Council for Tobacco Research
Report of the Scientific Director [St]
Abstract
MAR
Fields
- Depository Date
- 25 Sep 1995
- Master ID
- Ctrmn00000667-6967
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- CTRMN004493-4497 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting September 23-24, 1967 [St]
- CTRMN004498-4501 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting December 9-10, 1967 [St]
- CTRMN004502-4505 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting [St]
- CTRMN004506-4510 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting La Jolla, California March 2-3-4, 1968 [St]
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- CTRMN004517-4522 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 14-15, 1968 [St]
- CTRMN004523-4526 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York December 8-9, 1968 [St]
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- CTRMN004539-4544 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 12-14, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004545-4549 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York December 12-14, 1969 [St]
- CTRMN004550-4555 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Colorado Springs, Colorado March 20-22, 1970 [St]
- CTRMN004556-4560 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York [St]
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- CTRMN004570-4578 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Chicago, Illinois January 15,16, 1971 [St]
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- CTRMN004594-4598 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, N.Y. [St]
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- CTRMN004635-4643 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board December 4, 1973 New York, N.Y. [St]
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- CTRMN004665-4672 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 10-11-12, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004673-4675 Meeting Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 13, 1975 [St]
- CTRMN004676-4683 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Santa Barbara, California March 17-18-19, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004684-4686 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 11, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004687-4694 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 28-29-30, 1976 October 1, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004695-4697 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Bethesda, Maryland December 1, 1976 [St]
- CTRMN004698-4706 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Tuscon, Arizona March 23-25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004707-4708 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Tuscon, Arizona March 25, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004709-4710 Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York May 19, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004711-4719 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 26-28, 1977 [St]
- CTRMN004720-4723 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting Phoenix, Arizona January 16-17, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004724-4724 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board Committee Phoenix, Arizona January 17, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004725-4734 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 26-27-28, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004735-4735 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Executive Committee New York, New York April 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004736-4737 Confidential Report Meeting for the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York July 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004736A-4736A Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York July 27, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004738-4747 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 18-19-20, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004748-4750 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 20, 1978 [St]
- CTRMN004751-4759 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 11-12-13, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004760-4769 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 17-18-19, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004770-4770 Confidential Meeting of the Report Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 18, 1979 [St]
- CTRMN004771-4780 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Meeting New York, New York Aprill 9-10-11, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004781-4781 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York June 20, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004782-4783 Confidential Report Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York September 16, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004784-4792 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 8-9-10, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004793-4794 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 9, 1980 [St]
- CTRMN004795-4804 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 8-9-10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004805-4805 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 8, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004806-4806 Confidential Report Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 10, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004807-4816 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 14-15-16, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004817-4818 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 15, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004819-4820 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York December 9, 1981 [St]
- CTRMN004821-4831 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 21, 22, 23, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004832-4833 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 21, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004834-4843 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 6,7,8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004844-4844 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York October 8, 1982 [St]
- CTRMN004845-4845 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Scottsdale, Arizona February 24, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004846-4857 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York April 20, 21, 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004858-4858 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 22, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004859-4859 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York June 6, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004860-4871 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York October 12, 13, 14, 1983 [St]
- CTRMN004872-4882 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting New York, New York March 28, 29, 30, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004883-4883 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York March 29, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004884-4895 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting September 19, 20, 21, 1984 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004896-4896 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York September 20, 1984 [St]
- CTRMN004897-4897 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board Palm Beach, Florida February 25, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004898-4898 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004899-4910 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004911-4911 Confidential Report Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Scientific Advisory Board New York, New York April 16, 1985 [St]
- CTRMN004912-4923 Confidential Report Scientific Advisory Board Meeting April 15, 16, 17, 1985 New York, New York [St]
- CTRMN004924-4927 for Release: A.M.'s Wednesday, April 14, 1954 ["Reaction to the Compendium "A Scientific Perspective on the Cigarette Controversy""]
- CTRMN004928-4929 for Release: A.M.'s Tuesday, April 27, 1954 [Scientific Advisory Board Organized Early to Begin Research Into All Phases of Tobacco Use and Health for the Year]
- CTRMN004930-4931 for Release in A.M.'s of Tuesday, May 18, 1954 [Proposals Submitted for Cancer Research Projects for Consideration by Scientific Advisory Board]
- CTRMN004932-4933 for Release After 10:30 A.M., June 15, 1954 [Appointment of Dr. Clarence Cook Little Announced by the Tobacco Research Industry Committee]
- CTRMN004934-4937 for Immediate Release [American Cancer Society Survey Conveys the Need to Further Research to Discover Cause of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN004938-4939 for Release in Am's of Tuesday, July 20, 1954 [Edwin B. Wilson of Harvard University Became A Member of Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004940-4942 for Release: A.M.'s of Wednesday, July 28, 1954 Little Announces Research Policy of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Three Main Areas to Be Covered by Research Program Announced]
- CTRMN004943-4944 for Release in A.M.'s Thursday, August 19, 1954 [Dr. Julius H. Comroe of University of Pennsylvania, Accepted Membership on Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee]
- CTRMN004945-4945 for Immediate Release (Monday, October 11, 1954) Dr. Little Gives TIRC View [Little States That No Convincing Evidence Has Yet Been Found to Prove That Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN004946-4946 for Immediate Release (Tuesday, October 12, 1954) [Timothy V. Hartnet, Chairman of Board, Stated That Public Should Be Reminded That No Lung Cancer Causing Agent Has Yet Been Identified in Tobacco]
- CTRMN004947-4947 for Release: Wednesday, October 20, 1954 Hartnett Approves Care in Research [Committee to Be Sure That Reliable Evidence Is Available Before Announcing Important Conclusions to the Public About Smoking]
- CTRMN004948-4948 for Immediate Release (Thursday, October 21, 1954) Hartnett Comments on Cigarette Paper Burning [Timothy V. Hartnett Comments That A Cancer Causing Compound on Skin of Mice Has Been Produced by Burning Cigarette Paper Under Certain Lab Conditions]
- CTRMN004949-4952 for Release: A.M.'s, Monday, November 8, 1954 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Announces Initial Grants [Six Scientific Research Grants Totalling Over $82,000 Made Public]
- CTRMN004953-4954 for Release in A.M.'s, Monday, December 6, 1954 Scientific Associate Named by Tobacco Research Group [Robert C. Hockett Appointed As Scientific Director of TIRC to Help Develop Research Into Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN004955-4956 for Immediate Release Cross-Country Lung Study Planned by Tobacco Group [Group of Pathologists Plan A Cooperative Study to Increase Knowledge of Lung Ailments]
- CTRMN004957-4959 for Release in Year-End Editions But Not Before December 27, 1954 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [TIRC Will Approve A Quarter of A Million Dollars for Research Into Public Health Problems by the End of 1954]
- CTRMN004960-4963 for Release: Monday A.M.'s, January 17, 1955 Tobacco Industry's New Research Grants Send Total to More Than $300,000 [New Research Grants Announced by TIRC to Relate to Both Human and Animal Scientific Studies]
- CTRMN004964-4966 for Release in A.M.'s of Friday, April 8, 1955 Tobacco Industry Group Votes Medical Research Fellowships [TIRC Announced Fellowship Program to Create Interest in Research Among Medical School Students]
- CTRMN004967-4969 Release Tuesday, May 17, 1955 and Thereafter Tobacco and Health Studies Cover Wide Range of Research [Although No Scientific Proof That Cigarettes or Air Pollution Cause Lung Cancer, Progress Is Being Made to Learn More About Tobacco Use and Health by the TIRC]
- CTRMN004970-4972 Tobacco Research Grants Increased to 490,000 Mark [Research Grants Are Created So Science Can Provide An Answer to Public Health Problems]
- CTRMN004973-4973 Hartnett Comments on Auerbach Paper [Many Studies on Human Lung Tissue, Not Enough Data Available to Draw A Conclusion Yet]
- CTRMN004974-4975 Anti-Smoking Theories Not Based on Complete Scientific Knowledge [Scientific Investigation Into What the Real Effects Are From Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN004976-4977 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Research Intensified in Past Year, No Proof That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004978-4980 Doctor's Survey Termed 'biased, 'says Hartnett [Questionnaire Would Give No Concrete Conclusions About Tobacco Causing Cancer]
- CTRMN004981-4982 Hartnett Alerts Burley Men to Challenge Tobacco Attacks [Doctors Are Expressing Their Doubts About Statements Already Made; Tobacco Effects]
- CTRMN004983-4984 Bright Belt Warehouse Men Told Facts Challenge Critics [Still Looking for Proof That Tobacco Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN004985-4986 Tobacco Spokesman Says Facts and Position Are Unchanged [Various Experiments with Animals Showed That Cancer Was Not the Outcome From Tobacco Smoke]
- CTRMN004987-4987 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Study [Methods Used for Cancer Research Still Do Not Give Enough Information]
- CTRMN004988-4990 British Tobacco Experiments Unable to Induce Cancers [Still No Connection, Tests Will Continue]
- CTRMN004991-4993 Tobacco Research Grants Now Over 838,000 Mark [Tobacco Research Is Getting More Support From Doctors, Scientists, and Educators]
- CTRMN004994-4996 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Summary of the Past Years' Events in Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN004997-4999 Tobacco Research Fund Raised to 1,500,000 [Finding New Ways to Break Down Tobacco]
- CTRMN005000-5001 Tobacco Industry Group Renews Medical Research Fellowships [More Medical Students Are Receiving Fellowships Than Last Year]
- CTRMN005002-5003 Hartnett Statement on Cancer Meeting Reports [There Is Still Much Research to Be Done Before Tobacco Is Linked to Cancer]
- CTRMN005004-5005 [Pathologists From Around the Country Have Studied Human Lung Tissues Over the Past Year]
- CTRMN005006-5006 [Smoking Patterns Do Not Explain Differences in Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005007-5008 Hartnett Cites British Tobacco Tests Failing to Produce Animal Cancer [the Search for Cancer Must Be Broadened and Intensified]
- CTRMN005009-5010 Hartnett Comments on Statistical Claims [Although Many Believe Smoking Causes Cancer, Scientists Still Have Not Found Any Prof]
- CTRMN005011-5011 [Present Knowledge Doesn't Hint A Relationship Between Smoking and Heart Problems]
- CTRMN005012-5016 Hartnett Comments on Cancer Society Booklet [Pamphlet Omits Some Important Research Results]
- CTRMN005017-5018 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Research Committee Needs More Scientific Investigation]
- CTRMN005019-5025 Tobacco Research Funds Reach 2.2 Million Mark [Over 60 Independent Scientists Throughout the Country Are Working in Institutions to Further the Research of Cancer and Tobacco Use, They Are Listed]
- CTRMN005026-5027 Hartnett Comments on French Report [French Are Reporting Rapid Cancer Formation in Mice, Hartnett Feels It Can't Be Judged on the Basis of New Reports Without Longer Consideration and Careful Analysis]
- CTRMN005028-5030 Harnett Cites Points for Clarification in Tobacco Health Study [Smoking Study Reached the Public's Attention Before It Was Reviewed and Before the Facts Were Made Crystal Clear]
- CTRMN005031-5032 Hartnett Comments on Wynder News Stories [News Story Claims That Assumptions Have Been Made About Mouse Skin Painting Experiments]
- CTRMN005033-5037 Statement on Smoking and Health Studies [Scientists Are Developing A Program for Different Phases of Tobacco Use and Health, Members Listed]
- CTRMN005038-5045 Hartnett Says Statistics Do Not Establish Causes [Studies Are Open to Assumptions and Certain Selection of Subjects]
- CTRMN005046-5048 Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory [the Surgeon General Believes the Studies Are Missing Essential Facts That Should Be Acknowledged]
- CTRMN005049-5050 Scientist Comments on Benzpyrene Report [Benzpyrane in Tobacco Smoke, Under Investigation for Years Caused Cancer in Lab Animals But Not Humans]
- CTRMN005051-5055 "Cancer Researcher Challenges "Cause and Effect" Charges Against Smoking" [It's Difficult to Have A Cause and Effect Relationship When Dealing with Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005056-5056 [Atlantic Monthly Gives A Misleading Picture of Dr. Little and His Public Position]
- CTRMN005057-5058 Tobacco Committee Chairman Comments on Cancer Society Talk [Many Unresolved Questions About Tobacco Causing Cancer Don't Stop Researching]
- CTRMN005059-5061 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Most Tend to Believe the Anti-Cigarette Theory But It Shouldn't Be Confused with the Facts There's Still Not Enough Facts to Prove That Smoking Causes Cancer]
- CTRMN005062-5062 Hartnett Says Leaflet Admits Differing Opinions on Smoking [Leaflet Tells How Scientists Disagree on Evidence]
- CTRMN005063-5066 Research Program Throws Doubts on Smoking Charges [Incorrect Claims and Harmful Effects From Tobacco]
- CTRMN005067-5069 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [More and More Scientists Had Doubts and Disbeliefs in the Charges Against Smoking As A Cause of Cancer]
- CTRMN005070-5071 Tobacco Research Scientist Discusses Smoking Question [Scientists Say Smoking Has Been Proved Guilty When Linked with Human Health Problems]
- CTRMN005072-5072 Pamphlet Merely Review, Dr. Little Says [Opinions Is All the Author Gives in His Pamphlet Scientists Are Still Disputing]
- CTRMN005073-5076 TIRC Fund for Research Boosted to $2,700,000 [Grants for Independent Scientists Interested in Studying Problems of Cancer and Heart Disease When Related to Smoking]
- CTRMN005077-5080 [New Knowledge on Smoking and Health Questions]
- CTRMN005081-5081 [Veterans Study of Smoking Habits]
- CTRMN005082-5082 [Report on How There Was Existing Research Evidence and How It Was Ignored]
- CTRMN005083-5085 [Regarding Anti-Tobacco Movement]
- CTRMN005086-5086 [Benzpyrene in Cigarette Smoke]
- CTRMN005087-5088 [Experimental Evidence Is Weak]
- CTRMN005089-5089 Hartnett Says Article on Arsenic Goes Beyond Facts [Farmers Use of Insecticides with Arsenicals on Growing Tobacco Has Steadily Been Declining]
- CTRMN005090-5091 [Scientists Who Produce Conflicting Results Are Being Ignored by the Health Department]
- CTRMN005092-5094 Statement by Timothy V. Hartnett, Chairman Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Even More Grants Have Been Made Available More Factors Have Been Associated with Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005095-5100 Tobacco Industry Group Announces Research Grants [Grant Increases to $3,200,000 List of Grants Announced]
- CTRMN005101-5103 Tobacco-Health Research Described in 1958 Report [the Report Talked About Experiments That Were Unable to Produce Cancer and the Cause and Effect Theory]
- CTRMN005104-5104 [Report Shows That Other Factors Besides Smoking Have Been Causing Lung Cancer, But Scientists Do Not Dismiss the Fact That Lung Cancer Is Possibility From Smoking]
- CTRMN005105-5105 [Anti-Smoking Campaign Is Thought to Be A One-Sided Propaganda Effort]
- CTRMN005106-5106 [Questions Arise From on-Sided Study]
- CTRMN005107-5111 Cancer Scientist's Comments on Smoking-Lung Cancer Review [Evidence on Smoking and Lung Cancer Is Accumulating, Among Other Contributing Factors]
- CTRMN005112-5117 [Comments Relating to Observation on Various Studies]
- CTRMN005118-5122 Research Grants Announced by Tobacco Industry Group [$500,000 Was Added to Research Funds, A List of Recipients with the New Grants Is Mentioned]
- CTRMN005123-5127 Research Supported by Tobacco Committee Discussed in Scientific Director's Report [It Seems That Finding An Answer to Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Are Too Complicated]
- CTRMN005128-5128 [Attacks on Tobacco, the Lung Cancer Issue Is Still Not Settled]
- CTRMN005129-5129 Nta Stand on Smoking Repeats Opinions [Statement Gives No Evidence and Is Dealing Mainly with Opinions]
- CTRMN005130-5132 Tobacco Research Group Adds New Scientific Associate [New Scientific Director Was Added to the TIRC, Curriculum of J. Morrison Brady]
- CTRMN005133-5134 Tobacco Research Group Cites Questions Raised in Heart Statement [Lack of Evidence Proposes New Questions and Doubts About Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005135-5137 New Evidence Shows Complexities of Lung Cancer, Scientist Says [Hundreds of Studies Indicate Many Factors Contribute to the Complex Chain That May Result in Lung Cancer, No One Can Figure Out the Right Factor and Still the Reported Lung Cancer Cases Are Rising]
- CTRMN005138-5140 New Grants to Scientists Made by Tobacco Research Group [Research Grants Totalling $523,000 Made to 40 Scientists This Year]
- CTRMN005141-5144 Cancer Research Opens Up New Areas, Extra Funds Appropriated for Study [TIRC Stepping Up Financial Support of Independent Health Research]
- CTRMN005145-5147 Scientists in 11 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [17 Research Grants Totaling Nearly $200,00 Awarded to Scientists in 11 States for Studies of Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005148-5151 New Direction for Tobacco-Health Research in '61, Says Chairman of Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Future Research to Concentrate on How Lung Cancer and Heart Disease Originate]
- CTRMN005152-5160 Research on Smoking and Health Discussed by Scientific Advisory Board to T.I.R.C. [Health Research Expansion Called for in 22 Specific Areas]
- CTRMN005161-5162 Scientist Reports on Research Progress As T.I.R.C. Boosts Funds to $4,650,000 [Dr. Clarence Cook Little Proposed Steps for Medical Research]
- CTRMN005163-5163 Nation's Medical Students Offered Research Fellowships by Tobacco Research Group [Program Designed to Encourage Research As A Career]
- CTRMN005164-5168 Scientists in 14 States Get Research Grants for Tobacco-Health Studies [Fifteen Grants for New Research Announced]
- CTRMN005169-5173 Tobacco Industry Research Committee Adds $800,000 for New Research [Emphasis Put on Viruses, Bioassay, Psychological and Physiological Research]
- CTRMN005174-5176 ""Significant Developments" in Cancer Research Reviewed in Annual Report by Dr. C.C. Little" [Scientific Findings of the Past Year Reviewed]
- CTRMN005177-5179 Tobacco Research Group Offers Fellowships to Medical Students to Spur Interest in Research Work [Program Designed to Encourage Career in Research]
- CTRMN005180-5180 Tobacco Research Committee Chairman Comments on Mouse Skin Painting [Harmless Everyday Substances Can Cause Cancer in Laboratory Animals]
- CTRMN005181-5182 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005183-5217 Smoking-Health Situation Calls for Facts, Not Emotions, Says Hartnett [Repetition Does Not Add to Scientific Knowledge]
- CTRMN005218-5224 52 Additional Research Grants Made by Tobacco Industry Group [Money for Studies Designed to Give New Leads to Lung Cancer and Other Health Problems]
- CTRMN005225-5225 Medical Student Fellowships Offered by Tobacco Research Group [Program to Encourage Research]
- CTRMN005226-5228 Gaps Still Exist in Knowledge of Lung Cancer and Heart Disease, Says Little [Multiple Factors and Influences That Contribute to Lung Cancer Unknown]
- CTRMN005229-5230 Scientific Director of Tobacco Industry Research Committee Comment on Resolution by American Heart Association [TIRC Welcomes Recognition of Need for Further Research to Determine Full Facts About Smoking]
- CTRMN005231-5234 Tobacco Committee Adds $1 Million for Continuing Research Studies [Scientific Advisory Board Assured TIRC Will Provide More Funds]
- CTRMN005235-5235 [Scientific Director of TIRC Sent Telegrams to the Surgeon General and the President of the Ama]
- CTRMN005236-5236 [Ama Supports Research on Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005237-5239 [TIRC Renamed and Reorganized]
- CTRMN005240-5241 Dr. Howard B. Andervont Named to the Scientific Advisory Board [Editor of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute Appointed]
- CTRMN005242-5277 Tobacco Industry Group Awards $817,165 for Health Research [37 Additional Research Grants Have Been Awarded by the Ctr]
- CTRMN005278-5282 Scientific Director C.C. Little Reports Decade of Tobacco-Health Research [Findings on What Diseases Smoking Can Cause]
- CTRMN005283-5286 Council Awards $500,000 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded for Tobacco Use and Health Research]
- CTRMN005287-5291 Summary of the Testimony of Clarence C. Little Before the Senate Commerce Committee [Discussion on Cancer and How It Affects Our Bodies]
- CTRMN005292-5319 Council Awards $514,767 for Tobacco and Health Research [Number of Grants Awarded to Scientist Over the Period of 10 Years]
- CTRMN005320-5348 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Discussion on Cigarette Smoking Being Helpful with Causing Diseases in Smokers]
- CTRMN005349-5367 Tobacco and Health Research Awards Pass $9 Million Total [Grants Given to Scientist Studying Matter Related to Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005368-5375 Tobacco-Health Research Grants Awarded New York Scientists [Scientists Approved to Continue Research on Lung Cancer and Other Diseases]
- CTRMN005376-5382 Tobacco - Health Studies Reviewed in Annual Report [Studies of the Respiratory System in Experimental Animals and Human Patients Especially on Causes of Pulmonary Cancers]
- CTRMN005383-5384 [Opinions of Scientists That There Is No Relationship Between Smoking and Disease]
- CTRMN005385-5387 New Tobacco-Health Research Grants Total $2 Million [Number of Approved Grants for Studies on Tobacco Use and Health]
- CTRMN005388-5388 Furst Becomes Consultant to Tobacco Research Council [Dr. Furst Advise to Council on Programs Sponsored by Them]
- CTRMN005389-5393 Studies Raise Questions About Smoking As Health Hazard [Numerous Studies Done to Show What Effect Smoking Had on Our Health]
- CTRMN005394-5400 Broad Review of Tobacco-Health Picture Covered in Dr. Little's Latest Report Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Chronic Pulmonary Ailments Are Complex in Nature, Says Noted Researcher Genetic and Environmental Factors May Be Involved Reports Scientific Director of Council for Tobacco Research [Recent Research Finding on Lung Cancer, Heart Disease and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005401-5404 Significant Smoking-Health Finding Covered in Report by Dr. C.C. Little [Findings From Independent Scientists on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005405-5408 New Tobacco-Health Grants Announced; One Helps Revive Framinghan Heart Study [Awards Granted to Independent Scientists Researching Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005409-5412 New Scientific Findings About Cancer, Heart Disease, the Lung, Other Areas, Reported by Council for Tobacco Research [New Findings From Independent Scientists Relating to Tobacco and Health Issue]
- CTRMN005413-5415 New Smoking-Health Studies Boost Total to $23-Million [Council Awards More Grants to the Study of Lung Cancer, Viruses and Cancer, Heart Disease, and Chronic Pulmonary Ailments]
- CTRMN005416-5418 Progress in Tobacco-Health Research Achieved: Machines That Simulate Human Smoking [Machines to Help Scientists Effectively Study Smoke and Health Issues]
- CTRMN005419-5421 Noted Cancer Scientist Named Scientific Director of the Council for Tobacco Research [Dr. Hockett Who Was Acting Scientific Director Got Promoted to Research Director]
- CTRMN005422-5425 Massive Cancer Study Using Made-to-Order Mice [Study Using Mice to See If Human Lung Cancer Can Be Induced Regularly]
- CTRMN005426-5427 Tobacco Research Group Announces New Studies [12 New Studies Have Been Funded to Study Generic Factors in Lung Cancer and Emphysema and the Possible Influence of Nicotine on Fetal Growth]
- CTRMN005428-5429 Studies of Twins Expanded by Tobacco Research Group [Human Twins Used for Study to Determine Effects of Environment Agents on Various Diseases]
- CTRMN005430-5432 News About Smoking and Health Study Interaction of Genetic and External Influences in Lung Cancer [Studies Show That Only Minority of Smokers Get Lung Cancer Therefore Lung Cancer May Be Caused by Genetic Characteristics or External Influences Which People Have Been Exposed]
- CTRMN005433-5434 New Smoking and Health Grants Made by Tobacco Research Council [New Studies Have Received Grants to Continue Researching on Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005435-5435 Yeaman Assumes Leadership of Council for Tobacco Research [Addison Yeaman Succeeds H.H. Ramm for Chairman and President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005436-5438 14 New Studies Funded by Tobacco Research Council [Grants Awarded to Studies for Inhibition of Cancer by Different Chemicals, the Influence of Nicotine on Pregnancy and the Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Body's Disease Fighting System]
- CTRMN005439-5441 Progress Being Made in Research on Emphysema [Scientist Discover Ways to Help Defend Against Emphysema]
- CTRMN005442-5444 14 New Smoking-Health Projects Are Approved [Recent Research Studies Dealing with Smoking and Health Have Been Given Grants]
- CTRMN005445-5446 Grants Awarded for New Smiking-Health Studies [Scientists Were Approved for Studying of Certain Enzymes in Human Lung Cancer and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005447-5448 Tobacco Research Report Discusses Heart Disease [Studies Have Found Progressive Atherosclerosis Rank First As Number One As Causes of Death From Cardiovascular Disease]
- CTRMN005449-5451 Grants Awarded for New Smoking-Health Research [New Studies Have Been Approved for Marker Substance That May Indicate Presence of Lung Cancer and on Smoking and Pregnancy]
- CTRMN005452-5453 Tobacco Research Group Funds New Smoking-Health Projects [A New Study for Relationship of Childhood Respiratory Disease to the Development of Adult Chronic Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005454-5455 Tobacco Research Group Reports... Funds for Smoking-Health Studies Pass $46,000,000 [Amount Council Has Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005456-5458 $5.9 Millions Given for Smoking-Healths Studies [Council Has Given Millions Over the Years to Researchers]
- CTRMN005459-5460 Tobacco Research Group Says... Continued Research Needed to Find Causes of Cancer and Other Major Diseases [Council Pledges to Continue to Give Financial Support to Scientists Studying Smoke-Health Issues]
- CTRMN005461-5462 $6 Million Granted for Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Given to Scientist for Further Study]
- CTRMN005463-5465 Tobacco Research Group Continues Funding for Independent Scientists [Council Has Provided Millions Over the Years to Researchers and Will Continue to Do So]
- CTRMN005466-5467 $5.5 Million Given for Smokin-Health Studies [Council Has Given Millions to New and on Going Studies Over the Years]
- CTRMN005468-5469 Annual Report Issued by Tobacco Research Group [Over 1.5882 Reports From Scientists Acknowledging Support From the Council Have Been Published]
- CTRMN005470-5473 $6 Million Awarded for 34 New Smoking-Health Studies [Millions Were Given to Scientists with New Studies and Continuing Ones From the Council]
- CTRMN005474-5474 Ctr's Latest Report Sets Abstract Record [More Reports Were Published From Scientists Acknowledgingg Support From Council for Tobacco Research Than Any Other Report Published in the Past]
- CTRMN005475-5475 Scientists Show... Growing Interest in Doing Smoking and Health Studies [Growing Number of Application Have Gone to the Council of Tobacco Research for Funding on Smoke Related Diseases]
- CTRMN005476-5479 $7 and A Half -Million Awarded for Smoking-Health Research [Millions Given to Scientists for Studying Lung Disease]
- CTRMN005480-5481 Council for Tobacco Research Announces... Hoyt and Hockett Retire After 30 Years: Gertenbach Is Named New President [Introduction to President of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005482-5482 Ctr's Annual Report Sets Abstract Record [the Number of Reports Acknowledging Support by the Council of Tobacco Research Is More Today Than It Was Years Ago]
- CTRMN005483-5485 Findings Published on Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Study with Mice [Results From Study Show That Smoke Did Not Produce Any Squamous Cell Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005486-5525 Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, Tobacco Industry Research Committee, at Press Conference, University Club, New York City, June 15, 1954 [Regarding Relationship Between Lung Cancer and Tobacco]
- CTRMN005526-5533 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's First Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Experiments That Show That Cigarette Smoking Increases Chances for Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005534-5541 "Transcript of Edward R. Murrow's Second Tv Show on "Cigarettes and Lung Cancer"" [Regarding Issue That Cigarette Smoke Does Not Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005542-5562 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Regarding Continuation of Study Dealing with Tobacco and Health]
- CTRMN005563-5573 A Report of Progress [Results From the Study of Smoking and Health Issue Will Greatly Depend on Well Planned and Well-Executed Scientific Research]
- CTRMN005574-5585 Tobacco and the Cardiovascular System the Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Program Strives to Discover Facts and Relationships Described with Objectivity]
- CTRMN005586-5597 A Search for Facts [Regarding Information Needed to Be Gathered on Smoking and Health Problems to Defend Industry]
- CTRMN005598-5605 the Lung Cancer Problem and the Research Program of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee [Discussion on Different Studies Will Continue to Be Made Until A Answer Is Found]
- CTRMN005606-5607 Cancer Research Guest Editorial Smoking and Lung Cancer Volume 16 [St Regarding Support Given to Scientist for Research]
- CTRMN005608A-5609 "Correspondence Regarding "Smoking and Health"" [Discussion on Researching on Tobacco and Health with Objectivity and Not Be Judgmental]
- CTRMN005608B-5609 Hypfibrinogenemia [Regarding Transfusions and Clotting Mechanism in A Case of Extraordinarily Delayed Post-Partum Hemorrhage]
- CTRMN005608C-5609 Diabetic Children [Admitting Omission of Different Data From Other Sources]
- CTRMN005608D-5609 Revocation of Licenses [Revoking of Registration From Dr. Louis A. Scinta]
- CTRMN005610A-5613 Mayo Clinic Head Believes Smoking Not Cancer Cause Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Smoking Not Believed to Be Cause of Lung Cancer, According to Some Noted Physicians]
- CTRMN005610B-5613 Six Experts State Doubts on Smoking-Cancer Theory Tell Congressmen Reasons for Position Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Reasons for Not Accepting Theory That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610C-5613 New Book Says Tobacco 'scare' Not Justified Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [""Science Looks at Smoking"]
- CTRMN005610D-5613 Editors View Smoking-Cancer Tie As Unproved, Open Question Excerpts From Editorials Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Excessive Smoking Probably the Main Cause of Lung Cancer, While Moderate Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer Has No Scientific Support]
- CTRMN005610E-5613 British Scientist Opposes Campaign Against Smoking Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Sir Ronald Fisher, British Statistician, Refuses to Produce Anti-Smoking Writing, States It As A Cause for Anxiety]
- CTRMN005610F-5613 'pick Your Expert, Take Your Choice' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Witnesses Linking Cigarettes to Lung Cancer Testify Before House Operations Sub-Committee]
- CTRMN005610G-5613 'still Open Question' Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [Authorities on Cancer State That Smoking Is Not Proven to Cause Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005610H-5613 Smoking and Death Rates Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 1 [If Everyone Stopped Smoking There Would Be No Significant Change in Death Rate]
- CTRMN005614-5616 Summary of Comments for Delivery Before: Central Subsection, North Jersey Section, American Chemical Society, Elizabeth, New Jersey [Review of the Chemical Analysis of Cigarette Smoke and Investigations of Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005617-5620 the Public and Smoking Fear or Calm Deliberation? [How Doubt, Suspicion and Fear May Affect the Deliberation of Whether Cigarette Smoking Causes Lung Cancer or Other Ailments]
- CTRMN005621A-5624 TIRC Reports Progress in Smoking-Health Research Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Too Many Unknowns Exist Concerning Lung Cancer to Warrant Conclusions Citing Smoking As Causation of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621B-5624 'tar' Misnomer for Condensed Smoke Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Difficulties in Analyzing Tobacco Smoke Make Tobacco Tar A Misnomer]
- CTRMN005621C-5624 New Statistics Contradict Anticigarette Theory Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Cigarette Smoking May Be Compatible with Normal Health Report on Done Smokers Who Have Longer That Average Life Span]
- CTRMN005621D-5624 TIRC Funds for Smoking Research Now Over $2,000,000 Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Scientific Advisory Board Approves 52 Grants and Renewals in 1957 Totalling $550,000]
- CTRMN005621E-5624 Press Questions Anti-Smoking Plan Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [State-Supported Campaign Against Cigarettes Warranted in New York]
- CTRMN005621F-5624 Study Suggests Bronchitis May Be Prime Factor in Lung Cancer Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Preliminary Study at Beatty Institute Favors Bronchitis As A Factor of Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005621G-5624 Doctors' Comments on Smoking-Health Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [Increasing Number of New Chemicals in the Atmosphere at Fault for Rise in Cancer]
- CTRMN005621H-5624 Nation-Wide Lung Tissue Study Now Being Evaluated Tobacco and Health Volume 1 Number 2 [TIRC Studying Lung Tissues From 1,600 Persons]
- CTRMN005625-5648 Biological Aspects of Cancer Research Journal of the National Cancer Institute Vol. 30, No. 3 [St Background Research and New Information on Cancer Studies]
- CTRMN005649-5654 Interview the Cigaret Smoker and Lung Cancer Reprinted From Modern Medicine, Vol 26 [St Advises on Smoking and Its Relation to Health]
- CTRMN005655-5660 Comments on the Mortality of Smokers and Non-Smokers. A Paper by Harold W. Dorn Before the American Statistical Association Dec. 27, 1958 [Reflections on Figures Presented in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005661-5671 An Experimentalist Looks at Statistics on Smoking [Reflections on the Figures in Dorn's Paper]
- CTRMN005672-5672 Letters to the Times Findings on Smoking [Statistical Proof of Link Between Smoking and Cancer Denied]
- CTRMN005673-5683 A Brief Review of the Smoking-Lung Cancer Theory [Review of Data Known on the Relation Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005684-5686 Cancer-the Research Approach [Discussion on Cancer and A Category of Factors Which May Play Roles in Cause and Development of Cancer]
- CTRMN005687-5692 [Address Before the Burley and Dark Leaf Tobacco Export Association, Inc. Information About the Research Program Supported by the TIRC]
- CTRMN005693-5697 Some Phases of the Problem of Smoking and Lung Cancer the New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 264 No. 24 [St Disputes Findings That Smoking Causes Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005698-5704 Some Aspects of the Lung Cancer Problem Reprinted From Punjab Medical Journal Vol. Xi No. 7 [St Discussion of Relationship of Cigarette Smoking to Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005705-5735 Current Knowledge of Tobacco and Health [Discussion of Experimental Attack on Lung Cancer and Tobacco Use]
- CTRMN005736-5739 Cigarettes-Why More Research? Reprinted From the Yale Scientific Magazine [St Comments on the Uncertainties of the Correlations Between Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005740-5740 Why Do People Think That Quitting Smoking Affects Their Appetite or Their Weight? the Apothecary [St Comments on the Scientific Basis of How Smoking Affects Hunger]
- CTRMN005741-5754 Address to Be Delivered by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A. At A Dinner Honoring the Centennial of the University of Kentucky and the Burley Tobacco Industry Lexington, Kentucky January 12, 1965 [Talk Addressing Research Programs of the University of Kentucky]
- CTRMN005755-5772 Communications and the Biological Sciences [Brief Discussion of Principles That Should Inspire and Guide Communications in the Biological Sciences]
- CTRMN005773-5785 Perspectives in the Experimental Approach to the Human Lung Cancer Problem [Experimental Research on Lung Tumors in Animals May Lead to Insights on Human Lung Cancer]
- CTRMN005786-5798 Tobacco and Health Research [Elaboration on the Purpose, Research Practices and Studies of the TIRC]
- CTRMN005799-5805 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Experimental Studies by the TIRC Concerning Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005806-5813 the Research Perspective on Smoking and Health [Discussion on the Search for Causes of Diseases with Which Smoking Has Been Associated]
- CTRMN005814-5820 Tobacco and Health Research [Discussion of Studies on Cigarettes and the Diseases Statistically Associated with Smoking]
- CTRMN005821-5834 Tobacco and Health Research - Where Shall We Go From Here? [Suggestions for Continuing Studies and Research on Cigarette Smoking and Health]
- CTRMN005835-5852 A Look Ahead Smoking and Health - Where Do We Stand? [Talk on Chronic Diseases and Factors of Their Causation and Development in Relation to Cigarette Smoking]
- CTRMN005853-5854 Smoking-Disease Links Continue to Lack Scientific Proof [Discusses the Role of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005854-5854 Lawrence Promoted to Vp Post at Mmi [Jack Riddle Announces the New Vp of Micro-Magnetic Industries]
- CTRMN005854A-5854 Philip Morris Expands Promotional Allowances [Discusses Special Offers Made to Philip Morris Vendors]
- CTRMN005855-5882 Chapter 3 the Tobacco Health Issue: An Overview of Medical Research [St Questions Methodology of Experiments Where the Sole Objective Was the Attempt to Induce Tumors]
- CTRMN005883-5900 the Research Program (Cancer Segment) of the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Presentation Before the Tobacco Working Group [Describes the Concept, Plan, and Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN005901-5902 Smoking Prevention Education Act Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 [Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN005903-5919 [Regarding Anti-Smoking Bill]
- CTRMN005920-5931 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on H.R. 1824 March 9 and 17, 1983 Serial No. 98-8 Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding H.R. 1824 [Disputes Findings Set Forth in H.R. 1824 Regarding Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Atherosclerosis and Emphysema]
- CTRMN005932-5932 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 May 5 and 12, 1983 [Concerning Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act of 1983]
- CTRMN005933-5940 Statement of Sheldon C. Sommers, M.D., Consultant in Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, N.Y. [Comments on Smoking Prevention Health and Education Act]
- CTRMN005941-5963 Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources United States Senate Ninety-Eighth Congress First Session on S. 772 to Promote Public Health by Improving Public Awareness of the Health Consequences of Smoking and to Increase the Effectiveness of Federal Health Officials in Investigating and Communicating to the Public Necessary Health Information, and for Other Purposes Statement of Robert Casad Hockett Regarding S. 772 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments Which Expose Animals to Smoke]
- CTRMN005964-6009 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-Seventh Congress Second Session on H.R. 5653 and H.R. 4957 March 5, 11, and 12, 1982 Serial No. 97-106 [Disputes Methodology of Experiments to Demonstrate That Cigarette Smoking Can Cause Lung Cancer in Animals]
- CTRMN006010-6012 Testimony of Dr. Robert C. Hockett During Hearing on Cigarette Smoking and Health Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, October 5, 1978 [Responds to Question Regarding Research on Health and Smoking]
- CTRMN006013-6023 Statement of Robert C. Hockett, Ph.D. Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce in Response to the Letter Dated September 27, 1978 From the Chairman of the Subcommittee to William U. Gardner, Ph.D., Scientific Director, the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc [Discusses the Purpose of the Council for Tobacco Research]
- CTRMN006024-6069 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare United States Senate Ninety-Fourth Congress Second Session on S. 2902 February 19, March 24, and May 27, 1976 [Disputes Scientific Basis of S. 2902]
- CTRMN006070-6125 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United State Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 Serial No. 92-82 [Discussion of Cigarette-Smoking and Peptic Ulcers]
- CTRMN006126-6135 Report of the Scientific Director [St]
- CTRMN006136-6189 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 February 1, 5, and 10, 1972 [Discusses Edimeological Comparisons Between Smokers and Non-Smokers]
- CTRMN006190-6200 [Bibliography Listing Over 1,275 Articles and Books About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006201-6311 [Articles About Tobacco and Disease]
- CTRMN006312-6321 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006322-6348 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statement of Dr. Robert Casad Hockett]
- CTRMN006349-6359 Hearings Before the Consumer Committee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [Statements of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers and Dr. Robert C. Hockett]
- CTRMN006360-6370 Hearings Before the Consumer Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Ninety-Second Congress Second Session on S. 1454 to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to Require the Federal Trade Commission to Establish Acceptable Levels of Tar and Nicotine Content of Cigarettes [References Reporting on Tobacco and Nicotine]
- CTRMN006371-6412 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Ninety-First Congress First Session on H.R. 643 A Bill to Amend the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act with Respect to the Labeling of Packages of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes (and Similar Bills) [Statement of Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers]
- CTRMN006413-6492 Hearings Before the Committee on Commerce United States Senate Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on S. 559 and S. 547 Bills to Regulate Labeling of Cigarettes and for Other Purposes [Statement of Dr. Clarence C. Little]
- CTRMN006493-6533 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of the Council for Tobacco Research U.S.A. History and Organization]
- CTRMN006534-6540 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Clarence Cook Little, SC.D.]
- CTRMN006541-6548 Hearings Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce House of Representatives Eighty-Ninth Congress First Session on H.R. 2248 A Bill to Amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act So As to Make That Act Applicable to Smoking Products [Statement of Robert Casad Hockett, Ph.D.]
- CTRMN006549-6577 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement of Dr. Clarence Cook Little]
- CTRMN006578-6611 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Statement Concerning the Origin and Purpose of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee and Its Proposed Functions]
- CTRMN006612-6614 False and Misleading Advertising (Filter-Tip Cigarettes) Hearings Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations House of Representatives Eighty-Fifth Congress First Session [Hartnett Cites Scientists Doubting Smoking-Cancer Theory]
- CTRMN006615-6618 Research Into Smoking and Health [Arguments Against Tobacco Cancer Link]
- CTRMN006619-6623 [Study to Examine Reported Causes of Death in Each of 17 Regions in Houston Specifically the Five Major Respiratory Diseases]
- CTRMN006624-6624 A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers [Industry Promotes Research Into Tobacco Disease Link]
- CTRMN006625-6625 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Board of Directors [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006626-6627 the Council for Tobacco Research - U.S.A., Inc. Scientific Advisory Board [Members of the Board]
- CTRMN006628-6634 No. E-121,486 I. D. Rogers, Individually and As Independent Executor of the Estate of Marjorie Helen Rogers, Deceased; Et Al Vs. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Et Al in the District Court of Jefferson County, Texas 172nd Judicial District Third Amended Notice of Intention to Take Oral Deposition [Matters on Which Ctr Witnesses Must Be Knowledgeable]
- CTRMN006635-6967 Deposition of Dr. James Glenn [Deposition of Glenn in the Matter of Broin]
- Author
- Little, C.C., Ctr
- Request
- 118
- Type
- ANNUAL REPORT
- Box
- 002
- UCSF Legacy ID
- ymq30a00
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CTR IIH 00 1 So~'(V
tTR2
3.52
C1`f44`, t"Il`1 (--)()1 "401;
SQEHTIFIC ADVLSORY SOARD
io Tita Cauadl toc Tobaoco Acscancb-U.S.A.
KENNETH MERRILL LYNCH. M.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Chain+wn
Chm~ a+d ProJsssar o! P
bfodical Cokr ot Soo=b C"'diaa, ar3atoa, South Caroiiaa
HOWARD B. AlvDl'iRVONT, Sc.D.
SckulJk £.alar. nn Jcataii of t3o Natiooal Canorr lnstizsua
Ber+~ad.. xa~taaa
RK~iARD J. BINa. M.D.
P,olcsaor aad Chiairn.an, Dep.rtmaot oc JvLodjcino
Wayaa SWO UalvaajRy CoDtyD ot Uodiciae. Dctroit. MzLipn
McXEEN CATTEiI., Px.D.. M.D.
ProlcaAO. EnwrUaa of PbarWocVloV
CocacA Univasity Medical Ccl)c=c Naw York. N. Y.
LEON O. JACOBSON. M.D.
ProJuror and ChaLnran. Department o[ Mediciae
Univcrsity of CLiago
Dln+aor. Arpaao Gnctr Research Hospital, Cbicago, IIlinoi.
PAUL KO17N, M.D.
Asaoclatc Diwor for Ficid Studicu
Natioaal Gaccr Institute, Bctbcsda, Maryfaad
CLARENCE COOK I.rPfLE, Sc.D.. LL.D.. Lrr.D.
Scwuijtc Dinrtor, The Council for Tobacco RescaccA--US.A.
Dirsrtor Eine.itxr. Ro.cot B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory,
Bar Harbor. Ma1oo
STANLEY P. REIMANN, M.D.. Sc.D.
Dlrector Ensssitur, Tbo InstiWtc toc Cancu RacucL
PbitsdclPa+s. Pcoasytranis
W1LLiAM F. RIPNHOFF, Jx., M.D.
Prnlessor Emerltaar o/ S+srcrr
Johas Hopkias Unirctsity Scbooi o( Medicinc, Baltimoce, Maryland
Edwin B. Wilson, PtLD., LLD.
1819-1954
Dr. Edwin Bidwoil Wi}son, wbose carecr
spanned the Aclds o( maibcmatio, paysica,
acronautics, statistics, epit3omiolo" and
socio3oSy died on December 2E, 1964. Dr.
Wilson bad served as a mcmbet ol the
Scicntibc Advisay Board to Tba Council
toc Tobacco Rc.acarch--U.S.A. since 1954.
He was a pno[wor emeritus c[ vital statis-
tics of the Harvud Un}vcrsity Scbooi o[
Public Hcalth. Dr. Wilson bad boca a vice
president a( the Natiooal Acadcmy of Sci-
caccs and edited itt Pra.ucdtntr fmm 1915
until his dcatb. Ho tau=Dt matbematiCa at
both Yak and Harrard and was chairman
of the Dcpartnoent of Pbysla at the Masaa-
cltiusats Institute ol ToclmoiM. Dr. Wilson
scrved as a caasultant to the OIBce o( Naval
Rcscarcd for many ycats and was a recipient
of the Navy's DistinjuisLod Cldliaa Savico
Award. He was a pst ptr.idoot o[ the
American Statisrial As.ociation, tbe Social
Scicnco Research Council and tDa American
Academy o( Arts and Scxncas.
ROBERT C. HOCKETT, Px.D. J. MORRISON BRADY. M.D.
AtaoCiau StitntlfiC Dlrstlo+ As.tac'lote Scitnli(ic Dirtctor
Tbe Progress of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Abstracts of Rcpocts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Psycbo-Physioio:3cal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Gcdiovascutar Dbcase . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Carcinovrnais 9tudie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Other Cancer Studjo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pu2mooary PAysioiop Studies . . . . . . . . . . 48
(bcmiairy 4 Biocbemhtry Studka . . . . . . . . . S I
pAarmaodM A pspcbo-pbartaacciopr Studies ..... 55
Othcr Studics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Recipients of Grants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
I
i
The Progress of Research
The Council foc Tobacco ReseurL is oommittod to a oondaufag and
up.ading program of expaimcatal and dWcal trtuddioa a( human Q"tsoaaos.
The Councii's progxm, tbarloco, h primarily o00 of med3aa raearcb,
wAich spreads over [nto the various selated branches o[ t+c,knots that can bo
brougbt to bear upon problema o( distase. Wkafa tno broad bold of moQl-
cine, emphasis is placed upon etbbp, tLat k, upon the factocs, }aflneacc.
aad agents, both internal and oatr+cnal, that may have .omething to do with
the uusation of discaat, rather tban upoa tuothods of tteatnueat or cttra.
TLis empbasi. upoa di.cau goacsit Is duo to oonv3otion tbat pncnnctMs aso.-
suna will probably do most eventually to rodut:o dto toa o[ tbo.e discam
that aro now our greatest killcn.
The selectioa of diseases for study is based on the rektPve pncacq; ind-
dcace of the discasc as well as its Importance as a cause o( mortafity, anQ
the degree to which it has bcca reputed to be asaociated statbticaay with
tobacco use.
The various discasa which bave been tc3octed for study aII belong to
the broad catcgory of coostitutional diaettaes. TLae boclude, among others,
the cardiovascular discascs, lun= anocr, akca atd the .arious c3uunk
rupiratory ailments.
In such diseases external agnts arc ditllcutt to idwtity, often complex
or multiple and of minor importance or tvea impotcst unless and until tis-
sues o( Lhe host organism respond by reactions cLuactaiatic of their basic
and predetcrmincd bioiogical and biocbctakal makeup.
Ttw situation is in marked coatrut with that found ht the infectious
discascs where ooe or more spocitsc external agcats ar+c involved. These in-
fcctious diseaac agcnts invade the cells and tissues as enemy alicas and they
remain so, impairing, killing, destroying the ceZa and tissucs wLicb they
invade. The invcstigator an develop tocbniques to isolate them and to
inactivate or destroy them in turn without harta to the body cells.
In the constitutional diseases, the situation is different. Canoer ccUs anc
a part of the body and arc not alicn to It. Tbey am modified but are very
much at home.
Similarly, the aging oclls of the circvLtoq system uo still qpdy ath,
impaired and weakened in function but uiA not stranScrs.
5
a
-~
.~..
..,..
..~~...
c _: T f ~ t°I t `# () t~~ I _;;t I I
these alternative qucstions and the explanatory hypotheses which they sug-
bcst had boca so clearly focmulated, sincc hindsight is ro notoriously supcrior
to foresight. Ncvcrtbclat;, ln ctioct, the 6rst ot thao tLroc possibilitia was
adopted as a working h7Potbot3..
The physiological=spocsa o( ulcer etlojoty, though certainly not fully
undcrstood, have becn elucidated in aomo part.<u Presumably they are much
better understood than the etiology of eancct. Hcnoe experiments could be
devised to observe whether nicotiao or snwiunj can influcnoc these known
physlolosical factoas.
Gastric ulcer is usually associated with ooemal or reduced acidity and
volua:K of gastric secretioo aftrr fastini, whereas duodenal ulcer is gcn-
eralty associated with inaocased acidity and volumo ol Pstric secrction after
fasting. Hypasccraioa in the pstric ulcer patient during stasis of food is
attributed by Ikagstedt and otbers, including Fdkin, to hormonal (gastrin)
stimulation, and that in tbo duodenal nlccr patient to nervous (vagus)
stimulation.
Since ahaatiom in gastric aeenctlao probably IaHuence the course of
peptic ulcer, the literature on ttportod eliects of smoking on gastric secre-
tion would appear to be rokvant. Howevcr, the existing literature, when the
Council program bepn, was contradictory. Moat of the rcported studies
rather obviously lacked adequate controls and neglected rekvant variabla.
New studies werc therefore sponsored by The Council in three centers
under the direction of qualified zacientific investigators. Non-smokcrs, habit-
ual enokcrs, noemal aubjeets, and persons with a history of duodenal ulcer
wcro includod, and the obarratiooa wert well controllcd. In these studia the
v,olume, hydrogen ron concentration, free ac1d, peptic concentration or
peptic output of the gastric .xrctions showed no significant or consistent
ebanycs during or folbwina tso smoking of cigarettes.
Gaattic nsotiGty was iavatiysted and no aigrtificant changes found in
the number of dtuatiou of lntraEsstric balloon pressure waves following
cigarette smokinL
Intragastric tempcratura .rcre measured in twenty patknts with duo-
dnul ulcer, dividing them into "smokess° and controls. No significant intra-
=astric tempaaturs caantts wae found to be induced by smoking.
On account of oontradictocr reports on pepsin and pcpsinogcn secre-
tian as possibly related to uloa, several studies were made in two centers.
A study of pepsinoScn excretion in twenty patients without evidence of
jastroiatatiaa! diswe showed the mean diAcrence in the concentration of
0xk.;p4odA. L tt. TAr LrAorrnr.lr oJ Ga.atic .nJ Duodrnol U/crn. Symposium
ow t/ic >1lawaacwww o( Pcptic Uksrs. Aaw.ls o( Ms Na. York Acadcmy o[ $CKnccs,
Y!. Act. 1, paw t 10, 1942.
i
pepsinogcn in plasma during the noo-smokiaj as eomparod with the smoking
period was a small but statistically significant doutat+e in the pepslao=at
level during the smoking periods.
Gastric pepsin and uropcps'tn in patients with duodcnal ulcrr ecre oom-
parod before and after surgery. It was concluded thu frauional dtaamina-
tions of uropcpsin do not accurately rsffoct gastric peptk activity and should
not be used to replace gastric aecrctory atudks.
Another investigator musurod gastric pepsin as well as urine anA
saum pepsinogen in ten volunteers. Continued smoking by habitual smokess
and habitual non-srrwkcrs produced no oonsistcat changu in these subjects
as compared with the output during periods of tob~cco abstinence.
The possible effects of smoking on dissolved gastric mociaa and on
viscosity of aastric juice in patients and In normal oonttofs was Investigated.
Under the conditions of the study, turtokin j did not significantly alter eith«
concentration of dissolved mucins oc the rsl.tiro visoodty of pstric juka
The Council has not so far undertaken any exteasire cliakal studies to
detcrmine the possible influence of smoking on the outcome of treatment
rcgimcns. Existing literature on such work is not only limhed but published
studies reveal a lack of controls, particularly with respect to food intake,
among smoking and non-smoking paticats.m
A Council-sponsorod study of ptoion6od cigarette smoking in two
duodenal ulcer patients, measurod gastric acid aeaetion. One subjoet fol-
lowed the usual pattern of nocmal variation in gastric acidity without definite
trends related to smoking or non-smoking. The other experienced a sigstifi-
cant increase in acidity when smoking was discontinued.
The effects of continued ciga; smoking were ob4aved in five habitual
smokcrs and five habitual nonamokas. One non-tmoket experienced a
notabk decrease in gastric acid secretion after thrce weeks of cigar smokinj,
which continued during the two week post-control period of non-smaiting.
In general, there were no significant trends of change in pstrk activity or in
pepsin in these subjects that could be related to t!>cir smoking oe non-
smoking.
'IZtis program would appear to have been rather comprtLcasive insofar
as present knowkdgc of physiological factors involved in peptic ulcer genesis
is concerned. It has failed completely to suggest any aaocLanism by which
cigarette smoking could contribute to production of the diaeaae. Of cotn3e,
thcoretically, such a mechanism may still exist, but until some new concept
of physiological facton in ulccr ctiobjy is advancoQ, It appears difficult to
devise additional experimcnts that might be Illuminating. The fiat working
0N)oil, R., loota, F. A. and Py`cm, p. /CAlrvi of Sn.oAlOW ow nIr lrolwdon .n1
Al+Inun.ncr o/ (:..ii.r an1 Uralrnrl Ukrra.'the tAocns, l'6.57, Matc! 1131.
8 9
~ hypothcsis has rtxeivad no support from this woct and thcse investigations
have sot yielded any pwcticsl suggcstiom fac ulcer prcvcntias through
asoddicatiocs of tobaooo uas a adtaatioa of tobacco pooducts.
While, tiroas tbe staodpoint of pttto l4c, the first workinj hypothcsis
hai twt baa dispr+ovod, k laa bot:a wcaitptpd by lack at support trom cx-
traa+e patineat ttd+dy.
tieaca, it boeame Masoaabb to ooa:id4r tbe second bypothais: Doer
beary ci4,ornr aAwklat ailotr tbr srtstattc:t+ 01 avwstfttdJonaf 9ual(tiu thot
matt a pa-ma wtxxptfNt Io trletir ot' tlo wtritet Afm adop( a patterrt oJ lilt
hob1v tAm maat to britt; ow abs jtacatrl
it is widely belie.ad tbst peptic t+btx lt to t+ome coosidetabk degree a
"psyrbO.or.atx" disasa itr wbkb aScoakally detcrtnlood pcodispo.ition
taakea ot:rtain kit.da of pcr.oas tespo.d to attaia dcg+oa or kinQs of st4,ua
by developinj doer.at Preswsabty tRrus wrould tsot lodoco ulcer without
some degzec d pcod"apositia. aad the psodKpoa&3oo alooo would not proo-
duoe tbo disease without sotoe de=roo of tttrcat abova tl>e threshold of the
iodiriduara tolerance. One.rould ezpoet a raiproeal ydatlooship: the higher
the ptedi:spositioa, the lat tAa sszosa roqpiro4 foc pcocipitatioa of overt
d.we.
These conoepts, which have beeu developed to quite a sopAisticatcd
kvd; O) ue ia haruway with tbe second working bypotheab and provide a
po.stble basis for k. .,
It has also boeu suggested tsuay tLnea that some cigarette smokcrs may
purwa t}a{s pnctice as a respoma to atras and frustntion, or in the search
tor rdid firom such. IL this event, tbelr Srnetic or cowtitutional abilitia to
htmtsc txrea or frostratioo might be eapoctod to deta'raine or iaeuwce their
tsood or dtsi:+c so smoke.
Combioi.S tbc.e two concepts, it appears eatird) reasonable to postu-
late tLat pccaoas who arc so constituted as to be likely andidata fot ular
might also be d a type espodalFj 'taciined to seek siras-tdkf through cig-
arctte srnottiq. Soch a sittaatiom would be tacpoctod to produce a statistical
assoaatioo bct.raa smoth.= aad ular atostaliry. Yct, ia this casc an asso-
duiom would not ieopty th.t smotin=mado any coatribution to uusation of
tbe disesae Ou the ooarary, it.woW asggCSt tbat i( smoking is truly clioctive
in reducing stras, it aalght so tJM.f ssAaK atataAr belp tbo.e p[sdisposod to
nioa ta dcfetd theat.dvcs a=aitrt Kress iaQneooa and thus exercise some
preventive eflats. This it a oartoitaq of abo atoood bypotbesis but is not
ooewuy to its naihatias. 'IU aooond UJ potbesis depends only upon the
0/Akaaad.r, F.,aacow, C. aad Lrny IL i. 7A. /ryfr.wce oJ IrycAoloslc F.ciors
Upa ConniiMraMw.J DiihMi+sca, d S)syoda+w. 'i1s tsycloanvytic Q~++cscdY.
!, 301, U]4.
10
postulate that uker susccptibecs seck stress rrlief through tmotint, whether
or not they achicve it. It they acbieved compleu relid, presumably the uao-
ciation betwcen ulcer and smoking wrould disappcar altogether. The question
whether smoking aifords some dcgce of relied may be ttwcepttbk to invcsd-
gation through a suitably designed study of aloa6prooe paroos divided at
random into smoking and non-aaoktnj groups totr compadsoo. Several
Council studies bear upon the questlon of personality in rolatioa to smok-
ing, and upon its possible "tranqtuldW a$octt, at tlia le+rd of psycho-
PhumacoiofJ'
Tat of the second hypothais, that tslca smotptibks u a poop ttuT
rcsort to relatively heavy cigarette smoking at an eacape from stress, has
beaun, but presents some ditscultics. Stress k not esry to dcline or measune
and, notoriously. "boe man's stress may be anotbera pieawra" It appaa
necessary to arrive at a method of describing ac identityiag the u3otx-pr+one
person in terms of some group of physioiopcal, biochemical and/or psycho-
logical characteristics that can be tr+casured. An jdcal proGle should make
possible the reliable identification d the t»d!v{dwd who is ratbtx highly
susceptible to ulcer under relatively "normal" eaviroamaual eooditioa..
(Presumably any person, even a highly resistant ooe, could develop ular
unck: :.urcntc conditiona. )
shon of the kkal, which may not be attained for a long time, is, tho
developmait :./ a pro(1k capablc at least of sep.ntlag a group of the «la-
tively susccptiblc f:om a group of the relatively uaauaceptibk with a mini-
mum degree of overlap. If the susceptible group then oontaiacd tooM or
heavier cigarette smokers, whether or not they had erer bad alca, the
hypothesis would reccive support (tbouth hu+dty pr0o(). Developmeat of
this type of profik appears to tie within tbe rutm of attainability in a tsot-
too-distantfuturr.
Thcre arc many other diseases, notably eardlovasealar conditions, for
which similar criteria for idcntilication of the big}tly wsecpt>aie waa3d be
very desirable, and many ctiorts to establish such ptdfks aro underway
modtr
various auspices. Studies of this kind aro atlll }n their 6tfaat)r. None has yet
been highly successful but slow, steady progress Is beinS made.'TDh type of
research must certainly become a majot effoR in The fbtm+e ainoo it appears
to offer the best hope of reducing the toll o( those slowly-devdoptnE ooo6t-
tions that are pracntly the jadinj uwa ot akkners atsd dcatb.
A vast and almost uncxploitod opportunity Iia hare whbin tbe nealm
of biochemistry. The relative levels and activities of the various enzymes and
enzyme systems as revealed by examinatlon of tu'ino, b{ood, saliva and
freshly excised tissues seem likely to bcooax the basis for daeripiive profi3cs
that will reveal tendencics and predispositions to imbalance evea lon j befoc~e
I1
` actual diacase devclopt+. Such biochemical ptofiles promisc to become an
eventual strooa disysostic rtsotnco and a major juidc to cnnsiitutiotul
dboasts pnereatioo.
It the uan of . ulecr, o.o naw appeo.clt toward the devclopmertt of
taoaas for ldwtif)riaf tba prqdirpaas ~w been t+ousbt thrnu jh taudia of
the tastti acaaa
It has been sbo+rt; that Vcndic [az/ocs ptodominate in determinin j taste
sensitivity to 6-+rptvpyhbiouradl (PROP) and evidence adduced that this
wicasuable e6ataperistic somehow ro;docts the basic biochcmical makcup
of the human body. It had beoa po.tulatod also that these diffctw>ccs in
acnshivity to bitta taste stl#t eocrdate with the incidence of «rtain gc-
tietjc di:cascas and some ooaftmatocy evidence bad been collected.
A Council study inratitalod taalts aensitivity to PROP in duodcnal and
psbrie uloer patients In ootstpatLon with normals. Significant diIIereocea
wcre found bet.roca the d.odoaal ttloos and the =aauic uloa subjects. The
former wa +a taom sensici.e tstttas. Subjects having both uloeri resembled
the duodettal group. Gastrjc ttker patients tcndod to be signifkantly las
aensitive tw PROP while dtsodenal uloa patknts and those with both ulcers
showed aSresacr tasta sensitivity far PROP than normal subjccu. The data
thaefora aupport the eoscept that dt+odenal and gastric ulcer are diffcrent
di.ease.,, aad sagyest a constitutional basis at laat for the latter. They also
supcat that measurements of taste swsitiviry to PROP might contributc
eo a profile [or segreption of those prodapoaod to gastric uloer from the
"aotmaP populatloo but that this is probably not the case for duodenal
ul0t:r candldatea.
Subjocts without ulcer but who smoka at least one pack of cig.rettes
per day were also tustad for PROP sensitivity. 'I7xae relatively heavy
smokers showed a sigsti6earttly higiser proportion of insensitivc tasters in
comparison to non-smokers. 'Ihus, this llmited approach to a eomplex
problem does provide some e.jdcaoo of one constitutional differcnce com-
moo to gastric uleer paticatt and to rclatively heavy cigarette smokers. To
that extent, it teaCs to support the hypothesis under considcration.
An obvious question is wrbetha lont-tesm smoking itself modifics taste
sensitivity. A study o( young persoos, some o( whom arc just beginning to
smoke, has been undertaken in an edfott to determine whether genetically-
based tasu acuiry does indeed aet as a determinant of developing smoking
practiccs. It has been shown alrcady that sensitivity to PROP is similar in
both sexes up to the age of 16-20 yeus, but thcreaftcr decrcases in males
at the rate of 0.052 threshold per year and in females at the rate of 0.026
threshold per year.
In taammary, it can be stated that present evidence from Council studics
fails to support the hypothais that cigarette smoiuna contributes to the
genesis of peptic ulcer, and is better in accord with the oooocpt that genetic
characteristia which predispose to uleer also tead to encourage smokint. It
cannot be said that the matter is finally or eooclnstvely aettlod, Many gaps is
knowledge have been indicated in the discussion nbove. Amonj the rseodod
additianal studies are the following:
1. Epidemiologial studiw to explore any posaibb statistical eorrtta-
tion between cigarette smoking and /nd6atos of peptic uka, with
separate consideration of duodeaal uloer and gastric ulcer as aop-
arate clinical and cilologjal entities.
2. Carefully controlled clinical studies of u3ctr healing under
de~aCd
regimens, with random divisioc into smot}o j utd n.n-smodtkS
subgroups for comparison.
3. Better methods of de[inin6 and classifying attosa aod of meaaa-
ing the reactiotu of subjocts to them.
4. Exploration of other psychological, biochemical or physioiogical
characteristics of duodcaal and gastric uktr patients with a view to
improving the reliability of differentiation between higiHusccpti-
bks and low-susccptiblca.
5. Within a group of highly susceptible pasons, preferably without
overt ulcer, obuuvation of the relative locidcoee of overt disease
among randomly selo¢ted subgroups who smoke or refrain from
smoking.
6. Psychological and psycho-pharmaeological studics to assess nico-
tine or smoking as a"tranquilircr^ or reducer of saress effccis.
The study of peptic ulcer deserves considerable attention in its own
right, not so much as a major cause of mortality but as the source of much
discomfort and suffering in our modern stressful society.
Howcver, ulcer has been discnssod at some kngth in the present in-
stance more particularly to illustrate the nature of the problems that are
faced in the study of constitutional diseases and the kinds of approaches that
The Council is making to their investigation. In fact, thae saax probkms
and approacha have dominated The Council's more extensive iavutiga-
iions of both lung cancer and the cardiovascular diseases.
Before the subject is kft, it should be pointed out also that lung cancer
patients show a much greater history o[ pcptic ulcer than the general popula-
tion. This fact suggests the thought that whatever factors predispose to ulceY
may prove to be related to those that also predispose to carcinoma of
this site.
12 13
~ Constitutional Facton in Cardiovascular Disease
?he general ooosidcratioaa that have been applied in approaching the
study of peptic ukeF are equally valid Ln rolation to several of the leading
cardiovascular diseases sacb as athan.ckrot+is hypertension and stroke.
Numerous studies have bocn carried out regarding the efkcts of nico-
tine or of smoking upon the pbysioiopcal or bioclxmical factors that are
considered to havc troaoe possrditiop to the etiology of the ardiovas-
cular diacasci Many ot tbesn were enumerated in The Council's 1963-64
Annual Report. So fsr ao dcu picture has cmcrgod of their ctioiogy, and
the possible relations of tob.cco use to the suspected factors in ctlology are
stiU less ekar. A rsst body ol irtfocmatlon on the acute pharmacology of
nicotine IIas boaa buik up, both by Couacil studies and others, but concepts
as to how sucb efieeis could caotribute e3troaically to genesis of ardiovas-
cular diseases remain hijAly eonjoctural. A number of working hypotheses
have, of oourse, been sat up and aro yader tat.
Perhaps the studics most relevant to the question are those in which
human or animal subjects have boca exposed chronically to nicotine or
smoking for long periods. Rabbits or bcass kept on rather anificial types of
atherogeaic dicts did not abow any convincing differcnces in the condition
of their artaies u given niootine rcgularly with the diet. A human autopsy
study, na sponsored by The Council, showed that any association cxisting
between smoking practices and the developmeat of arteriosckrosis or kaioos
resulting tbadrom is terwous and inconclusive. A similar autopsy study has
beca sponsored over a loat period by The CouncU but raults arc not yet
availsble.
The well-known pcospocQve study of the Public Health Service in
Framingham. Massaehwetts repoctod, among numerous other findings, that
cigarette smokers have no grrsta iocidenoe of angina poctoris than non-
smoicas. Since thia syndrome is regarded as most often being a chronic mani-
fatation of coronary artay sclctosis, this IIndiag suggests that smoking does
not cause or aecekrate such sckro.ia.
StiA further, as evidence of the non-involvement of smoking in the
chronic development o( aderotic diseases of the vascular system are the
sutistical indications that cigar and pipe smokers have very nearly the same
incidence ol theac diseases as non-smokcrs, even though they probably
absorb as much nicotiac as dgarette staokers.
At the present titne therefore, the weight of evidence is against the
concept that either nicotine or sawkin=lmfiueacu the atherosclerotic process.
The posubrlsty teataios, howsra, that smotina may contribute in some
way to precipitation oi an astito epi.ode in persons who have a prsdisposing
basic sclerotic cooditioo. Since the factors bringing about atvtt cardiac
ischcmia or thrrknbosu are still quite ob.aun, several Council-sponsorod
studies have bocn inaugurated with emphasis upon clotting atotDanisma s3ad
the possible acute influcnecs o( smoking or nicotine upon t2><ao. .
On the whoie, tlxsetoco, it may be said that while there is little evi-
dcncc at present to support the fint hypotheais, wrbich attempts to relate
cigarette smoking to causation of major cardiovascular disases, yet thia
hypothesis cannot yet be considered as flaafty ruled out.
Meanwhile investiaations suggested by tho second hypothesis have
been undcrway. TDe Council has contributed for many years to a study of
the precursors of hypatcnsion and coronary dboase, which aims at idcatj-
lyin6 characteristics that may form the basis for prnAks capable of sep.nt-
ing highly susceptible persons from those of trlathcly low susceptibility.
Such factors may include gCaetk: physiological, mctabolic, p.ycbobtical
and environmental ona. When human subjects aru dasajtsod by a siagk
factor, the overlap between groups is so large that relative risks of dcvclop-
ing discase cannot be catimatcd with any certainty for the individual. When,
however, the difierrntiatioa is basod upon the presence or absence of several
factors, the degree of differentlation b improved and overlap dimiaishod.
Tbc people presently under study do not as yet sho.r any evidence of
cardiovascular disease thelnsclves but have been divided into gsnups of
presumably high, medium or low susceptibility on the basis of a number of
factors with spccial emphasis on family hbrtory, sinee these diseases have
been found to show familial trenQs which are considered to have a genetic
basis.
Discriminant function analysis has been useful in the investigation since
it maximizca diftcrrncea bawoca populations. In one such study, nine var{-
abla were used. The somatic variables used were height, weight, syaoiic
pressure, diastolic prasure, pulse rate and serum cbolateroi level. Psycho-
logical variables were scorr.a for depression, anxiety and anger.
Subjects grouped accordina to the history of hypertension among their
parents (both, fatha, motAa, ncitAer) atowrd significant mean differences
in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and serum cholesterol, but no signifi-
cant differences in psyeholoaical factors.
A similarly conducted study of persons in relation to parental coronary
disease (father, mother, neither) sltoxcd mean significant differences in
anxiety and depression, but none for any of the six somatic variables.
When four groups of subjects were constructed on the basis of presence
in their parents (ncither, fathcr, mother, both) of either hypertension or
coronary disease or both, significant mean dif(crenccs bctwecn thcse groups
were found with respoct to anxicty, systolic pressure and diastoiic pressure.
Ca
M
0
14 15
' Nlcan dif[crcaccs in serum choiaterol and pulse rate only approached
aptl5canoe
Cumulative frequency distributions o[ the function scora ol the four
groups reveal in dct4il the clear sepnra4on ol three oi the four groups. The
widcst separation lies botwroen Group I, with two neptive parents and
Group IV, with two positive parents, with no crossing over; Group 11, the
latha-positivc, motba-negativo group. takes an iatcrmediate position while
Group 111, the fatha-ncptfre, taotht:r-posittva group showed littk diHcr-
wcc from Group 1. The tatbjocta .roro all tnala and this finding suggcsts a
sex dificrentx in the transmissioq a( cbarsdaiuia.
A relation between ttaaicin=ptaetlooa of subjects and the cardiovascular
disease histories of their pueats was shown previously by the utne invati-
ptocs. This suggestod nat only that toatxitutlonal cbarsctcristia play a role
in detamining smotini beharkr but tAat theso characiuistics may also be
liakod to those that predispose tD dbeascs of thh kind.
The investigaton have now aoatrarod the amoking practices of the same
people in relation to the saax nine somatic and psychological variabla. The
mw wae first divided into thtoe groups for compttrison: (1) non-smokers
and occasional smokers, (2) heavy cigarette smokas and (3) intermediate
smoitera (light and moderate cigarette smoitets plus combined smokers of
aprettes and other forms of toDa.m). A highly significant diffcrtnce was
found bawrow groups (1) and (2), a smalla significant one between (1)
and (3), but no significant ditiercaca between (2) and (3). Latcr, a division
was made into eight groups: (1) lifdon= nort-stwkcrs, (2) those who
smokcd kss than once a day, (3) smokers of l to 10 cigarettes daily, (4)
smokers ot 1 I to 19 eiyuetoes daily, (5) sutokers ol one pack or more daily,
(6) pipe smotcrs, (7) smokers o( aII three forms of tob.oco, and (8) ex-
smoi:as. There wCrn too few saioksas at cigars only or ot pipes plus cigars
to lornn a group. Analysis of thcut eight pnottpt showod sigaificant diffcrcnccs.
It appesrod that non-smokas, oecaaiooal sraokcrs and pipe smokers formod
a ooastcJlatioft of siau7ar porsont, while fornter smokers and mixed smokers
appearod to be quite a bit allte, bI1Ia= about half-way bctwocn noa-amokus
and bcavy amokas.
In both thrce-gottp and e3sht-gtoup campa,risons, the mean d'ucrim-
inant function soore o( non-smokas wras at oae extreme and tbat of heavy
cigarette snwtus at tha oder. In the tAroagoup comparisoa, pulsc rate
and anxiety contributed anost fo the differuttiation. In the eight-group
analysis, pulse rate eoutrtbatcd tho taost, with eboiateroi, diastolic pressure
and anger contributing to a lcssa utsat.
While it might be argued tLat such somatic factors as pulse ratc, diastolic
pcstsure, or cboicsteroi level ani=ht themselves be altcrcd by recent or con-
16
tinucd smoking, it scems rather unlikely that anxiety or anger scores would 0
be affected by smoking, and such psychoiogical characteristics seem morc i`
likcly to be a part of the congenital makeup whkb may influence tbe,kiads M
of smoking behavior adopted.
On the whole, it appears that rather substantial support has been
adduced for the hypothesis that common or rdatod constitutional factors
may influence both susceptibility to cardiovascular d3atases and also smok-
ing behavior.
Despite these studics, there is still no assurance that the best somatic
or psychological factors for ditfcrcatiation have as yet been found. Those gM
employed were selected somewhat arbitrarily on the basis o( sngacstirt: ~
studies by others, easc and reproducibility of measurements, etc. There is every reason to suppose
that other llluminating ones can be found by coo- C.)
tinuing investigations of this type, and the relative success heretofore at-
tained should encourage intcnsificatioa of the search. Referenae has already
bccn made to the opportunities that may lie in the use o( biochemical
measurements.
Cardiovascular Disease and Stress
One Council-sponsored investigator has looked into relations between
stressful occupation and incideneo of cardiovascalar diseases. Since stras
cannot easily be measured by objective methods, an indirect method has beca
used. Among lawyers, physicians, and other proLasional groupa, there are
specialties that by common agccement aro particularly strasful whi)e othas
arc relatively low in stress. Assuming that a/arge group within a high-saws
speeialty must contain more persons subjocted to stress than a corresponding
troup in a low-strcu spocialty within the wne poofcssion, coaaparisoos s.a+e .
made of the rrclative incidcnce o( heart and artery diseases. A sianibcant
difference was found. There was also a correlation with the aruount of ci=-
aretto smoking. However, persons who stoppod smoking showed signifi-
cantly lcss cardiovascular disease incidettco than those who had never
smoked at a11. This finding is not in accord with tho conception that there
could be a cumulative chronic effect o( smoking or o{ nicotine upon the
cardiovascular system. It has been Intcrp:etad as indiatinj that voluntary
stoppets are a sclectcd group containing aa excess ol persons who can
handle and resolve stress relatively easily. Such stndla are continuing.
Oifier Cardiovascular Studies
A long series of Council-assisted studies has culminated in devdop-
mcnt of an improved method using rubidium 34 clearance for measuring
17
