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Sme oHarvdfd Mcii & em0. .. - 1~1 - _. _ -- - .r, r. . U... . • r : . _ . - . .. . ...; t~:: _ . . . ' ..._ . . .. .. ~. A S PART of a more intensive study of related biological factors in tobacto stnoking of Harnrd men., a stu- vcy was reae.ntly tnade of the smoking habits of the Class of 1946. Singled out because of the availability of a special set of basic dcsaiptive data obuincd when its members were attending col- lege, this Class was sent a questionnaire in which certain information was so licited with respect to their past and present sanoking habits. Thc response to the queszionnaire was such as to .c-arm the heart of an in- vestigator; by any sundards, it was truly esuaordinary. Out of a toul of 1,L38 questionna•ues mailed, replies were re- ceived from 927, or 81.4 percent of the members of the Class. Granted that Harvud graduates are unusually scnsi- tive to requests for eooperation from the Harvard family, nevertheless, the very high degree of responsiveness could be attrtbuted in part to thcir interest in the question of tobacco smoking and Lcilth, and their desire to aid research in this ara. But whatever the reasons, this writer is mon grateful to the Class of '46, and any light whicb this tnatcz.a] may shed on the problem of smoking, health, and diseax Kzll be due to their forthright response_ The data obuined from Harvard '46 cover a considerable span with re- spect to the smoking history of its mem- SsMU 1937, the author has bceo at Harvard enrajad in rcacarch in physical anthropoloyy. He " gi. AB. bve in 1929 a.nd lus PbD. in 1933, and has workcd in a number of areas including butnan eonstitution as re- lated eo Dealth and dunse, Middle F..ast anthropoloty, =rowth, and jcnccca. At prea- at be is Rrsearch Fellow in Physical An- dtropoloty. Peabody Museum, and Research Assodatc, Adolescent Division, Children's HospitaL The study of which this papu rcficcu a poroon is supported by a Qrant from the Tobacco Industry Rescarch Corn- By Car1 C. Sc1czcr •10*t-p . . . . . . . - - -,~i . ~tT~shbcn. At the time of their reply to thc quesdonnaire, they were already tltirteco years out of college and aver- . ~J .. a Th taal gvr up readily sorted them- selva into three categories: present or current rmokers, e:-smokers„ and noo-- smokcrs. Tweary-fsve percent of our Harvard men arc ela:sified as non- smokers, persons who had resisted the temptations of smoking altogether or had in their lifetime indulged in only . . , _ . . • .. . J ~ In these days of atom and jet ttu fastat unokc is the eip•arcae'~o ,- 1 f,ra* Few of us favor the xcfu . . --, the pipe was the thing with a bumidor far. . . TLcn doctors be damned if the weed contrivcs to soothe and aoften so many li.es_ ' -Frore en advrrn.rnne•ar is tlt Btrtta7n+ of Noorrnber ?6, 1960 an occasional puff. Of the remainder, 59 percent admitted they were current regular smokers, and 16 percent dexrib- ed themselves as formerly rcgular smokers who had discontinued the habit for various reasotu. Since it has been estimated that comparable non-unok- ers amount to approxiautely 18 percent in the U.S. population at large, it is apparent that total tobacco abstii.ncrs ue somewhat more frequezt among Har- vard men than in the general male pop- ulation. In the proportion of ex-smok- ers. Harvard men appear to follow closely the trend of the country's popu- lation. Not only docs the Clau of '46 boast a rnicm, lac slightly gratcr pcrcenuge of non.smok- . . .."t r`i .. ert than the general popc3~cion, but these H.arvard mea, we Eotusd .vere far less prone to begin smoking at an early age. While 18 percent of tbrc regular smokers in this country sut•oed smoking before their sixteenth birtb3ay, only 3 percent of the Har.ard gronp took to the weed at this arly ataac of life. These Harvud men man'sfaiy bcgan stnoking tobacco during t1adr undcr- -gnduate years in eollcge (pomibly find- ing tobacco both a paaaoea and a nc«ssary prop for the burdens of under- graduate life). Of the groaP who be- eame regular smokers, 69 peYUent began the smoking habit betwom the a.gcs of seventeen and twenty-one, and 77 per- cent between the ages of aiitecn and twenty-one. Apparently if Huvard men are not tempted by tnbanco by the time of their Cotnmenoearaa„then their chance of ever taking up amnking is , otily about one out of twr}.c. '-- Currcnt or pracnt stnokas in the Class of '46 have been puffmg away stadily for Many years, the average smolcing history of this gloup betng 15.6 years. For the ex-smoka, however, ' the average duration of anachment to the comforts of tobacco amoaars to 11.4 years. This di.ffcrcnce of aomewhzt more than four years lads to SiMr--=g . speculation, for it svggesu that the period 1954-55 was the time in which tnany stnoken "broke the habit" Such tion is bolstered by the fact that ut 65 percent of the sso.w ex3mok- ' cn (15 percent of all regular sanokcrs) have given up smoking since 1954. Wben one realls that 1954-5'5 oa•as also the pcriod in which statistical rehtion between eiguette smoking and lung ancer received wide publicity (eurious- ly enough ugar and pipe sstnoking arc pretty much absolved), thess it is likely that such publicized infossrvtion con- tributed significantly to t.be decision of Reprinted frorn the HAa.A.o ALcskt Dut-tann of February 4, 1961. I CTR• 1398 j C ~`~f~~ ~"`1 ~`~~ ~`~+~ ~ ~ ~° C

• .. Iour Harvard men to break away from the tusulizing weed. 4 A RE Harvard men discriminating as to the form in which they in- dulgc in smoking? Arc they "pure" or "mixcd" smokers? Do they prefer their t.obacco encased in air•filtcred M cr, rugged bowl, or genuine tobaocoj ? For these current Huvard smok- crs the choiu of smoking mcd'u were as follows: C.r:~.:. . .~ ... !w'.• s Pcra.nt Cigarcttcs only 642 Cigars only .. . 5.9 Pipe only 9.4 Cigarettes and cigars 59 Cigarata and pipe 12.(1 Cigars and pipe 3.9 C+garata, cigars, and pipe 2.8 Vtrhik agarctzrs are prefured by thcsc Harvard men, in this respect they are dcadcdly less conforming than the U. S. population at large. A comparable age group for the genual population shows that the percentage of males who sraokc "cigarcna only" is a high 763 puccnt, and the total of those who smokc either agarettcs alone or in com- bination with cigus or pipe is an al- mos; unaaimous 9-i percent. ' The member of 1946 is distinguished bt his prefe:encc for the pipe, and, to a fal lu-,cr degrec, the cigar. Four of this group smoke a pipe to e.•cry one in- dividual in the general population, and the ratio for the slightly less prestigious cigar is 2 to 1. More than one-fourth of these Harvard men smoke a pipe with or without cigarettes or cigars. Among the Harvard cx-smokcrs, bo,wcvcr, the cigarette was far and away the most preferred medium when compared with present regulu smoken.,s' . t~- Not only do these Harvard smokers exhibit decided prcfcrcnces as to how they arc to enjoy their tobacm, but they arc also bcavia smokers as a group, with consumption rates distinctly high- a than the country at largc• Only 19 percent of these Harvud cigarette srnokers consume lcu than one-half a pack of agarctta daily, with 25 per- cent smoking between onc-half and one pack a day, 46 percent brtwccn one and two pack s per day, and 9 percent putting away more than two packs daily. Com- puatively, in the US. the heavier smok- crs (1-2 packs daily) comprise but 27 percent, and the heaviest smokers (2+ packs daily) only 3 percent of the toul. Sirnilar evidcnce indiates that these Harvard men make somewhat greater use of their pipes and cigars than do their countcrparu in the genaal pop- ulation. - The numerous occupational fields en- tered by the members of the C1ass of '46 offcr room for interesting compari- sons w•ith their varied smoking habits. The group of smokers, as compared a•ith non-smokcrs, tend to be found more frequently in the field of business contact (promoters, ralarncn, retail and wholesale dcalcrs, buyers, cu.), business executiva of all ranks, and cultural ad- ministration (cditors, educational ad- minisuators, museum curators, ctc.). There are fewer smokers proportional to non-srnokcrs among engi.ncrn, sur- geotu, dugymen, dcsnmtary and high sschool t.tzc.lsus, a.nd libcarians.- 1-hc beavier smokers among these Harvard :. rncn (1+ pack a day) and to con- centratc mwc frequently in the ficlds of btuinars contact, btssioess adminis- tration, and banking, wluk ascls bcavicr wn:umcrs of the soothing weed are less likely to be found among research adcn- tiaz, pbyisciias, lawyert, dcxgymcn, and school tcacbers. And in more or las consonance with the publ.ic image, the pipo-smokas in this group of Har- vard alutnni are more frequently found among research scientists, cultural ad- ministrator:, lawycrs, college professors, and school tracbvs.•:.cr-•• Lyr.>{i While there is still oonsiderable anal- ysis of tbese data yet ahead of us, there is some evidence to indicate the atist- encc of interesting difkrcnces among Harvard men of varying smoking hab- its with respert to social, biological, and psychological factors. That some of these may srprescnt constitutional dif- ferences between smokcrs and non- smokers is not unlikdy. In a.ny event, the smoking habits of these loyal sons of the Crimson give fu.:hei evideace of the dis:inaivcness of the Harvard aaisal. ~ . . . ' • . :~ _.~.. - rt ... u:.. , ._-. . ;~• . . =i 'tt:. , •):.__ ... . . • t. . >r: t ..-... .r17..~~'' . . . t . . O, •. . k.: '.t .. , • ~ . ...., ..i 7.^rJ.t: ~.. . ..._. _ . . ......._._r~.. ~ .. .:.•,. _..~0 ]o ..:: . . ~.'.- f. .. . .... i' . .•;, :T~GL' \ruh L:~1' r•-- :rr. s?"Ji L Y ~TP : t Ct IrJ.7FY114 jti t~as~'il iew~ ~•`EioY1 .. ~• . . r .r'.'•...i{ • . . :'G~OC:l) I ~P..R:1399 CT ~"~~3112'1

a'cl. ./. . S I . ., .r,aur~. e vet~.^rA Reports-`''t~ ' - p .n e \ ... vidual whicb Sbeldon ltat referred to as gynandrotnorphy (6). Table ~1 pre.c~n~ t.nt. tbe' ~dis~tabution of the 14 ~ A ~~ +~ ttal d 1 Y1~7V t OUr ng a {n ~Cl.p a~or .~ 70%g w-oi -fczUn.'~a.. : :/ ,_.. }~J t0tlrtn tb f t ~ j O . Vrt'.'Q~[:T jassl'.: Lnd rn*~. ~a f: .;a .. 1 it~nr• r.A ~„ tlrn T~e . and stno~ h ib AlascvUnlty and Smoklni"' ~ codurra, and the tuture of the taaurW that tbere b a dgntAcant a,.sodation have 1- desutbed cbe.vt ere b oolleacd av tb li f ~ _ , ee:) ne e e strcagth o tbe asascv Abrrrnct. Study of the relative atrenstb (j)• RrGen flrat aeea the subjecta -tompooent and tbe ~ habits of f mli ooeoncnt io a seri o theascunenpa of males rcvcals a sitni6cant auociation , with their i~erential smoking Labiu. Wcakness of tbc tnasculine comporsent is L. sisnifiu0tly seorc frc•queot in amokers than ~ in noosmoken and tmost frequent in the beavicr amokcn. ur' In order so obuin a fuller under- were were eumined for an tutcastve rante 'the tasbjeett (t ia less than AS) (7)• of medical, pbyaiological, anthropolog's- More specitial?y. weakneca oi the mas- cal, and sociological infotmation. Stnce euline oompooent ia sltntAcant)7 more then these men b.avE been foUo.ved fmquent in smokers than ht noosmokers• through annual questiotsnaIrea, retesting, ' and sitnlfiantly ttkoce frequent In and visits in order to obtain a variety ~avier atnoken than in noosmoken and of factual material, includirtg dau on moderate smoken oombined (P is less tbcir smoking Labits. ' tban .05). lt ia [nteresting to eote that aunding of t~e apparent relationship of A complete description of the collec- the (nereuad frcquency of the degree heavy amoitirg to lung cancer and tion of the data on smoking hu alreidy of weakness of the mrscuti~ compo- coronary disease, it is peninent to in- been presented by Heath (2). The aat from the /wasmokexs to the beavier quire into tbe nature of the individuals smoking habits• of the subjects were re- •smoren ia consistent and progmsive. wfio practice the smoking habit-their corded during the initial madical ez- '~us,.r>~e only 3.3 percent of the non- prrsonality• phyciology, and biogerxtic arninations made between 1938 and smokers have some degree of wtatrxss characteristics. TDe basic data of the 1942, and the number of eigaretta, of the masculine component, the per- Study of Adult Development (Grant pipes• and cigars smoked per day was ~uge rises to 9.6 in the moderate study) of the Harvard University Hcalth specified. Subsequently, similar informa- amotern and 17.2 in the beavier amok- Service adords an unusual opportunity tion was obtaitxd from the participants ~, ~~~ h~ the l~vier for the exploration of some of the-se through the medium of annual question- tmokus sLow the Reatest proportion of ~ factors, in so far as they provide longi- naires over a period of more than 15 individwls with w•eak o[ very weak tudinal smoking information on a group years. From these data it haa been ~x~~ ~po~u, ..~ ,,_r of Harvard alumni over a period of possible to construct a threefold etassi- -.. N~ugb tbcse 6ndings are highly ;' more than 15 yean. Portions of this fication of nonsmokers (243 percent). interesting and most sug=estive, ft must material have already been reported in moderate smokers (38.0 ptroent), and be clearly recognized that they should connection with tbe psychology of beavier smokers (37.7 per eent), based be considered as preliminary at~d tenu- amoking (1) and with a variety of per• on the long-term observation of the tive in nature, pending confirmation sotuliry, physiological, medical• and so- smoking habits of the eubjeotc.'• ' ~ future atudies designod to fllumi- eial data (2). This repon deals with In the course of the physiul anthro- ~k this ~ of eoncern one aspect of the somatic biogenetic pological es.amination of the subjects • gut the dau as they sund lend evi- material-tumely, the masculine eorn- when they .+ere still eol)ege sopbomores, dence to the nature of the biogenetic ponent of tbese men as related to their between 1938 and 1942, each individual ehuacteristics involved in human be- smoking habits. was rated with respect to a body-build h.hof, and to the role of the physical The basic dau on which this analysis complex known as the masc•uline eom- constitution in the total personality of is based are derived from a longitudinal ponent (4). The term »k~uline eornpo- ~~dividual. The body-build complex, study of 252 Harvard College sopho- nenr refers to the element of masculinity ~~Kuline component, must be rec- mores first see0 berwecn 1938 and 1942. in the individual as indicated by his,~:, who were aekcted for their lack of externil morphological futurea. Tbe visible abnormality. The details of the more the pattern of anatomieal traits Table t. D.u sbo.tnr tbe rdatiomhlp betwccn project, including the methods, the pro- tends toward the extreme masculine ~ n„euti~c eomponcat and amotmt sabiu, form, the ttuonger is the masculine eom• (N = 247). • + pooeat; the greater the departure from.; the e)ttreme masculine type toMards the - N~' I , , H~tt .r=y. Huvier .nn M,A .w aau.ci n/ f.o,n AS rn SS re.da 7le ww..1... -• rr..nken ~..nk.,. 0 abwan .ho.Jd wer rrpsal Ohrun smplored ta more tC(mn)ne nul)C, tne WCa!(er t3 tne . , -- the uu.. It .).oua wort: .ka uK uut w ~.r u,e masculine eompot>ent in the individual. No. No. ~~~r+.n or rew r..,,ru P.~,.a m me The gradatiotu from the strong mu- n r. . 7rp4 o+^~r+er. so„et.+o.c•~d .rd wbo,t, o« culine component to the very weak Srr"q """'L"` "D"~""`d ribboe ooor and oru c.rbae oooy. SI f6.7 aS 90.4 - 7•7 12.1 f Ly„1, ~ K~ o~ t W ~r ~uw,)rnr ~ rnaseullne eomponent orm a Con- • M~r„~rr „ay~r4lv ei. )2oa .ord, 7Ln .p.a tr.u,lde, uu, o«w.rd sr tinuum. Nevertheless, with the aid of a 2 3•t 7 7.5 ~~ a 8.6 tuvwv.,l.r .uurtal a. .W as by ttK nta.enoes uW no,n standardized Chart, individuals may be . .. . Wi+k r.au.li.r u m~:towy.wtR7 m~: ut~.v.u.e n.,,..ta) re .,. 7~i~. er• readily characterized as having a strong, 2 2.1 7 7.3 w. ru,.I r, a eimr" wt,o." wa1h equal+ r-o ~+• moderate• weak, or very weak mu- -. , Y..y .wk e+vicelu. e,..tioa„u YTM, of t.n) or to ew. 2cotumn tabrr of to ere - w,.w.,ro,u ab,~n M,r r•o~1„r of f.o eultne component. A desenptton of the a . 1.1 _ n,ur„ or r.o ua.r o, o.e or .arh morphological traits indicative of the ~- -- --- - - w Conu s rw.,•• tsr..,r. tu. ts ()+si)l, weakness of the masculine component aw6 and mustrations of the .-arious cate- gories have been pt~lished elstw•bere (l, S)• 'Io practice, the rating of men for strength of the masculine ponent Is relatively simple, and the dKgree of reliability of the ratings }s .my high. 7bis is the same element In tbe mor- bology of th i di 60 100.0 701011 94 100.0 !3 100.0 I . actFlrcE, VOL. t)o I CT R-14 OU t ~' ~~' ~~~~4 .~0 ~~• ~-'~'

_,- • opnized as a feature of the genotype and ' as lcing ostensibly unaffected by cn- v'uotunental oonsidcrations. The fact that we find itsdividuals with weakness of the tnasculine component most beav- ily rcprexcnted in the smoking gtoup. and apccially in the heavier smoking utegory, sugjests that for a specified type of individual amoking may be a reflcction of certain personality and be- bavioral traita which are chuacteristic which smokers and nonsmokcn differ in their susceptibility to disease because of their biological wturc, apart from the element of smoking itaelf (8). CARL C.SELTZER Peabody Museum, Narvard Unlverrfty, Cambridpe, MauachutNrt tt.f.r....r ..d tv..« 1. C. 1,ecA,Aar. t waslrvq J. Dtcffi.oq l. Aa.an..t wwt P.,dbt sa, 2, 347 (t»t). 1 C. w. }l.auti AYw. Ard/++, 1r....t alwl. aa. m (ttns)• - . . . f~. of b,ia biologiul snake-up.•,.,.,•.k ~ {~ : ~ .. ln this coanaaioo, tt la to be note d a--. W&w r«,+. .t,. fR.*•.r+ p.t.. t ~ ~ th,at I~s a previous study the individuaL is•, T at~lw ',er,t H;,.:rt (r.e z v ~ with wtakDesm of the lAaicUL ne Compo• "• t'W Yxk 1 W ). _ , .... .~ . t .. • • . . • • . neot "esLbit a characteristic pattere of _ iC C Sehow• A"• a• Prbs. a,r...r.L a. traits w~hicb form a consistent and Lar-- ~O• t• u tt++s)._ ! • n (1W7); p'. L W.o6,• L Uro.hk C.C a.Mar~ taonious picture" (4). Tbese ku mas ;. ~~ .1 vlu.~ e.rlw+.. (str~ u.t.. euline pessotss teod ta havc an avcrsion v, tr,n. CamsrMre, Aa,a., lfs). •. for strrauous exercise and sports, are s. W, a anaseo.. T.. v..tm., H n...., n', apt to be low in pbysiul Dtnaa for.: 1h.4w (El•r..r. K.~ Y«k tsa). . <. ,• bard mtncuLr work, and are often :. ~t poor in muscular coordination. In tbe 1. Ila auusttul dVL6c..ot troa .11d t..t.w • d"a b eteL r.povt arr hrf..d b ba+.d e ~ - - This observation sugjatcd to us that tberc might be a dose-resporsse relationship which could be defined by quantitative studies. We have found a dirrct correlation betw•een changes In akin bomografts and the aumber of aplenic cslls administcred lntraperitonc- ally before the application of the akio irafL Tbe correlation has a suf5ciently high dettte of stitistical airttificancc to make the prooedtrre descn'bcd below of use In detcrmini.ng the ustigeaic potency of wbole cclh and oellular fxactiorn• -, - 1. Experfnsenral entnsals. Ptvt-strain adult A/Heston (A/He) taak mice (douors) and adult C57BU6 male cnsce (reapsents) obtalned from the Rosooe B. Jackson Laboratories, Bar Hatbor, Me., .vere used in tbese experi- taents 2. Prtparation oJ eellr. Whole spleens (of A/He etioc), freed from fat, were w es++,qva^ .aioe .t eo.pwu., ari longitudinally, and the contents were Tuk K"Y VU OW90med bY sim Tob'O00 1 gently ptrssed and wasbed with Ringer- Iadurcy Ie...arc! Commtnae aad bss.a J ee au, af w t~o.o-f ef Ad~ D...+wmea, et Locke solution through a stainless steel `Y spbere of personality structurc, they ap-1 s• • pear to be tnore sensitive in affect an Id manifest a grcaur degree of insubiliry ietbod tor tbe Stnd o[ traits of sel( eotuciotuness and iuhibi- • Y tioa In the formal intellectual functions Antipenldty of Homolototu Whole counts ~i ~dan a beasocytometcr, n as the ~ s of the autonomic nervous functions. . ts AaNa tn+l ;;; ., ...-..,.. ; They are apt to be kss well t.ntegrated;jsF and more ideational, creative, and tultivs. Tbey are more frequently and asocial and more frequently have•r ~ ' ti. they tr.nd to rank higher in the verbal Spleen Cells In M'rce ::. . . da7ue .nL The first susp io o was sub- t.. functions and possibly lower in the , ~ ,lbmoct. A mctbod for the qnanatative ~~ (with ~nm'~~ solution) to Y. matbernatical or nttmber functions.' ~y ~~~ti~dty of homologous ~ desired e°°aturatioas, and each of •.._ AcxdemicxBy, they most often select mouse whole spleen alk in the system of tbae.vas eounted. •u. the area of aru, letters, and philosophy A/Heuoo (donor) toCS7BL/6 (rrcipient) -- 3. Injectiontclsedule. Six groups of six _ t.. as a college major, and their choice of is dcscribed. The assay is (used upon tLe mice each were injected intnperitoneally 1, career tends to follow these samc lines graded response of skin bomognfu to with whole homologous spleen cells as -. of i.nteresL What is significant here is the numbers of donor cells injersed i.nt»- described above; a seventh, uninjected, e e , tn)ectcd. y • euline oomporxat is for the mos~ pan nttmberof eells :. .. . • i•, :•: r.-r o. ocll >•tupeasiotts were so diluted that all sonaLty aad bebavsoral traits for the n6- responx u knear .ntb ~ doses were 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0S, 1.0, individua)e with weakness of the mu- respect to the log.arithm (base 10) of the and 2 0 X 10' etIls ra v l 73 n tbe faet thu thss eonstellat,on of per• toacaly sn~to tfx ta,p,ent prsor to the Vroup srrved as a negative eontrol. The :iX• not inconsistent with the findings of Y. Billinghasn and Medaw•ar and their injected voluma were 1 0 asL 7 n . • . Heath (2) in his study of the differences coworkers (1, 2) have studied the '? as s,. ~)r between smokers and nonsmokers. 0•• sequence of changes in the skin graft . -• .. 1.i ctatber studies eonfirm the findings implanted upon a bomologous host --;:r:: ardl Y.:i.irr n•• .:, L~. of this report, an important line of' After an iaitial pcriod of aeeeptanee, >~~r investig.ation should be explored wbicL there is a gradual rejection of the graft may bear oo the question of the associ- If a second graft from the same donot; A ~ ~ : ation of smoking with lung cancer and' or fiom a dooor f th b i o e same n red coronary heart disease. In view of the strain, is implanted on the recipient, 3 fact that smoking is found here to be there is an accelerated rejection of the ~ signifieantly more frequent in individ• homo ft 7D'ts b ra en g p omeoon, as tt J~ 2 u~ l tL k . f h l h b s n n wu ess o e mucu t me as een defined t.o tbe experurental eomPooeat, then it would be pertinent animal, is eonsidercd to have an irn- `.' . to determine the differential frequency munologic basis. Accelerated rejectioo •~ of cancer and coronary disease in of a skin graft also occurs if a paren- ~ es acxord,og to tbe atteogth of tbe teral m)ectton o1 wbole splentc eells • masculine component in both smokcrs from the donor or donor strain is sub- and noasmokers. Such data would help stituted for the initial skin graft (2). establish whether differences exist in Billingham, Brent, and Mitctiison (3) dissase incidence between the classes noted that, as the number of injected of individuals within tL:s genotypical whole splenic cells from the donor body-btu'ld complex, and whether the strain of inbred mice was decreased (a element of smoking materially changes decrease which rrpresented a decsease this incidence. Thus, it may be possible in antigenic stimulus), then there was to secure evidence on the extent to amelioration of accelerated rejection. It DECDd)£R 117+ - ita own weight with restrainL Cell I j .,..-,. s.• -. . , a, ' •LS . So SS ~b ..~... tAL.paa N _... Fia. 1. Dose-response retnession of slin homorralu to prior antige-nic stimuli (io- traperitoneally-in)ected homolotous splee n eells, isologous .ritb graft). Experiment+l points for tbe regreuion line, + (in two subsequent experimeots,  and 0); ulcu- lated rerression )ine. A8; eonfidence limits at P - 0.05 for AB, mm', and nn•. The equation for the regression is Y~ 17.18 - Z.g1i. . • . • • . I CTJ:C. 14 01 ~°~ `~r ~~ 1-1 ~••~ c~ 0 3 ~- ~' ~ 1 et.. tt.r.a.a v,.t..,,tv 114"Im sQ.i<c screen (40 to 60 mesh). Cell clumps w•ere very gently dispe7sed into a uni- +::- form suspension by allrwing the loose - plunger of an all-=lasa homogenizer (desaibed by Dounce (I)) to fall under

The tbt pair. of rils suggcst that the wnces, mcludint wcxose, nbooudcase, occun durinf a ttL&uvtly animals belonj to Neopilina (Venw) and insulin. The rneaaurerneou .rere ment (3): rather than to NeopUina ()Veopilina), made to tat the rc.liabaity of the ap- s... , R I Cf _ E t. but the cxact auifnment of the speci- paratus as well as to determine directly mens to one of the two known apecies the molecular weight values. Dtpartmtnr oJ Phyticr, Univt rcmains uncertain. This unceruinty (a For a monodispcrse substance in a oJ Virginia, Cha.lottervillt due to the fact that the specimens are d'tlute solution, the molecular wcifbt - I a , . , . t..(....eu .N rt.y t apparently different in shell sculpture (M) is jiven by the rclation j2 ).~~ , 1J• w. t..,a,, r.«. A,,. Pt,a. see. ut (t~nl• from both Neopilina (NeopUina) tala- „V-T„ • '• ~ i i t - .~ :.. .. AL.ry .ad X. O. tlteae Ltmcbe and Neopllina (Vema) , r 2RT In «*~r+ ..AL. ryht• (O.rore U.t.. ~~"~ T•• ut.,._ 'i'C~1n~ t{. i•., am• . jW r., _, _.; . t. f. M. aio.le rLL. a tltaat , rl.a.a for lU. t....; . e•wfnfl Clarke and Menria (4).>tril --*A 1/ Vl) M"Ies w tau. Project- ~~. .t ~t«tdt r •, wherc N is tL'e rotor speed Ic rcvoit- 'tz "- Dor+.w 1. Roanewrr tiC 8loloty Deoartment. Unlverrlrv o) : t>ions per seoond. T b the tempcattrre, ~. :Y;- ~ Southern Ca1lJornla, Lor .tntelef a and a are tbe tbrrocaaatioci at tLe' .i ~"~ •wi:c.~: • radtal dssuncea n andy, ,~~ !t olors .tir ..er a ~ t te . r ~ .r~..er ..a ww _ s.'~ and /L arc tbe aaivity { -,. `..~. ' ,,~~-.. . . s •. rtsnf; .•. ~pp _d ~ ~ s. 7>K .o er u.1 t„tes,." e,..t .,, arrse, and V is the partial apeci8c vol e• ~ .!, •sn'f' °O .1th asb..b ltaw.e.a H 03 r.. 7le a.~•.' tlo. ..e e«,.~ro. er .o.k rasoe. rot•or speed i: determined th a:i' Absr..n. ;.1•,: n•~+ta.a t.y Int.,. udwpi. Y*. 0.1. .,, ~~pn: of I pan in 10', the tcm ~°1Ontt 167 aduh male fac- a••voon.d b Nattoeat acte« Fe.a,uo. ~ Pa .. Oory waters of Ntapolitac par,caujc but '.r.+.t Ho. 1u» a tc. o. trev..ry a u.. aturc is tneasured to at lKast I part of Anxrican birth or upbriaaitti, the Iean G.a+oo Dsy.ro..e. .r ase v.t.«sto a( _ in 10, and the ndo c,/n is determitxd mea stwooLed dptt5cantly tttsors tlsan the so.,uen t aurornt.. fat ooes. Smotin= vn poaitively corre- ~,; ; i n.u es,.rdtaa u.. .oauoe. .r ae., o.>, to I Pan in 10': The quantities (1 - ~~ serum ~l but wu not a...a e( 1r.d.ut,. art at.a, M a.non t+y - Vd and the activi cod6cients ' are M.eef.. « at. totaer u, /u-tn (193f)L- ) ry aaodated with atorpbob=ical atasculituty. ^c=~t~s' w. ~e u,,, ..t„ et uu measurcd ouuidc the centrifuje and are blood pressure, diet, or coowtapuon of . ~;t. «oC~,t of N...oL." t,y uK se<;~m t~.tuo, the Icut tecisel known of the factori: aloobol. ':- ••;-~ut.J,,l ,~• a,,,~ • t' C~.e. ~t.,.c.~. ~sii~u ~t. .~mw~~t.d f«~' in the uatioa' ~` ~ .. ~ :; e9 ,; ,.. + The detection 'of deux~sinants of iti• ~~t ~ ,r'4p~,,,~ ,c, The wuose was obtained frotn `' tobacao aawkinf would beip in t,tndcr- ' . N _ V aOQA. Wu•t• Nat;ot>sl Bur•au of Standards lot No. aund~ • and 7 x. t~c.c a,.d I: G. wl.am,.d, G.t~ • te.vc. a• s-t2 tt~9). .• •. 5706 .vith the solvent tri 1 distlled possibly preventing dis- ' a,.ar a. A ssun.d awar of nW ta.n tK.t~r, b i." P Y eases associated with artwkinf, notabty ~ np«t t. r, .r.w..uo, w, u, water. The eoncentration was daet: lung atscer, emphytcraa, chronic bron- .oowskto oo•aatoe, aad uK ta.na ..w_ mined .:itb a microbtlance The specitx '~ti:, and catdiovasatlar discue. The `~'d ~ u" "O"O0t'O°°"OftO' "t~ '~` rcfractive increment_was~~meysured 'm- t.~. se,t .,.ee ~t«.,attoo .m au eor • acarcb for oonstitutional correlates of ,,.d,,,,,,di-4 a uk ,roi." at 0- .~ this labontory and is in asreemeat ' srookin .«..t a- .,• .,,a .tu, uK t.ove wt uK Y is beint cooducted chiefly ~, „m a„y„ e t, ~,~, c,~ , with the value obtained by interference :' . '~I'. . along PfYchobfica1 lines (1). A few ao waA s9tt' methods. CbromatofraphiciIly pure investigators (2-4) have reported asso- O1:' aysulline bovine n•bonuclease was ob~ pations of smoking habiu.rith physique ' t'ained from the Sigma t 2temiul Com- • and blood pr•esstue, but at borderline pany. The solvent used was a solution kvch of sifnifiunce oc with incoo- z' Molec•alar Weight Detertninatiotu of 0.1M NaCI, 0.035M K,1-1POti and" sistent direction. . .-~. y. O.OJ•6M KH,PO., havmf a pH of 7•7.: . Since the use of tobaoo ~may vary t pcodcdr~eQuil;britmta ultraanvti(uee) wzs- A quantity of crystallitx zixx insulin from one cultural group to another, tt . used to determine the molecular wciaht of ~y is desirable to study subjects with a: a,crou, n'bonuclcax, and irnulia Both .and Dohme Research Lbontories. The common culture If in additio th e ' q ., /~oe~• a~.b~ olumn ultrau .ufuae c. Its , aolvo`eet was 0.1M" KH:Pf3a and 0 J003311f subjects have timlar biological back- ; -- ~-: trounos ana tnus eonsutute a relatively - .,. Proc'ssiatt, but required a boter time for , -rypiul ruulu obtained are listed ' equilibtium to oocur, bomofeneous group, any asxociationa : Tab1e 1. It should be noted that Feater, found betwecn smoking and other per- t ' The Rearns type maLneticallY sup- accuracy is obtained with the loofC aonal ehana ' t k t dd d erts a ta on a e e ~' poned equilibrium ultracentrifufc (1),- cells, but more time is required to meanint '' has been used to determine the molec- . reach equilibrium. Consequently: ehort~ Such a group bas been tusdet invati• ;:3 paion since 1956 (S), In 1958 it .4Qk (R;- comprised 167 male factory'worken Tat>k I. Trpical rnult, of rtwiacular.•tiaht dctcrminatioru. M. iu ttx formuta siaht; Nr,,, obscrr.d whose ents wuY born within 75 t.wi.c,tar.ciot; r, time requir.d for the e.periment, in boun; L, knath ofthe ultraocntrffuae octl miles of NaIa Ital of the mtn r, k' mtll:^+aen; c, eonocntnt»n, in a/100 ml; and N, freQurncy of the rotor, !n .ev/.et. . •• P Y~ t.`.: 'n.... t,- t ~ N 1J. ' K A' (I - VA •trJV c. . . . . . . . . • S themselves, 151 were born and raised near Boston, Mass., and the other 16 V` ~, t ~ rc.ex I••• • • neir Napia- Seven of the Italian-born 2.990 J96.9, 342 ) . 341.9 - o.sa` o.s7et men had been brou ht 4 J, 2.911 262.10 u~ 3a2.) '.. 3u.3 ~ 1.40 •' J762 f to the United c .u IUb l. n . o~., , . . States before the age of 10, and nine 61 ' a 0.2t1 111.00 • 13.0143 1),630 - 2-3 14 .. J. .211 „ . 2)3.96 lJ,66) -'• I),6% - St+ .3016 3016 men had come to this oountry when " they were 10 or older. Of 300 males 35 ' 5 •1s2 J06.02 ,. ... .,:. .... '- , 11.427 - 31 12 ) r• )63 s; 26s.u ~ ~ 1t,st7 ~.6 ~ employed in a single factory (6) who met the criteria of are (20 to 59 yr), f • AUGUf7 tfdt 339 ~ . . `_~~C~~)l~Ce I 1;l F,1402 ' h d__ :'~-

0 , tscr.al ooctr.c:ent ofoonct,loon Non- t value smokers Cnaractcralic (x') Non• u+d ti{hI amotcn smokers K*+us `vnus smotcn• ka~r - . ' -- aeotmt s; u;.c trn.ecq =•.to -.05 -2s both on aad off the job. The anthro- for a,ctivity, iinspection of the con- ss„rrn dwrKUrot .to •• JZ •is . poawaic obaervations Included data of ttistgeocy tabk ahoxed no crgrasioo of y <r e;-A;,ct,,,,dtt,/'l• •"P'- aevcral kinds descriptive of body forta a+ctivfty oc smokint--that is, smokcrs 1) Standard dimensions [beitht, o( aD =rades dsd very sfm(1ar activtty ` ratios derived from them (b,eitht/etrbe tstot+e t,Lan those of average activity-+, Ecsoe+orvhy ros -is ss•, Wsi& At -.23 1-» ~• toot of weight). biactomill breadth/ fladiat wLich refiects a curvilinear tr• : Hcishr/(cvbc rooc 0( ,,.c*ht). ,pt ~.. r. beight, bi-tTsac breadth/beight, and bia-• igreuloo of saroking on activity. ~ Eedonwrphy - .01 -.21 --2s •, etomial plus bi-Uiac brcadth/beightJ,•:' For ehatacteristiea aasociated with tctfecting kanneu-stockinea and linar- '' smoking at or below the 10-percent ••)'~aateralirY of but'ld. •.' - probab7ity lcvel, Table I presents bi- - -. - . . sr,wa..r .,en f« aA ..7,.- r en+ww. 4. eD. e.ta • -• 2) Data on the thickness of skin- serial eoefficients of correlation ~ n ' •` "•`r jO `u: folds in the arm (triceps)' and back puted in two ways: (i) by ~P t t-- :.i ....r. :o ,-r•-,r .. (supular) axu, which musure subcu- taonsmokers with all rrtaken and (`) . Neapoliun parenuge, and American " taneous latti~,_~~ by eomparing nonsmokers plus light _: r: birth or trpbringing, 213 had voluo- """ 3) Data on eotnatotype,•comprising smokers (grades 0, 1, and 2) with '• teued for a long-range study of eoro- ph~raphically based ratings of eadoo- beavier smokers (grades 3 and 4). The ' - nary bean diseasc. Thirteen ww~e iuorpby (fat), snesomorphy (bone and lattu comparison afforded Senerally eliminated from the study in 1956 for muscle), and euorrwrphy (linearity); bighcr aoelficients. :~ •&_ • various technical reasons. Thirtythroe.• dysplasia (a musure of lact of ootTrc- The results show a ooasistent and • more dropped out between 1956 and - spondence among 6ve body regions ia sutistieally signi6unt tendeney--though 1958: 17 declined to participate further, napeet to the three (oregoing sornato- not a particularly close one, certainly ,` 13 were tso loo er em lo ed b the t P Y Y type components); and tyaaadromorphy not dose enough to serve as a basis of firm. 2 were s71, and I bad died. While "(a rating of morphological rrtasculinity). prediction for individuals-for kan " nothing is knwrn about those who did;. Another index developed in an attempt men to smoke more thin stout or fat not volunteer initially, it is known that ' to g;rade morphological masculinity is (but not muscular) men. This associa- the 33 me•a dropped bct.veen 1956 and Taanet's "index of androgyny" (11) (3 tion. disclosed by all three anthro- 1958 did not differ in smoking habits times the biacromial breadth minus the pometric techniques, was not the result r (p < .70) from the 167 who remained bi-iliac bradth)..' '' . of ditierent dicts, insofar as can be in the study: 11 men aged 20 to 29 yr,`; By the ehi-square test, the following judged from the dietary oonuituents 63 aged 30 to 39, 77 aged 40 to 49, factors siwwed no significant association considered here, since smoking and and 16 aged 50 to 59. with smoking (p > .10): birthplaee; caloric intake-toul caloric inuke as Smokiog was graded in 6ve ute= age; height; biacromial brcadth; bia- well as inuke of eamponent foods- ~o. gories: 0, if the subject was not eur-• eromial breadth/height; bi-ili.c breadth/ w•ere independent of each other. Ab- ~~ rently smoking and bad never becn a height; biauomial plus bi-tliac breadtb/ senoe of the eornmonly observed in- "' regular smoker; 1, rare or occasional height; 3 times the biacromiat bradth' erease in smoking with age probably =~ smoking (for example, one to two minus the bi-iliac breadth; triceps skin- refleus the concentration of agcs in the " eitan or pipes a day or one to 6ve • foid; triceps plus subt•capular skinfolds: • 30's and 40's. The present findings con- l' cigarettes a week, but no combination tnesomorphy; gynandromorphy; dys- firm previous reports (2. 4. 13) of % of these) 2, regular smoking, less than plasia; systolic and diastolic blood pres- slightly digher serum cholesterol among 1 20 cigarettes or five cigars or pipes a sure; daily caloric intake: and per- smokers: the 30 nonsmokers had a ' ri - day; 3, 20 to 30 cigarettes or 6 to 10 eentagcs of daily calories contributed by eholesterol kvel of 212 = 8.8 mg. (S.E.) . "_s eigars or pipu a day; and 4, more than t.ocal (at, saturated fatty acid:, poly per 100 ml of setum: the 137 smokers, this. The 12 men who bad stopped unsaturated fatty acids, protein, e•arbo- . a level of 237 = 3.7 mg (S.E.) smoking were arbitnrly placed in grade hydrate, and alcohol. Srnoking wa><" (p < 0.01). Contrary to findings previ- 2. TMre were 30 nonsmokers ( I 8 per- associated at the 10-percent probability ' ously reported, smokers in this series cent); of the 137 smokers, 8 smoked kvel with bi-iliac brcadtb and serum were uo less masculrne in PhYsique (j). cigars only, 3 smoked pipes only, I cholesterol; at the S-ptrcent level, with were no more active (4, 14) and eon- smokcd eigan and pipes, I smoked bi-iliac brudth/biacromial breadth, sub- sumed no morc• atcohol (14) than non- cigars and cigarettes, and 124 smoked scapular skinfold, ectomorphy, and smokers (1S). -' cigarettes only. Grade I contained 9 physical activity; and at the 1-percent ` .•^ At.raERT Dat•tor+ men; grade 2, 35; grade 3, 78; and level with weight, height/(eube root of ArMrrmrnr of EpidemioloFy, • gTade 4. 15. weight), endomorphy, and somatotype H d School oJ Public Heolrh, Standard techniques were followed group. ro~ Jgcy~3ll~ ^ -. .111 ~ ~,~t {CIEHCE: O1,y13~ ~` ~1 i % ~ !.~ „~e' .rvn. d.1~+a.1 .r..os te' u.4,n irtg (d), and for scrurn cDo4rsurol (9) ai.ocrat,ons bdow the 10puccnr prna An,e.,c.n r.c.ory wrtcrs- and blood pressure daaminations.•Die ability kvel were dcur.nined by corn- • txadcA AS A4 -.2d wcight, and biacromial (shoulder) and kvnls.' Oo the other hand, the nsost -? atinrotd AS -.1i -•.1e bi-ilisc (hip) brcadths) and oestiain active and the least active men smoked Ury dau w•ere obtained through a 45- pvting biscrial coefficients of correlation minute lntervira. i moddxd Burkc diet (12). cxcept for aomatntype trouP and history (10), and a deutlod question- aaivity, which are rrot artxnable to tuire 111111 ed out by w•hoever prepared such s+Latistiul trutmcnt. Somatotype tbe subject's food at bornc. Activity group oonsisu of 13 combinations of was grsded, by a physiciun, In dvc aomatocyPes grouped by component p,t,etoria based on estimated.ezertion domiaanuc, primary and sooooda.ry. As . I CTR•i403 C ' ~I ~R 11 ~`~~ C.~0 ~~• 2E:i