Council for Tobacco Research
the Psychology of Smoking [Smoking Is Determined by Certain Personality Variables and Personal Needs]
Abstract
MAR
Fields
- Depository Date
- 25 Sep 1995
- Master ID
- Ctrmn00000667-6967
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- CTRMN004673-4675 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 13, 1975 [St]
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- CTRMN004698-4706 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Tuscon, Arizona March 23-25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004707-4708 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Tuscon, Arizona March 25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004709-4710 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York May 19, 1977 [St]
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- CTRMN004720-4723 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Phoenix, Arizona January 16-17, 1978 [St]
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- CTRMN004725-4734 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 26-27-28, 1978 [St]
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- CTRMN004736A-4736A Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York July 27, 1978 [St]
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- CTRMN004748-4750 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 20, 1978 [St]
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- CTRMN004760-4769 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 17-18-19, 1979 [St]
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- CTRMN004771-4780 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Meeting New York, New York Aprill 9-10-11, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004781-4781 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York June 20, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004782-4783 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 16, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004784-4792 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 8-9-10, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004793-4794 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 9, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004795-4804 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 8-9-10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004805-4805 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 8, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004806-4806 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004807-4816 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 14-15-16, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004817-4818 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 15, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004819-4820 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 9, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004821-4831 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 21, 22, 23, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004832-4833 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 21, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004834-4843 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 6,7,8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004844-4844 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004845-4845 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Scottsdale, Arizona February 24, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004846-4857 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 20, 21, 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004858-4858 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004859-4859 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 6, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004860-4871 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 12, 13, 14, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004872-4882 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York March 28, 29, 30, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004883-4883 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York March 29, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004884-4895 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting September 19, 20, 21, 1984 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004896-4896 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 20, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004897-4897 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Palm Beach, Florida February 25, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004898-4898 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004899-4910 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004911-4911 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004912-4923 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004924-4927 for Release: A.M.'s Wednesday, April 14, 1954 ["Reaction to the Compendium "A Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy""]
- CTRMN004928-4929 for Release: A.M.'s Tuesday, April 27, 1954 [Scientific Advisory Board Organized Early to Begin Research Into All Phases of Tobacco Use and Health for the Year]
- CTRMN004930-4931 for Release in A.M.'s of Tuesday, May 18, 1954 [Proposals Submitted for Cancer Research Projects for Consideration by Scientific Advisory Board]
- CTRMN004932-4933 for Release After 10:30 A.M., June 15, 1954 [Appointment of Dr. Clarence Cook Little Announced by the Tobacco Research Industry Committee]
- CTRMN004934-4937 for Immediate Release [American Cancer Society Survey Conveys the Need to Further Research to Discover Cause of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN004938-4939 for Release in Am's of Tuesday, July 20, 1954 [Edwin B. Wilson of Harvard University Became A Member of Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004940-4942 for Release: A.M.'s of Wednesday, July 28, 1954 Little Announces Research Policy of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Three Main Areas to Be Covered by Research Program Announced]
- CTRMN004943-4944 for Release in A.M.'s Thursday, August 19, 1954 [Dr. Julius H. Comroe of University of Pennsylvania, Accepted Membership on Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004945-4945 for Immediate Release (Monday, October 11, 1954) Dr. Little Gives TIRC View [Little States That No Convincing Evidence Has Yet Been Found to Prove That Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN004946-4946 for Immediate Release (Tuesday, October 12, 1954) [Timothy V. Hartnet, Chairman of Board, Stated That Public Should Be Reminded That No Lung Cancer Causing Agent Has Yet Been Identified in Tobacco]
- CTRMN004947-4947 for Release: Wednesday, October 20, 1954 Hartnett Approves Care in Research [Committee to Be Sure That Reliable Evidence Is Available Before Announcing Important Conclusions to the Public About Smoking]
- CTRMN004948-4948 for Immediate Release (Thursday, October 21, 1954) Hartnett Comments on Cigarette Paper Burning [Timothy V. Hartnett Comments That A Cancer Causing Compound on Skin of Mice Has Been Produced by Burning Cigarette Paper Under Certain Lab Conditions]
- CTRMN004949-4952 for Release: A.M.'s, Monday, November 8, 1954 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Announces Initial Grants [Six Scientific Research Grants Totalling Over $82,000 Made Public]
- CTRMN004953-4954 for Release in A.M.'s, Monday, December 6, 1954 Scientific Associate Named by Tobacco Research Group [Robert C. Hockett Appointed As Scientific Director of TIRC to Help Develop Research Into Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN004955-4956 for Immediate Release Cross-Country Lung Study Planned by Tobacco Group [Group of Pathologists Plan A Cooperative Study to Increase Knowledge of Lung Ailments]
- CTRMN004957-4959 for Release in Year-End Editions But Not Before December 27, 1954 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [TIRC Will Approve A Quarter of A Million Dollars for Research Into Public Health Problems by the End of 1954]
- CTRMN004960-4963 for Release: Monday A.M.'s, January 17, 1955 Tobacco Industry's New Research Grants Send Total to More Than $300,000 [New Research Grants Announced by TIRC to Relate to Both Human and Animal Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN004964-4966 for Release in A.M.'s of Friday, April 8, 1955 Tobacco Industry Group Votes Medical Research Fellowships [TIRC Announced Fellowship Program to Create Interest in Research Among Medical School Students]
- CTRMN004967-4969 Release Tuesday, May 17, 1955 and Thereafter Tobacco and Health Studies Cover Wide Range of Research [Although No Scientific Proof That Cigarettes or Air Pollution Cause Lung Cancer, Progress Is Being Made to Learn More About Tobacco Use and Health by the TIRC]
- CTRMN004970-4972 Tobacco Research Grants Increased to 490,000 Mark [Research Grants Are Created So Science Can Provide An Answer to Public Health Problems]
- CTRMN004973-4973 Hartnett Comments on Auerbach Paper [Many Studies on Human Lung Tissue, Not Enough Data Available to Draw A Conclusion Yet]
- CTRMN004974-4975 Anti-Smoking Theories Not Based on Complete Scientific Knowledge [Scientific Investigation Into What the Real Effects Are From Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN004976-4977 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Research Intensified in Past Year, No Proof That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004978-4980 Doctor's Survey Termed 'biased, 'says Hartnett [Questionnaire Would Give No Concrete Conclusions About Tobacco Causing Cancer]
- CTRMN004981-4982 Hartnett Alerts Burley Men to Challenge Tobacco Attacks [Doctors Are Expressing Their Doubts About Statements Already Made; Tobacco Effects]
- CTRMN004983-4984 Bright Belt Warehouse Men Told Facts Challenge Critics [Still Looking for Proof That Tobacco Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004985-4986 Tobacco Spokesman Says Facts and Position Are Unchanged [Various Experiments with Animals Showed That Cancer Was Not the Outcome From Tobacco Smoke]
- CTRMN004987-4987 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Methods Used for Cancer Research Still Do Not Give Enough Information]
- CTRMN004988-4990 British Tobacco Experiments Unable to Induce Cancers [Still No Connection, Tests Will Continue]
- CTRMN004991-4993 Tobacco Research Grants Now Over 838,000 Mark [Tobacco Research Is Getting More Support From Doctors, Scientists, and Educators]
- CTRMN004994-4996 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Summary of the Past Years' Events in Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN004997-4999 Tobacco Research Fund Raised to 1,500,000 [Finding New Ways to Break Down Tobacco]
- CTRMN005000-5001 Tobacco Industry Group Renews Medical Research Fellowships [More Medical Students Are Receiving Fellowships Than Last Year]
- CTRMN005002-5003 Hartnett Statement on Cancer Meeting Reports [There Is Still Much Research to Be Done Before Tobacco Is Linked to Cancer]
- CTRMN005004-5005 [Pathologists From Around the Country Have Studied Human Lung Tissues Over the Past Year]
- CTRMN005006-5006 [Smoking Patterns Do Not Explain Differences in Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005007-5008 Hartnett Cites British Tobacco Tests Failing to Produce Animal Cancer [the Search for Cancer Must Be Broadened and Intensified]
- CTRMN005009-5010 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Claims [Although Many Believe Smoking Causes Cancer, Scientists Still Have Not Found Any Prof]
- CTRMN005011-5011 [Present Knowledge Doesn't Hint A Relationship Between Smoking and Heart Problems]
- CTRMN005012-5016 Hartnett Comments on Cancer Society Booklet [Pamphlet Omits Some Important Research Results]
- CTRMN005017-5018 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Research Committee Needs More Scientific Investigation]
- CTRMN005019-5025 Tobacco Research Funds Reach 2.2 Million Mark [Over 60 Independent Scientists Throughout the Country Are Working in Institutions to Further the Research of Cancer and Tobacco Use, They Are Listed]
- CTRMN005026-5027 Hartnett Comments on French Report [French Are Reporting Rapid Cancer Formation in Mice, Hartnett Feels It Can't Be Judged on the Basis of New Reports Without Longer Consideration and Careful Analysis]
- CTRMN005028-5030 Harnett Cites Points for Clarification in Tobacco Health Study [Smoking Study Reached the Public's Attention Before It Was Reviewed and Before the Facts Were Made Crystal Clear]
- CTRMN005031-5032 Hartnett Comments on Wynder News Stories [News Story Claims That Assumptions Have Been Made About Mouse Skin Painting Experiments]
- CTRMN005033-5037 Statement on Smoking and Health Studies [Scientists Are Developing A Program for Different Phases of Tobacco Use and Health, Members Listed]
- CTRMN005038-5045 Hartnett Says Statistics Do Not Establish Causes [Studies Are Open to Assumptions and Certain Selection of Subjects]
- CTRMN005046-5048 Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory [the Surgeon General Believes the Studies Are Missing Essential Facts That Should Be Acknowledged]
- CTRMN005049-5050 Scientist Comments on Benzpyrene Report [Benzpyrane in Tobacco Smoke, Under Investigation for Years Caused Cancer in Lab Animals But Not Humans]
- CTRMN005051-5055 "Cancer Researcher Challenges "Cause and Effect" Charges Against Smoking" [It's Difficult to Have A Cause and Effect Relationship When Dealing with Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005056-5056 [Atlantic Monthly Gives A Misleading Picture of Dr. Little and His Public Position]
- CTRMN005057-5058 Tobacco Committee Chairman Comments on Cancer Society Talk [Many Unresolved Questions About Tobacco Causing Cancer Don't Stop Researching]
- CTRMN005059-5061 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Most Tend to Believe the Anti-Cigarette Theory But It Shouldn't Be Confused with the Facts There's Still Not Enough Facts to Prove That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN005062-5062 Hartnett Says Leaflet Admits Differing Opinions on Smoking [Leaflet Tells How Scientists Disagree on Evidence]
- CTRMN005063-5066 Research Program Throws Doubts on Smoking Charges [Incorrect Claims and Harmful Effects From Tobacco]
- CTRMN005067-5069 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [More and More Scientists Had Doubts and Disbeliefs in the Charges Against Smoking As A Cause of Cancer]
- CTRMN005070-5071 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Scientists Say Smoking Has Been Proved Guilty When Linked with Human Health Problems]
- CTRMN005072-5072 Pamphlet Merely Review, Dr. Little Says [Opinions Is All the Author Gives in His Pamphlet Scientists Are Still Disputing]
- CTRMN005073-5076 TIRC Fund for Research Boosted to $2,700,000 [Grants for Independent Scientists Interested in Studying Problems of Cancer and Heart Disease When Related to Smoking]
- CTRMN005077-5080 [New Knowledge on Smoking and Health Questions]
- CTRMN005081-5081 [Veterans Study of Smoking Habits]
- CTRMN005082-5082 [Report on How There Was Existing Research Evidence and How It Was Ignored]
- CTRMN005083-5085 [Regarding Anti-Tobacco Movement]
- CTRMN005086-5086 [Benzpyrene in Cigarette Smoke]
- CTRMN005087-5088 [Experimental Evidence Is Weak]
- CTRMN005089-5089 Hartnett Says Article on Arsenic Goes Beyond Facts [Farmers Use of Insecticides with Arsenicals on Growing Tobacco Has Steadily Been Declining]
- CTRMN005090-5091 [Scientists Who Produce Conflicting Results Are Being Ignored by the Health Department]
- CTRMN005092-5094 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Even More Grants Have Been Made Available More Factors Have Been Associated with Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005095-5100 Tobacco Industry Group Announces Research Grants [Grant Increases to $3,200,000 List of Grants Announced]
- CTRMN005101-5103 Tobacco-Health Research Described in 1958 Report [the Report Talked About Experiments That Were Unable to Produce Cancer and the Cause and Effect Theory]
- CTRMN005104-5104 [Report Shows That Other Factors Besides Smoking Have Been Causing Lung Cancer, But Scientists Do Not Dismiss the Fact That Lung Cancer Is Possibility From Smoking]
- CTRMN005105-5105 [Anti-Smoking Campaign Is Thought to Be A One-Sided Propaganda Effort]
- CTRMN005106-5106 [Questions Arise From on-Sided Study]
- CTRMN005107-5111 Cancer Scientist's Comments on Smoking-Lung Cancer Review [Evidence on Smoking and Lung Cancer Is Accumulating, Among Other Contributing Factors]
- CTRMN005112-5117 [Comments Relating to Observation on Various Studies]
- CTRMN005118-5122 Research Grants Announced by Tobacco Industry Group [$500,000 Was Added to Research Funds, A List of Recipients with the New Grants Is Mentioned]
- CTRMN005123-5127 Research Supported by Tobacco Committee Discussed in Scientific Director's Report [It Seems That Finding An Answer to Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Are Too Complicated]
- CTRMN005128-5128 [Attacks on Tobacco, the Lung Cancer Issue Is Still Not Settled]
- CTRMN005129-5129 Nta Stand on Smoking Repeats Opinions [Statement Gives No Evidence and Is Dealing Mainly with Opinions]
- CTRMN005130-5132 Tobacco Research Group Adds New Scientific Associate [New Scientific Director Was Added to the TIRC, Curriculum of J. Morrison Brady]
- CTRMN005133-5134 Tobacco Research Group Cites Questions Raised in Heart Statement [Lack of Evidence Proposes New Questions and Doubts About Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005135-5137 New Evidence Shows Complexities of Lung Cancer, Scientist Says [Hundreds of Studies Indicate Many Factors Contribute to the Complex Chain That May Result in Lung Cancer, No One Can Figure Out the Right Factor and Still the Reported Lung Cancer Cases Are Rising]
- CTRMN005138-5140 New Grants to Scientists Made by Tobacco Research Group [Research Grants Totalling $523,000 Made to 40 Scientists This Year]
- CTRMN005141-5144 Cancer Research Opens Up New Areas, Extra Funds Appropriated for Study [TIRC Stepping Up Financial Support of Independent Health Research]
- CTRMN005145-5147 Scientists in 11 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [17 Research Grants Totaling Nearly $200,00 Awarded to Scientists in 11 States for Studies of Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005148-5151 New Direction for Tobacco-Health Research in '61, Says Chairman of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Future Research to Concentrate on How Lung Cancer and Heart Disease Originate]
- CTRMN005152-5160 Research on Smoking and Health Discussed by Scientific Advisory Board to T.I.R.C. [Health Research Expansion Called for in 22 Specific Areas]
- CTRMN005161-5162 Scientist Reports on Research Progress As T.I.R.C. Boosts Funds to $4,650,000 [Dr. Clarence Cook Little Proposed Steps for Medical Research]
- CTRMN005163-5163 Nation's Medical Students Offered Research Fellowships by Tobacco Research Group [Program Designed to Encourage Research As A Career]
- CTRMN005164-5168 Scientists in 14 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [Fifteen Grants for New Research Announced]
- CTRMN005169-5173 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Adds $800,000 for New Research [Emphasis Put on Viruses, Bioassay, Psychological and Physiological Research]
- CTRMN005174-5176 ""Significant Developments" in Cancer Research Reviewed in Annual Report by Dr. C.C. Little" [Scientific Findings of the Past Year Reviewed]
- CTRMN005177-5179 Tobacco Research Group Offers Fellowships to Medical Students to Spur Interest in Research Work [Program Designed to Encourage Career in Research]
- CTRMN005180-5180 Tobacco Research Committee Chairman Comments on Mouse Skin Painting [Harmless Everyday Substances Can Cause Cancer in Laboratory Animals]
- CTRMN005181-5182 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005183-5217 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005218-5224 52 Additional Research Grants Made by Tobacco Industry Group [Money for Studies Designed to Give New Leads to Lung Cancer and Other Health Problems]
- CTRMN005225-5225 Medical Student Fellowships Offered by Tobacco Research Group [Program to Encourage Research]
- CTRMN005226-5228 Gaps Still Exist in Knowledge of Lung Cancer and Heart Disease, Says Little [Multiple Factors and Influences That Contribute to Lung Cancer Unknown]
- CTRMN005229-5230 Scientific Director of Tobacco Industry Research Committee Comment on Resolution by American Heart Association [TIRC Welcomes Recognition of Need for Further Research to Determine Full Facts About Smoking]
- CTRMN005231-5234 Tobacco Committee Adds $1 Million for Continuing Research Studies [Scientific Advisory Board Assured TIRC Will Provide More Funds]
- CTRMN005235-5235 [Scientific Director of TIRC Sent Telegrams to the Surgeon General and the President of the Ama]
- CTRMN005236-5236 [Ama Supports Research on Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005237-5239 [TIRC Renamed and Reorganized]
- CTRMN005240-5241 Dr. Howard B. Andervont Named to the Scientific Advisory Board [Editor of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Appointed]
- CTRMN005242-5277 Tobacco Industry Group Awards $817,165 for Health Research [37 Additional Research Grants Have Been Awarded by the Ctr]
- CTRMN005278-5282 Scientific Director C.C. Little Reports Decade of Tobacco-Health Research [Findings on What Diseases Smoking Can Cause]
- CTRMN005283-5286 Council Awards $500,000 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded for Tobacco Use and Health Research]
- CTRMN005287-5291 Summary of the Testimony of Clarence C. Little Before the Senate Commerce Committee [Discussion on Cancer and How It Affects Our Bodies]
- CTRMN005292-5319 Council Awards $514,767 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded to Scientist Over the Period of 10 Years]
- CTRMN005320-5348 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Discussion on Cigarette Smoking Being Helpful with Causing Diseases in Smokers]
- CTRMN005349-5367 Tobacco and Health Research Awards Pass $9 Million Total [Grants Given to Scientist Studying Matter Related to Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005368-5375 Tobacco-Health Research Grants Awarded New York Scientists [Scientists Approved to Continue Research on Lung Cancer and Other Diseases]
- CTRMN005376-5382 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Studies of the Respiratory System in Experimental Animals and Human Patients Especially on Causes of Pulmonary Cancers]
- CTRMN005383-5384 [Opinions of Scientists That There Is No Relationship Between Smoking and Disease]
- CTRMN005385-5387 New Tobacco-Health Research Grants Total $2 Million [Number of Approved Grants for Studies on Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005388-5388 Furst Becomes Consultant to Tobacco Research Council [Dr. Furst Advise to Council on Programs Sponsored by Them]
- CTRMN005389-5393 Studies Raise Questions About Smoking As Health Hazard [Numerous Studies Done to Show What Effect Smoking Had on Our Health]
- CTRMN005394-5400 Broad Review of Tobacco-Health Picture Covered in Dr. Little's Latest Report Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Chronic Pulmonary Ailments Are Complex in Nature, Says Noted Researcher Genetic and Environmental Factors May Be Involved Reports Scientific Director of Council for Tobacco Research [Recent Research Finding on Lung Cancer, Heart Disease and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005401-5404 Significant Smoking-Health Finding Covered in Report by Dr. C.C. Little [Findings From Independent Scientists on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005405-5408 New Tobacco-Health Grants Announced; One Helps Revive Framinghan Heart Study [Awards Granted to Independent Scientists Researching Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005409-5412 New Scientific Findings About Cancer, Heart Disease, the Lung, Other Areas, Reported by Council for Tobacco Research [New Findings From Independent Scientists Relating to Tobacco and Health Issue]
- CTRMN005413-5415 New Smoking-Health Studies Boost Total to $23-Million [Council Awards More Grants to the Study of Lung Cancer, Viruses and Cancer, Heart Disease, and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005416-5418 Progress in Tobacco-Health Research Achieved: Machines That Simulate Human Smoking [Machines to Help Scientists Effectively Study Smoke and Health Issues]
- CTRMN005419-5421 Noted Cancer Scientist Named Scientific Director of the Council for Tobacco Research [Dr. Hockett Who Was Acting Scientific Director Got Promoted to Research Director]
- CTRMN005422-5425 Massive Cancer Study Using Made-to-Order Mice [Study Using Mice to See If Human Lung Cancer Can Be Induced Regularly]
- CTRMN005426-5427 Tobacco Research Group Announces New Studies [12 New Studies Have Been Funded to Study Generic Factors in Lung Cancer and Emphysema and the Possible Influence of Nicotine on Fetal Growth]
- CTRMN005428-5429 Studies of Twins Expanded by Tobacco Research Group [Human Twins Used for Study to Determine Effects of Environment Agents on Various Diseases]
- CTRMN005430-5432 News About Smoking and Health Study Interaction of Genetic and External Influences in Lung Cancer [Studies Show That Only Minority of Smokers Get Lung Cancer Therefore Lung Cancer May Be Caused by Genetic Characteristics or External Influences Which People Have Been Exposed]
- CTRMN005433-5434 New Smoking and Health Grants Made by Tobacco Research Council [New Studies Have Received Grants to Continue Researching on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005435-5435 Yeaman Assumes Leadership of Council for Tobacco Research [Addison Yeaman Succeeds H.H. Ramm for Chairman and President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005436-5438 14 New Studies Funded by Tobacco Research Council [Grants Awarded to Studies for Inhibition of Cancer by Different Chemicals, the Influence of Nicotine on Pregnancy and the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Body's Disease Fighting System]
- CTRMN005439-5441 Progress Being Made in Research on Emphysema [Scientist Discover Ways to Help Defend Against Emphysema]
- CTRMN005442-5444 14 New Smoking-Health Projects Are Approved [Recent Research Studies Dealing with Smoking and Health Have Been Given Grants]
- CTRMN005445-5446 Grants Awarded for New Smiking-Health Studies [Scientists Were Approved for Studying of Certain Enzymes in Human Lung Cancer and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005447-5448 Tobacco Research Report Discusses Heart Disease [Studies Have Found Progressive Atherosclerosis Rank First As Number One As Causes of Death From Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005449-5451 Grants Awarded for New Smoking-Health Research [New Studies Have Been Approved for Marker Substance That May Indicate Presence of Lung Cancer and on Smoking and Pregnancy]
- CTRMN005452-5453 Tobacco Research Group Funds New Smoking-Health Projects [A New Study for Relationship of Childhood Respiratory Disease to the Development of Adult Chronic Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005454-5455 Tobacco Research Group Reports... Funds for Smoking-Health Studies Pass $46,000,000 [Amount Council Has Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005456-5458 $5.9 Millions Given for Smoking-Healths Studies [Council Has Given Millions Over the Years to Researchers]
- CTRMN005459-5460 Tobacco Research Group Says... Continued Research Needed to Find Causes of Cancer and Other Major Diseases [Council Pledges to Continue to Give Financial Support to Scientists Studying Smoke-Health Issues]
- CTRMN005461-5462 $6 Million Granted for Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Given to Scientist for Further Study]
- CTRMN005463-5465 Tobacco Research Group Continues Funding for Independent Scientists [Council Has Provided Millions Over the Years to Researchers and Will Continue to Do So]
- CTRMN005466-5467 $5.5 Million Given for Smokin-Health Studies [Council Has Given Millions to New and on Going Studies Over the Years]
- CTRMN005468-5469 Annual Report Issued by Tobacco Research Group [Over 1.5882 Reports From Scientists Acknowledging Support From the Council Have Been Published]
- CTRMN005470-5473 $6 Million Awarded for 34 New Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Were Given to Scientists with New Studies and Continuing Ones From the Council]
- CTRMN005474-5474 Ctr's Latest Report Sets Abstract Record [More Reports Were Published From Scientists Acknowledgingg Support From Council for Tobacco Research Than Any Other Report Published in the Past]
- CTRMN005475-5475 Scientists Show... Growing Interest in Doing Smoking and Health Studies [Growing Number of Application Have Gone to the Council of Tobacco Research for Funding on Smoke Related Diseases]
- CTRMN005476-5479 $7 and A Half -Million Awarded for Smoking-Health Research [Millions Given to Scientists for Studying Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005480-5481 Council for Tobacco Research Announces... Hoyt and Hockett Retire After 30 Years: Gertenbach Is Named New President [Introduction to President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005482-5482 Ctr's Annual Report Sets Abstract Record [the Number of Reports Acknowledging Support by the Council of Tobacco Research Is More Today Than It Was Years Ago]
- CTRMN005483-5485 Findings Published on Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Study with Mice [Results From Study Show That Smoke Did Not Produce Any Squamous Cell Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005486-5525 Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, Tobacco Industry Research Committee, at Press Conference, University Club, New York City, June 15, 1954 [Regarding Relationship Between Lung Cancer and Tobacco]
- CTRMN005526-5533 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's First Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Experiments That Show That Cigarette Smoking Increases Chances for Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005534-5541 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's Second Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Issue That Cigarette Smoke Does Not Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005542-5562 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Regarding Continuation of Study Dealing with Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005563-5573 A Report of Progress [Results From the Study of Smoking and Health Issue Will Greatly Depend on Well Planned and Well-Executed Scientific Research]
- CTRMN005574-5585 Tobacco and the Cardiovascular System the Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Program Strives to Discover Facts and Relationships Described with Objectivity]
- CTRMN005586-5597 A Search for Facts [Regarding Information Needed to Be Gathered on Smoking and Health Problems to Defend Industry]
- CTRMN005598-5605 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Discussion on Different Studies Will Continue to Be Made Until A Answer Is Found]
- CTRMN005606-5607 Cancer Research Guest Editorial Smoking and Lung Cancer Volume 16 [St Regarding Support Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005608A-5609 "Correspondence Regarding "Smoking and Health"" [Discussion on Researching on Tobacco and Health with Objectivity and Not Be Judgmental]
- CTRMN005608B-5609 Hypfibrinogenemia [Regarding Transfusions and Clotting Mechanism in A Case of Extraordinarily Delayed Post-Partum Hemorrhage]
- CTRMN005608C-5609 Diabetic Children [Admitting Omission of Different Data From Other Sources]
- CTRMN005608D-5609 Revocation of Licenses [Revoking of Registration From Dr. Louis A. Scinta]
- CTRMN005610A-5613 Mayo Clinic Head Believes Smoking Not Cancer Cause Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Smoking Not Believed to Be Cause of Lung Cancer, According to Some Noted Physicians]
- CTRMN005610B-5613 Six Experts State Doubts on Smoking-Cancer Theory Tell Congressmen Reasons for Position Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Reasons for Not Accepting Theory That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610C-5613 New Book Says Tobacco 'scare' Not Justified Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [""Science Looks at Smoking"]
- CTRMN005610D-5613 Editors View Smoking-Cancer Tie As Unproved, Open Question Excerpts From Editorials Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Excessive Smoking Probably the Main Cause of Lung Cancer, While Moderate Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer Has No Scientific Support]
- CTRMN005610E-5613 British Scientist Opposes Campaign Against Smoking Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Sir Ronald Fisher, British Statistician, Refuses to Produce Anti-Smoking Writing, States It As A Cause for Anxiety]
- CTRMN005610F-5613 'pick Your Expert, Take Your Choice' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Witnesses Linking Cigarettes to Lung Cancer Testify Before House Operations Sub-Committee]
- CTRMN005610G-5613 'still Open Question' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Authorities on Cancer State That Smoking Is Not Proven to Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610H-5613 Smoking and Death Rates Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [If Everyone Stopped Smoking There Would Be No Significant Change in Death Rate]
- CTRMN005614-5616 Summary of Comments for Delivery Before: Central Subsection, North Jersey Section, American Chemical Society, Elizabeth, New Jersey [Review of the Chemical Analysis of Cigarette Smoke and Investigations of Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005617-5620 the Public and Smoking Fear or Calm Deliberation? [How Doubt, Suspicion and Fear May Affect the Deliberation of Whether Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer or Other Ailments]
- CTRMN005621A-5624 TIRC Reports Progress in Smoking-Health Research Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Too Many Unknowns Exist Concerning Lung Cancer to Warrant Conclusions Citing Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621B-5624 'tar' Misnomer for Condensed Smoke Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Difficulties in Analyzing Tobacco Smoke Make Tobacco Tar A Misnomer]
- CTRMN005621C-5624 New Statistics Contradict Anticigarette Theory Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Cigarette Smoking May Be Compatible with Normal Health Report on Done Smokers Who Have Longer That Average Life Span]
- CTRMN005621D-5624 TIRC Funds for Smoking Research Now Over $2,000,000 Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Scientific Advisory Board Approves 52 Grants and Renewals in 1957 Totalling $550,000]
- CTRMN005621E-5624 Press Questions Anti-Smoking Plan Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [State-Supported Campaign Against Cigarettes Warranted in New York]
- CTRMN005621F-5624 Study Suggests Bronchitis May Be Prime Factor in Lung Cancer Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Preliminary Study at Beatty Institute Favors Bronchitis As A Factor of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621G-5624 Doctors' Comments on Smoking-Health Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Increasing Number of New Chemicals in the Atmosphere at Fault for Rise in Cancer]
- CTRMN005621H-5624 Nation-Wide Lung Tissue Study Now Being Evaluated Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [TIRC Studying Lung Tissues From 1,600 Persons]
- CTRMN005625-5648 Biological Aspects of Cancer Research Journal of the National Cancer Institute Vol. 30, No. 3 [St Background Research and New Information on Cancer Studies]
- CTRMN005649-5654 Interview the Cigaret Smoker and Lung Cancer Reprinted From Modern Medicine, Vol 26 [St Advises on Smoking and Its Relation to Health]
- CTRMN005655-5660 Comments on the Mortality of Smokers and Non-Smokers. A Paper by Harold W. Dorn Before the American Statistical Association Dec. 27, 1958 [Reflections on Figures Presented in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005661-5671 An Experimentalist Looks at Statistics on Smoking [Reflections on the Figures in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005672-5672 Letters to the Times Findings on Smoking [Statistical Proof of Link Between Smoking and Cancer Denied]
- CTRMN005673-5683 A Brief Review of the Smoking-Lung Cancer Theory [Review of Data Known on the Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005684-5686 Cancer-the Research Approach [Discussion on Cancer and A Category of Factors Which May Play Roles in Cause and Development of Cancer]
- CTRMN005687-5692 [Address Before the Burley and Dark Leaf Tobacco Export Association, Inc. Information About the Research Program Supported by the TIRC]
- CTRMN005693-5697 Some Phases of the Problem of Smoking and Lung Cancer the New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 264 No. 24 [St Disputes Findings That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005698-5704 Some Aspects of the Lung Cancer Problem Reprinted From Punjab Medical Journal Vol. Xi No. 7 [St Discussion of Relationship of Cigarette Smoking to Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005705-5735 Current Knowledge of Tobacco and Health [Discussion of Experimental Attack on Lung Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005736-5739 Cigarettes-Why More Research? Reprinted From the Yale Scientific Magazine [St Comments on the Uncertainties of the Correlations Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005740-5740 Why Do People Think That Quitting Smoking Affects Their Appetite or Their Weight? the Apothecary [St Comments on the Scientific Basis of How Smoking Affects Hunger]
- CTRMN005741-5754 Address to Be Delivered by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. At A Dinner Honoring the Centennial of the University of Kentucky and the Burley Tobacco Industry Lexington, Kentucky January 12, 1965 [Talk Addressing Research Programs of the University of Kentucky]
- CTRMN005755-5772 Communications and the Biological Sciences [Brief Discussion of Principles That Should Inspire and Guide Communications in the Biological Sciences]
- CTRMN005773-5785 Perspectives in the Experimental Approach to the Human Lung Cancer Problem [Experimental Research on Lung Tumors in Animals May Lead to Insights on Human Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005786-5798 Tobacco and Health Research [Elaboration on the Purpose, Research Practices and Studies of the TIRC]
- CTRMN005799-5805 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Experimental Studies by the TIRC Concerning Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005806-5813 the Research Perspective on Smoking and Health [Discussion on the Search for Causes of Diseases with Which Smoking Has Been Associated]
- CTRMN005814-5820 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Studies on Cigarettes and the Diseases Statistically Associated with Smoking]
- CTRMN005821-5834 Tobacco and Health Research - Where Shall We Go From Here? [Suggestions for Continuing Studies and Research on Cigarette Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005835-5852 A Look Ahead Smoking and Health - Where Do We Stand? [Talk on Chronic Diseases and Factors of Their Causation and Development in Relation to Cigarette Smoking]
- CTRMN005853-5854 Smoking-Disease Links Continue to Lack Scientific Proof [Discusses the Role of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005854-5854 Lawrence Promoted to Vp Post at Mmi [Jack Riddle Announces the New Vp of Micro-Magnetic Industries]
- CTRMN005854A-5854 Philip Morris Expands Promotional Allowances [Discusses Special Offers Made to Philip Morris Vendors]
- CTRMN005855-5882 Chapter 3 the Tobacco Health Issue: An Overview of Medical Research [St Questions Methodology of Experiments Where the Sole Objective Was the Attempt to Induce Tumors]
- CTRMN005883-5900 the Research Program (Cancer Segment) of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Presentation Before the Tobacco Working Group [Describes the Concept, Plan, and Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005901-5902 Smoking Prevention Education Act Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 [Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN005903-5919 [Regarding Anti-Smoking Bill]
- CTRMN005920-5931 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 March 9 and 17, 1983 Serial No. 98-8 Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding H.R. 1824 [Disputes Findings Set Forth in H.R. 1824 Regarding Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Atherosclerosis and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005932-5932 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 May 5 and 12, 1983 [Concerning Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act of 1983]
- CTRMN005933-5940 Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers, M.D., Consultant in Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, N.Y. [Comments on Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act]
- CTRMN005941-5963 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 to Promote Public Health by Improving Public Awareness of the Health Consequences of Smoking and to Increase the Effectiveness of Federal Health Officials in Investigating and Communicating to the Public Necessary Health Information, and for Other Purposes Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding S. 772 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments Which Expose Animals to Smoke]
- CTRMN005964-6009 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Seventh Congress Second Session on H.R. 5653 and H.R. 4957 March 5, 11, and 12, 1982 Serial No. 97-106 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments to Demonstrate That Cigarette Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer in Animals]
- CTRMN006010-6012 Testimony of Dr. Robert C. Hockett During Hearing on Cigarette Smoking and Health Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, October 5, 1978 [Responds to Question Regarding Research on Health and Smoking]
- CTRMN006013-6023 Statement of Robert C. Hockett, Ph.D. Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce in Response to the Letter Dated September 27, 1978 From the Chairman of the Subcommittee to William U. Gardner, Ph.D., Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc [Discusses the Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN006024-6069 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare United States Senate Ninety-Fourth Congress Second Session on S. 2902 February 19, March 24, and May 27, 1976 [Disputes Scientific Basis of S. 2902]
- CTRMN006070-6125 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United State Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 Serial No. 92-82 [Discussion of Cigarette-Smoking and Peptic Ulcers]
- CTRMN006126-6135 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN006136-6189 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 February 1, 5, and 10, 1972 [Discusses Edimeological Comparisons Between Smokers and Non-Smokers]
- CTRMN006190-6200 [Bibliography Listing Over 1,275 Articles and Books About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006201-6311 [Articles About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006312-6321 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006322-6348 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Robert Casad Hockett]
- CTRMN006349-6359 Hearings Before the Consumer Committee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statements of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers and Dr. Robert C. Hockett]
- CTRMN006360-6370 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [References Reporting on Tobacco and Nicotine]
- CTRMN006371-6412 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-First Congress First Session on H.R. 643 A Bill to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act with Respect to the Labeling of Packages of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes (and Similar Bills) [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006413-6492 Hearings Before the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on S. 559 and S. 547 Bills to Regulate Labeling of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes [Statement of Dr. Clarence C. Little]
- CTRMN006493-6533 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of the Council for Tobacco Research U.S.A. History and Organization]
- CTRMN006534-6540 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Clarence Cook Little, SC.D.]
- CTRMN006541-6548 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Robert Casad Hockett, Ph.D.]
- CTRMN006549-6577 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little]
- CTRMN006578-6611 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement Concerning the Origin and Purpose of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and Its Proposed Functions]
- CTRMN006612-6614 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory]
- CTRMN006615-6618 Research Into Smoking and Health [Arguments Against Tobacco Cancer Link]
- CTRMN006619-6623 [Study to Examine Reported Causes of Death in Each of 17 Regions in Houston Specifically the Five Major Respiratory Diseases]
- CTRMN006624-6624 A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers [Industry Promotes Research Into Tobacco Disease Link]
- CTRMN006625-6625 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Board of Directors [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006626-6627 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Scientific Advisory Board [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006628-6634 No. E-121,486 I. D. Rogers, Individually and As Independent Executor of the Estate of Marjorie Helen Rogers, Deceased; Et Al Vs. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Et Al in the District Court of Jefferson County, Texas 172nd Judicial District Third Amended Notice of Intention to Take Oral Deposition [Matters on Which Ctr Witnesses Must Be Knowledgeable]
- CTRMN006635-6967 Deposition of Dr. James Glenn [Deposition of Glenn in the Matter of Broin]
- Author
- Tirc
- Dickinson, J., Harvard Univ
- Mcarthur, C., Harvard Univ
- Waldron, E., Harvard Univ
- Dickinson, J., Harvard Univ
- Request
- 118
- Type
- SCIENTIFIC REPORT
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Box
- 003
- UCSF Legacy ID
- hoq30a00
Document Images
r
.+ +
~ .~ 3 .
J. ADn. & Soc..Paychr 56: 267-27~,
- f:/:
OF SMO
THE PSYCHOLOG
_-
~
sl~~vkltiJ:`eay,y~is
;:rc.q~+~~v
.
*1 CNARI.ES ua1RTHhR, £I2.lx aAt.DRO\, sm
~r.'~fP~~i.~64 J=t m^ 1,7 ~~d l t' ca 14901A '16btg., 4 ) B.nr+I Dadarslrj'. ~~~
..
2.
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.
v
i a[{: ,
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-. .. I i Y 10 '.
..-r.. ,.. cou ne,t er darnptrve data answertrtg prop(V,tjons aboat ilse WWW4 d aay ioota-
-r : .; .t, : . -.. .. .. ~ stop srooktngl Review-tng tbe spane thts ts very tcmpoary.
litenture on smoking and persorulityr .re' Our theory bqias with r
? ..v .. . ~~.
\?lo stnokei too much? Who men ea .r11 be 'So~Q",tsa0lti~;
amokaT R'bo doesri't smokeT -In any ooe ytai,
r=
r 1..: :_ .. .. : answers might be deduced. Tberefore, we have compttkive drmbtsa;'O3e f Qttitd
Rbtt~yttis .
.. ....c.: . ~. these questions nor good theory frrom .rbicb the rulsiwr habit. >atak{ ~j) *Wo 3y
atnWdyirtg
tnade a first attempt at ddirxating a psycbol- * shows the cra.ia~ZO~e a*eiiolt et ttt6iftwo '
Ou `';Sr4' ~' types of ttnderbiRg lkimedtt: (1) Iotae mted 7i.
ot basic ng r:-*f`4!y.~, .~ '~(
data come from 'Ibe Study of or complex of aee8{..ti~tad (2) aa oiienttting .
rrs Adult Ik.eloPment onoer known ai the Grant structure of babitoal asonsht patterns and
_-{:% Study. That study has been described elso-' associated emotiom] jes:tmatiom.':Drieata-
:~ whete (6). Out subjects .rere a panel of 252 tioo TSas to come 1&rsi; if the estpaienoe is
.
. . ..~
r
. - '
iv ;: .
- Th~t studY .ru wr.t+oned by tbt Tob.cco IscJvstn-_ r}1e soutre o( tkk s~itlae LiiSesaibed
'.:.: ~t, . t Ite.carch Commitue. It Mu eonducted u rart o( lt.e' '~~
rescarch t.rr -,ratn ot Har+ard i l'ni.mity Hralth by \1'eber (23) u the t'rotestant £thie. It is a
ccr,icc -.trorl moralil%, emphasizing the Devil's sjal
t
s,: had not begun to smole at all. Stxty-one tlrva ooroltzry of aIatle sa?oe ~ ttzzt these
have. That is about 24 per cent of the group: people hold in tontrast toV.ost vt oontem-
~
.t ppRr1 t10Ciety..
.
log,cil, psycholooinl, anthropological, and work their e5ect." In particular, it is tocicty .`r
, sociological techniques. We have been follow- t:hat determiaa whether the oen babit .eesas ;;
ing these men since by annual questionnaire;: to be "a tncans of rdieving...faner teasiota,:
*,: .~:=. . retesting, and visits. Questions about smoking or whether such a ~~~,,~t aromes a
stto
",""b" llg
r~' '-7
habits aere routinely asked in the question-- counteran.-jety."
'`: .. . naires during the 6ftcen or so years the mea tronvergent theories of aathrapoiogists,
f'
have been followed. This very full material 'sociologists, and pqcboiogizit, tevie.red and '
permitted the study sta9 to make comparisons empirically conffrmed dae.r}ere (c0,13,14,15),
between smoking habits and hundreds of all suggest that the tttae oi,tobaooo to molvt
variablcs. Only the findings relevant to psycho- taajor personal seeds ir*Ogttt>0e a stron=`,~'`
social theory are reported hcret oountrn.nriety"in tfpwatdb;tAikinembers
JcJf ~ rt!i~'t of Amenca'{
\~'no Dot-sx'r SvotE?''~~{µc~ r Imm eakMle~ ~t~s» h~dy
~ _ . rl ~ that this amup to.ratd
i1?=q :.~ striling nurnber of our-subjects did not srnoling fran peopie s,ebo,#,taad "b above
smoke. \\l,en the men were first studied, as and below them ia the soaal ~ F.~~y
u+caoy. The1T
sorhomores, 103 of them (some 13 per cent) attitude to >taso~g anoa~d;'~sesulaubly, be '.
'c~... ..
, .. . .
, Narvard alumTU who were {elected during found gTatifying, it may be put fnto the aerv-
their sophomore years for lack of %is,ble ice of needs. As Bales (3) says,'St is during
abnorTnality. During their sophomore yrars;' the formation of the aoettpakivt dabit that the
,.
Which fell between 1938 and 1942, they wcrt in9uence of the society and its tatlture oome to
-
,
studied by a great rangc of medical, phy:io- a aitinl focus in the individtaal person and .;
~
+ti.me n4 the other 6nefn
. ef Zhe rtuA
ataQ
.a .
~
.
.
ntxria11y thnse in relation to mcJieal and phy.icat
+ari,tkx, are re1.,r,eJ In Heath. C. DiQerencn trr
t...cn :Imntrrs and XnnSmoten. in preu. A fr.c itemF
atqKar in I..lh pat+cn. as thrr accm rckv-ant. * in the original fxotcstant dugnus, was e%i-
t .\ tal.lr. ci,ine data fnr cach of the 6ndinn rr- Jenie that a man had not bCen tlpufhq(td
tnrtcJ. hat L.rn drrxiteJ .ith the Annrican ikxv
Crace. This ethic w-as, as 3111s (18) tnemarks, a
t mcntation tn.titutc. nrJcr Dr+cummt Xn. Stbl, n
'mininc SI.:3 inr !5 mm. roirrn:ilm or SI.:S fnr b Lr >t moralit% of f,MCluCtrf. who abhOtT(d
cotm
m-
`: ::..1.. :. - in %6ert7 lt, t t6~~llt' aftcr nqx- )_ ng
in idleness and aelf-indulgertee. It i{ an tthic
that abhors as Sin the vrastiag of ooe'{ sub-
stance in unprobtabk tritia. since auch waste
C ~~ R ~"~ ~`~ ~~ ~~ ~ tl~ ~~ ;'Y
s
= ri
i
t
e
O
pfm n pLLfpO{tf Mal Ltftn pfYpitt
Vr
TQI3 lht0 Og)
;10
Oi U'^'W
soon secularized in the form of "ticocldly schooh with Harvard roen
3r :~ asatidsm," as Weber iJlustrata from the odkge In pcitate ptrpantoq~
diaries of Bea}amin Franklin. Indeed, tbe hig3t-.cbool graduate sbo ;ues
1~4_4ut-rL : ~.,du'
llftiarsard
,
_
-7 mrwaa nf l.v e.enlih deaorndinw fem+ .r1:: ka ..:cvttv wri.wt .
==-tgcT vzi' :c : c:; :. .r2 a. Hatvtrd group we are studying, as Allpott (1) study (14) autaeatcd,
"His ta4e `Umlly ;-
~
:.,-~~ ,, ti;. . g,ousdogma ts stAl going on, even araong tbe asotabty" dunrtg !us rasring:
;;^ v.i r.: has shown in his study of religion ta the post- often Is that d stardard w1w 1:~:'
tional middle-class values werr generated pcepicbod boy .rho goes t.o is taore'
These values an uoR being rrpiaad in our ' likely to kuve been bred on a ble :. ::
s9ciety, according to sooologists. They have behavior. Ttadition tKu '-ltim ia K!
~l ~.H.... ( 1i~, become the propetty, though perhaps twt terrrts of "what is done," ao~~n~e:ms
of
;..:. ucfusively, of the "Old \fiddle Class." .,~1 ~~,~ `tworldly asceticism" as a meR as~1~..
,7?,-.....
~~ttini
7: ~:: t a. a belong to Riezman's (20) "Innet-Directed" abesd." If a oonccatratioa d troetsrn.4ers
group, so soon to be replaced by the Outer= exists in our data, then we taay sreil predict :
Directed; to Mt11s (18) 'd,ecrful robots," that it will focus aawnt otts fabiic-.chool. ; .
_.... ao soon to become equally cheerful maas coo: paduates:'''.~' ,.. ..,r-,`;,z
suroers. Yet it is these values that have" This is the
case. In a strady progrrssion '.
w'- . T'- pdt tc: genented.vhat Mead (16) calls "the American ' with uatus, 20 per ccnt of the
graduates of
~--'YJS_'W v-: .1! - 'nf ".._ core culture" and .rhat FJuc]c.hohn (10)~ very e=dusive private
schools do taot smoke,
.`.
:I :;:rstr, desrnbes as the dominant value profile in 30 per cent of the graduates of fess
esdusi.~e -:'
...,r" J '+r i. Americsn culture and upects to lind focusxd priwte schools, and 40 pet ant d
ttre jntdu ;._ ;"
or:.r i: - in the middle class, and which McArthur ates from public schools. 3his pattern is '; y'
'
ge s e n u
u
a
e
n
o wm s
.- ri .: .. .rar co
atus ot ti
atc The ~
di - L.
s
d nt It' th tL
t tb
i
t t
t
k
t "
h
L'K* '' 'I`- --~r:. Carecrs- As one study (14) shows, "Ti+e -=raduates who smole say that
thty bearned to
'"0"" i-?_~ Future. Doing-oriented family must produce smole in prep school or at the time of
prep
sons te,ared in the 'achie.cmeat mores,' school; about three-quarters of the public- :
taught to look foncard to by passing or wr- school graduate smokers say t1~ iearned to
passing their fathers' occupatiorul roles.:.: smoke in college. As oae peog eR~ from
t=r,:,, It is the hopes of tbe mother that these soas private boarding to private day$;?ublic day
_
t tnust realise in order to kel successful. schools, there is a significant (~13~ine in
will have introjected her precepts. It is these the proportion of boys .rhol4i~ smoked
rii,l~~- boys who will, after college, be expected to ~ at the time they .rae taken iato:~os study.'
ast;tn, ka.e the family and 'make their own wzy.' " However, there is a status didetro0t pperatinR
Children tcared in this trad.ition arr still (15) together with this dormitory fac6Of .+e hold '
- .ceancd and trained early, encouraged to be boarding corutaat, there rernait$x1asnificant
d rl'n nd dea inded ( 01 difi
aro +
a nm
)
':' . b' h
h
b
.F-.... ..
g.
. .
ar
am +twus,
erena
et.eeen l
e s.xdusrve
- ' I know that Andy has a ckan mind," wrote and the less exdusi.~e schoots. ~pattern
one father of a nonsmoket, "he does not smoke, tasy well have been generated htl}ie I,amilies
be does not loiter on the street with gangs, he who elect to and are able to aemd their sons
T+' has been brought up to look for the fine things to these schools, rather thaaa in the schools
in life and only by hard work and peru.erance themselves. Besides, the tacit ether half of
can they be achieved and enjoyed." the dormitory argument is that itiqh schools
I
1456
a - l
268 CItmSS h1cARTitGR, Ec.ttN WAIDRON, A\D JOtrY DICI;MSnN-
: V7~ Cal.inistic debate, tobacoo.+as settled upon as In the study, we ha.e found (13) that a`'
. ' a good th~ing_ because the rro.cing of it produced simple empirical tool for bri.ttf% out middle
Iiti.. r`^,A t. '.:a ~'s. ttpptr t3aft C0a trasta is to t1p~}CTIar Yard C1t:
' F^ 1 f -
t 'i ' e' ~ t T-
f ~i[ i~ _n.i
d
"
'
d
1
(13, 14) has empirially shown to be focussed
signibant at the .01 level. Part d the aplaru=':: -
in the lower middle. It still gives rise in the tion of this fact may be that thepKepschool
American middle class to a tx~ gcnentioti boys learned to smoke in their dormitories
iastilled with the "achievement mores" whose (rules notRithstanding) while the kigh-school
opentan in a contemporary urban uttiag is graduate did aot ecperience docmitory life
i:. . described by DIcClelland (13). Children rrared' with its peer-orientition until ooming to
i+' n. in this tradition are mobile, follo.ing .chat college. Some facts fit this aotion. In
retrospect,
-%' .S:mj- hliller and Form (17) describe as Ambitious about three-qusrters of the
pcivate-school
CT 4
,
,
I
I
TaE PsYalot.ocY o. S>sou..c 20
L. ics .:,.,
do not orient their pupils toward smoking. market surroeya in Engl.ind not only confifms
This cannot be said. Hollinrshead (8) tclls this di6erence fn rate of srooling but alao
us that in "Elmtown" high school, "practicallY' documettu in many aayi the fact that aon-`
all boys (91 per cent) smoke, LrrapectisY of smoking la widely peroeived as a mark of
age or (social) dasLe' Our public-school "middkdacs mpectsbility."
norumoten are theref6re somehow ttpecisL` Our data cxrtainly svggat that sraokiag is
It rruy be supposed that their rearing for popularly defined as faintly disrcputibk or,
mobility, in terms of the old ethic desrn'bed at kast, one of the small tices. '.\onernokers
earlier, may have created ' a considerable are signi6cantly often (.01) nondrinkers;
"strong eounterantiety" to undermine the indeed, it seems that. as Straus ar3d Baoon (22)
orientation from their peer culture to:vard report from 1'ale, drinking precedes smoLing
learning to smole._s -jn~~M as the student takes up adult foTbla. Our
7 nonsmokers are also significantly often (.01)
In Famtr.~n. !nt 5i;ti: people who do not drink e:offee.
La+ and the mora deny lich tchnol ttudents tbe; : ~e.'e t3uy expect some orientation tolrird
e
tot
ac
o
t
ii
d f
h
d
i
h
:-'
a
,
eaaura
a
e
ro
n
c
r
t to earh
e p
e
t
39o~~~,,,~i~~ to have been uu ht
;an,I,Gng, and akohoL Howevet, tlx te)tJery with ""'"'""b $ these Aata
.hich adutta wrround tbe.e arna of beha.ior knda by their rtili.gions. The kind of piety that Weber
theT a L(ltclal .-atue wbkb rcems to act u a stimulm describes should spill over into self-denial,
m many .-oune rwrk K ho desi,e to aperience tbe even in the absence of a specibc theological
s::pposed thrilt of pteasurr. their aldees deny them. 7be
roscri tion. Proscri tion of smolin some-
eunspiracy of s+knce .'Mic6 is an auntial part of the p p p $
SanJcstinc riolati,m of the tnores has alrcady uurht times does occur. Among Protestant denomina-
tbem " easy it is to acoid wtrinions imposed by tions, it is usually those of kss socul standing
:a.% and tatrw it thq arc diumt ahout bo.c, .'bere, (19)-e.g., Fundamentalists-who eonde3un
and undce what eircumstanca it is done. Acyuisition
.,r tnowkJee of the mnns of tranagrcuin: .pin.t ~oling, Rhik those of morc flshionable sutus
akohaL tnl.accn, and t ambtinS uboos .ritbout bdn~ Ep'tscopalians-do not. The lo.cer-
cau;ht an,l thc thrill of .;ota7inc thcx ut.ooc tat:e middle-elass focus of nonsmoking auy be thus
,hce for th< most part iw tbe diqo<.~ overdetermined. At any rate, tce may find oc~er-
`' lap among smoking habits, social status, and
Presumably any pecr-oriented youngster is piety. "*4.l : '1-, ::, '
likely to smoke. «-hatevcr his social status, as ,- Earlier in the course of the stud~. Heath
part of a kind of defunt claim on adult status. had set up ratings of the de~outness of the
It may be supposed that the tr3orc earnest participants and also of their families. These
students in hi I7 school take adult prohibitions ratings werc based on considerable information
:nore scriously and, perhaps, do not al.ca)z fit
well with "the clique." Theirs may be a more
compliant claim on adulthood. Pcrhaps among
the earnest nonsmoking nine per cent of '
ElmtoRn scniors, there .ns one who applied
to Harvard. More went to other colleges and
were mobile into white eollar technical and
professional occupations. It is not to be
supposed that attendance at anyone university
is a potent cause. Census data (3) sho,c a
nationwide increase of nonsmokers when
professional and technical people are com-
pared with other occupational groups: \on-
smoline in America is a social elass phenom .
enon. ... . I .
It is in England, too. A Hulton survey (7)
suggested that nonsmoking was slightly eom
moncr among men of the English middle class
while heavy smoking was eomn7oncr amon;
En3;lish workingclass men. An excellent
about theological beliefs, ehurch attendance
ar3d atthities, personal use of prayer, etc.
(Xo attention.cas paid to \ices. great or small,
and hence smoking in itself did not enter this
rating.) The boys who did not smole when
they entered the study had more devout
parents (.Qi). 11cy were also more lilely
(.01) to nttend church while at Harvard,
despite the absencc of am chapel requirement.
Lifelong nonsmoEin; is aswiated e.vn more
strongly (.02) with devoutness of parenu. It
would seem that the individual lastingly
introjecis his smokin; moralit\ : Indeed, the
nonsmokers are often rated I7ither on detout-
ness than their parents.
This introjcctcd piety scems to be more an
inJk-idual matter than we expected. In the
' Aarit F. Ci:aretec Smotine \totirati.m Studt.
Thir is an un+ut,Iishnt ma+V*ath P:m7rett bt Qe.
acIr;h 4ni n Lir:ite.l. t, rD,w -e are erateful fr.
a~.:« tn It
U7~' I ~ e.
1457
t
t
C ~9~'~ ~~`~ !'..~2~~~ c~~
I
,
...~
:::..
i, ... , ..
270 CnARIF.s h(CARTLtTR, Et-I.E?I WAI.DRON, /tA-D JnrrN ntCCt.\trir/
i---'T'i,"si»a.
~
t
~ and status work quite as expected. It is true '.rfio became scientists, ten txver tcnoke<l .
that, as expected, most I'rotestant famtlies and one tried it but stopped. with low incomes werc
rated high on devout-*: ' In summary, the nonsmoker scems to havc-
'
neu and produced s<ons who wrnr nonsmol:ers:', been oricntal by the mores of a particular `.
Presumably, we see here the introjection of American subculture. Ife is often of lower-
pietistic standards, at kast in the form of ' micWle-das.s origin and himself upx-ardly mo- '
"
tion. Nor did the interaction betwoen pkty V"IwLltc-school boys from bw.ir>cnsne f.m7;"
,
{, ..
Wno Svotcrs HEAV7LY1
'7..ike" to the occupation of Advertixr, non-l; ; smokers responding "D'ulike." Perhaps the
Whethcr a man smokes or no smns best
oonsmoker is so Inner Directed that he doei explained by his social orient:tion. Wbcther
not have his "radar" tuned to the fatest fad hc becomea a heavy smoker seems best ex
in mass consumption. He is, perhaps, not yet plained byhispenonal needs. Bala (2) spcaks
part of the consumer ethic that is said (18) to of the effectiveneu, once a man has been
be appearing now among the middle dass. `'' oriented toward adopting a habit, of 'the
ldlii" ibfh
wory ascetcsm,n the asence o tco
bgical proscription..
~.
The nonsmokers may represcnt suni-vals
not only of the protestant ethic and mWdle-
class morality but also of the related phenomo
non Riesman (20) calls'"Inner Direction." For
esampk, in answering the Strong \'ocational
Interest Blank, more sophomore nonsmokers
(.03) said they preferred "nighu at home" to
"nights away from home," and smokers said
the opposite. Also, nonsmokers preferred
(.02) "belonging to few societies," smokers
"belonging to many societies.",Thesc trends . himself be a scientist or engineer. Just what
were especially marked among nonsmokers causes underlie this web of correlations is not
from public schools, whose earnest individual-
ism is thus reaffirmed, but private-school
nonsmokers showed some of the same trend.
A curious sidelight roay be interpreted
variously: more sophomore smokers (.01) say
they would prefer "preparing the ad.crtising
for the machine," in the appropriate Strong
item, while nonsmokers prefer not to. It is
also true (.05) that more smokers responded
1
A related finding, based on Strong-lile
items in a recent questionnaire, is that smoken
respond "Like" to the occvpation Sales
Manager (.01) but'.'Disltlce" to the occupation
Scientific Research Worker (.01). This attitude
is reHected in carecr choices: the nonsmokers
contribute more physical scientists (.01).
These facts overlap the status differences
already observed; few private-school boys go
into science but many go into business.
\l'hether the etbos of the physical scientist
overdetermines his nonsmoking over and above
the eQect of his midqle-clau origins and
upward mobility is not clear from our clata.
bik. lie shows the "worldly ascrtidsm" that '
hu stemmed from the old 1'rotcstant ethic.. .
Often he is pious, perhaps more so than his
lurents. It scrms likely that he has nactcd to
smul:ing as being one of the "small vicrs" to
ahichthefleshisheir.Heis,atanyrate,an, ..
Inncr-Directcd fxrson, introjecting the morals "
of his youth, perhaps a serious sort, and maybe
an introvert. He does not go along with the
suggestions for a consumer morality offered
by the msss media. He approva scientific
rather than business values and may often
clear, but existing theory about the ethos of
the Old 1`f iddle Class or about the American
core culture seems relcvant. The standards
this man has introjccted furnish sufficiently
"strone counteranxic :y' to lrccvent his sharing
the orientation toward smoking that secros to
be common to all the rest of American society
both below and rbovc him.
degree to which the culture operates to bring
about acute needs for adjustment, or inner
tensions, in its rfxmbrn. There arc many of
these: culturally-produced anxiety, guilt, con-
ftict, supprev"l agpession, and sexual ten-
sions of various sorts may be taken as
aumples." :
There is nu duubt that our .rry few rcally
heavy smokers who mcet the aiterion for
Ifcavy Smoking now customary in medical
research-"twu packs a day for sevcral
ycars"-havY more than their fhare of "acute
needs for adjuatmcnt." Afost have had marital
problems, some rtuitc drnmatir. All arc {;ivcn
f 1458
C) 0,3,11 4 6- -)
study data, nonsmolrng ts tbe modal pattern Cettatnly t}te t.ro-mobt7ity and .c;enc,~-
~y
for the members of no one religiotu denomini
'.w~en combined pull powerfully: of the twelve
.,,
arr -..
t
...: _ .,r
.1:. . ~:.
a;, ; ~- . .. .. . .
1
i
1
t.
I
7ne Psi-cnot.ocY or Suosa.s;c 271
to impulsive acts, some to physical violence,., ttul, OXoeuhtiJy oontrotlcd pcrfornuncc. II
if only in the form of volunteering for danger- , eitherAi~berof the ntio e:ceeds 2, one sort
ous miuions. Several are hard-driving, tough" or aaotblt~+o[ ttaotional expression has taken
competitors. None are usual for our aroup. piace,>ed the label "coartated" no longer
As one observer phrased'it, "they are men aho; -app}iei~'?' - . _ .
!ive in overdrhe1" Their stories are told by,,' Hetipr
Heath! .... >. .:. -i recat!dr<-
That the need to smoke hcavily might be
produce more (:f1S) coartated
dehnition of Heavy Smoking is
to incltxle men with lifetime
generated by anxiety is, of course, a common - a Of a pack a day, so as to include a
sense hypothesis. Our data warns us to view it _~ tnumber of cases.) \\'Fut is more,
with caution. We have not been able to corrri ooartated people tend (.01) to increase the
late changes in smoking with changes in the amount of their smoking strikingly as the
tenseness of a man's life situation, in spite of . years go by. This is not a unirersal trend;
the "clinical hunch" of staff inembers that ''taany of our men reach a smoking pleateau
this relationship held. Perhaps anxious smol'- early a vacillate between nonsmoking and
ing is episodic, so that our yearly question-' moderate t~ing. The coaruted person is
naire is too coarse a measure of it. Perhaps`: tnoderate cornmoo aawng that plurality of our people'
something is to be learned from the ans.c-trs to whose ssmotiag curve 'cnowbaps," showing a
a question about the symptoms of stress that positive aoalentioa Tbe appearance of these
r,ur participants felt when under prrssure. curves suggests to the eye that they be inter
Half of the smokers said they "smoked more" pneted as showing accelerating habituation.
in these circumstances_ The interesting fact, Interestingly, such curves often appear among
.
though, is that 70 per cent of the heavy smok- people who started smoking kte. (They are
ers but only 30 per cent of the light smokers not just "catching up," hoRva; they soon
said this. Is smoking, then, a suitable tension surpass the smoking rates of men who started
reducer only after it has become a firmly earlier.)
ingrained habit? One thinks of learning This association between accelerating srool- "
theory: a response must be "high in the habit ing rates and coartation is strong enough to
hierarchy" before it has the "availability". override the other trends so far reported. A
to reduce tension. Or one may think that this coartated mirt tends to become a heavy smoker
little item is a rather pretty confirmation of _ no matta what his social background or
Bales' contention that only after thorough how pious his family-or himself. His orienta-
orientation an a compulsive habit be used to tion may show in his being a nonsmoker in
satisfy anxious needs. . J. ----..; college if he came from a nonsmoking type of
The most striking correlation between heavy background. Soon after college, he typically
smoking and personality is found in our ink- begins to smoke, and the habit accelerates_ One
blot test material. In the urh days of the is resainded of Bales' (2) comment that, "there
stuJy, Dr. 1\'clls (24, 25) used an abbreviated .
knrschach procedure, allowing one minute for
response to each of the standard blots, which
he called the Timed Rorschach. The resulting
scores are not identical with Rorschach ;
scores but seem to be interpretable by similar
theory. The Rorschach variable we concen-
trated on is the Experience Ralance, defined as
the ratio of the number of human movement
reslMmses to the weighted sum of the .arious
kinds of color resfwnscs. If both members of
this ratio are crlual to or lesc than 2:2, one
slxals uf a"coartated" korsxhach, by which
4mc means an emotionally narrow, drily fac-
;Ilcalh, C. DiRcrcncu IKt.ecn 5mnkcrs an.l \on-
Smdrrt, in pre.a
is reason to believe that if the inner tensions
are sttibciently acute, certain individuals will
become aompulsively habituated in spite of
oppoued ttocial attitudes."
. Are our coartated people that badly off?
Thae bt tw very detailed Rorscbach theory
(9, 21) from which one might interpret their
tests. 3'bey do seem to indicate a certain lack
or emotional rrsourcn-or unwillingness to
use them. Uoderstandably, these men were
rated by the psychiatrists (26) as inarticulate,
pragmatic, and bland. 71uy.vere not necessar-
ily thought to have inner tensions. They were,
at any rate, quite hard to get to know. Many
were rated "Jtut-So" by the psychiatrist;
that is, they were compulsive Gddlers, desl-
CT'q: /
1459
C Ea I I N H 0 0 "2t,
~~ ~` :~
272 CaArrs.s 'McAxtnva, Et tra: \1'awuox, AND JrmH DtcarKsox
could undrntandably bccome one. This srry hahit, oncc.cell available, increascs in strcngtb
~
through fussy actititics, of which smoking reasons, been nricnled toxarrl it. In shori, the
4 t,~ s arrangers, people who allaycd their trnsions trnsion reducer if they have already, for
otha
striling (tndirtg about coartation rcmains hard if it servts wcll tltc pcnon's emotional oconom
'4:
y
to explain. Aor hatro we found the means to.' ;:,
;
.
v cross-.-alidate it. Since the college Rorschach ~\ tto G~ Sr Ss+ortrtci' ~`-
''~itif~~i pattern predicts lifctirnc smoking, another As evcry habitual smoker knows to his '
long-term study would be netc)cd for idcal sorrow, ability to quit or cut do.rn decrases
cross-validation, as smoking increasa. If we divide our lighter
Not all hcavy smokeri are coartated, of ' from our hea.icr smokers at an adult lifetime
course. Among the nonrnartate<I subjects, average of half a pack a day, the contingency
there is a tendcncyfor the assowtionsbctween relation between "lighter" and "heavier" vs.
amount of smoking and some of the psycho- "an stop" and "can't stop," as showT in
pi?iorn:ec- t;-:- .1 social variables previously discussed to be recent responses to
qucstionnairat, gives a 9
panicuhrly "cteaa." It is as though coartation kss than .001. Evc.n more striking is the march :.
Y
washes out the array of emotional variations
(.01) of the mean numbcrsof dgarettessmokcd
"d
~ u:. ^r. .~ . . .
variability of the smoking rate. Among these stop smol:ing this figurc (computcd only during,
nonco.irtated subjects, it does appear that their smoking years) is 9, for men who don't
the psychosocial variables have more to do try to stop it is 18, and for those who cannot
with the di8erence between nonsmoking and stop it is 20. The sheer amount of tobacco so
moderate smoking (as discussed above) than far eonsumed is by far the largest difference
with heavy bctween the group of men who can stop and
Io the noncoartated group, moderate smok- the group who, at least so far, cannot.
ing and heavy smoking are respectively . The variables that were related to becoming
related (.001) to the psychiatrist's rating of a heavy smoker seem also to bcar some rclation
Strong Basic Personality and \1'eak Basic to ability to stop. Thus, coartated Rorschachs
Personality. One presumes that the latter .:ere frequent among people wbo bccamc hea%y
rating is appropriate to the rather uncon- smoken but it is also true that, with hcsvy
trolled men who were descn'bed as being among smoking held constant, the presence of a
our very heaviest smokers. It is not true that eoartated Rorschach seems related to in
everyone who smoked more than a pacl: a day ability to cut down or stop. Some of our
' ovcr his adult life was rlY integrated. It is scientists have smoked; they could easily
p~
true that poorly integrated people were much stop. (T?iey were not heavy smokcrs, of
more eommonly found among these heavies eourseJ Perhaps the scientists show that it is
..
i
h
i
'
d
as eas
er to qu
en one
smokers Again, one sees a pattern suc
t whs onmpecrs
o not
a. v .,.. .. ~.....6 ...~~. ..... v u. . ... . w. .r.....
'- - u~~cs w.,u... ,w
~
.,~_. 1
; .. . ^.~; moderate smo ing ut'some need or complex Among our hea%ier smokers, the
psychiatric
ot nceas lor auJus,mcn, raamg to uaczas,vr urrcis oi ooc,au,c, >trong s,tre scrionanty,
i' habituation. and Practical eharacteriae mostly (~eople who
In summary, then, we may hypothcsire that can stnp; \1'cak ltasic Personality, Asocial,
'
'
.~ .d starting to smokc is largely brought ahout by. Lck of 1
urpnsc andalucc, Introspcctivc,
\
, betwe.en persons as well as, perhaps, the per day during adult life. For men who can .
'~i 1 t b t thai t' t Id 1 d i f''
n
n
rea
e
:
1
t
d h
b
one s socu envuo
me
u
c
eru
rncnt y
a
ons o eattona , an n u
u e rac
c
once it has started
seem to depend in praple who
smoking
These arc atl small trcnds
eannot
,
,
,
good part nn thc pcrsnnal ncrds that thc nc..ly, however, and mostly nccur in small numbers of
I
- .' establishcd habit is able to gratify. Some people
scizc on the habit eonipulsivcly. These t,cople
ma% often I,c emotionally constricted tnics for
whom there is grcat Fain in a simltlc "Ili};ht
Into bchavior" or they may f,c restlcs.a, active
men, for whom smoking is just one mnre
(rnl,ulsive activity. It "uuld also seem that
an%inua pcol,lc can scizc nn crnnkim; n% n
cases. Yet these rrtatiunihfps seem worth
mentinn I,ccausc of their cvngrucnt~e with
gcncral thcnry. 11tc .:viahlcc rclatc.l tn smu1,-
ing cumpul<ivcly arc mnmly "need" varialrlc.c,
us the (taltc theory wnuld rrquire.
A signal fact is this: at,ility lo stop smnkins
is dircctly prnlMrrtinnal to the nunihcr of
mnnths our sulticct! Mcrc (L.l (rnm their
CrRo
:,~; 14G0
INN 00,17-3462
r
I
~ i..-: . `-
v...
,
I
Tuc Pavcttot.oGY Or SYOKriG 273
mothers' hrcast! The means march (.OS) as
follows: light smukcrf who can stop were
w-cAd at 8.0 months; heavy smokcrs who can
stop were weaned at 6.8 nwnths; smokers,
mostly heavy, who don't try to stop were
weancc! at S.0 months; smoken. mostly heavy,
who tr-, to stop but cannot were weaned at 4.7
months. We had previously cxploral for a
possible relationship between smoking and
w-eaning or amount smoked and weaning, but
it was not until we explored ability to stop
smoking that the relationship to brcastfeeding
became so cleancut.
Many will wish to eliplain such a finding
away. Certainly we would not argue that
weaning is the cause of smoking. The argu-
(cbse to A5) for men who continued to smoke.
If one does not think of a psyr}wanalytic e:-
(tlarution, tbrn a drive-reduction theory like
that of l.evy (11) .ccros to fit the data. :Cot
would these Mlas be inooruisteat with the
$aks modd: what they sugg>:st is that these
"tkeper" t>{cds have httle or no effect on
whether ooe smokes but great effect on how
tena6ous _ the babit, once adopted, may
bcaxna .
In summary, the ability to stop smoking is
arouly related to the amount of tobacco one
h#s consumed. Good mental health, such that
one has control over one's habits in general,
.eems to be relevant. So, appartntly, is oral
gratification received as an Want. This
nxnt must proceed through some lalirsM quid. ,"orality" factor may be mediated in many
In this wc would agree Kith Linton (12), who ways, but its meaningfulness should not be
stresscs that such a crude datum as date of overlooked.
weaning or any other data "focussed printan'ly'. ; ~: ~~~nttsrx or zsE Frxntxcs
on actual technical operations, without a' ~,
correspondingly detailed study of the maternal
attitudcs which accompanied these per-
formances," is naive. The evcnts of infant
training are part of a broader pattern and
symptomatic of it. must remember that
these i.nflucnccs operate on the child from
birth, and continue to operate on him for a
long period of time ...." The congruence of
infant training, chi.ldhood rearing, and adult
values is shnwn by \1cClclland (IS) for two
contemporary American subcultures. So, in
our data, latc weaning was associatcd with
thnsc personality traits that are also related to
ahiliiv to stop smoking. \1'c do not have to
pnsiulate that infantile frustration and adult
cigarctte smoking are unmc(luted cause and
cflmt. '
1'ct, it is a commonplace that pcoplc* who
stop smoking xrk other oral gratifications.
To check the reliability of some of these
findings, we drew five per cent nndom sam-
ples of the cl.ass of 1958 and the class of 1961
from the files of the L'nivenity Health Services.
(Ns were 55 and 58.) Every freshman fills in a
medical questionruire that contains an item
about smoking as well as several items relevant
to the variables related to smoking in the
Study of Adult Development. Clearly, only
the criterion of smoking in college (or near t.he
start of college) was avaitable. However, inso-
far as these checks bore out our findings, they
showed them to be reproducible over a period
(1939 to 19S)) of almost twenty years.
Both samples showed an lscess (.01) of
public-school nonsmokers. In the first sample,
the only one for which income data was avail-
able, it .cas noted again that income was not
as good a predictor of smoking behavior as was
All the "r:mall vices" we have corrclatcd with type of preparatory school.
t:moking are oral vices: alcohol, coffa, and '. The rclationship betwcen seriousness of pur-
tobacco arc taken in through the mouth. So is
suy:ar, ..hirh Ifcath showtt to be related to
smoking. More rlircctly to the point: lirouk
(4) has experimentally documental the notion
that men who give up smoking Fain weight.
7licorctical reasons su{;{tcst that smoking
should I,c corrcl.ucd to Iis)-thoanalytir "oral-
ity." Our empirical 4lata suggcsts that it is.
Groul,s wiih the ability to stop smoking con-
tain a amallrr IK'rccntagc of bottle habics.
TliurnLcw kim; Wxs morc commonly rcpnrtcd
pose and twnsmoking may be adumbrate by
one datum. Within the public-school gr up,
there is in both samples an ezcess of non-
smokers among thuse boys who characterize as
Dcfinitc their pre-collcgc choice Qf carerr.
Similarly, in the sample for whiih income data
is availrb1c, there is a strong tcntlcncy fur the~
boys who are both I'rotatant and poor not td
smoke. Thcsc uoukl srcm to be likcly to be the
Lads for whum Ilarvard mcant hard work and
multility. Or, vicvcivl another -ay, thac wuuld
Q
~ 1461
~` ~~Y ~ ~a~~ ~~ ~"~ C'~ ~ a~~ ~` =~
I
Zia ` Cl1.tltLr.i f1fCAKTIIUti, ELt.}:N IlVALI/RiIV, .tX1) JUItY 11/t't IN:r)~
RD :r.~.. .
~~i-.. .. .. .
t ..t~..', .
; .'
. -r~. . . ~ :a: . . ...
xQ it +... ..-, t . . . . ... : i I.
noa - , .. .. . ... ...
;,.,J
-
I
sccm likely to include must of nur mcmbcrs of a/~s Ki IlHtn of nonsmukint; with white-collar,
Fut>.lamrntaliil dcnominatitm~':? a'r or mWdlc-claat illcntity was amply rnnfirnuvt, as
In l,uth fnshmcn atmplcs, thosc Lwtys who iccll as the delinition of smoking as one of the
announce thcir intention of gniny; into cn mitH/r viccs. 71tc Ilymc futtcrn i..; sug*cstal by
gincrring or scicncc tcrxd not to smekc. ` - ' a natiwwl t<tmlAc quutional alxwt thcir
The csamim; Jthysician rated thcsc fresh= srnnking habits hy the l;. S. Bureau of Census
men on "1'crwrulity Intcgr.ttiou." hor botlt (S). kcsults alrectdy citnl from the University
samples, the percentage of smokers marches of \linncsnla are consistcnt with our fm'liny;s.
upwards a.s tllc ratings becromc less favorable: 71tc one arr.r in which no emss-vali.fntion
For the cornbincvl s.,mPlcs, the pcrccnt.igcs of has been fxxsl>Ic has been that of psycllody-
smokcrs arc: for mcn rated "A," 0 per cent; ltamica, cslxcially the fintlinp,i from the Timed
for men rated `13," 23 Ikr cent; for men r.rtcd korschach. Since thc-c licrsonality inttcrns a rc
"C," 37 per ccnt; and for men rated "D," 50 vcry rclcvant to a thcun of smnkin;,, it is to
per cent. There were few A's and few D's. Titc be holxA that something may hr done to check
I
contingency tnble nudc by combining A and them.
'
B ratings in one culumn and combining C and ': L;
D ratings in the other and setting these ratings ' ' -,,; ' Srusl.tRv
against smoking and nolumoking gives a chi A 1argc part of what we have learned about
sqtuie of 3.6, so p is not quite as low as .05. thc correlates of smoking habits may be n>adc
. A similar rating by the cxamining physician to fit a conceptual modcl like that of Bales.
was a prediction of College Ad justmcnt. The The fact that a man smokes or does not scems
percentages again march (though most clearly to be determined by whcthet or no he has
for the combined samples) as follows: among been oriented to the habit as a result of his
those rated "A," there were 13 per cent social milicu. 11'hcthcr he bceomcs a hcavy
smukcrs; among the "Bs," 23 per cent; and smoker or is unable to stop smoking sccros
amone both "Cs" and "Ds," there werc 50 per dcterminal by the uscfulncss of the smokin;
cent. Combinino A and B and C and D, one habit to his persunal needs.
gets a contingency table from which ehi \onsmokerc ,end to be loner-middle class
square is 8.0 and p is less than .01. Both thcsc in origin, upwardly mobilc, earnest young men,
findings from the physicians' ratings would bred in a work morality that is conducive to
seem to parallel the study findings that smok- Inner Direction. 7lteir parcnts anrl they thcm-
ing went with psychiatric ratings suggesting selves are of ten pious. '1hey may pursue scien-
poorer mental health. ~ tific or technical careers in many instances.
The study finding that smoking and drinking Smokcrs are (in our data) likely to come from
are correlated was amply confirmed for the more privileged itackgrounds, often entering
class of 'S8 but not so strongly shown in '61. business or humanistic careers, often having
In both samples, the tendency for drinking to been raised in a Bcine or lleing-inBecoming
precede smoking was noted. ..,. ., , orientation. lioth subculture and the family as
On the whole, then, where we could eross the mediator of the subculture are important
check the study findings, they seemtxl to hold determinants of whether and when the young
up well. In this connection, it may be worthh man is oriented to the smoking habit.
pointing out that a few of the patterns rcported 11'hcther a smoker becomes a heavy smoker
from the Harvard data have bccn found else- seems to dcf,cnd nn whether the habit serves
where. An unpublished survey of Yale scnion many of his important needs. Very anxious or
shows the public-private differences in smoking agitated men may adopt smoking as a tension
habits still pronounced at the end of the reducer, but this use of smoking Ieems to be
college career. The priority of drinking to common only %%-hen the habit is already well
smoking is noticeable. (This was, of course, established by other circumstances. Emo-
first noted at Yale by Straus and Bacon.) The tionally-tonttrictal individuals seem to "l.ake
introjection of family standards shows very to" smoking with special eagerness. -
cleatly as a source of smoLing mores. 11'e have Whether a man can alter his smoking habits
already cited notable eorroboratinn from seems to be most "decltly" determined.
market research done in F.ngland, where the Efforts to quit or cut dmtn seem to be normal,
CrR. I
1462
CrIR ~~~ .~~~~~~-
1
0
!
1
..'
Tne Pa>,'clloiocY or S>+uK1.wG
since smoking is quite K'iclcly seen as a "small
vice," even by smokers. \C*hNhcr a man can
succccd in these e{iorts is first of all a function
(,f how much tobacco he has concumcd in his
lifetime. Ccrtain personality cariabla are also
rcIc.ant. In Rencral, il is the needs thal kad to
heavy unokinF after thc habit has begun that
al.v) militatc against quitting or cutting down.
The social variables that were tclatcll to start-
in; to smukc play little role in inability to
quit. 'lltc cffccts of oral y;ratificatiop at the
Lrcatt mat be relevant to control excessive
smuking, once a great deal of tobacco has
been consumed.
\\'hcrc data were available, the study Gnd-
ings were ctoss-valHlatcd against samples
from two Harvard classcs, Kith generally en-
cnura);ing results. Some conbrmation of other'
finrliny;s has bccn had from unpublished studies
at distant faints and from a nationwide study
ht the Census Rurcau.
Not all that we know about smoking fits
into the proferrcd conceptual scheme. However,
the schcme outlined makes our major findings
han_- tnoether and may serve as a first hy7soth-
csis in furthcr exploration of the psychology of
smoking habits.
RC}CRC\CF.S
1. Attrott. G. The relitioa of the "twar eolkx¢
studcnt. J. Pjychel., I'HS, 15. 3-33.
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kecritc.l Gerttmher 27, 1957. Prior pubtiat'an.
CTR./ 1463
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