Council for Tobacco Research
Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
Abstract
MAR
Fields
- Depository Date
- 25 Sep 1995
- Master ID
- Ctrmn00000667-6967
- CTRMN000667-0808 Deposition of Robert F. Gertenbach [Deposition of Gertenbach in the Matter of Rogers]
- CTRMN000809-0827 Certificate of Incorporation of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Under Section 402 of the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law [Details Definitions and Purposes for Forming A Not-for-Profit Corporation]
- CTRMN000828-0848 by-Laws of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. [Rules and Regulations for the Operation of the Council]
- CTRMN000849-0854 Application for Research Grant [A Blank Funding Request Form for Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN000855-0856 Statement of Policy Containing Conditions and Terms Under Which Project Grants Are Made [Stipulations for Receiving A Funding Award]
- CTRMN000857-0859 [Suggestions and Guidelines for Submitting A Request for A Grant]
- CTRMN000860-0871 [Transmittal of Information for Securing A Research Grant]
- CTRMN000872-0882 [A Blank Funding Request Form for Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN000883-0892 Closing Dates for Application of Renewal Grants Requirements: (1) Progress Report and (2) Abstract of Progress Report [Procedural Information for Applying for Continued Funding for Scientific Project]
- CTRMN000893-1031 Published Reports on Research Supported in Whole or in Part by the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. Formerly the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [List of Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN001032-1045 1956 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001046-1094 1957 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001095-1127 1958 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001128-1163 1959 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001164-1201 1960 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001202-1239 1961 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001240-1269 1962 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001270-1306 Annual Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001307-1346 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001347-1387 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001388-1429 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001430-1485 Annual Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001486-1529 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN001530-1578 Annual Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001579-1632 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001682-1727 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001728-1771 1975 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001772-1816 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001817-1860 1977 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001861-1913 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001914-1967 1979 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN001968-2025 1980 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN002026-2088 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN002089-2148 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN002149-2223 Report of the Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. [St]
- CTRMN002224-2942 Application for Research Grant An Investigation of the Spectral and Chromatographic Characteristics of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. [Study on High Temperature Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography]
- CTRMN002943-3303 [Regarding Polio and Tuberculosis As Predisposing Factor in Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN003304-3322 Tobacco-Health Research Program [Display Case Showing Main Areas of Investigation]
- CTRMN003323-3326 Statement of Policy Containing Conditions and Terms Under Which Project Grants Are Made [Rules for Approval of Grants Relating to Tobacco Use and Human Health]
- CTRMN003327-3337 A Brief Review of the Smoking-Lung Cancer Theory [Concerning Problems of Cigarette Lung Cancer Causation and Why They Have No Been Solved]
- CTRMN003338-3357 A Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy [Views of Cancer Experts on Causes of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN003358-3365 Some Information About... The Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc. ...and Its Research Program [Informs About the Purpose and Function of Organization's Research Program]
- CTRMN003366-3374 the Research Program of the Scientific Advisory Board to the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. [Informs the Purposes, Policies, and the Research Program of the Board]
- CTRMN003375-3419 the Cancer-Smoking Controversy [Regards the Fallacious Conclusions of Cigarette Smoking Causing Lung Cancer From A Mathematical and Scientific Point of View]
- CTRMN003420-3425 Some Harvard Men & the Smoking Habit [Give Results of Questionnaire Relating to Biological Factors of Tobacco Smoking]
- CTRMN003426-3431 the Pathologic Anatomy of the Bronchial Tree and Lungs Reprinted From the Archives of Pathology Vol. 70 [St Finds of Equivocal Results with the Use of Tobacco]
- CTRMN003432-3437 Some Statistical Observations on A Co-Operative Study of Human Pulmonary Pathology Reprinted From the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 43 No. 12 [St Examines Systematically the Conditions at Autopsy in the Bronchial Mucosae of Random Cases]
- CTRMN003438-3442 Some Statistical Observations on A Cooperative Study of Human Pulmonary Pathology, II [Results Show Pathological Lungs in Different Cities Are Acutally Different]
- CTRMN003443-3447 Some Statistical Observations on A Cooperative Study of Human Pulmonary Pathology. II [Study Comparing Pathological Conditions in 8 Different Cities Shows That Conditions Are All Different]
- CTRMN003448-3456 Some Statistical Observations on A Cooperative Study of Human Pulmonary Pathology [Systematic Examinations of the Conditions at Autopsy in the Bronchial Mucosae of Run-of-the-Mill Cases]
- CTRMN003457-3464 Some Statistical Observations on A Cooperative Study of Human Pulmonary Pathology III [When Probability Is Doubtful the Use of Variable Tables to Calculate Results Is the Best Way to Make A Precise and Accurate Answer for Sufficient Range of Pathological Conditions]
- CTRMN003465-3476 Differences Between Smokers and Nonsmokers [Differences Between Smokers and Nonsmokers Have to Do with Personality Traits and Physiologic Criteria]
- CTRMN003477-3485 the Psychology of Smoking [Smoking Is Determined by Certain Personality Variables and Personal Needs]
- CTRMN003486-3490 the Tobacco and Health Research Program of the Scientific Advisory Board [Regarding Information the Tobacco Industry Research Committee Do for the Research Program]
- CTRMN003491-3558 Tobacco Consumption in Various Countries [Results of Cigarette and Cigar Smokers From Different Countries]
- CTRMN003559-3560 Statement of Policy Containing Conditions and Terms Under Which Project Grants Are Made [Guidelines for Which Grants Are Approved]
- CTRMN003561-3780 Tobacco Smoking in the United States in Relation to Income Marketing Research Report No. 189 [A Report Compiled by the Bureau of the Census for the United States Public Health Service on Smoking Characteristics in Relation to Income, Age, Region, Urban-Rural Residence and Occupation.]
- CTRMN003781-3781 Operating Results 1982 and Budget 1983 [Record of Expenditures]
- CTRMN003782-3782 Operating Results for Ten-Months Ended 10/31 Budget 11/1/83 Through 10/31/84 [Record of Expenditures]
- CTRMN003783-3783 Actual Operating Fiscal Year 1984 and Budget Fiscal Year 1985 [Record of Expenditures]
- CTRMN003784-3787 Confidential Report on Meeting January 18, 1954 Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) [St]
- CTRMN003788-3797 Confidential Report on Meeting March 15, 1954 Tobacco Industry Research Committee [St]
- CTRMN003798-3800 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting [St]
- CTRMN003801-3815 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting [St]
- CTRMN003816-3835 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting [St]
- CTRMN003836-3852 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting November 3, 1955 [St]
- CTRMN003853-3869 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting February 14, 1956 [St]
- CTRMN003870-3895 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting October 9, 1956 [St]
- CTRMN003896-3907 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting May 9, 1957 [St]
- CTRMN003908-3923 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting November 8, 1957 [St]
- CTRMN003924-3931 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting May 8 1958 [St]
- CTRMN003932-3939 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting November 6, 1958 [St]
- CTRMN003940-3945 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting [St]
- CTRMN003946-3956 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting December 10, 1959 [St]
- CTRMN003957-3969 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting November 15, 1960 [St]
- CTRMN003970-3982 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting October 18, 1961 [St]
- CTRMN003983-3991 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting [St]
- CTRMN003992-4002 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Meeting November 15, 1962 [St]
- CTRMN004003-4006 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. March 5, 1964 [St]
- CTRMN004007-4014 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. June 8, 1965 [St]
- CTRMN004015-4020 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. January 27, 1967 [St]
- CTRMN004021-4026 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. January 24, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004027-4034 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. January 31, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004035-4041 Minutes of the First Meeting of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004042-4048 Minutes of the Second Meeting of the Board of Directors January 29, 1971 [St]
- CTRMN004049-4052 Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors June 24, 1971 [St]
- CTRMN004053-4057 Minutes of of the Board of Directors January 28, 1972 [St]
- CTRMN004058-4061 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors November 10, 1972 [St]
- CTRMN004062-4066 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors January 26, 1973 [St]
- CTRMN004067-4070 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors July 26, 1973 [St]
- CTRMN004071-4076 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors February 1, 1974 [St]
- CTRMN004077-4081 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors June 13, 1974 [St]
- CTRMN004082-4086 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors December 5, 1974 [St]
- CTRMN004087-4091 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors January 31, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004092-4095 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors July 24, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004096-4141 Retirement Plan for Employees of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Amended and Restated As of July 1, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004142-4147 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors December 10, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004148-4153 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors January 30, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004154-4157 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors September 9, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004158-4161 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors January 28 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004162-4166 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors April 21 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004167-4167 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors August 17, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004168-4172 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors January 29, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004173-4176 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors February 1, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004177-4178 Minutes of the Board of Directors Executive Committee Meeting New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004179-4184 Minutes of the Meeting of the Directors January 30, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004185-4189 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors June 25, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004190-4192 Minutes of A Meeting of Certain Members of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004193-4198 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004199-4205 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004206-4209 Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004210-4213 Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors [St]
- CTRMN004214-4217 Confidential Report of Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004218-4221 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004222-4226 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004227-4232 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004233-4236 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004237-4240 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004241-4246 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004247-4251 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004252-4256 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004257-4266 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004267-4283 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004284-4287 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004288-4292 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004293-4297 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004298-4303 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004304-4310 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004311-4316 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004317-4319 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004320-4323 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004324-4330 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004331-4335 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004336-4339 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004340-4344 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004345-4348 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004349-4353 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004354-4357 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004358-4366 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004367-4370 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004371-4376 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004377-4390 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004391-4395 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004396-4400 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004401-4404 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004405-4409 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004410-4413 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004414-4416 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004417-4420 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004421-4426 Confidential Report Scientific Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004427-4430 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004431-4433 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004434-4436 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004437-4439 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004440-4443 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004444-4446 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004447-4450 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004451-4454 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004455-4459 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004460-4463 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004464-4467 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004468-4472 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004473-4475 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004476-4480 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004481-4484 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004485-4492 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004493-4497 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting September 23-24, 1967 [St]
- CTRMN004498-4501 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting December 9-10, 1967 [St]
- CTRMN004502-4505 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004506-4510 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting La Jolla, California March 2-3-4, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004511-4516 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York New York May 25-26, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004517-4522 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 14-15, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004523-4526 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York December 8-9, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004527-4531 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York March 22-23, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004532-4538 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York May 16-18, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004539-4544 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 12-14, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004545-4549 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York December 12-14, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004550-4555 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Colorado Springs, Colorado March 20-22, 1970 [St]
- CTRMN004556-4560 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004561-4569 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, N.Y. September 18-19-20, 1970 [St]
- CTRMN004570-4578 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Chicago, Illinois January 15,16, 1971 [St]
- CTRMN004579-4585 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, N.Y. May 7-8-9, 1971 [St]
- CTRMN004586-4593 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, N.Y. September 24-25-26, 1971 [St]
- CTRMN004594-4598 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, N.Y. [St]
- CTRMN004599-4604 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Palm Springs, California March 24-25-26, 1972 [St]
- CTRMN004605-4609 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York June 9-11, 1972 [St]
- CTRMN004610-4614 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 15-17, 1972 [St]
- CTRMN004615-4623 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York March 14-15-16, 1973 [St]
- CTRMN004624-4626 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board June 13, 1973 New York, N.Y. [St]
- CTRMN004627-4634 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 10-11-12, 1973 [St]
- CTRMN004635-4643 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board December 4, 1973 New York, N.Y. [St]
- CTRMN004644-4654 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 30-31 November 1, 1974 [St]
- CTRMN004655-4656 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board December 13, 1974 New York, N.Y. [St]
- CTRMN004657-4664 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Santa Barbara, California March 26-27-28, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004665-4672 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 10-11-12, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004673-4675 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 13, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004676-4683 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Santa Barbara, California March 17-18-19, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004684-4686 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 11, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004687-4694 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 28-29-30, 1976 October 1, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004695-4697 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Bethesda, Maryland December 1, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004698-4706 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Tuscon, Arizona March 23-25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004707-4708 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Tuscon, Arizona March 25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004709-4710 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York May 19, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004711-4719 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 26-28, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004720-4723 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Phoenix, Arizona January 16-17, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004724-4724 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board Committee Phoenix, Arizona January 17, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004725-4734 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 26-27-28, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004735-4735 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Executive Committee New York, New York April 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004736-4737 Confidential Report Meeting for the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York July 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004736A-4736A Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York July 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004738-4747 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 18-19-20, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004748-4750 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 20, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004751-4759 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 11-12-13, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004760-4769 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 17-18-19, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004770-4770 Confidential Meeting of the Report Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 18, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004771-4780 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Meeting New York, New York Aprill 9-10-11, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004781-4781 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York June 20, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004782-4783 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 16, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004784-4792 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 8-9-10, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004793-4794 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 9, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004795-4804 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 8-9-10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004805-4805 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 8, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004806-4806 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004807-4816 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 14-15-16, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004817-4818 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 15, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004819-4820 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 9, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004821-4831 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 21, 22, 23, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004832-4833 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 21, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004834-4843 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 6,7,8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004844-4844 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004845-4845 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Scottsdale, Arizona February 24, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004846-4857 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 20, 21, 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004858-4858 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004859-4859 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 6, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004860-4871 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 12, 13, 14, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004872-4882 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York March 28, 29, 30, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004883-4883 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York March 29, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004884-4895 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting September 19, 20, 21, 1984 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004896-4896 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 20, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004897-4897 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Palm Beach, Florida February 25, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004898-4898 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004899-4910 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004911-4911 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004912-4923 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004924-4927 for Release: A.M.'s Wednesday, April 14, 1954 ["Reaction to the Compendium "A Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy""]
- CTRMN004928-4929 for Release: A.M.'s Tuesday, April 27, 1954 [Scientific Advisory Board Organized Early to Begin Research Into All Phases of Tobacco Use and Health for the Year]
- CTRMN004930-4931 for Release in A.M.'s of Tuesday, May 18, 1954 [Proposals Submitted for Cancer Research Projects for Consideration by Scientific Advisory Board]
- CTRMN004932-4933 for Release After 10:30 A.M., June 15, 1954 [Appointment of Dr. Clarence Cook Little Announced by the Tobacco Research Industry Committee]
- CTRMN004934-4937 for Immediate Release [American Cancer Society Survey Conveys the Need to Further Research to Discover Cause of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN004938-4939 for Release in Am's of Tuesday, July 20, 1954 [Edwin B. Wilson of Harvard University Became A Member of Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004940-4942 for Release: A.M.'s of Wednesday, July 28, 1954 Little Announces Research Policy of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Three Main Areas to Be Covered by Research Program Announced]
- CTRMN004943-4944 for Release in A.M.'s Thursday, August 19, 1954 [Dr. Julius H. Comroe of University of Pennsylvania, Accepted Membership on Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004945-4945 for Immediate Release (Monday, October 11, 1954) Dr. Little Gives TIRC View [Little States That No Convincing Evidence Has Yet Been Found to Prove That Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN004946-4946 for Immediate Release (Tuesday, October 12, 1954) [Timothy V. Hartnet, Chairman of Board, Stated That Public Should Be Reminded That No Lung Cancer Causing Agent Has Yet Been Identified in Tobacco]
- CTRMN004947-4947 for Release: Wednesday, October 20, 1954 Hartnett Approves Care in Research [Committee to Be Sure That Reliable Evidence Is Available Before Announcing Important Conclusions to the Public About Smoking]
- CTRMN004948-4948 for Immediate Release (Thursday, October 21, 1954) Hartnett Comments on Cigarette Paper Burning [Timothy V. Hartnett Comments That A Cancer Causing Compound on Skin of Mice Has Been Produced by Burning Cigarette Paper Under Certain Lab Conditions]
- CTRMN004949-4952 for Release: A.M.'s, Monday, November 8, 1954 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Announces Initial Grants [Six Scientific Research Grants Totalling Over $82,000 Made Public]
- CTRMN004953-4954 for Release in A.M.'s, Monday, December 6, 1954 Scientific Associate Named by Tobacco Research Group [Robert C. Hockett Appointed As Scientific Director of TIRC to Help Develop Research Into Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN004955-4956 for Immediate Release Cross-Country Lung Study Planned by Tobacco Group [Group of Pathologists Plan A Cooperative Study to Increase Knowledge of Lung Ailments]
- CTRMN004957-4959 for Release in Year-End Editions But Not Before December 27, 1954 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [TIRC Will Approve A Quarter of A Million Dollars for Research Into Public Health Problems by the End of 1954]
- CTRMN004960-4963 for Release: Monday A.M.'s, January 17, 1955 Tobacco Industry's New Research Grants Send Total to More Than $300,000 [New Research Grants Announced by TIRC to Relate to Both Human and Animal Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN004964-4966 for Release in A.M.'s of Friday, April 8, 1955 Tobacco Industry Group Votes Medical Research Fellowships [TIRC Announced Fellowship Program to Create Interest in Research Among Medical School Students]
- CTRMN004967-4969 Release Tuesday, May 17, 1955 and Thereafter Tobacco and Health Studies Cover Wide Range of Research [Although No Scientific Proof That Cigarettes or Air Pollution Cause Lung Cancer, Progress Is Being Made to Learn More About Tobacco Use and Health by the TIRC]
- CTRMN004970-4972 Tobacco Research Grants Increased to 490,000 Mark [Research Grants Are Created So Science Can Provide An Answer to Public Health Problems]
- CTRMN004973-4973 Hartnett Comments on Auerbach Paper [Many Studies on Human Lung Tissue, Not Enough Data Available to Draw A Conclusion Yet]
- CTRMN004974-4975 Anti-Smoking Theories Not Based on Complete Scientific Knowledge [Scientific Investigation Into What the Real Effects Are From Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN004976-4977 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Research Intensified in Past Year, No Proof That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004978-4980 Doctor's Survey Termed 'biased, 'says Hartnett [Questionnaire Would Give No Concrete Conclusions About Tobacco Causing Cancer]
- CTRMN004981-4982 Hartnett Alerts Burley Men to Challenge Tobacco Attacks [Doctors Are Expressing Their Doubts About Statements Already Made; Tobacco Effects]
- CTRMN004983-4984 Bright Belt Warehouse Men Told Facts Challenge Critics [Still Looking for Proof That Tobacco Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004985-4986 Tobacco Spokesman Says Facts and Position Are Unchanged [Various Experiments with Animals Showed That Cancer Was Not the Outcome From Tobacco Smoke]
- CTRMN004987-4987 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Methods Used for Cancer Research Still Do Not Give Enough Information]
- CTRMN004988-4990 British Tobacco Experiments Unable to Induce Cancers [Still No Connection, Tests Will Continue]
- CTRMN004991-4993 Tobacco Research Grants Now Over 838,000 Mark [Tobacco Research Is Getting More Support From Doctors, Scientists, and Educators]
- CTRMN004994-4996 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Summary of the Past Years' Events in Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN004997-4999 Tobacco Research Fund Raised to 1,500,000 [Finding New Ways to Break Down Tobacco]
- CTRMN005000-5001 Tobacco Industry Group Renews Medical Research Fellowships [More Medical Students Are Receiving Fellowships Than Last Year]
- CTRMN005002-5003 Hartnett Statement on Cancer Meeting Reports [There Is Still Much Research to Be Done Before Tobacco Is Linked to Cancer]
- CTRMN005004-5005 [Pathologists From Around the Country Have Studied Human Lung Tissues Over the Past Year]
- CTRMN005006-5006 [Smoking Patterns Do Not Explain Differences in Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005007-5008 Hartnett Cites British Tobacco Tests Failing to Produce Animal Cancer [the Search for Cancer Must Be Broadened and Intensified]
- CTRMN005009-5010 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Claims [Although Many Believe Smoking Causes Cancer, Scientists Still Have Not Found Any Prof]
- CTRMN005011-5011 [Present Knowledge Doesn't Hint A Relationship Between Smoking and Heart Problems]
- CTRMN005012-5016 Hartnett Comments on Cancer Society Booklet [Pamphlet Omits Some Important Research Results]
- CTRMN005017-5018 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Research Committee Needs More Scientific Investigation]
- CTRMN005019-5025 Tobacco Research Funds Reach 2.2 Million Mark [Over 60 Independent Scientists Throughout the Country Are Working in Institutions to Further the Research of Cancer and Tobacco Use, They Are Listed]
- CTRMN005026-5027 Hartnett Comments on French Report [French Are Reporting Rapid Cancer Formation in Mice, Hartnett Feels It Can't Be Judged on the Basis of New Reports Without Longer Consideration and Careful Analysis]
- CTRMN005028-5030 Harnett Cites Points for Clarification in Tobacco Health Study [Smoking Study Reached the Public's Attention Before It Was Reviewed and Before the Facts Were Made Crystal Clear]
- CTRMN005031-5032 Hartnett Comments on Wynder News Stories [News Story Claims That Assumptions Have Been Made About Mouse Skin Painting Experiments]
- CTRMN005033-5037 Statement on Smoking and Health Studies [Scientists Are Developing A Program for Different Phases of Tobacco Use and Health, Members Listed]
- CTRMN005038-5045 Hartnett Says Statistics Do Not Establish Causes [Studies Are Open to Assumptions and Certain Selection of Subjects]
- CTRMN005046-5048 Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory [the Surgeon General Believes the Studies Are Missing Essential Facts That Should Be Acknowledged]
- CTRMN005049-5050 Scientist Comments on Benzpyrene Report [Benzpyrane in Tobacco Smoke, Under Investigation for Years Caused Cancer in Lab Animals But Not Humans]
- CTRMN005051-5055 "Cancer Researcher Challenges "Cause and Effect" Charges Against Smoking" [It's Difficult to Have A Cause and Effect Relationship When Dealing with Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005056-5056 [Atlantic Monthly Gives A Misleading Picture of Dr. Little and His Public Position]
- CTRMN005057-5058 Tobacco Committee Chairman Comments on Cancer Society Talk [Many Unresolved Questions About Tobacco Causing Cancer Don't Stop Researching]
- CTRMN005059-5061 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Most Tend to Believe the Anti-Cigarette Theory But It Shouldn't Be Confused with the Facts There's Still Not Enough Facts to Prove That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN005062-5062 Hartnett Says Leaflet Admits Differing Opinions on Smoking [Leaflet Tells How Scientists Disagree on Evidence]
- CTRMN005063-5066 Research Program Throws Doubts on Smoking Charges [Incorrect Claims and Harmful Effects From Tobacco]
- CTRMN005067-5069 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [More and More Scientists Had Doubts and Disbeliefs in the Charges Against Smoking As A Cause of Cancer]
- CTRMN005070-5071 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Scientists Say Smoking Has Been Proved Guilty When Linked with Human Health Problems]
- CTRMN005072-5072 Pamphlet Merely Review, Dr. Little Says [Opinions Is All the Author Gives in His Pamphlet Scientists Are Still Disputing]
- CTRMN005073-5076 TIRC Fund for Research Boosted to $2,700,000 [Grants for Independent Scientists Interested in Studying Problems of Cancer and Heart Disease When Related to Smoking]
- CTRMN005077-5080 [New Knowledge on Smoking and Health Questions]
- CTRMN005081-5081 [Veterans Study of Smoking Habits]
- CTRMN005082-5082 [Report on How There Was Existing Research Evidence and How It Was Ignored]
- CTRMN005083-5085 [Regarding Anti-Tobacco Movement]
- CTRMN005086-5086 [Benzpyrene in Cigarette Smoke]
- CTRMN005087-5088 [Experimental Evidence Is Weak]
- CTRMN005089-5089 Hartnett Says Article on Arsenic Goes Beyond Facts [Farmers Use of Insecticides with Arsenicals on Growing Tobacco Has Steadily Been Declining]
- CTRMN005090-5091 [Scientists Who Produce Conflicting Results Are Being Ignored by the Health Department]
- CTRMN005092-5094 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Even More Grants Have Been Made Available More Factors Have Been Associated with Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005095-5100 Tobacco Industry Group Announces Research Grants [Grant Increases to $3,200,000 List of Grants Announced]
- CTRMN005101-5103 Tobacco-Health Research Described in 1958 Report [the Report Talked About Experiments That Were Unable to Produce Cancer and the Cause and Effect Theory]
- CTRMN005104-5104 [Report Shows That Other Factors Besides Smoking Have Been Causing Lung Cancer, But Scientists Do Not Dismiss the Fact That Lung Cancer Is Possibility From Smoking]
- CTRMN005105-5105 [Anti-Smoking Campaign Is Thought to Be A One-Sided Propaganda Effort]
- CTRMN005106-5106 [Questions Arise From on-Sided Study]
- CTRMN005107-5111 Cancer Scientist's Comments on Smoking-Lung Cancer Review [Evidence on Smoking and Lung Cancer Is Accumulating, Among Other Contributing Factors]
- CTRMN005112-5117 [Comments Relating to Observation on Various Studies]
- CTRMN005118-5122 Research Grants Announced by Tobacco Industry Group [$500,000 Was Added to Research Funds, A List of Recipients with the New Grants Is Mentioned]
- CTRMN005123-5127 Research Supported by Tobacco Committee Discussed in Scientific Director's Report [It Seems That Finding An Answer to Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Are Too Complicated]
- CTRMN005128-5128 [Attacks on Tobacco, the Lung Cancer Issue Is Still Not Settled]
- CTRMN005129-5129 Nta Stand on Smoking Repeats Opinions [Statement Gives No Evidence and Is Dealing Mainly with Opinions]
- CTRMN005130-5132 Tobacco Research Group Adds New Scientific Associate [New Scientific Director Was Added to the TIRC, Curriculum of J. Morrison Brady]
- CTRMN005133-5134 Tobacco Research Group Cites Questions Raised in Heart Statement [Lack of Evidence Proposes New Questions and Doubts About Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005135-5137 New Evidence Shows Complexities of Lung Cancer, Scientist Says [Hundreds of Studies Indicate Many Factors Contribute to the Complex Chain That May Result in Lung Cancer, No One Can Figure Out the Right Factor and Still the Reported Lung Cancer Cases Are Rising]
- CTRMN005138-5140 New Grants to Scientists Made by Tobacco Research Group [Research Grants Totalling $523,000 Made to 40 Scientists This Year]
- CTRMN005141-5144 Cancer Research Opens Up New Areas, Extra Funds Appropriated for Study [TIRC Stepping Up Financial Support of Independent Health Research]
- CTRMN005145-5147 Scientists in 11 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [17 Research Grants Totaling Nearly $200,00 Awarded to Scientists in 11 States for Studies of Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005148-5151 New Direction for Tobacco-Health Research in '61, Says Chairman of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Future Research to Concentrate on How Lung Cancer and Heart Disease Originate]
- CTRMN005152-5160 Research on Smoking and Health Discussed by Scientific Advisory Board to T.I.R.C. [Health Research Expansion Called for in 22 Specific Areas]
- CTRMN005161-5162 Scientist Reports on Research Progress As T.I.R.C. Boosts Funds to $4,650,000 [Dr. Clarence Cook Little Proposed Steps for Medical Research]
- CTRMN005163-5163 Nation's Medical Students Offered Research Fellowships by Tobacco Research Group [Program Designed to Encourage Research As A Career]
- CTRMN005164-5168 Scientists in 14 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [Fifteen Grants for New Research Announced]
- CTRMN005169-5173 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Adds $800,000 for New Research [Emphasis Put on Viruses, Bioassay, Psychological and Physiological Research]
- CTRMN005174-5176 ""Significant Developments" in Cancer Research Reviewed in Annual Report by Dr. C.C. Little" [Scientific Findings of the Past Year Reviewed]
- CTRMN005177-5179 Tobacco Research Group Offers Fellowships to Medical Students to Spur Interest in Research Work [Program Designed to Encourage Career in Research]
- CTRMN005180-5180 Tobacco Research Committee Chairman Comments on Mouse Skin Painting [Harmless Everyday Substances Can Cause Cancer in Laboratory Animals]
- CTRMN005181-5182 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005183-5217 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005218-5224 52 Additional Research Grants Made by Tobacco Industry Group [Money for Studies Designed to Give New Leads to Lung Cancer and Other Health Problems]
- CTRMN005225-5225 Medical Student Fellowships Offered by Tobacco Research Group [Program to Encourage Research]
- CTRMN005226-5228 Gaps Still Exist in Knowledge of Lung Cancer and Heart Disease, Says Little [Multiple Factors and Influences That Contribute to Lung Cancer Unknown]
- CTRMN005229-5230 Scientific Director of Tobacco Industry Research Committee Comment on Resolution by American Heart Association [TIRC Welcomes Recognition of Need for Further Research to Determine Full Facts About Smoking]
- CTRMN005231-5234 Tobacco Committee Adds $1 Million for Continuing Research Studies [Scientific Advisory Board Assured TIRC Will Provide More Funds]
- CTRMN005235-5235 [Scientific Director of TIRC Sent Telegrams to the Surgeon General and the President of the Ama]
- CTRMN005236-5236 [Ama Supports Research on Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005237-5239 [TIRC Renamed and Reorganized]
- CTRMN005240-5241 Dr. Howard B. Andervont Named to the Scientific Advisory Board [Editor of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Appointed]
- CTRMN005242-5277 Tobacco Industry Group Awards $817,165 for Health Research [37 Additional Research Grants Have Been Awarded by the Ctr]
- CTRMN005278-5282 Scientific Director C.C. Little Reports Decade of Tobacco-Health Research [Findings on What Diseases Smoking Can Cause]
- CTRMN005283-5286 Council Awards $500,000 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded for Tobacco Use and Health Research]
- CTRMN005287-5291 Summary of the Testimony of Clarence C. Little Before the Senate Commerce Committee [Discussion on Cancer and How It Affects Our Bodies]
- CTRMN005292-5319 Council Awards $514,767 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded to Scientist Over the Period of 10 Years]
- CTRMN005320-5348 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Discussion on Cigarette Smoking Being Helpful with Causing Diseases in Smokers]
- CTRMN005349-5367 Tobacco and Health Research Awards Pass $9 Million Total [Grants Given to Scientist Studying Matter Related to Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005368-5375 Tobacco-Health Research Grants Awarded New York Scientists [Scientists Approved to Continue Research on Lung Cancer and Other Diseases]
- CTRMN005376-5382 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Studies of the Respiratory System in Experimental Animals and Human Patients Especially on Causes of Pulmonary Cancers]
- CTRMN005383-5384 [Opinions of Scientists That There Is No Relationship Between Smoking and Disease]
- CTRMN005385-5387 New Tobacco-Health Research Grants Total $2 Million [Number of Approved Grants for Studies on Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005388-5388 Furst Becomes Consultant to Tobacco Research Council [Dr. Furst Advise to Council on Programs Sponsored by Them]
- CTRMN005389-5393 Studies Raise Questions About Smoking As Health Hazard [Numerous Studies Done to Show What Effect Smoking Had on Our Health]
- CTRMN005394-5400 Broad Review of Tobacco-Health Picture Covered in Dr. Little's Latest Report Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Chronic Pulmonary Ailments Are Complex in Nature, Says Noted Researcher Genetic and Environmental Factors May Be Involved Reports Scientific Director of Council for Tobacco Research [Recent Research Finding on Lung Cancer, Heart Disease and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005401-5404 Significant Smoking-Health Finding Covered in Report by Dr. C.C. Little [Findings From Independent Scientists on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005405-5408 New Tobacco-Health Grants Announced; One Helps Revive Framinghan Heart Study [Awards Granted to Independent Scientists Researching Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005409-5412 New Scientific Findings About Cancer, Heart Disease, the Lung, Other Areas, Reported by Council for Tobacco Research [New Findings From Independent Scientists Relating to Tobacco and Health Issue]
- CTRMN005413-5415 New Smoking-Health Studies Boost Total to $23-Million [Council Awards More Grants to the Study of Lung Cancer, Viruses and Cancer, Heart Disease, and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005416-5418 Progress in Tobacco-Health Research Achieved: Machines That Simulate Human Smoking [Machines to Help Scientists Effectively Study Smoke and Health Issues]
- CTRMN005419-5421 Noted Cancer Scientist Named Scientific Director of the Council for Tobacco Research [Dr. Hockett Who Was Acting Scientific Director Got Promoted to Research Director]
- CTRMN005422-5425 Massive Cancer Study Using Made-to-Order Mice [Study Using Mice to See If Human Lung Cancer Can Be Induced Regularly]
- CTRMN005426-5427 Tobacco Research Group Announces New Studies [12 New Studies Have Been Funded to Study Generic Factors in Lung Cancer and Emphysema and the Possible Influence of Nicotine on Fetal Growth]
- CTRMN005428-5429 Studies of Twins Expanded by Tobacco Research Group [Human Twins Used for Study to Determine Effects of Environment Agents on Various Diseases]
- CTRMN005430-5432 News About Smoking and Health Study Interaction of Genetic and External Influences in Lung Cancer [Studies Show That Only Minority of Smokers Get Lung Cancer Therefore Lung Cancer May Be Caused by Genetic Characteristics or External Influences Which People Have Been Exposed]
- CTRMN005433-5434 New Smoking and Health Grants Made by Tobacco Research Council [New Studies Have Received Grants to Continue Researching on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005435-5435 Yeaman Assumes Leadership of Council for Tobacco Research [Addison Yeaman Succeeds H.H. Ramm for Chairman and President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005436-5438 14 New Studies Funded by Tobacco Research Council [Grants Awarded to Studies for Inhibition of Cancer by Different Chemicals, the Influence of Nicotine on Pregnancy and the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Body's Disease Fighting System]
- CTRMN005439-5441 Progress Being Made in Research on Emphysema [Scientist Discover Ways to Help Defend Against Emphysema]
- CTRMN005442-5444 14 New Smoking-Health Projects Are Approved [Recent Research Studies Dealing with Smoking and Health Have Been Given Grants]
- CTRMN005445-5446 Grants Awarded for New Smiking-Health Studies [Scientists Were Approved for Studying of Certain Enzymes in Human Lung Cancer and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005447-5448 Tobacco Research Report Discusses Heart Disease [Studies Have Found Progressive Atherosclerosis Rank First As Number One As Causes of Death From Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005449-5451 Grants Awarded for New Smoking-Health Research [New Studies Have Been Approved for Marker Substance That May Indicate Presence of Lung Cancer and on Smoking and Pregnancy]
- CTRMN005452-5453 Tobacco Research Group Funds New Smoking-Health Projects [A New Study for Relationship of Childhood Respiratory Disease to the Development of Adult Chronic Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005454-5455 Tobacco Research Group Reports... Funds for Smoking-Health Studies Pass $46,000,000 [Amount Council Has Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005456-5458 $5.9 Millions Given for Smoking-Healths Studies [Council Has Given Millions Over the Years to Researchers]
- CTRMN005459-5460 Tobacco Research Group Says... Continued Research Needed to Find Causes of Cancer and Other Major Diseases [Council Pledges to Continue to Give Financial Support to Scientists Studying Smoke-Health Issues]
- CTRMN005461-5462 $6 Million Granted for Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Given to Scientist for Further Study]
- CTRMN005463-5465 Tobacco Research Group Continues Funding for Independent Scientists [Council Has Provided Millions Over the Years to Researchers and Will Continue to Do So]
- CTRMN005466-5467 $5.5 Million Given for Smokin-Health Studies [Council Has Given Millions to New and on Going Studies Over the Years]
- CTRMN005468-5469 Annual Report Issued by Tobacco Research Group [Over 1.5882 Reports From Scientists Acknowledging Support From the Council Have Been Published]
- CTRMN005470-5473 $6 Million Awarded for 34 New Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Were Given to Scientists with New Studies and Continuing Ones From the Council]
- CTRMN005474-5474 Ctr's Latest Report Sets Abstract Record [More Reports Were Published From Scientists Acknowledgingg Support From Council for Tobacco Research Than Any Other Report Published in the Past]
- CTRMN005475-5475 Scientists Show... Growing Interest in Doing Smoking and Health Studies [Growing Number of Application Have Gone to the Council of Tobacco Research for Funding on Smoke Related Diseases]
- CTRMN005476-5479 $7 and A Half -Million Awarded for Smoking-Health Research [Millions Given to Scientists for Studying Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005480-5481 Council for Tobacco Research Announces... Hoyt and Hockett Retire After 30 Years: Gertenbach Is Named New President [Introduction to President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005482-5482 Ctr's Annual Report Sets Abstract Record [the Number of Reports Acknowledging Support by the Council of Tobacco Research Is More Today Than It Was Years Ago]
- CTRMN005483-5485 Findings Published on Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Study with Mice [Results From Study Show That Smoke Did Not Produce Any Squamous Cell Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005486-5525 Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, Tobacco Industry Research Committee, at Press Conference, University Club, New York City, June 15, 1954 [Regarding Relationship Between Lung Cancer and Tobacco]
- CTRMN005526-5533 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's First Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Experiments That Show That Cigarette Smoking Increases Chances for Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005534-5541 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's Second Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Issue That Cigarette Smoke Does Not Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005542-5562 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Regarding Continuation of Study Dealing with Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005563-5573 A Report of Progress [Results From the Study of Smoking and Health Issue Will Greatly Depend on Well Planned and Well-Executed Scientific Research]
- CTRMN005574-5585 Tobacco and the Cardiovascular System the Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Program Strives to Discover Facts and Relationships Described with Objectivity]
- CTRMN005586-5597 A Search for Facts [Regarding Information Needed to Be Gathered on Smoking and Health Problems to Defend Industry]
- CTRMN005598-5605 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Discussion on Different Studies Will Continue to Be Made Until A Answer Is Found]
- CTRMN005606-5607 Cancer Research Guest Editorial Smoking and Lung Cancer Volume 16 [St Regarding Support Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005608A-5609 "Correspondence Regarding "Smoking and Health"" [Discussion on Researching on Tobacco and Health with Objectivity and Not Be Judgmental]
- CTRMN005608B-5609 Hypfibrinogenemia [Regarding Transfusions and Clotting Mechanism in A Case of Extraordinarily Delayed Post-Partum Hemorrhage]
- CTRMN005608C-5609 Diabetic Children [Admitting Omission of Different Data From Other Sources]
- CTRMN005608D-5609 Revocation of Licenses [Revoking of Registration From Dr. Louis A. Scinta]
- CTRMN005610A-5613 Mayo Clinic Head Believes Smoking Not Cancer Cause Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Smoking Not Believed to Be Cause of Lung Cancer, According to Some Noted Physicians]
- CTRMN005610B-5613 Six Experts State Doubts on Smoking-Cancer Theory Tell Congressmen Reasons for Position Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Reasons for Not Accepting Theory That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610C-5613 New Book Says Tobacco 'scare' Not Justified Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [""Science Looks at Smoking"]
- CTRMN005610D-5613 Editors View Smoking-Cancer Tie As Unproved, Open Question Excerpts From Editorials Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Excessive Smoking Probably the Main Cause of Lung Cancer, While Moderate Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer Has No Scientific Support]
- CTRMN005610E-5613 British Scientist Opposes Campaign Against Smoking Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Sir Ronald Fisher, British Statistician, Refuses to Produce Anti-Smoking Writing, States It As A Cause for Anxiety]
- CTRMN005610F-5613 'pick Your Expert, Take Your Choice' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Witnesses Linking Cigarettes to Lung Cancer Testify Before House Operations Sub-Committee]
- CTRMN005610G-5613 'still Open Question' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Authorities on Cancer State That Smoking Is Not Proven to Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610H-5613 Smoking and Death Rates Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [If Everyone Stopped Smoking There Would Be No Significant Change in Death Rate]
- CTRMN005614-5616 Summary of Comments for Delivery Before: Central Subsection, North Jersey Section, American Chemical Society, Elizabeth, New Jersey [Review of the Chemical Analysis of Cigarette Smoke and Investigations of Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005617-5620 the Public and Smoking Fear or Calm Deliberation? [How Doubt, Suspicion and Fear May Affect the Deliberation of Whether Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer or Other Ailments]
- CTRMN005621A-5624 TIRC Reports Progress in Smoking-Health Research Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Too Many Unknowns Exist Concerning Lung Cancer to Warrant Conclusions Citing Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621B-5624 'tar' Misnomer for Condensed Smoke Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Difficulties in Analyzing Tobacco Smoke Make Tobacco Tar A Misnomer]
- CTRMN005621C-5624 New Statistics Contradict Anticigarette Theory Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Cigarette Smoking May Be Compatible with Normal Health Report on Done Smokers Who Have Longer That Average Life Span]
- CTRMN005621D-5624 TIRC Funds for Smoking Research Now Over $2,000,000 Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Scientific Advisory Board Approves 52 Grants and Renewals in 1957 Totalling $550,000]
- CTRMN005621E-5624 Press Questions Anti-Smoking Plan Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [State-Supported Campaign Against Cigarettes Warranted in New York]
- CTRMN005621F-5624 Study Suggests Bronchitis May Be Prime Factor in Lung Cancer Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Preliminary Study at Beatty Institute Favors Bronchitis As A Factor of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621G-5624 Doctors' Comments on Smoking-Health Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Increasing Number of New Chemicals in the Atmosphere at Fault for Rise in Cancer]
- CTRMN005621H-5624 Nation-Wide Lung Tissue Study Now Being Evaluated Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [TIRC Studying Lung Tissues From 1,600 Persons]
- CTRMN005625-5648 Biological Aspects of Cancer Research Journal of the National Cancer Institute Vol. 30, No. 3 [St Background Research and New Information on Cancer Studies]
- CTRMN005649-5654 Interview the Cigaret Smoker and Lung Cancer Reprinted From Modern Medicine, Vol 26 [St Advises on Smoking and Its Relation to Health]
- CTRMN005655-5660 Comments on the Mortality of Smokers and Non-Smokers. A Paper by Harold W. Dorn Before the American Statistical Association Dec. 27, 1958 [Reflections on Figures Presented in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005661-5671 An Experimentalist Looks at Statistics on Smoking [Reflections on the Figures in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005672-5672 Letters to the Times Findings on Smoking [Statistical Proof of Link Between Smoking and Cancer Denied]
- CTRMN005673-5683 A Brief Review of the Smoking-Lung Cancer Theory [Review of Data Known on the Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005684-5686 Cancer-the Research Approach [Discussion on Cancer and A Category of Factors Which May Play Roles in Cause and Development of Cancer]
- CTRMN005687-5692 [Address Before the Burley and Dark Leaf Tobacco Export Association, Inc. Information About the Research Program Supported by the TIRC]
- CTRMN005693-5697 Some Phases of the Problem of Smoking and Lung Cancer the New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 264 No. 24 [St Disputes Findings That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005698-5704 Some Aspects of the Lung Cancer Problem Reprinted From Punjab Medical Journal Vol. Xi No. 7 [St Discussion of Relationship of Cigarette Smoking to Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005705-5735 Current Knowledge of Tobacco and Health [Discussion of Experimental Attack on Lung Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005736-5739 Cigarettes-Why More Research? Reprinted From the Yale Scientific Magazine [St Comments on the Uncertainties of the Correlations Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005740-5740 Why Do People Think That Quitting Smoking Affects Their Appetite or Their Weight? the Apothecary [St Comments on the Scientific Basis of How Smoking Affects Hunger]
- CTRMN005741-5754 Address to Be Delivered by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. At A Dinner Honoring the Centennial of the University of Kentucky and the Burley Tobacco Industry Lexington, Kentucky January 12, 1965 [Talk Addressing Research Programs of the University of Kentucky]
- CTRMN005755-5772 Communications and the Biological Sciences [Brief Discussion of Principles That Should Inspire and Guide Communications in the Biological Sciences]
- CTRMN005773-5785 Perspectives in the Experimental Approach to the Human Lung Cancer Problem [Experimental Research on Lung Tumors in Animals May Lead to Insights on Human Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005786-5798 Tobacco and Health Research [Elaboration on the Purpose, Research Practices and Studies of the TIRC]
- CTRMN005799-5805 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Experimental Studies by the TIRC Concerning Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005806-5813 the Research Perspective on Smoking and Health [Discussion on the Search for Causes of Diseases with Which Smoking Has Been Associated]
- CTRMN005814-5820 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Studies on Cigarettes and the Diseases Statistically Associated with Smoking]
- CTRMN005821-5834 Tobacco and Health Research - Where Shall We Go From Here? [Suggestions for Continuing Studies and Research on Cigarette Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005835-5852 A Look Ahead Smoking and Health - Where Do We Stand? [Talk on Chronic Diseases and Factors of Their Causation and Development in Relation to Cigarette Smoking]
- CTRMN005853-5854 Smoking-Disease Links Continue to Lack Scientific Proof [Discusses the Role of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005854-5854 Lawrence Promoted to Vp Post at Mmi [Jack Riddle Announces the New Vp of Micro-Magnetic Industries]
- CTRMN005854A-5854 Philip Morris Expands Promotional Allowances [Discusses Special Offers Made to Philip Morris Vendors]
- CTRMN005855-5882 Chapter 3 the Tobacco Health Issue: An Overview of Medical Research [St Questions Methodology of Experiments Where the Sole Objective Was the Attempt to Induce Tumors]
- CTRMN005883-5900 the Research Program (Cancer Segment) of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Presentation Before the Tobacco Working Group [Describes the Concept, Plan, and Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005901-5902 Smoking Prevention Education Act Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 [Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN005903-5919 [Regarding Anti-Smoking Bill]
- CTRMN005920-5931 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 March 9 and 17, 1983 Serial No. 98-8 Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding H.R. 1824 [Disputes Findings Set Forth in H.R. 1824 Regarding Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Atherosclerosis and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005932-5932 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 May 5 and 12, 1983 [Concerning Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act of 1983]
- CTRMN005933-5940 Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers, M.D., Consultant in Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, N.Y. [Comments on Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act]
- CTRMN005941-5963 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 to Promote Public Health by Improving Public Awareness of the Health Consequences of Smoking and to Increase the Effectiveness of Federal Health Officials in Investigating and Communicating to the Public Necessary Health Information, and for Other Purposes Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding S. 772 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments Which Expose Animals to Smoke]
- CTRMN005964-6009 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Seventh Congress Second Session on H.R. 5653 and H.R. 4957 March 5, 11, and 12, 1982 Serial No. 97-106 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments to Demonstrate That Cigarette Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer in Animals]
- CTRMN006010-6012 Testimony of Dr. Robert C. Hockett During Hearing on Cigarette Smoking and Health Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, October 5, 1978 [Responds to Question Regarding Research on Health and Smoking]
- CTRMN006013-6023 Statement of Robert C. Hockett, Ph.D. Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce in Response to the Letter Dated September 27, 1978 From the Chairman of the Subcommittee to William U. Gardner, Ph.D., Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc [Discusses the Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN006024-6069 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare United States Senate Ninety-Fourth Congress Second Session on S. 2902 February 19, March 24, and May 27, 1976 [Disputes Scientific Basis of S. 2902]
- CTRMN006070-6125 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United State Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 Serial No. 92-82 [Discussion of Cigarette-Smoking and Peptic Ulcers]
- CTRMN006126-6135 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN006136-6189 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 February 1, 5, and 10, 1972 [Discusses Edimeological Comparisons Between Smokers and Non-Smokers]
- CTRMN006190-6200 [Bibliography Listing Over 1,275 Articles and Books About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006201-6311 [Articles About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006312-6321 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006322-6348 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Robert Casad Hockett]
- CTRMN006349-6359 Hearings Before the Consumer Committee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statements of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers and Dr. Robert C. Hockett]
- CTRMN006360-6370 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [References Reporting on Tobacco and Nicotine]
- CTRMN006371-6412 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-First Congress First Session on H.R. 643 A Bill to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act with Respect to the Labeling of Packages of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes (and Similar Bills) [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006413-6492 Hearings Before the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on S. 559 and S. 547 Bills to Regulate Labeling of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes [Statement of Dr. Clarence C. Little]
- CTRMN006493-6533 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of the Council for Tobacco Research U.S.A. History and Organization]
- CTRMN006534-6540 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Clarence Cook Little, SC.D.]
- CTRMN006541-6548 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Robert Casad Hockett, Ph.D.]
- CTRMN006549-6577 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little]
- CTRMN006578-6611 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement Concerning the Origin and Purpose of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and Its Proposed Functions]
- CTRMN006612-6614 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory]
- CTRMN006615-6618 Research Into Smoking and Health [Arguments Against Tobacco Cancer Link]
- CTRMN006619-6623 [Study to Examine Reported Causes of Death in Each of 17 Regions in Houston Specifically the Five Major Respiratory Diseases]
- CTRMN006624-6624 A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers [Industry Promotes Research Into Tobacco Disease Link]
- CTRMN006625-6625 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Board of Directors [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006626-6627 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Scientific Advisory Board [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006628-6634 No. E-121,486 I. D. Rogers, Individually and As Independent Executor of the Estate of Marjorie Helen Rogers, Deceased; Et Al Vs. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Et Al in the District Court of Jefferson County, Texas 172nd Judicial District Third Amended Notice of Intention to Take Oral Deposition [Matters on Which Ctr Witnesses Must Be Knowledgeable]
- CTRMN006635-6967 Deposition of Dr. James Glenn [Deposition of Glenn in the Matter of Broin]
Related Documents:
Document Images
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EY.TPA COPY
REPORT
of
THE COUNCIL FOR
TOBACCO RESEARCI-i-U.S.A., Inc.
1973
Organization and Policy
The Cowcil for Tobacco Researzh-U.S.A., Inc. was fortunate this year
in having a world-tenowned cancer investiaator, Dr. William U. Gardner, join
the ataff as Scientific Director. This post had been vacant since the death of
Dr. Clarence Cook I3tt1e in December 1971. Dr. Gardner recently retired a
E. K. Hunt Profeaor of Anatomy at Yale University School of Medicine w.~ere
he had been Professor and Chairnun of the Department of Anatomy from
1943-1 %7.
Dr. Robert C. Hodtett, who has been with The Councll lince 1954, has
been appointed Research DtrMor. He had been serving as Actin= Scientiflc
Director for the last two yavtl.
Two distinguished scientists joined the Sdentifk Advisory Bo.rd during
1973, adding further strengtb and expest3.e to the Board. They are Dr. Averilt
A. I3ebo.r, Professor and Cluirm.n of the Department of Patholo=y at the
University of CalifornL School of Medicine In San Die=o, and Dr. Henry T.
Lynch. Professor and Chairman of the Department of Preventive Medicine and
Public Health at Crei=hron Uni.enity School of MedicSne in Omaha. Nebra,%ka.
During Ihe ya.r, thrne lon=t{mm rnembers left the IIoard. Dn. MeKeen
Gtten and Kenneth Merritl Lynch had been members since the Doard was
esaelid+ed in 1954. wbile Dr. CLyton Loo.ii had }oined .orne yean later. The
wir catnset and wt sntpetienoe of theae senior nxn of science and medicine
did much to .dvaeoe The Cotmdl't tesearch proyram.
The Council i+ the spornar{at agency of a promm of research into
quntloet of tobacco u.e and 6ealth. It Is the outarowth of an orpnintion
formed early In 1954 by rtpresentatlv" of tobacco manufacturas, growers
; and warehonsernm. Research nrpport hr been mainly through a program of
gnnb-in-ald aupQlaeented by oootr.cts for research with institutions and
~~ fabontoriey. The Council does eot itself operate any research facility.
~ The SchntE6e Adrbory Board to The Council meeta regularly to evaluate
~: applicatioos for granb-in-aid and for oontr'.cts., )tadlint them solely on the
. basis of tcientibe merk and relevana.
~ The Com+cil awards research srtnts to kfdependrnt scientists who are
ararsd oomptebt scieotlfle freedom in conducting their atudk.. Granteea .lone
are re+porrible for reportlej or publishing their Ifndina. In the accepted
.t+ekatitk tsunnv - tbrottjb medical and acientlfk }ournals and societies.
Thteallh December 1973, taeare5 pro*ta have been approved for 29s
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1973 R E P O R T
i of
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~ THE COUNCIL FOR TOBACCO RESEARCH -U.S.A., Inc.
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ln.nti=.tora in 219 medfod .choola, ho.pitah and idearch imtitvtloa.. Tbese +
aw.rd- totaled more than f26.000,000 I.
This report indoAes a brief snmraray of The Covoctl'a present protram
as wetl r li.b of the cotea and pre.iorat reaearch projecta .upported by
'Ilu CoereA. Alae l -1 IF arf abkraeta of l Is naearch papers, acknowledging
CarcY wp*ort, tiut wat" pabUgW fe scJeedAc }oareala durin= 1973. A total
,, 'f of 1.170 weD p.pets !u Nepo6tlrA.d by rn+j.cx ndpieets.
T1IF. lY)L'N(:IL Ff1R Tl1R.kCC(1 RFSEAftC]i-U.4.A., Inc.
~ IL H. IUsot ~
+l* (]tafrman .d Pre.Went 110 F,,~et .9th titrrrt, New York, N.Y. 10022
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5(:rF,NTtrtC ADVISORY f3OART)
to The Couneil for Tobacco Rewarch-U.S.A., Inc.
a,, nf Dcccmbcr 11, 1973
SIIELDON C. SOMMERS,M.D., Chairman
Dirrr rnr of Lnhnratnrirs, Lcnox Ifill F1oapital
(7inirall'rnfrisnr nf 1'athnlngr
Cotumhia University College of Physicianc and Surgconc
Ncw York. New York
IlOWARD B. ANDERVOW, Sc.D.
Srirntifir Editor (rrrirrd), Thr Iornnal n,f thr Nnrionn! ('nncrr Inctirnrr
llcthcscLi, Marylantl
RICIIARD M. BING, M.D.
1)irrctnr of CardinloRv and fmramurnf Mrdicinr
f funtington Memorial fiospital, Pasadcna. California
1'rnfrriur nf MtAicinr
University uf Southem California School of Mcdicine
Los Angclcs, California
W1LLIAM U. GARDNER, Ptt.D.
Scientific Dirrcror, The Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc.
li. K. flnnt Profts.ror of .inotomy (retired)
Yale University School of Medicine
New Havcn, Connecticut
ROBERT J. f{UEBNER, M.D.
Chief, Viral Carcinogenesis Program
National Cancer Institute
f3cthesda, Maryland
LEON O. JACOBSON. M.D.
Dran of the Division of Rialogical Scirncr.r
Rrgrnrtrin Profts.mr of llioingical.Ccirncr.c
University of Chicago
Chicago. fllinois
AVERILL A. LIEBOW. M.D.
Prnfrssnr and Chairman. Department of Pathology
University of California School of Medicine
San Diego. California
f1ENRY T. LYNCH, M.D.
Prnfrs.ror and Chairman
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public f1calth
Creighton University School of Medicine
Omaha. Nebraska
fIANS MFfF.R, D.V.M.. Dr. Mcd. Vct., M.R.S.H.
SrninrStaff Scirnriit
I he lackaon Lahoratory
flar Ifarbor, Maine
1OTtN F . WYATT. M.D.
1'rnfr.csor anrl llrad, Department of Pathology
University of Manitoba Faculty of Medicine
Winnipeg, C7nada
Sekntifie StafT of the Couneil
WILLIAM U. GARDNER, Pn.D.
Scientifie Director
ROBERT C. HOCKE7T, Ptt.D.
Research Director
JOHN H. KREiSHER, Ptr.D. FREDERIC W. NORDSTEK, Ptt.D.
.1 s.rnciate Rrsrarch Director Assoeiate Researeh Director
VINCENT F. LISANTI, D.M.D.
Research .t ssociate
Introduction
CONTENTS
Tntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Current Status of the Research Program ..
. 7
Cancer Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chronic Respiratory DiseasCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cardiovascular Diseases . . . .
. 13
Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology . . . . . . . . . 13
Epidem iology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Abstracts of Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Studies Related to Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Heart and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology . . . . . . . 51
Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Normative Aging Study . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
0
Active Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
.~
'~Compteted Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Index of Senior Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Index of Principal Authort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The interaction of the genetic or constitutional factors and the environ-
mental conditions to which an individual is exposed over the course of many
years probably contribute to the expression and nature of the aging-assoeiated
diseases. Those diseases that have been statistically associated with smoking and
health are predominately age-associated diseases. In some instances,.an indi-
vidual may have an inherited tendency for a disease, for example emphysema,
and the asaociated and presumahly contributory inherited atpha-I-antitrypsin
deficieney.
During the past few years mueh has been learned of viral expression and
cancer in laboratory animats and of chemicals which, when modified by enzymes
that may be present, can transform normal body eetls into cancer eells, possibly
through initiating viral expression. Chemicals that may themselves be quite in-
active in inducing cancer in laboratory animals may make small and ineffective
amounts of known cancer-eausing chemicals capable of transforming normal
cells into cancer cells. It is now possible to monitor the environment of inbred
lahoratory mice so that the virai, chemicai, immunoioginl, and genetic qualities
can he knowingly controlled and varied.
The environment of laboratory animals can be eontrotied more specifically
than can man's environment. Even when genetically controlled and predisposed
laboratory animals are used, exposure to known or presumed ancer-invoking
chemicak muv extend over prolonged periods.
Only monozygotie (identical) twins afford a genetic uniformity In man
comparable to that of inbred laboratory animals. If they are discordant in de-
terminable environmental exposures, these twins could provide data that may
lead to the determination of the relative Importance of genetic and environ-
mental factors. Such studies are being undertaken in countries in which the
mortality from lung cancer reportedly diRers more than fourfold.
The transformation of cells in tissue culture has been studied In hopes of
ohtaining a rapid and reliable method of detecting small amounts of eancer-
causing chemicals in materials to he tested. The occasional "spontaneous" trans-
formation of cultured cells, the presence of latent viral antigens and otha qwti-
ties have not permitted exclusive use of cultured eefls for detection or qnsntita-
tion or cancer-causing substances. Up to this time, the results afflrm. In general,
those of experiments with intact animals. T1x In vltro techniques provide the
methods of investigating mechanisms of cell transformation at a subeeifular or
molecular level and of search for inhibiton of trarnformation. Revession of
transformed to normal cells and selective Inhibition of growth of trinsformed
celts can Iso be detected In virro.
The discovery that the levels of Inhibitors of proteolytk enzymes in the
hkrod of persons highly susceptibte to emphysema are tow, has revealed at least
one objective hereditary predictor quality for this pulmonary disease. Further- .
morr. information on the sources of proteases, the meehanisms of their action
on f.ndy tissues and the characteristics of their inhibitors continue to be sovght.
The age-associated atheroxlerotie .lfcutar dbeafes, particularly thotm in-
votving the coronary arteries, continne to be invdtipted from their jeoetic
and environmental interrelatiomhips. An enzyme that makes cholesterol ttsore
soluble, lecithin-cholesteroi-acyt-tnnsferase, may provide Information for titnifl-
eant advances in atherosclerosis.
5
Nicotine anJ its metat.olites, untler aonfe circumctnncct. h: vc Jircct or in.
direct cfTccl< ur- nt'rve ct'tl.. Thc Jevelof+mcnt (d raJi~immuni a..ay mcthoJ%
for the tlcteclion of nicotine and metaho!ilcv i[ f!cilifafinr work on mt'1.,lqilic
%fudics anJ maV reveal specific nerve cella uron which they may act or may
have hinding .ilc.. Significant advancc% in the p.vchoph:vmacatnFical :npects
of %moking may he expected as methoJ% develop to permit exploration of a
direct nicotine binding at cellular or suhcellular Icvet.
Some of ,h,! researches supported by The Council are at the cet!uLv and
suhccltular levels. It is important that advances continuc to hc made at such
methotlntogical and conceptual levclc to aeaurc cnntinueJ progress in other
asptets. The support of haeie research in immunokogv or virotogy, for examrfc,
may eontrihvte %ignifieantly to an under.tanding tN tmokinf and heaith. "1 hc
more than 1(N1 papers reporting investications supported hv The Counci! that
were puhtishcJ during Ihi% past year reveal the hreacdth of the ovcrall rc~tarch
intcrezt.
Wn.t tnM U. CnRnNrrt, rrr.T).
Scientific f)ircctor
Current Status of the
Research Program
The tesearch program of The Council for Tobaeco Research-US.A., 1nc.
expanded further in several directiorn during 1973, with studies relating to
cancer still receiving the greatest- emphasis. Studies of chronie pulmonary
diua"s and epidemiological investigations have also been expanded. Among
the tatter, the study of identical twin poputations as a means of separating
genetic from environmental facton in the genesis of diseaxs has been extended.
Researches on cardiovascular diseases and on pharmaeoiogy and psyeho-
pharmacofogy were continued at arprt.ximately previous levels.
As herctofore, the emphasis was mainly upon the etiology or pathogenesis
of these aging.associated constitutional diseases with t special interest in the
ttiscovery of faclors predictive of susceptibility or resistance to them.
Since the published resuits of Council-sponsored studies are abstracted
elsewhere in this Report, our intention here is to give perspeetives on the
nature and extent of the program as a whole, the distribution of emphasia
among its parts and on the purposes and plans of apptoach in such a way as
to aid in fitting individual research teports into a context. 1t will be recognized
that many studies acknowledging Council aid represent smatl methodological
steps toward ultimate goais and that some are by-products of the main effort.
Cancer Studies
During the year just ended, The Council concentnted major attention upon
an extencive, systematic, muttifactorial and step-wise atudy of eartinosetxeis
in a number of contrazting mouse strains. The objeR of the ongoing study
is to define and measure several genetically mediated biochemical eharoeteristies
that are thought to determine and predict the responses of these animals to
external "carcinogenic inftuence.s," especially to chemical substancea introduced
into the lung with or without promoters or speeial conditioning. This undes
taking it to discover and deflne eondittons under which truly mafi=nant,
aggressively invasive and fatal squamous carcinoma of the lune, with metasuses,
analogous to the human disease, can be obtained repetitively and predictably
in such animals.
The importance of this toat is emphasized by experkttce showing the un-
certainties in diagnosis of microscopic, incipient lesions by purely rrarphofogical
criteria and in the use of such ksiom as end-poinh in experimental researth.
If this aim is attained, in the context deseribed, ft should provide infor-
mation in biochemical, genetic, viral or immunototic tetrrn how the animals
that develop this disease differ from those that prove to be reslstant or immune.
This is the kind of information from animal experiments deemed most likely
to provide promising clues for application to human studies.
6 1 7
lnedeqreocv of MouaeSkirr PQintFng
Thc C-ouncil's often repeated dissatisfaction with the cnnventinnat mouse-
skin painting with smoke condensates as an indicator of "tobacco carcinop,eni-
city" stems in good part from the welt-known and very great diRerences among
animal strsins and species in their responses to treatments of this kind with
known and potent chemical agents. Without information atrout the biotngical
bases for such differences, any assumption that the results of such mouse
eaperiments can he extrapolated directly to other species, esf.eciatly man, is
highly p.esumptuous. A Council-sponsored study completed during the year
employed mouse-skin exposures to whole fresh smoke in its aerosol form in
comparison with skin painting with smoke condensate from the same reference
cigarettes. The rrsults appeared to show that the condensates produced highly
artifactual results. If oonfirmed, this study seems likely further to reduce
confidence in the skin-painting technique.
Similar uncenainties penain to the significance of nearly all smoke in-
hatation studies heretofore carried out with animals because of inadequate
definition of the animis and poorly controlled or unquantitated exposure
conditions.
For the current multifactorial project, the mouse has been the species
selected because it oRen the maximum potential in terms of definable genetic
and biochemical suscepti!rility or resistance factors and thus may hopefully
provide the shortest discernible route toward human relevance. It should be
undentood that the highly inbred mouse strains used in the study are essentially
laboratory creations and never existed as such in the undisturbed state of
nature. They must therefore be regarded as "bundles of traits," not as direct
models of man, so that experimental results will be relevant to man (or other
animals) only insofar as the same traits are present and similar in import.
"Feeder" Studies Carried Out
The prennt project became possible only after a Iarge number of pre-
limu+ary or preparatory biological projects had been carried out as "feeders"
to provide basic information essential to its design. Previous Annual Reports
have descn'bed or listed many such investiaations. The program is still passing
through systematie, step-wise developmental phases including subcutaneous
injeeticm and lung implantations of known "earcinogens." When sufficient
information about susceptibility and resistance to such carcinogens has been
aceumatatcvt, long-term, chronic exposures of contrasting "defined" animals
to inhalation of whole, fresh tobacco smoke or its =as-vapor phase re con-
templated. These will require the production of smoke under controlled con-
ditions, from tobacco products of known composition and eharacteristiesr delivered quantitatively
and monitored by tis+ue dosage measurements. A
battery of tests and observations is being developed and refined for application
to the treated animals.
Se.eral service contracts for urryin: out the necessary chemical, physico-
ehemipl, analytic, meehanial, and calibration work continue in operation at
a high level to support the design of the experiments.
fs such carefully controlled long-term smoke inhalation experiments, using
highly rr.oeptible mice of laboratory design and other strains with contrasting
comhinations of putative susceptibility characteristics, either the appearance
or non-appearance of squamous lung carcinoma (or other carxer), should
provide, not immediate conclusions, but scientific information on a new plane
of interpretability and potential relevance to man.
ITiochemical and Cenetic Factori in Cancer
Among the biochemical or genetic facton relevant to cancer susceptibtlity
or resistance in mice, three may be mentioned here: (I) the Eenetically-
mediated presence of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility, which
determines the ability of the animal to convert various inactive but potential
carcinogenic substances into an active form capable of attacking the cellular
nuclear materiat, (2) the genetically determined expressions of indigenous
"C-type viral genome," and (3) competence of the immune system and its
susceptibility to depression by "carcinogenic" influences or agents.
During the past year. Council-sponsored stud'ees reported evidence of a
genetic relationship between susceptibility of mioe from several strains to
3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced subcutaneous tumors and the inducibility
in these mice of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Inducibility was controlled by
a single autosomal dominant gene and reflected in flve-to-ten times greater
MCA susceptibility in "inducibte° animals.
These reports stimulated other investigaton to study AHH levels and
inducibility in man, with results suggesting that in man also, inducibility is
controlled by a single (incompletely) dominant gene. This results in a distribu-
tion of inducihility in a random population into three groupings - low, inter-
mediate, and high - essentially in accord with theoretical predidion.
A preliminary study of AHH levels in human lung cancer patients indi-
cated that nearly all the victims of this disease in the sample had either inter-
mediate or high levels of AHH indtxibiliry. The Council has undertaken to
support eRorts at simplifying and expediting the test procedurrc for use in
clinical studies to evaluate their potential in assessing cancer susceptibitity
or resistance in human populations.
Other cancer investigations, collateral to the project described, inc(uded:
!n vitro studies of malignant transformation of lung epithelial ee(ls and of
possible induction of squamous nxtaplasia in cells already malignant; efforts
to identify the agent or agents that produce sheep-funt adenomattxis and to
transfer these to mice; immunological atudies of tvmor-anociated antisens
in human cancers of ovary and lung; research into plasma-rnembrane associated
DNA; genetic studies of oncogenesis and vertical virvs transrnissions in the
rabbit: mechanisms of suppression of cellular Immunity by carcinogenic hydro-
carbons; work on the role of cyclic AMP in arrino=enesi.; exploration of
methods for enhancing the immune responses to neoplastie tissves; and evalua-
tion of chromosome changes as indicaton of malignant transformation.
Chronic Respiratory Distases
The lung is a unique orpn. It is a double tdtnetvre with two very aimifar
halves in practically constant motion, expanding and contracting in a unison
so perfectly balanced that it would appear to defy the laws of physics. We
9
E3
know that the balance is possihle only becaute of an internal coating by a
material, the "urfactant,° that equalites differcnces in tcnsirn that would
othcrwisc result rrorn different dcgrees of distension of the air s:res.
In addition, the lung has an enormous internal surfacc of thin memhrane,
eqrnivalent in an adult man to about half the area of a tennis cotitt. The entire
hkrid supply of the body must he transported at frequent intcrvals to one side
of this mcmhrane surfaet, spread over its extent and then carricd awav, whilc
air is moved in and out from the opposite side for ahsorption of oxygcn and
removal of carbon dioxide and other substances. Thu% the lung is trcmendousty
involved in tranaport of materials. Its vertical position in m.in, Mntrasting with
the horhontal positnon in most Mher marnmals, alters the effccts of gravity
and creates ccrtain pmhlems.
Dcsides these mechanical operat'rons. the lung and hronchial surfaccs :trc
exposed to a great variety of hacteria, viruaes, dusts, gases, smokes and other
extraneous materials that must he killed, removed, dctoxified, inactivated or
otherwise disposcd of. The lung has remarkable capacities for these function..
Chronic diseases of the lung such as "bronchitis" and "emphysema" are
disorden that generally develop gradually and progress over a long period,
suggeuing that they have their basis in a gradual loss of c(Ticicncy of one or
more of the mechanisms mentioned. Their association with the aging process
and a tendency to "run in famiiies" also suggests that some congenital de-
ficieney in one or more of the functions described may predispose to relatively
early development of these disorders. The pathogenesis of these diseases, that
is, the successive stcps in breakdown of normal mechanisms which finally
bring them to recognition at the clinical level, has been very obscure until
recently and still presents a great challenge to science. They are not by any
means new diseases but they have become more prevalent as causes of illncss,
incapacitation and death, as the acute fatal infectious diseases of the past have
been eliminated, allowing potential vietims to reach a more advanced age.
Neither bronchitis nor emphysema occurs naturally in animals in a form that
could hitherto he regarded with assurance as duplicating the human disorder~
and thus serve as a reliable model for experimentation.
Although "chronic bronchitis" and "emphysema" are separate conditions,
each occurring in several distinguishable types, they are often associated in the
same individual, which complicates the problems of etiology and pathogenesis.
Chronie bronchitis is necessarily defined in clinical rather than in path-
ological terms, chiefly because uncomplicated bronchitis is seldom seen by
pathologists in the normal course of events. The disease, or syndrome, is
characterized by recurrent acute infeetions of the lowcr respiratory tract,
especially in winter, by mixed flor of viral and bacterial agents, and is
generally accompanied by chronic cough and abundant production of mucus.
It is thus unlike the acute infectious diseases caused by specific organivns
acting in a specific manner and running the familiar type of course to death
or recovery. Biopsies have shown over-growth and activity of mucus-secreting
cells in bronchitis. Nevertheless, the nature of the basic defect has not really
been estahlished, whether exttss mucus, a defect in the germicidal systems,
an autoimmune manifestation, or some other factor. Where the disease has
become established, inhaled environmental irritants may well aggravate the
symptoms. While there Is an impression of long standing that familial pre-
dispositions may eaist, the various clinical entities grouped under the term
"hronchitis" have not so far been clearly enough distinguished to permit clear
scparation of genetic from environmental inftuences.
Tobocc.r Smokr lnhaletion Studietr
As one approach to the bronchitis problem, The Couneil ha_s maintained
long-term studies of the cffeets of many factors, ineluding tobacco srnoke
inhalation, on the dispcxal of living bacteria implanted into the lungs of miee.
When bacteria are inhaled, a mobilization of white scavenger cells (macro-
phages) into the lung is stimulated. These while cells engulf and destroy many
tyf,cs of organisms and forei,r,n particles- The studies with mice have shown
thnt inhalation of tobacco smoke produces a similar mobilir.ation of macro-
phages. Though some of these defense cells are Inactivated by contact with
the smoke, the available numben are so gt'eatly inereased that the overali
capacity for bacterial destruction is not diminished-
Similar studies of macrophages recovered from the lungs of human
suhjects after smoking have shown that they maint>"ia a high bactericidal
capacity despite some changes in appeannce and in oxygen requirements.
These observations do not support the hypothesis that smoking oontributes to
development of bronchitis by deprrssion of the macrophage defense against
infection.
Emphysema is more definable than bronehltis In physiological or path-
ological terms. Basically, it is an increase in the size of the ,it sacs (alveoli)
beyond the terminal bronchioles (air ducts) due to lots of elasticity or actual
destruction of the alveolar wa11s. Obstruction of the terminal bronchioles may
contribute to these processes. Emphysema can either be diffuse throughout the
lung or located in "islandi" distributed through normal tissue. It tends to be
progressive, with increasing hvperintiation, airway obstnxtion, and residual
lung volume, defective mixing of gases, and eventual breathlessness and oxygen
starvation. The tissue destruction, once it has oecurred, cannot be repaired.
Emphysema can be diagnosed anatomically, with measurement of the type
and extcnt of destruction, by postmortem examination of lungs suitably
inflated and fixed. Clinical diagnosis has been more diffieult so that death
ceriificates in the past have made poor distinction between bronchitis and
emphysema and alsn have provided rather generally unreliable classYicat'ans of
either disorder as to type, Creatty improved methods of ineuurint the
mechanical functions of the lung and more sophisticated radiological techniques
tire now being employed increasingly.
F,nsymea That Deatroy LunR Tittane
Because damage or destruction of the elastic strudtaai substances of the
lung is a basic feature of emphysema, it has long been surmised that enzymes
capable of breaking down these substances, psrtieularty elastin and eollagen,
might be involved. This concept has been supported by experiments In which
the injection of various "forrign" proteolytic enzymes into antmals was fol-
lowed by lung destruction more or less resembling human etnphyxm..
At present a great deal of study is being concentrated npon the aeatth for
enzymes capable, of destroying lung tissue that might be present in the lunt
under real life eonditions. The lung itselt produces proteases, particularly
10 11
during its embryonic stages, and the nature and functions of these are being
invettigated under a new Council grant. Moreover, the macrophaRes and tmall
lymphocytes, which play a major role in defente of the lung aFainst infectious
organitms, produce and utilize proteotytic enzymes in the prncets. Proteaset,
released by disintegration of these defensive white cells or leakage of enzymes
from them, can themselves damage the lung. Normally th'rs is prevented by
enzyme inhibitors such as the a/pha-I-antitrypsin that circulates in the blood.
The emerging picture is one of a delicate balance hetween proteolytic and
anti-proaeolytic activities in the lung, necessary for its defente against infection
but capable of damaging its structure if the balance is disturtxd either by
over-production of proteases or under-production of inhibitors. A number of
the studies currently being sponsored by The Council, as will be evident from
the listing of current projects, are concerned with lung proteaus and their
inhibitors as possibly contributory to emphysema.
There has been considerable publicity over the discovery that one such
enzyme inhibitor, alpha-l-antitrypsin, is congenitally deficient in some persons
and that such persoos may be especially susceptible to emphysema. Though
the situation has been complicated by the discovery of several different forms
of antitrypsin with differences in activity, it nevcrtheless appears to he firmly
esublished that a hereditary predisposition does exist. One Council-sponsored
project is studying the possible relations of the several genotypes, as determined
by blood assay, to responses to environmental stresses in a large human
population. This study has also produced evidence of familial predispositions
other than those attributable to antitrypsin deficiency.
Another hypothesis, not necessarily in conflict with the proteaue-anti-
prolcase concept, views lung tissue destruction as due to changes in its anti-
genicity that invite ttack by the body's own "foreign tissue" rejection
mechanisms. Such changes conceivably could be produced by relatively slight
chemical alterations of the lung structural substsnces by inhaled pollutants.
Cotmcil-sponsored studies based on this hypothesis continue to produce sug-
gestive results.
As implied by our comments on the function of lung surfactant, a de-
ficiency or maldistribution of this agent would be expected to produce significant
malfunct'ans of the lung.
A Council-supported investigator suceceded in adapting certain physiological
lung function measurements for application to small animals, including living
mice. This promises to be useful In combination with postmortem lung ex-
aminations tor studying sgarelated changes in mice of different strains, in the
search for a better emphysema model. Such function messuremenh may also
become a useful tool In determining whether effects of various inhaled agents,
including tobacco snake, are tempotary nd reversible or persist and progress
to the stage of postmortem observation.
Besides the numerow fumctions mentioned above, the lung also has
metabolic activities such as trnwvint from the blood stream a number of
hormones that are active In the mediation of inftammation, in the regulation
of blood pressure and in mobilizatioo of white blood cells. Two Council-
spoosorrd studies are exploring these sub}ects.
Seventeen projects in the field o( chronic pulmonary disease were active
in 1973. Two of these terminatcd during the year nd four new ones were
approved for activation earty in 1974.
Cardiovascular Discascs
Notabie protrets was made during the year, under Council spo~hip
and independently by other investigaton, in the development of immuno-
chemical anays for nicotine and its major metabolites. These show promise
of providing a npid, precise and highly speciflc method for a_ssay of nicotine
and related compounds in body fluids, especially blood plasma. Such methods,
when perfected, should make possible the studies of nicotine pharmscodynamics
that have long been needed for solution of many important problems. Among
these are the kinetics of nicotine absorption from the various tobacco products
under normal conditions of human use (cigarettes, pipes, cigan, snuR, chewing
tobacco), the peak levels to which nicotine rises In btood, rates of inetabolism
and excretion, etc. The effects on these kinetics of genetic differences, of
habituation, of taking common household medicines, of tempenture, exercise,
and many other factors should then become measurable.
Application of such measurements to human populations could add new
dimensions to the interpretation of epidemiological atudies of cardiovascuiar
disease in relation to various forms of tobacco use by showing whether or not
nicotine can be involved.
Conferences with scientists from a number of countries are further ex-
ploring the feasibility of international twin studies to test more npidly and
decisively the implications of Swedish researches on identical twins with dis-
cordant smoking habits. These suggest that genetic factors are predominsnt
over environmental ones in the genesis of cardiovascular diseases. Assistance
to the Swedish study continued meanwhile.
Aside from epidemiological studies bearing upon cardiovascular diseax,
thirteen experimental or clinical studies were supported during the year. These
proceeded a)ong the lines described in the 1972 Report, with a yield of many
publications that aro abstracted elsewhere. Two of these studies have now
terminated.
A new project was approved for study of possible effects of tobacco smoke
inhalation and of nicotine upon development of collateral coronary blood flow
following acute or chronic occlusion of a coronary artery in dogs.
Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology
This phase of The Couneil'a program continued along the 11nes described
in last year's Report. Current emphasis is being placed upon aherations in
nicotine pharmacology that result from chronic exposures through habituation,
adaptation or enzyme induction. Other pharmacological problems await further
development of the new analytical techniqtxs to provide precise infortnation
on the concentrations of nicotine and of Its various metabolites present at
particular times in speciflc tissues and at specific sRes,
Studies of nicotine effects on animal behavior ate presently receiving little
emphasis, not because there is any dearth of academically interestint probfcros
that could be approached by existing techniques, but rather becatrse the new
analytical methods mentioned as being in reasotnbte prospeet should Increase
the sophistication of any future studies in this area. In addition, there aze the
12 13
iml+ortam prohlcros of whether and to what extcnt the impiicnt;ons of rat-
IearninR and behavioral studics can be translerred to man and thcn o( evaluatinl,
thc r practical eignificance in human life.
One new animal behavior study of unique character is, hnwever, heinFy
inaugurated currently. The investigator has shown that a rat behavior Icarned
under the in0ucnce of a particular drug X can he made comingent upon
presence of the drug state. Such beMvinral patterns can then he usrd as teats
to determine whether the rats (ub!ecthvcly perceive nther drups as X, as non-X,
or as rcinforccrs <x antagonists of X. 'ihe eRects of nicotine and some of its
analogs and mctaholitea will be studied -in this contcxt.
A human behavioral study, rceenttv hegun, will explore the effects (i(
smokinR deprivation on group problem solving proceases in terms of speed
and accuracy.
Epidemiology
Including con(erence% on potentials for international twin studies, six
epidemiological investigations were active during 1973. These on-going projeets,
described in previous Rcports, are producing a large number of significant
and relevant findings on the constitutional and behavioral differences at many
different levels among persons who have placed themselves by se!f-setection
into the several categories of smoking behavior. As the numerous reports from
these etudies reach publication they are abstracted in the Annual Reports.
Several, as well as many by-product papers, are included in this issue.
RonrRr C. Ff(x'tcrrT, Ptt.i).
Rcsearch I)irector
Abstracts of Reports
Folltewing are ;ehatrncts, apprc.vcd by the atrthon, of rcport% on new re-
%carch ocknr.wic Iging atr,lxert frorn The Couneil that have appeared in seien-
ti/ic jrnrrnali, %incc ruhtication of the 1972 Report- The name of the recipient
is in itatic%,
'I hc ah.tr:ects :erc rroupcd uncler thete headingt: 1. Studirs Related tn
('anccr, It, Ite:ert :rnd ('ircularinn, 111. The Respiratory SyNem, 1V, Pharma-
cningv and 1'.yrheqrh:trmacnlogy, V. Imnttrnotogy, Vt, Epidcminlop,y, VI1. The
Normative Aging titudy, and V111. Miaecllaneous.
1. ,Strr(lies Refaterl to Canrer
Mf'TA)lOL)(' (-ONVf'RS1ON OF BF.N7-O(y)PYRENE (tY SYRIAN
HAMSTf.R LIVF.R MI(-ROSOMFS AND IIINDING OF METABOLITES
TO DEOXYRIf1ONUCLEIC- ACID
f)inding studies reported here show that epoxides, phenolt, and other
mct:tho!itcc td hcnzolilpyrenc (BP) formed in hamster liver microu+me systems
may not just hc end products, but may he further metaholized to bind to
DNA. Specifica!)y, analysis of inetahotites of generally tritiated benzo[:)pyrene
('){.Rp) produced by a Syrian hamster liver mierosomal system has revealed
the presence of a number of dihydrodihydroxy detivatives of DP including
4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Detection of this metabolite is taken
as evidence that the K-region 4,5-double bond is acted upon by a mierosomal
hydroxyfase to form the 4,5-epoxide of IiP which is subsequently converted
vio epoxide hydrase to the dihydrodio)- Incubation of severa! `H-F1P metabolites
with DNA alone gave !ittle evidence for spontaneotn covalent binding. How-
ever, when hamster liver microsomes were present, a metabolite recently
identified as 7,R-dihydroxy-7,R-dihydrobenzo(e)pyrene was found to covatent!y
hind to DNA to a tenfold greater extent than ©P itself, suggesting that this
compound may hc an intermediate in the pathway leading to binding of BP to
DNA in vivo.
Borgen, A., Darvey, H., Castagnoli. N., Crneker, T. T., Rasmussen, R. E. and
Wang, 1. Y.
lnnrnol of Mrdicinol Chrndsrry 16(5):502-506, 1973.
Otlrer arrptxrrr: U. S. Puhlic Health Serviee, and the Cancer Research Funds
of the University of California.
From the Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Chem-
istry, University of ('alifornia, San Francisco.
INDUCTION OF ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYf.ASE
IN f1UMAN SKIN
The aryl hydrocarbon hydroxytau which hydroxylates henrofTlpyrene (fIP)
has been shown to he markedly induced in animala expoeed to polycyelie
14 15
hvdronrbons such as 1.mcthytcholanthrene or BP. In the prccent study, tiaue
culture wis utrd to determine whether the carcinop,cn-merahotirinR enzyme. RP
hydroxylace, is present in neonatal human forckin, and whether it is inducib!c
in this tissue. The resultant data show that human ckin has detectahte fevels of
DP hydroxylase, and that this enzyme is inducihie; moreover, sub.tantiat diRer-
eneet in basal and inducible levels of the enzyme were dcmnnctrated. This
difference may he genetically determined. No correlation wa% found between the
inducibility of hydroxylase activity in the neonatal foreskin and the race or age
of the mother, or the medication given to the mother prior to delivery. The
enzyme system that hydroxylates BP requires nicotinamide adenine dinueleotide
phosphate and molecular oxygen. Expoture of the skin homogenates to nitrogen
or CO resulted in little or no enzymatic activities. It was also shown that induci-
bility of hydroxylase activity was greater in human skin than in neonatal rodent
skin. The presence of hydroxylase in human skin and its ability to he induced
may he important protective mechanisms against, earcinngenesis in man, since
human skin is often exposed to polycyclic hydrocarbons in the environment.
However, the exact role of BP hydroxytz,se in carcinogenesis is still unclear.
Alvares, A. P., Leigh, S., Koppa.r, A.. Levin, W. and Conney, A. II.
Drug Mrtaboli.tm ond DGporfrfon 1(1) :3R6-390, 1973.
Other aupport: U. S. Public Health Service.
From Rockefeller University. New York, and the Department of Biochemistry
and Drug Metabolism, Noffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N. l.
INDUCIBiLITY OF BENZO[aJPYRENE HYDROXYLASE IN ifUMAN
SKIN BY POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
Benzo(aJpyrene (BP) hydroxylase activity is inducible by polycyclic hydro-
arbom in cultures of neonatal human foreskin. This study shows that the
enzyme system which hydroxylates BP requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleo-
tide phosphate (NADPH) and molecular oxy=en, and that its optimum pH is 7.4.
Exposure to carbon monoxide completely inhibits hydroxyiase activity. When
skins were Incubated in a growth medium containing txnr(a/anthracene (DA)
two- to flve-fotd inereasea in the arnosnt of BP hydroxyLse were obxrved.
Maximum enzyme levels were found when the skin was incubated in the
presence of BA for 16 to 24 houn. Tnducibility of hydroxylase activity was
greater in htmun skin than in neonatal rodent skin. Comiderabk variability in
the buai levets and In the inducibility of SP hydroxylax was observed in
foreskins obtained from 13 subjects. These studies indicate that human skin can
metabolize polyeyclie hydrocarbons and that the levels of the hydroxylase, is
we11 as the inducibility of the enzyme In skin, may provide a uceful means for
evaluating individual diffetrnces in the capacities of humans to metabolize
environmental earcinotens.
Aivares, A. P., KoDpas, A., Levin, W. and Conney, A. H.
Clinlcel Pharmacofogy .nd Thervpexrkr 14(1) :30-40, 1973.
Other arpport: U. S. Public Health Service.
From Rockefeller Univenity, New York, and the Department of Bioe)xmistry
and Drug Metabolism. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, N. 7.
POLYC-HLORINAT17-D fl/PFiJrVYLC:A NEW TYPE OF INDUCER
OF C-YTO('HROME P-44R IN THE LIVER
Thic ctudy ~hows that Aroclor 1254, one of the polychtorinated bipheny(s
mixtures manufactured in the United States, is a potent inducer of the micro-
tomal hemnprofein, cytnchrome P-44R, and of henzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and
eth,vlmorphine N-demethytase. The CO-difference spectrum of microsomes from
rats treated with Aroclor 1254 has an absorption maximum at 44R nm. With
erhytisocyanide as the IiRand for reduced microsomes, Aroelor 1254 treatment
causes a shilt in the 455-nm peak to 453 nm and increases the ratio of absorb-
ance of 455 nm to that at 430 nm from 0.53, obtained with untreated rats, to
1.24. These findings are similar to those seen in nts treated with the polycyclic
hydrocarbon, 1-methylcholanthrene, hut differ from those that characteriu
cytochrome P-450 in control or phenobarbital-treated rats. Aroclor 1254 trtat-
ment results in a tripling of cytochrome P-44R content and a 10-lold inerease
in benzo(aJpyrene hydroxylatitm. However, it causes a signifiant enhancement
of ethylmorphine N-demethylase. These data suggest that Arocior 1254-induced
cytochrome P-44R may be catalyticatly different from the 3-methylchoianthrene-
induced P-44R or that the hemoprotein(s) induced by Aroclor 1254 may be a
mixture of cytochromes P-44R and P-450 exhibiting catalytic properties of both
cytochromes.
Alvares, A. P., Bickers, D. R. and Kappa.t, A.
Prnrrcdrnps of rAr National Academy of Sclrnces of the United States of
.fmnica 70(5):1321-1325. 1973. h
Other aapport: Hoffman-La Roche Tnc., U. S. Public Health Ser.iee, Na-
tional Institutes of Heatth, and Scaife Family Charitable Trusts.
From The Rockefeller Univen'rty, and the Department of Medicine, Cornell
University Medical College. New York.
EVIDENCE OF A C[.NETiC RELATIONSIIIP DET1'VEEN SUSCETTIDiL-
ITY TO 3-METIIYLCFiOi-ANTfIRENE-INDUCED SUBCUTANEOUS
TUMORS AND tNDUCIBILITY OF ARYL HYDROCARDON
I IYDROXYLASE
The presence (or inducibility) of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)
is known to be associated with the cytotoxic action of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. In this study, the authors report a close correlation between
susceptibility to 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)induced subcutaneous tumors
and the genetically mediated presence of AHH Induction. In a genetic system
where AHH inducibility segregated as a single autosomal dominant gene, mice
carrying the Ah" (or inducible) allele were 5-IO times more sensitive to MCA
tumorigenesis than were their noninducible (Ahd/Ahf) littermates. In baekcross
animals ((C57DL/6XDSA/2)XDBA/2). 10 of 12 (R3%) mice with tumon
were AHH inducible. This was statistially signiflant (P <0.025) (the expected
rrsponse was 50°k ) and clearly indicated a relationship between this enzyme
system and MCA earcinogenesis.
Kouri, R. E., Ratrie, H. and Whitmire, C. E. (M(croblofodical A.rsocfatrt)
16 17
