Tobacco Documents Online

lf the . condensates, tars or derivatives have been preparul or stored under abnormal conditions, experimentation with them has no bear- ing on the practical evaluation of tobacco products in relation to health. The Scientific Advisory Board, with the help of scientists at the varous laboratories of the tobacco induslry itself, developed a detailed description of the best available smoking machines. This material will be published so that investigators anywhere can reproduce the smoking techniques and increase the significance, applicability and comparability of their work. Much more research needs to be carried out on the isolation, idcrtifi- cation and analysis of the great number of chemical substances dcr'ved from the fractionation of tobacco and cigarette paper products. Such research Is being encouraged among Independent scientists as well as in the tobs:cco industry's own laboratories. In planning research on substances In tobacco, the Board received valuable advice and aid from Dr. A. J. Haagen-Smit of the California lnsti- lute of Technology. Dr. Flaagen-Smit pointed out that isolation and chemical identification of tobacco fractions could proceed successfully, but he fore- saw a"botticncck" in the absence or inadequacy of methods for assaying In humans or animals the possible effects of substances so obtained. A considerable number of investigators In many laboratories will prob- ably continue to concern themselves with Isolation and identification of various tobacco fractions. Such efforts may he helpful, but until much more effective methods of assaying their effects on lung and other tissues are devised, their contributions to experimental analysis of the problem will be incomplete and inadcquate. One of the Board's efforts to dcal with the deficiency are discussed ttnder Section V dealing with tissue culture. I1. U.eo/CarGon- aa aTracer Element In Tobacco (l)tt. JACOBSON) Application of our recently acquired knowledge of using Induced radioactive isotopes as tracer elements has been given serious study. For conducting experiments on the analysis of tobacco, plants grown in a car- bon dioxide atmosphere containing C", one of the radioactive isotopes, are potentially valuable. The Board has surveyed existing facilities for growing such plants and has considered several steps to be taken should any extension or incrcase In such facilities become essential. ilccause of the technical difflcuities In "processing" tobacco so grown and bccause of Ihe small amount of material that would eventually lie nvail- nhle, any active prrrgrnm of Inereased production frns been prrstprrnul until the nccd bccomcs more cvidcnt. 16 I 111. PathologJoAnatonrlclte.eurch (Dns. ItetMAt rNCll, KOTIN) The Board early recognized a need for greatly increased knowledge o' the pathology of the human lung. Study of human lung tissues was dc- &ired to observe the kinds and extent of abnormal changes and their possible relation to occupation, place of rysidence, past ailments and t)te like. No one institution had sufficient data for a wide coverage of this ficld, nor did it seem probable that any one laboratory could alone obtain a sullicient mass of data. The Board, therefore, planned a cooperative study to include twelve clinical-pathological laboratories. It called together the following patholo- gists for a conference to discuss the feasibility of the plan, and, if approvcd, to put it into operation: DR. D. MURRAY ANOEVINE, University of Wisconsin Medical Sch^ .:, Madison. Wisconsin DR. E. M. B(JIT, Los An`eles County Ilospital and University of Southern C.lirornia School of Medicine, l.os Angeles, Califoroia DR. WII.LIAM I1. CARNES, Stanford Uolversi(y School of Mcdicine. San hrauclsco, ('alifurola I)R. RUSSt?I.L S. FISHER, OFBce of the Chief Medicat Esamincr, Stare of Maryland and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Buhi- more, Maryland DR. RUSSELL L. ItOLMAN, Louisiana State University School of Medl- ciue, New Orleam, Louisiana DR. KENNETH P. KNUDTSON, Veterans Administration Hospital and University of Washington Medkal Schoot, Seallle, Washington DR. MARVIN KUSCIINER. New York University-Beltevue Medical Cco- ter, New York, N. Y. DR.11. R. PRA1T-TIIOMAS, Medieal College of South Carolina, Charles- ton, South Carolina DR. WILLIAM O. RUSSELL, M.D. Anderson Hospital. The University of Tcsas Medical Cenler, IFouston, Texas DR. E. I). WARNER, State University of Iowa. College of Mcdicine, Iowa Cily, lowa DR. WILLIAM B. WARTMAN. Wesley Memorial Itospital and North- western University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois DR. Rl/SSELL W. WELLER, The FFahnemano Mcdical College and Ilus- pilal of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania (Now at I:phrata, 1'ennsylvania, (;ommunity Ilospitd) A preliminary conference enabled the Iloard to organize the project, and produced frank and free discussion of techniqucs and experience which proved to bc most fruitful and stimulating. Two other conferences of these pathologists have been held with practically 10(1`y, representation and with stcadiiy growing evidcnce Ih:rt lhe principles underlying such a cooperative vcnture nre sound and creative. "Ilris pathologic-anntomic sludy of human lungs was bcl;nn in l~ehru- ary, 1955, nnd rencwcd for a second year in Fcbruary, 1956. 117 3~~

The twi uticipants arc widely scattered geographically for the purpose of randomizing the effects of environment upon the subjects of study. Special attention is also being given to the nature and extent of lesions indicative of previous infection of the lung tissue. Statistical study of the possible history of previous infection Ln relation to lung cancer may be an important matter and may give interesting leeds for more extensive pathological investigations. To make the data derived from the different laboratories comparable and standardiied, a uniform system of recording was devised by Miss Mary L3urke, the Scientific Advisory Board's atatistical assistant, after consultation with Dr. E. B. Wilson, a member of the Board, and with the twelve cooperat- ing invcstigators. This will greatly facilitate statistical analysis of (be pooled data obtained and will thus augment the value of the effort. IV. Dlrect Applicotlon oJ Tobacco DerlvatIve. (1)as. RaIMAhN, L.tTTI.a, 1ACOeu)N) Animals of different genetic background not only produce different characteristic incidence of lung and other typea of cancer, but also react in different characteristic ways and degrees to challenging substances applied directly on the skin or elsewhere. The Board, therefore, agreed on the policy of advocating the use of experitnental animals of known genetic composition wherever possible. With this in mind, assistance is being given through a grant to the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Lfarbor, Maine, to help stabilize and increase production of the desired strains and hybrids of mice, which arc the most widely used and best analyzed experimental animals. Recognizing also the great difference in response to chemical challenge as shown by dilIerent species of animals, the Board is interested in incrcas- ing knowledge of species susceptibility as well as strain ausceptibilities. In the same way, various sites at which the challenge is applied require careful study. The high degree of reactability of the skin of mice, rats and rabbits contrasts intcrestingly with the relative inertia of the skin of guinea pigs or of primates. Rclationships of this sort indicate the need for extrenle conservatism in extrapolating results oblaincd and conclusions drawn from one species to another, and even from the reactions of one tissue or organ system to anuthcr in the field of earcinogenesis. Only an extensive scrics of experimcnts with animals hl which sl+ccics, strnin, sex, age, drrsaPc antl other fnr'tors are contralled and evaluntctl can give Ihe sott uf e.uct inturrnadun otr whith reasonably aare cunctusittns c;tn be based. 1(t l. 11 oo (. -1 Another type of exposure is through inhalation. D, in has had loog experience in this field and is acting as a subcommittee of one tu review applications relating to inhalation experiments. Close contact is maintained by the Board within the whole field uf experimental exposure. Efforts are continually being made to evaluate both the positive and negative results which various investigators have reported and are obtaining at present. At best, work in animal exposure can produce only indirect evidence on the etiology of human luog cancer. However, there is real vnluc in animal work; it can and often does suggest problenls and pathways in clinical research. V. Ttaaue Culture Research (f)ks. 1ACOUSUN, L.YNCIS, (_'uMk(,e, REIMANN, LITTLE) Since it is difficult to observe or to experiment on tlre animal or human lung or on ttre cardiovascular system in s7tu, efforts are being made to dis- cover and (levclop techniques by which experimenters can obtain access to living lung tissue under conditions which allow direct observatirtn and manipulation. As was pointed out by Dr. LLaagen-Smil, the real problem involved in the functional study of the derivatives of tobacco is in finding better and more accurate ways of determining the effects of thcse chemical substances on living tissue. The Board, therefore, believes that among its major responsibilities is the development of new methods of bio-assay that will allow the direct observation of reactions of human and aninlal tissue of various agcs and origin. To survey the possibility of initiating and supporting research into 11•- maintenance and growth of lung tissue and of cardiovascular tissue irr virrtr, eleven of the leading American investigators in the field of tissrle cullure were invited by the Board to New York for an informal conference, exchange (+f views and discussion. "lhose in attendance were: DR. t.AWRENCC BI?RMAN. Pro/rimr u/ Atrdirinr, Wayne (/nivcnily Colteae of Medicine. Detroit, Michigan DR. )OtIN 1. BIPSI7.t?, l/rod, Crll Cruwrh Srui,on, Shl:m Ke(Icring Imli lute for ('.nccr Rerearcb, New Yurk, N. Y. DR. IIARRY ItA(31.1!, ('h/r/, F.tprrlrurnfut Thrruprurirr. N.uirtnA hlicm hluluCical Imtltule, NatlUnal IInllllltes uf 11r:Jth, Ilcthrsd.r, A1.uyl:,nd DR. WII'1ON k. FARI.H, lJruJ, 7Yrtur ('utrrrrr Srrti-rn, I:hmal-ny ut Nluloty, National ('unccr Iuwilulc, NutimWaI Imtltulr. u/ IIc..Ilh, netbrld., Maryland MRS. R1/111 (iPI(1Uk, Nrurupyihi.dric Ihtoilutc, tluivctaty uf Illm-u., Chicuau, Illinoiti ]9

hR. ( I! O. (1L'Y, A»bran! Pro/essor of Sur ery, lohm Ilopkin. ll.., dy School of Medicine, Baltimore. Mary~and DR. MAILGARET R. MURRAY. AuoelartYro/elsor of Anatomy. Colum- bia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York. N. Y. DR.C. M. POMERAT, 1•rofeiior of Cytology, 7ho Uoiveraity of 'I'esas, Medical Branch, Oalveston, Tesas DR. JOSEPIt 1. Q(JILLIOAN, la., Chief, Vlrus and Tltlut Culture l.ab- orarories, College of Medical Evanecllsu, l.oura Linda, Lo. Angcles, C:alilornla DR.CHARtIY WAl'MOUTN, Research Fellow. Roscoo B. Jackson Me- morial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine DR. Pt111.IP R. Will If, Research Associate. Roscoe B. Jacksoa Memorial l..boratory, Bar flarbor, Maine The confcrence was most rewarding in its delineation of the present status of the art and science of cell culture, and encouraging with respect to its potential applications to the problems at hand. Following the conference, the Scientific Advisory Board recommended an appropriation be made to assist the summer training program of the Tissue Culture Association and to provide several fellowships for study of human lung tissucs In vitro. The appropriation was subsequently approved by the Tobacco Industry Re- search Coulnlittce. VI. Cardlorasculur and Coronary Reaearch (DRs. CATTel1., Col,qt08 ) Cheat Physiology (DR. RreNffoPP) Various relationships between nicotine, and perhaps other tobacco derivatives, and vascular and cardiac function have long been hypothesized and rumored. Examination of ttle literature reveals a distinct need for further research to take full advantage of newer experimental techniques and to fill very real gaps in our knowledge in this field. So evident is the need for careful and critical planning based on frank discussion of our present level of information that the Board hcld a con- ference in New York of research workers who are grantees of the Tobacco tndustry Research Cornmittce or who are associated with its program, together with a few guests. The following persons attended: Crantees anti Aaaoclatea DR. FRNI'S 1'O A'I'1 INGfiR, Bottnn ('ity Rospltal, Bostnn. Massachusctts I)R. kI('IIAkt) 1. IIIN(1, Medical College of Alah:ima, Nlrmingham, Alahnrna t1R. 1OIIN W. 1('KSI FIN, Mav.chusrlh Memorial Iluspluls, I1onton, MJs1.!(hulClts 20 I I I I i I 1)R. FRANK C. FERGl1SON, )rt., Albany MeJ~cal Colleg. any, New Yor k DR. VIN('F.NT 1. I'ONTANA, New York l)niversity-Bcllevue Medical Center. New York, N. Y. DR.IACK FRf?l1ND, Medical College of Virainia, Richmond, Virginia DR. CAR1. C. ORl)1121T, University of Pennsylvania. (iraduate School of Medicioe, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DR. 1OSFPII It. HAFKENSCIIIEL,Tbe Lankenau tlospilal, Philadclphla. Pennsylvania DR. KELI.Y l'. McKEE, Medkal College of South Carollna, Charleslon, South Carolina DR. HU(iH MONTGOMFRY, University of Penmylvanla, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DR.IIURLEY LP.E MO7l.EY, University of Southern Californla, 1.os Angeles, California DR. WALTER RFDISCII, Ooldwater Memorial Hospital. New York. N. Y. DR. SFYMOl1R It. RINZLER, Cornell University Medical College. New York. N. Y. DR. NANS ROTTENSTEIN, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania DR. MAURICE S. SP.OAL, Boston City Hospital. Boston, Massachusetts DR. IANI?f TRAVFI L, Cornell University Medical College. New York. N. Y. DR. RICIIARD WIiCI1SLF.R. Monleffore Hospital Institute of Rcsearch, Pittsburah, Pennsylvania DR. l. EDWIN WOOD, Maasachusetts Memorial Hospitals. Boston, Maasa- ehusetb C teab DR. FRANK DAVIS. Johns Itopkins Ilospital, Baltimore. Maryland DR. C.IIARLFS D. MARPI.P., American Ifeart Association, Ine., New York, N. Y. MR. FELIX F.. MOORE. National Ileart Instilute, Bethe.da, Maryland Three half-day sessions were held. One was devoted to the heart and coronary circulation, one to the peripheral circulation, and one to lung function and pulmonary circulation. Preliminary findings were conlpared and newer methodologies were discussed at some length. VII. Iluccal and Castrointeatina[ Research The Board wants further re<earch into tobacco in rclation to these body sites, and is reviewing the ficicf with the object of developing an orderly and crwxdinated prograrn, rather than to support scattered and dis- connected investil;ations that may Ix lacking in pertinency. AlthouFh priority has had to he givcn to olher areas of research, and the progranl rrf research on the buccnl anrt I;astroinlcstinnl sites is in its early stnges, a few Im+ic projects havc hccn sulrpnrletl and pr(rkress reported. More nttcntinn Irr these phnses rif resc:rrch is cnntemhlaled. 21 , , 00 0(1F: ".

V111. S g unGit,-Phy.rcnl enrl 1'.ycholoalcal Type. (bas. WtISON, I.tTTLP.) Another fascinating but little-known field for investigation is into the types of persons who rcact to the strain, stress and frustration of intense modern living by the formation of habits of excess. Common sense and everyday experience have proved that individuals differ from one another in their ease and degree of self-control and adjust- ment and in their tempo of living. The same individual may vary in type and extent of reaction at different ages and under different kinds and intensity of stress. These differences may reflect types and grades of physio-psychological interrelations and degrees of balance. Such factors would naturally affect the incidence of basic psychosomatic disturbances and diseases. They would thus be an important element in increasing the health risk and death rate of the individuals who present more critical phases of reaction to strain and stress. It is, of course, difficult to reduce problerns of this sort to exact scientific proportions and to devise sufftciently definite techniques of continued ob- scrvation and measurcrnent. There are, howevcr, several population groups with which studies have been progressing for some time under careful and wcll-trained investigators who have a kcen appreciation of the difficulties involvcd. The Board has made arrangements to assist and Implement certain of these studies so tFat smoking habits can and will be recorded and can later be correlated with various physiological and psychological types which arc idcntificd and defined. Since we already know that hormonal secretion may be influenced by emotional or psychological stress and that hormonal secretion also can influence the origin and development of certain types of cancer, investiga- tions in this field of "personality" may reveal Important evidence of eorrela- tions between "personality type" and "health risk" in which habits of excess are "reflections" rather than being "causes" of instability, disease or death. IX. Pe+Iloro.hJp ProRrnrn Rccognizing the widely admitted serious scarcity of young, well-trained research workers in the biological sciences, the Aoard recommended research fcllowships of $5(H) each for students in 52 rnedical schools In 1955. 'llrc Tobacco lndustry Research ('ommittee approved u.e nf funds for Ihis purpose. 'Iltis hrogram was rcccivcd with enthusiism and for 1956 the T.I R('., 22 I on recommendation of the Board, is making possible the aw 20 addi- tional fcllowships above the 1955 total. Students who receive these fellowships are chosen directly by the dcar or other administrative otticers of the schools and assigned tu research pruj- ects during summer or other olf-terms. 'lltcy may work on any problem sele.ctal by thern and approved by the dcans. The Cominittce keeps entirely out of contact with both students and schools until the selection has been made and the problems chosen. The Committee's only rcquest is that the school notify it of the name of the student, tlle subject of the research and that, at the end of the fellowship period, an informal report be made on the purpose and progress of the research. CONCLUSIONS 'f'his report is designed to describe the current status and extent of the research program developed by the Scientific Advisory t3oard to the'1'obacco Industry Research Committee. Clearly, any attempt to evaluate at this time the results of existing research projects would be extremely prcmaturc. Ilowever, these general observations, based on existing scientific litera- ture, may be made: I. 7'he very extent of the practice of smoking among our population is proof that it provides some kind of pleasure and satisfaction to those whoengage in the habit. lfow and why it does so are among the uncertainties that need exploring. Ilowcver, like any other human activity, the use of tobacco affects some individuals in different ways. The same may be said, of course, of almost anything else we come into contact with, including the food we eat. 2. Any possible role of smoking in the etiology of lung cancer remains an unresolved question. It cannot be said that smoking has been absolved from suspicion; neither have the charges that smoking has a role in lung cancer causation been proven. So ninny unknowns still obscure the whole field of cancer causation that it is not possible at this stage to say either "this is it" or "this is not it" about any single factor. 3. In the cardiovascular and coronary disease ficlds, the uncert:rintics regarding cause and even treatment remain innumerable. 'f'he hc:ut tttt:rck experienced last fall by President Eisenhower dramalically brought to pulr- lic attention how little we really know about the cause or prcvcntiun of hcwt ailments. Whether smoking hus any significant p:ut, and indtcd, whcdicr such a part rnay he positive or ncgativc, is only unc uf thc ntauy :ucas in cardiovascular invcstil;ation that should be explorcil. 4. Preliminary study iudic:rtcs Ihnt tltc physic:rl, emnti"nal ,`J rucntel characteristics of people who becorne snrnkers nt:ry Ire of nrnrc Nit;nitiianrc 23 ,t,i(•,c) !-, 33'

thnn has bu r rccogniccd. It is s fact that many smoking stuclics in- volving humaus ..dVC ignored or neglected personal information other than their smoking habits and one or two of the more obvious kinds of physi- ~ cal ailfuents. ~ The Tobacco Industry Research Committee's complete willingness to permit the Scientific Advisory Board to initiate and sponsor basic research into our health problems as well as to finance applied research into specific problems should prove a genuine and unselfish contribution to the gaining of new knowledge with a maximum of speed and efficiency. (T 2 t (J ~; ooszSf;

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REPORT o/ the SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR CI.ARF:N(:R C(x)K t.1TTt.E, Sc.n. (auir.n.n, ScienliRe Ad.iwory Qo.rd 1956 '1'()ItA(:(:() INI)IISTRY RFSEARIaI (:()MM11'1'F1: 1S0 F:st.t 42nc1 Str.rt, New York 17. N. Y.

SC11•;NTIFIC ADVISORY It(1AIt11 to the Tobacco Inductry Research Committee (•I.ARI:N(•r-: COOK t.1TTLe, Sc.D., LL.D., Lrrr.D. Chnirmnn, Scientific Advi" Doard ,Crirnri/ic I)irrrtnr, Tobacco Industry Research Committee I'rr.vidrnt, Rnccnc R. lackson Mcmnrial Laboralnry flat Ilartror, Maine Mr K f f N CATT ELL, Pt+.D., M.D. I'rn/rttnr nJ I'hurnrarnlnRy ('nrnell Univcrsity Medical ColkRe New York, N. Y. JUL/l1S 11. CnMROfi, 1R., M.D. (Yrairmnn and rrn/rtrnr, nrparrmrnr of Phyrlololry and r'harmacwfoRy ( Iniversilr nt Penn%ylvania Graduale Sehonl of Medicine Philadclpfiii, I•cnnsylvania 1 .FON O. lA(`(111SON, M.A. Prn/rrlnr of MrAirinr. Univerai/) of (hicaRn I)irrrrnr, Argonne ('ancer Recearch llospilal ('hicaRo, Illinois PA11t, KOTIN. M.D. A c.nrinrr rrn/r..rnr of Pnr/rnlnttv I/nivcrsity of Southern California School of Medicine l.ot AnReles, California KI?NNIiTII MI?RRILL LYNCN, M.D.. Sc.D., 1.1..D. Prr.tlArnt, nran n/ Faru/ry ond Prn/rrrnr of Pnrhnlngy Medical ColleRe of South Carolina (Tarkann, South Carolina STAN1.fY P. RRIMANN, M.D., Sc.D. SrirntiFr lli.rr(nr, lnslitule (ot Cancer Research I)irrrrnr, I.ankenau Itn.pilal Research In.titule 1'hiladelphia, Pennsylvania WII.I.IAM F. RIF.NIInFF. 1R.. M.D. A...nrinr, Prn/rsr.x of SarRrry Jnhm Ilopkins llnivenity School of Medicine Ilallimtxe, Maryland I f)WIN It. WII SnN, Prt D. rrrv/ecrnr Emrrirra n/ Vlral SratirNrs I larvanl I lnivcr.ity ('amhridge, Mai.rchuaN. -o- ROItt7RT ('. 11(K'KfiTT, Ptr 1). Afr,-r Inrr Srlrntitir 1)irrrhor

'1' I ic Rcsca rch Pro gra rn Two years s6o, the Sckotifk Advisory Board to the Tobacco Indus- try Research Committee was tormally organized and undertook to ereate a program of research that would contribute eoosUuctivel2 to our search for answen to fundamental 6ealt6 probkms. Specibedly, the program w.a to develop facts reiative to the eReets of tobaeeo use. Today, well over $1.200.000 in T.I.R.C. funds have already been Rranted to more than 55 scientists who, with their eollea6ues, are partkipat- in6 in a carefutly -planned, we0-integrated scienti6e endeavor to help in the solving of important health questions. The Committee has appropriated 51,5()0,t)n0 for such grants and has pkdaed more funds as needed. The program is still developing and growing. 7119 report discusses the Sckotilk Advisory BoRrd'a approach to its assi6nment and the current status of the research program. At the outset, the ©ovd recwpixed that ackotifie knowledge eoocera- ing health aspects of tobacco tue was uncertain and spotty. Tobacco use, particularly cigarette trmoking, has become widespread throu6hout the world, especially In the more hishl2 developed eountrks. Recently, there have been charges that smoking is associated with certain buman ailments, among them cancer of the lung. The Board did not aet out to prove or di.prove anything. Its position was and is in agreement with the vast m.jority of experimental scientists who concur in the view that our knowledge of the tormidabk challenRen of human survival-such as cancer and heart disease-is far from conclu-tive or complete. The sole purpose, therefore, was to encoura6e and support quali- fied research scicntists in their eRorts to learn more about these complex proh'-ms, meanwhile refraioing from premature judgments. Thii approach has proved sound and correct. The need for further study is, if anythinR, mnrc compelling than it was two years ago. We have karned much in the past two years, but perhaps the mott important thing we have learned is how much more must be done before definitive an.wers can be given. 1`RtN:RF:S9 MAt1t: IN MAJOR AREA9 At this itiiRe, thcrefore, the accompHshments of the re.er,rch program ruptwntcd hr the '1 nhxco Industry Rescarch Cnmmlttce must he mea+urrd In terms of proprr-, rether than (n eoncluaive 6ndinR.. 5

IlavinR been given a completely free hand to cnnsider the whole field of the ute of tobacco in relation tir health, the Iloard assumed the fullowinR retponsihilities: (a) blocking nul majur subdivitions of this field which can and shnuld tx covered by scicntific research; (b) considering persnnncl and facilities availabie, or capable of development, to meet research needs in tluse subdivisioos; (c) recommending to the lobaceo lndustry Retearch ('ommittee the amount of financial support needed for each tyf,e of effort, and the personncl and institutions which should receive it; and (d) review- ing the progress of work thus supported to make it as eRcctive as possibk and to follow up new kads and probkms ari.inR from these effort.. Among the more sisnificant accomplishments that have come out of these efforL art: 1. The development of a program defining the range of research perti- nent to our major interestU, thus making pcmible the most efficient and cficctive u+e of teseart•h funtls. 1 hiq has helped In prevent a duplicatinn of eRort, htis mark prnsibk suppkmentatirrn of existinR work, and has enahled us to give proper emphasis to fundamental and praclical projcctt. 'ihe out- line of this program will he dixutaed more Fully in the brKly nf lhis rrptul. 2. 1?re initiatiim and supfxut of individual re.earch projects carried out by indcprndcnt. qualified acienli.ts in sc.me of the natinn's outstanding research and educational in,titutinm. While lhese are sep.rate and inde- pendent investiRetions, each fils into the cr.nrc7inated program of objectives dcvclcncd by the Scirntific Advialry Iltrard 3. In the three ficldq ttf aaJy Ji.cutattl t.rLlw, initiatinn <,f craq.era- tive endeavors amonR scicntistt woukrnR r.n lhc .arne or tnnilir prnhkm+ In order to coordinate their eRnrti and comparc prr.cedurrs '1 hii arl.ruach has proveo etttrcmely valuable in eliminating unnrrcettary tluplicatinn and in creating a large degree of unity and comparability in the woik of the individual investiRatori. The three arcas of intcrest covered were: . Nun.en 1'.unor Tl..r. Study. Patholol(ists from various parts of the country have met several times under the sponsorship of the Scientific Advisory Board to develop and coordinate clinical studies of human lun6s to learo more of the factors Involved in lung ailments. b. ll.art.nd Clrrrfetfon. Speciali,ts in cardiova+cul.r and coro- nsry research were brought together to explore what is knowu nd not koown about relalion.hips of tobacco use, particularly of nkntine intake, to vasculnr and cardiac functinn.. c. Tf..r.w (:u/ture R..r+rcA. t.cadina invcstiR.ton in the ficW of ti..ue culture conferred under the au.pkei of the Scirntific Atl- viatry Htl.rd to dNermine lhc txst wayt of tpcedinR rex.rclt into the cultivation and maintenance of lung tissue and cardio- vauular tissue under eonditions that would allow better observa- tion and control than is now possibk. 4. 1)evelopment of acceptable standards for governing work with tobacco derivatives to meet  ehalkngin6 need among Investigators. The problem was that many esperimenti with tobacco smoke constituents had been or were being conducted under eonditions bearin6 Gtek, if any, relation to human use of tobacco. A defined range of methods and conditions was needed to give a greater degree of pertinency of the esperiments to the expericnce of human smoking. Substantial propesa has been made In: a. Preparation of standard tobacco derivati.ea for labotatory use. b. Definition of standard operating conditiot,t for smoking ma- chines, including control of temperature ranaes In subjecting material to eombuation. c. Further development and production of genetically controlled laboratory animals, partkululy mice, with known character- istics, to be used in tobacco eaperimeots. 5. Inauguration of a modest pro6ram of research fellowships for medi- cal students. tincouraaertxnt of bask medical research is contidered a fundamenlal contribution to the efforts to karn more about how to attack the constitutional diseases. Despite its necessary limitations, this program has brought e.tremely gratifying response from the parlicipating medical colleRcs and the recipients of the fellowships. A(TIVE 1'ROIEC'i'9 It is, and will continue to be, the establisihcd policy of the Sckntific Advisory EToard to permit each investigtor to publish his findings Inde- pendently when he feels he is ready to report on his work. Although the great majority of grant tecipkota are still engaged In their research, a few are at the stage of making public teports of progress to sckntific groups or in scientific publications. Although grants are made on a one-year basL+, msny have been renewed. In the field of scientific eedeavor, It Is often impossible to put definite lime limitations on the period of study necessary for subslantial accomplishmcnt. True nicmists are naturally cautious. 71tey are awue of the great nd obvinus danger fur the lay public and for those In the ffeldi of science and medicine that may result fmm premature and con}eetural opinions. InvestiRatnri working under T.I.R.C. grants and the arcas of study undertaktn are +hrrwn In the following listint of grants now in force. For cnrrvenicnce, the list is alphabetical by the InvestiRatnr's name. T 6 T 1 ./ (J ,p