu¢attons an: repor.:ng the resuiis of tr.r:r rescar.n :n t1:e accepted sc:eetifc manr.c- thro.g^ a:eC:;ai an~ an~ sec:eues The u:vestu¢atcrs rece:v;r.E pants !re^ tn: are aiene responstbic for puciun:-: or re,cr..^.g t^e.. resear... ._._ .• CTR ~~~ t~11 ~ ~

Summarv Dunng the 12 months ended June 30. 1957, the Scientific Advtsor. Board approved 52 ¢rants-m-aid. aneludtne renewals, toultng 5550.000 Included is $35,000 (or scholarships to medical school studens for medtal research work in any held of their choosing One scholarship u ot?ered to eau: of the nation's accredited medttal schoois to encouraae medica: rescarcri a; tvtiaes. S:nce the start of the grant-in-aid research program in the 195a•55 fis:a: sear. the SctenttFc Advisory Board throu¢h June 30. 195'. bas niloca:%~ Sl,''15.200 in specific prole: s-to 6' tnLesu:a;ors sn S: of ::.e nauons ieadtn¢ universities. hospttals and rescarch mstttuuons During this same period, the 7obrcco Industry Research Cerr:rtttte.e has appreprtated funds amounting to 52.200.000 (or research g;a.n:s. tn- clud:nt a supplementar} 3200.000 appropriation requested by the Stsrntufic Ad%tsor. Board tn the 1956-57 fiscal year to meet spectal needs (or new F:rants DIRECTION ~oF RESEARCH P:;,marv attention has been given to developtng* research pro ect.s re- la:trc to cancer and hean aiimens. since tobacco use is one of man. fa::crs c.` modern-day life being generally investigated in the study c.` tnese daeases Pro: ess of medical researc!: is slow and patnstak:ne ;ianv promising a%enues must be followed before find:nc one that opens t,~e way io new ar.~ usef::: inewieCce No knoµn formula wiL' ou:cki% work out the s,-,n::e ans+er .o hu,^.,an health prebiems .Adsances are made b~ s:a.es . seme•+ha: as one would cut his way through lun¢?e under2rowti*i Sci;n' medical and ezper:mental knowiedee of tobacco use :s re:a- tivei- l:^::ed. a: ttnes contrad:cton, and often eonlenural rat.ner than fa; ua: Too little is known about mam• factors. includtne whc veor.e smokc or what kind of peopie become part}cuiar.• heav~ srnokr,s (Pages 1C-::. 16-1S.29-30 ) ON CANCER RESEARCN T„e probiem of causation of anytvpe of cancer is complez anC ;e anaiyie Al: research on this so-caiied eonsntuttona'l d:sease is. and mus: ^e. patnstaktng and ttme-eonsumtnE There is not knoa-n todav anN or eutck %.-av to answer the question of whether anv one factor has a roic :n causing human lung cancer (Pages 1:-13.) C CTR t ii 1 0112t-~ti..+r

0 Despite all the attenuon pven to smoktng as an accused fac:or trn human lung cancer. no one has establuhed that cigarette smore. or an. one of tts known eonsutuents, is eanccr<austng to man. I:evcrtneicss. :: was ruognsted as desirable to encourage scarch for possibte sutxtances :rn tooacco smoke that might sn some way be ancer<austng Antmai tesu have been eontradicton• and ambiguous in sndtcattng whethcr coocentra:e: smokc condensates produced under normal combustion condtuons can tn- duce sun cancer in experimental arumais. In an% case, it is kno4r ;.ia: antmai tests are not dtrectly zpplrcable to men. This situation ied to con- s:den:ten of the general probiem of devetop:ng bet:er uays to tes: ar sumtances that might be suspected of having a cancer-tnduc:aF eacc: e. man. ana to measure tne reianve potene:es of such sues:ances Enceura.e- n:ent and suppon have been g:ven to tissue culture tecnntaues tna: raa pe.^r.:: the groatng of living lung tissues where thev can be suomt::ee :: caaiienges .nd observed dtrecQ~ (Pages 11-13• 20-.6 ) S:.^stiarly, linle has been known concerning changes that rna~ oc:_- tn the lungs of human beings in the normal course of their lives A ia::e- scie .tiot investigation was undertaken. with preltm:nan resuits t~ia: tung tissues in Iaree percentages of peopie of all ages. but esrec:a. 25 %ears and older• shos+ observable deviations from norma! uhr: are r.c• obvtousiv related to any spec:fic environmental or occupauonai facce:s (Paees 27•29 ) ON HEART RESEARCH A:u`touch some observations have been made u; the vas: er. e~rca :f smoktng. and espec:aiis of ntcotnne. on tt;e eard:o~ascu:.r s%s:r- c r:as xen recogntzed tna: mu:a re-a ns unknown and tha: mar•- ca:. :• -. ~ are contrad:c:on Prel:c::r•arn res::lcs cf ne%+ researct. .nc::a:e .r._ some -.revtouslv held concepts concerntne the eftects of toba:cc c.n car~:o•ascular svste:n were over-st^•.ol ;icd. or do not app'1 ger.r.•:. (Paees 26-.' ) Rcsearch is continuing not onl% or soeri`:c e?,ec:s of s.^...::n_ biood vesse!s anC coror.ar-a f1ou, in nurnan tests as we.. as 1. laccra:orn ar,:mals. bu: aiso on µnolc population groups -._ fa::ors. tncudtne hcrcd:rs. d:et. recreation and work habtts. tn adau:c- smokt.^.g. are being considered in relation to incidence of card o~as:c.c d:seases ON SMO}:TNc n-PES Constoerab e atten:ror has been g;%en to -avs o.` earr:tng eu: s:::c : on pcpuiauor• eroups to ee:cr-n:ne ..netner there are anv ps)'cno-pm 6 V •s \ 1 { • N 0 11 ia•• W' .ti.

olopcal diflerences observable between cxcepttona0v heavy smokea rnC moderate smokers or non-smokers. (Pages 16-18. 29-30. ) Several studies of populations were found already under way tha: could be enlareed to include specific study of smoking hutorus of the individuals tnvol%•cd. Out of one project came a report. pernaps the flrst based on sctenufic study, showing a stgnificant rise Ln body we:g.ht fcr men vno stopped smoking as compared with a control ¢roup of men vhc contsnued tosmoke. (Page 41.) OTHER AREAS OF RESEARCH Some gJants have been approved Ln cer.atr•, othcr areas c`. reiat:.^g to tobacco use lnvestiEations ar: being supported cercect;^, en: ttssues. 4hich ma% lead to revised concepts concerning tne ra:e e` ussue mat^.tenance processes tn aging peopie. Studies on the eRec:s of smokmg Ln relaucn to gastric functions have been completed %+•tth repons snowmg that c:garette smoking by patients with duodenal ulcer did no: produce stp-.:5cant eban¢es Ln gastrnc secretions. Similar or related wori is bc:ng connnued Prole;ts also have been tr.ttuteC tnto such matters as t::: con- sutuers of tobacco leaf and the chemtstr% of tobacco smoke (Page 38 ) C I "f Z M N

The Research Approach The'public's interest in the relatton of tobacco use to human is naturally great. !t is certain to remain so. Broad and specific a=usat,ons and elauns of harmful eHects from tobacco have been made. and the sn- corTectness or correctness of such statements must be proved• no ma::c: how long or how difficult the efiort may be. !n the active and continuing discussions about tobacco use and 6eai~. .!%:-c seems to be nearly complete apeement among sc:enttsts on en.% c.n.e potnt: The need for much more intensive research into t.':e su^ e:: To this need. the Scientific Adetsor% Board to the Tobawo Inecs-r• Research Committee is devoting its efiorts. The Board has responstt,,:;::.e fcr advanctn¢ and encouragine to the limits of its resour:es sctent:^; research into all phases of tobacco use and health and for maiiag granu- tr.•aid to qualified research scientists from funds made avatiabie b. t.`.e Cemmtttee. This 195' Report of the Scientific Director provides an opporrun::y :e dtscuss in some detail the progress of the research prograrn which u- ezr.pt t::ally got under was late tn 1954. Searttng in 1954 wwith nothing the mandate to erant funds. with no strings an.aehed, to mdepencen: sc:ent:sts. the research program hai through June 30. 195"• acuvatez- rese3rch pro)ects totaling S 1.'• 15.:00 in the field of tobacco and hea::'. O`. this amount. 5550.000 was for 52 separate erants-tn-atd approved :r. .... .: months ended June 30. 1957. Mans• of these were, of counc. r- ne•ja:s of proiccts prevtouslv started. tndreattng the ume-consummg na _rr ::I!s ty;.: of researc^. 1 ne 1Y3r covered bv •hIs .^c: t als0 saLL' lrldCr'enden: pl:o',:cY::On . :n~es::¢ators of manv papers repcrlini worK whtch was A1rJ'r+e.^.e~. a: ICaS' :r. :ar•.. with grants frcm the Tobacco lndustn Resezrc^ Ccmr.:::~:c A-.s:racts e` these publisned papers. as approved by the authors. are :r .. ~:~ la:er in this repor. APPRO4CN TO RESEARCH PROBLEMS The nine sctenttsts who compnse the Scientific Advtsory Board have had complete fre:dem in planning. seiectune and develootng ^,hases c` ez"rtmentai resear;^ The% have pooled their knowled¢e and t.:e:: ei• ^ene.^,ee and their dtsctpitnes to deveiop the research program T*eN ha~e a;sc eonsu;tcd frequentiy with manv independent sctcnufic coliear.res. boe.t :ndjviduallv and in conferences 8 C ~sR t~4~ 0 1 ~.~'~:~

They have Etven first attention to those areas whtch are presentl} of most concern to medical science as well as to the general pubitc-the questions relating to cancer. and specifically lung cancer. and to heu: duease. 1lembers of the Board take the general position that definitive con- clusions or predictions of individual risks are unwarranted bv the pre:sent imperfect state of knowledge in the complex 6eld of lun¢ cancer causation !n regard to heart disease. they take a stmtlarl% open-minded azutude toward causation. consistent with the expressed positions of such or¢anu.a- uons as the American Heart Association and the Nattonal Hear, lns::rae The program of the Scientific Advtson Board is one of bas:c and ur.c:ased research It is not plar.ned with a preconcecved pvr^ose of orovsnc teoac:o innocent or ¢utits in tts e3ects on human hea!th Its purxse :s sole;v to obtain new information and to advance human know!edee in even pesstb:e phase of the tobacco and health relationsh:p There is for any program a surrounding framework or backpound o.' proolems and of unanswered quesuons These questions should t-e con- stantuy borne in mind until thev are adecuatelv answered It is often vm eas% to forgel, ignore or b}pass unsoived phases of a probie:n w•htie .r he: pursuit of some parttcularls allurtnc theory or h.pothests It is. howeve:. the dutv of experimental scientists to maintain balance in thts rype of srtua::en and to distribute e^iphas:s and evaluation wisely and fattlv trn re:a::cnshtp to the uhoie ^,rco:eT. Cr field involved I SCIENTIF7C. SOCInL(~GIC>L FACTORS Before presennnc :he therefore. tt wil! be desLrab!c tc d:sc.ss bnc9~ sor.:. c.` .... :a:..,rs tha: sur:ound acd .nt'......: ar, croad and eont:nu; , ra^^. c: r:s:ar.,, tn thu tntcres: _ an_ c-ai::ap:ne field of toDacc: use an-, iea;:n Some of these fac:ers are µne!,% otoiowc. Thev deal w:th t.^.e c..^m- piezttues that are mhercr: in c^sen:nr and anaisz:ne a haott utun m.an% .arub:es in its reiartonsr.:^ :~ ca:~ses tnr: arise qute:iv and subtls -~t-ti:^ .. ::ocv and tna: c,,..::c.:c :. .e a: r c' tne bods. d:sturo:n:. unba.anc:r.: a.^.C :~rnaps destro\m_: : s n.r-3 `.,r;nen and tts survival C1(nel factors a_ri 1*"'^-ov" 'I ^es: tnvoive, among oihel t.~1:fS. the atutuces and react:ons c' :r_,•.._'.,a.s o: d:fterent types to smoking. ene e.` mos: -tdesercae an: -,.-.an customs that has developed as a pan c! our wa\ o' h!c . •-j- :^rce centuries It is destrab,e te :^. c e sor.s of factors clearlv distinct in ou: seiec::en and eva:uau,r e s:e.. ..ese3rc6, proo:eros ..`.V. demand our bes: eaer:s These pro;:c : a•c sober:ng ar.d impressive sn tne:r 9 C TR HN 0 1 ~ ~~4.'