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TABLE OF CONT_EI'~-S- .... Letter of Intent " 1-2 Table of Contents ............ : : ................... " ........... . ..... .... 3 Scientific Rationale ............... : ..................... i ....i~ ..... 4-6 Preliminary Program :- . 7-8 Alphabetical List of Proposed Speakers and Chairs .......................... 9-10 References • ~ ..... ' .................. • .................. -~...i. :.". • • 11-12 Biographical Sketch - Michael .H.-Smolensky, Ph.D .......................... 13-14 Biographical Sketch - Francesco Portaluppi, M.D ...... ~.. .............. , ..... 15-I6 Academy Background ............................................. . . 17-18 Board of Govemord . .............................................. 19-22 Project Budget ............................ 23 Budget Justification .......................... ...... ~ ................ 24 501(c)(3) Form ... ........... ......... ~ .... :. ........... ~i. 25 Current Annual Report ............ i ~ ...... ~ ....~.... ~ . ... .... ~ ~ . . . ~ . ! 26-38 (3)

TIME.DEPENDENT STRUCTURE & CONTROL OF ARTERIAL BP INTRODUC'rlON: Cardiovascular diseases constitute the leadin.g causes of dea-th~ff-~a~ United States: far beyond the ~number of deaths due to cancer, Approximately one.half the-cardiovascular, deaths is a consequence of high blood pressure (BP) (1).~ Thus, hypertension constitu'tesa significant medical and. social problem. !t is the subject of an extensive amount Of basic research devoted to mechanisms as well as clinical trials of medications devoted to its control. Although meaningful advances have oc.eurred in understanding the physiology of BP regulation by neural, cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal mechanisms, our work is far from complete. Research into themeehanisms of BP maintenance in health and disease states such as hypertension is .also being strongly pursued. On the other hand, the facets and mechanisms 6f BP regulation in relation to time, especially in relationship to parahologieal and therapeutic implications, have received comparably little scientific attention until recently. It, has become increasingly evident, especially through the applieation of ambulatory BP monitoring technology (2), that BP varies in a time-dependent fashion; the temporal organization of BP variability .encompasses a number of factors and mechanisms with specific time courses. Most scientists have focused on .circadian (24- hour) and to some extent seasonal components of BP variability. Others have been concerned with ultradian components having periodicities of less than 24 hours (4-6). Recently, there has been an appreciation of the analogous temporal structure of cardiovascular ~funetions as it relates to temporal patterns in pathological cardiovascular events (for review see ref. 7). In this regard, there has been a surge of scientific interest in.the field of medical chronobiology as it pertains to cardiovascular disease, including hype~___.m~.on. Moreover, there is growing appreciation for the role of circadian and other rhythms on the pharmacokinetics (chronokinetics) and pharmacodynamics (chronesthesy) of antihypermnsive medications. Intriguingly enough, the time course of drug absorption and distribution need not coincide.withthe time course of drug effects on. BP (7). This phenomenon, which is referred to chronesthesy, infers that drug effect is not simply a result of drug concentration per se: it can be dependent on a set of mechanisms which are also variable in time and which-determine therapeutic results. A fascinating newfield of research known as chronopharmacology (the study of biological rhythms and medications) has great clinical relevance, considering the aforementioned medical and social impacts of hypertension and cardiovascular accidents which all exhibit very .specific time patterns. The investigation of BP regulation and. the underlying mechanisms must include the role of biological rhythms. and other temporal factors which are influential. The results of such studies have clinical implications, especially in regard to the optimization of therapeutic interventions by timing antihypertensive medications to circadian or other biological rhythms .(chronotherapeutics). Complete understanding of the chronobiologic and other mechanisms of BP rhythms in essential or secondary hypertension .is still sought. Interest in the chronotherapy of hypertension is only in its infant. The conference which is being held. in Ferrara, Italy September, 1995 is intended to stimulate multi-disciplinary scientific inquiry into the ehronobiology .and chronotherapy of hypertension. ~The proceedings of the New York Academy of Sciences conference, "Time, Dependent Structure and Control of Arterial Blood Pressure" is anticipated to have broad appeal since the subject matter explores topics of certain interest to both basic and applied scientists - physiologists, pharmacologists, clinicians, epidemiologis~, biostatisticians, drug delivery and other pharmaceutical scientists plu.~.~egu!at0ry personnel. CONFERENCE TOPICS AND ISSUES: Five important topics and issues are to be addressed in depth at during the conference.

." " I) A~al,vsts of" the ~mporal sh'-~cmre or'. BP v~abH~: &is portion o~ ~e con~r~n~ d~s wi~ definitions md ~p~s of BP ~mpom] palms md ~c relative con~budon of d~ferem ~y~ .~ Mere. An~] (~,9) md h~ (10.11) models w~l] be presen~d. 2) M~ch~s~ of ~mpoya] BP pa[~c~ md v~Hi~.-~m do we ~~ow md ~at ~ould we ~yMms. N~w dm ~om ongo~n~ studies will ~ presen~d to begin ~ ~drcss Me con~bm~on of c~rc~m md o~r ~mpo~ p~ of blood flowm. BP v~i~Hi~, over ~e :~hour ~d o~cr time ~c~ (.12.13). Also, M~ con~ibmion of "clmsi~" erenin-mgio~min-aldo~rom, ~i~ol) ~ w~ll m novel ho~oml endo~elial fairs .(~ial ~iur~tic ~pfide, ~]ckonin gene-rel~d pepfide, opioids, endo~elim~ ni~c oxide) md ~ir ~y~ will ~ ~x~in~d highlighting findings of ~ mos~ ~m studies (I~19). Pi~lly, ~ role of ~xog~nous b~havio~ fa~ on e~ogeno~ BP p~ w~II ~ ~dr~ (19). ' " 3) ~e p~ophysiology ofBP v~i~ili~ - ~ do we ~ow ~ ~m ~ould w~ investing. will discuss ~ av~l~le epid~miolo~i~I ~vid~n~ ~i~ su~ges~ ~ ~ ~~ of BP (~ oppo~ levels) ~ prognosfi~ly impo~. ~is is p~b~l~, even ~ou~ ~II unproven, given ~. r~lmionships be~e~n ~ ~y~ in BP md ~ ~diovm~l~ oven~ (for ~vi~w s~ r~f. 20).~ kecent ~ will~ be ~r~s~d- on ~ p~olog~l co~s .(~di~ ~r~b~, r~) of no~ ~ ~r~d BP ~y&~ ~t-~). wo ~mpo~ ma~rs wall b~ ~dr~ss~d: (a) ~r ~Jhyp~miv~ ~enr should be progr~med in time m achi~v~ higher l~vels of m~dica~ion in ~e morning for ~s~nfi~ h~nsion md in ~ ~vening for s~cond~ h~ns~on ~d ~) ~e~r a goal of ~ent should ~ ~s~ng ~ BP circadlm ~y~m in prim~ md s~cond~ fo~s of hy~nsion, 4~ Chronoph~acology md ~rono~e~utics of BP - ~m do we know md what should" we investigate. ~er~ is convincing evidence now, bo~ from smdi~ on mi~s md hu~s, ph~macokine~ics of medications used for BP control ~xhibk ~minis~ion-tim~-dependenc~es ~2~). Much less dam ~e av~Iable (rod ~y ~. all ve~ rec~nt) on ~e time-depend~n~ of d~g effe~ on ess~mial md second~ fo~s of humm hype~nsion ~9-31). ~e f~w ~ials fo~sing on ~ time-dependent differences of amihypen~nsives have usually ~n limited in design to a comp~ison of morning vs. evening ~e rationale md me~ods of chrono~e~u~ic ~i~s for h~e~ion will b~ dis~ssed.. ~e ~cial issues m b~ addressed ~e: how do~s ~ ~nt m~gement of hype~mion affe~ BP rhy~ms? How ~ ~e BP rhy~ms b~ modified ~n a ~me-sp~dfi~d.~ner? Is m indiv~du~i~d chrono~empy ofhype~nsion possible? Is i~ ,d~sirable. md when? Wl~ r~g~d m ~ lm~r issue, n~w d~ will b~ presumed from ongoing studies of a new evening once-a-day calcium chmn~l mmgonis~ m~di~fion ~d~r ~ial ~ ~e Uni~d Sm~s ~32). 5) ~e role of 24-hour ~rial ~bulam~ BP monitoring in ~e ~valuation of mfihyp~nsiw m~dica~ions. ~is se~ion of ~ conferen~ ~dresses endpoint blood, pressure p~eters md statistical me~ods for BP dam malysis md ime~remtion. ~e p~rspectives of ~e ph~mi~l indust~ md regulam~ agencies (for example, ~e Food ~d Drag Agen~ in ~e USA md compile ones in ~urope) reg~ding ~e chronobiology of hypertension md ~e chronoph~acology ~d chrono~mi~ of antihypen~nsives will be ~dre~sbd~in d~mil. • FORMAT OF THE CONFERENCE: The conferen~ will be divided into five separa~ sessions to cover the above topics. ,Neural mechanisms of" BP rhythms will be discussed in Session I instead~of Session II only for practical reasons, i.e, to leave adequa~. =ime for be. evening poser sess.ion~s).. A call for abstracts will be issued for this purpose, and submission from young investigators new to the field will be encouraged. Prominent scientis~ from the five comin~nL~ (7. 0f~26 young and 3 women inves:igamrs) have agreed, m contribute oral presemations and manuscripts to the proceedings. The proposed agenda of the September, 1993 meeting is appended..The proceedings and postsrabstracts will be publishcd in a future volume of the Annals of the New. York Academy of Sciences distributed worldwide to over 700 institutional libraries and also offered to the Academy's 35,000

member.~. "l-he volume is inmnded to serve both as a compendium of the present knowledge and sr.imutu~ for RELATED N~.ETINGS: ...... To our knowledge, during the last {'1992) and the Sixth .(199~,) Inmrnmional Conference of Chronopharra~ology and Chronothempeudcs which took place at the~ Amelia Island Plantation Confer~nce Center, near .lm:~onville, Florida. under the.auspices of the Inmmational Society of Chronobioiogy, addressed the chronopharmacology and ~chronoff~empy of antihyperrensive medications to a limi~d degree. Only marginal consideration .wa.~ given to the issues of BP rhythms and their control. The Society for Research on Biological Pdiythrm has also been gathering in Am*-tia Island for it~ biannual meeting, in 1992 and 1994, focusing mainly on non-.clinical aspecr.~ of chronobioto.gy.- The meetings of the societies of hypermnsion and related fields, do include BP monitoring and/or BP control: however-~ the conference we propose is unique in its being focused not .only on BP monitoring and BP variability, but on the specific matmrs and mechanisms relating to the chronobiology and ehronotherapeuti:s of BP and hypertension. In conclusion, no other meeting ,or session held. during the last .three year5 (or scheduled for next year) has addressed the conference .topic. Hence, researchers from various discipiin~s concerned with BP regulation and hypertension should .find this conference unique~ and of great scientific interest. (6)

TIME-DEPENDENT STRUCTURE & CONTROL OF ARTERIAL BP DAY 1 8:30 - 8:40 AM 8:40 - 8:50 AM 8:50, I2:30 AM Se.rsion 1: 8:50 AM 9:20 AM 9:50 AM I0:20 AM - 10:40 AM I0:40 : I1:i0 I 1:40 I:2:10 -i2:30 PM 12:30 - 2:00 PM 2:00 - 4:20 PM Session Prelimirmry Program. Greetings Introductory Remarks (F Portaluppi-Ferrara, Italy) Blood pressure ~yrdam$ and their neural control ,Session Chairs: G Parati (Milano, Italy) and .1 Waterhouse (Manctaester; England) High-frequency components of blood pressure variation (M Pagani-Mitano, Ultradian rhyr&ms of blood pressure associated with sleep and wakefulness ('EB: Raffery-Harrow, England) Circadian and infradian rhyuhms of blood pressure (G Comelissen, Minneapolis, MN) Intermission Nettral mechanisms of blood pressure rhythms (G :Parati-Milano, Italy) Ne~amtransmitr.e.r syster~ and blood pressure rhythms 0'P. Chatmers' Bedford Park, Atmtralia) Signal tramdtmtion in animal models ofnormotension and hypertension (K Witte-Frankfurt, Germany). .. General Discussion Luncheon : . Vascular. renal, endocrine, and behavioural mechanisms of blood pressure Session Chairs: TG Picketing (New Yolk, USA) and A Ange|i (Torino, Italy) Vascular mechanisms ofblood pressure rhythms (E Casigtia'Padova, Italy) : (7)

2:30 PM 3:00 PM 3:30 PM 4:00 - 4:20 PM 4:30 - 6:30 PM DAY2 8:30 AM - 12:30 PM Session II1: 8:30 AM 8:55 AM~ 9:20 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 - 10:30 AM 10:30 AM 10:55 AM 11:20 AM 11:45 AM 12:10 - 12:30 PM 12:30.- 2:00 PM 2:00 ~- 4:00 PM Session IV: 2:00 PM 2:25 PM 2:50 PM 3:15 PM 3:40 - 4:00 PM 4:00 - 4:20 PM 4:20 - 6:20 PM Session V:~ Renal-hemodynamic mechanisms of blood, pressure rhythms (J Cambar- Bordeaux, France) Endocrine mechanisms-of-l~tood pressure rhythms (F Poi~aluppi-Ferrara, Italy) Behavioral mechanisms of blood pressure rhythms (TG Pickering-New York, General Discussion Poster Sessions (8) Pathophysiology of blood pressure rhythms Session Chairs: Y Imai (Sendai, Japan) and F Portaluppi (Ferrara, Italy) Relationships of .the circadian rhythms of thrombotic,' ischemic, hemorrhagic.~ and .arrhythmic events to blood, pressure rhythms~ (R Manfredini-Ferrara; Italy) Relationships of cardiac function and stnacture to blood pressure rhythms (D Rizzoni-Brescia, Italy). . Relationships of cerebrovascular function and structure to blo0~d pressure rhythms (Y Imai-Sendai, Japan) . Relationships of renal ~nction to blood~pressure rhythms (j Staessen: Leuven, Belgium) Intermission ...... Aging ~and blood pressure rhythms (E O'Brien-Dublin, Ireland) Pregnancy and blood pressure rhythms (F Carandente-Milano, Italy) Blood pressure rhythms in sleep disorders and dysaut0nomia (P Cortelli- Bologna, Italy) Blood pressure rhythms in transplanted patients (G Degaute-Bruxelles, Belgium) General Discussion Luncheon Chronopharmacology and chronotherapeutics ofhypertension Session Chairs.~ Talma Rosenthal (Tel Aviv, Israel) and MH Smolensky (Houston,'TX) Chronopharmacology of hypertension (B Lemmer-Frankfurt, Germany) Analysis of blood pressure ~rhythms for drug. efficacy evaluation (G German6-Roma, Italy) Drug, effects on BP rhythms in .essential hypertension (T. Rosenthal-Tel Aviv,. Israel) Drug effects on.. BP rhythms in secondary hypertension (M Middeke- Mfinich, Germany) General Discussion Intermission The role of arterial blood.pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the evaluation. of antihypertensive medications: procedural, statistical :and regulatory issues Session Chairs: R Lapicky (FDA, Rockville, MD)and. B Lemmer .(Frankfurt, Germany)

4:20 PM - 4:45 PM 5:10 PM 5:35 PM 6:00 - 6:20 PM 6:20 PM - 6:30 PM Chronobiologic perception .. of the role and Smolensky-Houston, TX) Validation and statistical 4ssues" on the role and need of ABPM (Industry Speaker to be determined) Pharmaceutical industry perception of the role and need of ABPM (Industry Speaker to be determined) Regulatory perception, of the role and need of ABPM.('R Lai~icky- Rockville, MD) General Discussion Closing Remarks (F Portaluppi-Ferrar. a, Italy) need of ABPM (MH Alphabetical List of Proposed Speakers and Chairs The following speakers are women: Franca Carandente, Germaine Cornelissen and Talma Rosenthal. .. ~ . The following speakers.are young investigators (35 or younger): Edoardo Casiglia, Pietro-Cortelli Giuseppe German~, Roberto Manfredini,~ Massimo Pagani, Damiano Rizzoni, Klaus Witte. 1) 2) 3) 4) Alberto Angeli, MD, PhD - Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Torino Ospedale S. Luigi Gonzaga,. 1-10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy Jean Cambar, PhD - Groupe d'Etude de Physiologie et de Physiopathologie R6nales 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Facult6 de Pharmacie - 3 Place de la Victoire, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Franca Carandente, MD, PhD - Chair of Chronobiology, University of Milano Istituto di Anatomia Umana Normale, via Mangiagalli 31, 1-20100 Milano Edoardo Casiglia, MD -. Institute of.Clinical Medicine, University of Padova v. Giustiniani 2, I~35128 Padova, Italy • John P. Chalmers, MD .- Department of Medicine, Flinders Medical Center Bedford Park, S. Australia 5042 Germaine Comelissen, PhD -. Chronobiology Labomtoires, 5-187 Lyon Labomtoires 420 Washington Avenue, S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, U,S.A; Pietro Cortelli, MD - Institute of Neurology, .University- of Bologna via Ug0 Foscolo 7, I'40100 Bologna, Italy Jean-Paul Degaute.- Hypertension Clinic, University of Bruxelles H6pital Erasme,808 route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.. Giuseppe Germanb - Internal Medicine,. University "La Sapienza" I Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, viale del Policlinico, 1-00161 Roma Yutaka Imai, MD - Second Department of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine Seiryo-Cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980, Japan_ . ~ _ Dr. Raymond Lapicky • Food and Drug Administration/C.eder/ODE1/HFD-110 5600 Fisher Lane, Rockville, MD.20852, U.S.A. • ~ ~ - ,~o,,th~-Un, v,~ ~,.~ Bj6m Lemmcr, L,,D, .Ph Zentrum der Pharmakologie~ I.W. ~ .- -, : .... :,r., Theodor-Stern,Kai 7,D-60590 Frankfurt/M, Germany Roberto Manfredini, MD, Institute of Internal :Medicine,: University of Ferrara S. Anna Hospital, Corso Giovecca.203, 1,44100 Fe.rrara, Italy:. 13) (9)

14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) ~ 21) 22) 23) 2~) 25) 26) Martin Middeke, Reha-Zentrum Spreewald Klinik ffir Herz- Kreislauf- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen.- D-03096 Burg, Ge.r~any Eoin T O'Brien, MD - Blood Pressure Unit, Depaf't~6~~ of Cardiology Beaumont Hospital - 9 Dublin, Ireland Massimo Pagani, M.D. -Internal Medicine, University of Milano Ospedale L. Sacco,~ 1-20157 Milano, Italy Gianfraneo Parati, MD -, Scientific Institute S. Luca Hospital, Centro Auxologico Italiano • via Spagnoletto 3, 1-20149 Milano, Italy Thomas G Pickering, MD, PhD - Cardiovascular Center, The. New York Hospital Cornell Medical Center- 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A. Francesco Portaluppi, MD - Hypertension Unit, Internal Medicine, University: of Ferrara via Savonarola 9, 1-44100 Ferrara, Italy. Edward B Raftery, MD - Department of Cardiology .and Clinical Research Center • Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom Damiano Rizzoni, MD - Internal Medicine, University of Brescia Ospedale Civile di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili .1, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy Talma Rosenthal, MD - Chorley Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel. Michael .H Smolensky, PhD- school of Public Health, University of Texas Hermann~Center for Chronobioogy, 6410 Fannin,-Suite 833, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A. Jan A Staessen, ~MD, Department of Pathophysiology, Catholic University of Leuven U.Z. Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium ~ Jim M Waterhouse, PhD - Dept. of Physiological. Sciences, University of Manchester Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, United Kingdom Klaus Witte, MD - Zentrum der Pharmakologie, J,W. Goethe-Universit~t: Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt/M, Germany References The Fifth .Report of .the Joint National Committe~ on Det~tion, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure UNC V). • Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 154-83, Picketing TG. Ambulatory. Monitoring and Blood Pressure Variability. Science Press, London, Cornelissen G, Haus E,.Halberg F. Chronobiologic blood pressure assessment from womb to tomb. In: Touitou Y, Haus E,-eds: BioIogic Rhythms in, Clinical and Laboratory. Medicine. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 428-52. . Pagani M, Furlan R, Dell'Otto S, et al. Simultaneous analysis of beat by beat systemic arterial pressure andheart rate variabilities in ambulatory patients. J Hypertens 1985; 3(Suppl 3):$83-5.~ Mancia G. Autonomic modulatibn of the cardiovascular system during sleep. N Engl I Meal 1993; 328:3a.7-9. - Sta~ssen JA, Fagard R, Tfiijs L,-et al. Fourier analysis.of blood pressure profiles. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6:184S,187S. (10)

I0. 11. 12. 13. 14. i~. 16. 17. 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 24. Lemmer B. Cardiovascular chronobiology and chronopharmacology. In: Touitou Y, Haus E, eds. Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine. Bedim Springe.r~Verlag, 1992: 418-27. - ........ " Lemmer B, Mattes A, BShmn M,, Ganten D. Circadian blood pressure variation intransgenic hypertensive rats.. Hypertension 1993; 22:97-101. Sasaki S, Yoneda Y, Fujita H, et al. Association of blood pressure variability with induction of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rats. Am J. Hypertens 1994; 7:453-9. Degaute JP, an de Borne P, Linkowski P, et al. Quantitative analysis of.the 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate patterns in young men. Hypertension 199i; 18:i99-'210. Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P, et al. Diurnal blood pressure Variation and hormonal correlaEes in fatal familial insomnia. Hypertension 1994; 23-569-76. de Leeuw PW, Gaillard CA. Circadian changes in the circulation. HighBIood. Press 1992; 1:245-7. Casiglia E, Palatini P, Baccillieri MS, et al. Circadian rhythms of peripheral resistance. A non- invasive 24-hour .study in young normal volunteers confined to bed. High Blood .Press 1992;~ 1:249-55. Portaluppi F, Trasforirfi G, Margutti A, et aL Circadian rhythm of ealcitonin gene-related peptide in uncomplicated essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10:1227-34. Por~.tuppi F, Vergnani L, degli Uberti EC; Atrial natriuretic-peptide and circadian blood pressure regulation: clues from a chronobiological approach. Chronobiol Int 1993; 10: 176-89. Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Margutti A, et al. Modulatory effect of the renin-angiotensin system on the plasma levels of calcitonin.gene-related peptide in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 816-20. Calhoun DA,-Zhu S, Wyss JM, et al.- Diurnal blood pressure, variation and dietary salt in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension-1994; 24:1-7. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Baldari G, et al. Diurnal variations of blood pressure and. microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens I994; 7:23-9. James GD, Pickering TG. The influence of behavioral factors on the daily variation of blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6(6 Pt 2):S170-3. Purcell .I-I/, Gibbs JS, Coats AJ, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and circadian variation of cardiovascular disease; clinical and research applications. IntJ Cardiol 1992; 36:135- 49. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemi0 G, Boldrini F, Porcellati C. Circadian blood pressure changes and left ventricular~ hypertrophy in essential hypertension. Circulation 1990; 81:528-536; Rizzoni D,.Muiesan ML, Montani G, Zulli R, Calebieh S, Agabiti-Rosei E. Relationship between initial cardiovascular~ structural changes and daytime and nighttime.blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5:180-186. Kuwajima I, Suzuki Y, Shimoswa T, Kanemaru A, Hoshino S, Kuramoto K. Diminished nocturnal decline in blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients .with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 1992; 123:1307-13.11.~ Palanin P, Penso M, Racioppa A, Rugno E~ Guzzardi G, Anaclerio M, Pessina AC. Clinical relevance c~f nighttime hlood.pres.~ure and of daytime blood pre.s.~re~ variability, Arch I~ter Med 1992; 152:1855-1860. . (11)

25. 26. 27. 28. 29; 30. 31. 32~ Del Rosso G, Amoroso Ji Santoferrara A, Fiederling B, Di Liberato L, Albertazzi .A. impaired blood pressure nocturnal decline and ,target organ damage in .chronic renal failure.... J Hypertens 1994; 12(Suppl 3):S15. - Lemmer B, Nold G, Behne S, et al: Chron0pharmakinetics and cardiovascular .effects of ,nifedipine, Chronobiol Int i991; 8:485,94: Mattes A, Lemmer B. Effects of amlodipine on circadian, rhythms in blood pressure, heart rate, and motility: a telemetric study in rats. Chronob~ol Int 1991.; 8:52638; Witte K, Weisser K, Neubeek M, et al. Cardiovascular effects, pharmacokinetics, and converting enzyme inhibition of enalapril after morning versus evening adm.inistration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54:177-86. Palatini P, Racioppa A, Raule G, et al.- Effect. of timing of administration on the plasma ACE • inhibitory activity and the antihypertensive effect of quinap~l. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52:378-83. Palatini P, Mos L, Motolese M, et al. Effect of evening versus morning benazepril on 24-hour blood pressure: a comparative study with-continuous intraarterial monitoring; J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993, 31.:295,300. Potaluppi F, Vergnani L, Ambrosio MR, et al. Effect of isradipine sustained release on the circadian pattern of blood pressure in hypertension-due to Chronic :renal failure. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6(5 part 2):99A, abs. 1262. Weber MA,. Anders RJ,. Maclntyre JM, Smolensky MH. Antihypertensive efficacy of delayed release verapamil gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) during the acceleration period (04:00, 10:00) following nocturnal administration. Sixth International Conference ofchronopharmacology and Chronotherapeutics, Amelia Island, Florida, . July 5,9, 1994~ Abstract Book, p. IIIb-10. (12) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Give the following information for the kay personnel and consultants and collaborators. Begin with the principal investigator/program director, Photocopy this page for each person. NAME j POSITION TITLE Micha~l H. Smolcnsky[ Professor of Environmental Sciences EDUCATION fBegin with baccalaureate or other initial professional education, such ~~g, and include ~ostdoctoral training.I INSTITUTION AND 'LOCATION DEGREE University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois M.S. Ph.D. YEAR CONFERRED FIELD OF STUDY 1964 1966 1971 Zoology Physiology Physiology RESEARCH AND pROFESSIONAL EXPI~RIENC~: Concluding wi~ pmunt position, list. ~ c~g~al o~er. =m~us .e~y~t. o~e" nM ~. Key ~l ~e ~ p~ll ~i~r I~ a~y o~r ~i~s ~ pa~e ~ .~ I~n~f~ de~t or exec~n oft~ pfo~. Key peyotl ~a.y w~ ~o. ~1 ~u~s ~ doc~al or o~r pm~oSs~i.deor~s, b~ ~ ~m p~s w~ ~o ~i~s ~ ~ masters or

Smolensky, M.H. and G.E. D'Alonzo. Medical chronobiology: Concepts and Applications;- N. o.Eturnal Ast.hma, R. Martin (ed.), Futura Pub. Co., N.Y,, pp. 1,23, 1993. • SmolEnsky, M.H. and G.E. D'Alonzo. Biological rhythms and medicmious: Chronopharmaco!ogy and chronotherapeuties. Nocturnal Asthma, R. Martin(cal.), Furors Pub.. Co., N.Y., pp. 25-69, 1993. D'Aionzo, G.E. and M~H.' Smolensky. Chronobiol0gy and chronotherapy of noctttmal asthma, Brit. I. PharmaEol. in press (1994). D'Alonzo, G.E., M.H..Smoleusky et al. Batnbuwrol .in the treatment of asthma: a placebo-controlled comparison.of morning versus evening administration. Chest in press (!994). Smolensky,. M.H~ and M..Weber. Chronotherapy of mild hypertension by evening verapamil~ GITS. In preparation, JAMA (1994). SELECTED EARLIER FUBLICATIONS:- Smolensky, M.H., I.A. Kraft, R.B. Sotheru, T.D. Down, C.W. Eiflcr and E.A. Mealy. : Circadian rhythmicity'in pulse rate and duration of cardiac cycle (P-P interval) in donor and recipient cardiac tissue of heart homograph ~afiEnts. Texas Reports o_..~n Biolo~,y-and Medicine 33(4):533-548, !975, SmolEnsk'y, M., S. Samueloff, B. Harlevy, E. McDonald and A. Reinberg; Circannual rhythm of cardiac motudity: An anempt to identify possible endogenous and exogenous factors. Israel _J. Med. ScL I2(8):818-827, 1976. Cech, I., M.H. Smoleusky, R, Lane, B. Harlevy andS. Samueloff. Biometeorologic aspects of short,term fluctuations of. cardiac mortality in Jerusalem and Tel-Aviv studied by lagged cross~ovariance analysis. Israel J. Meal. Sc..~, 12(8):828,831, 1976. ,. Smolensky, M,H., S.A. Bergman, C.N. Baruard, W. Beck and I. Kraft. Circadianrhythmic characteristics of innErvated and non-innerw_t_,M cardiac tissues of single and double-heart trausplanted patients. Cardiovascular Bulletirh Texas Heart Institute 3(2): 150-168,. 1976. Ccch, I., and M.H. Smoleusky, Daily and seasonal card.iovascular mortality patterns in Houston. Cardiovascular Disease Bulletin, Texas Heart Institut~ 3(4):370-381, 1976. Harmng; H.O., M.H. Smoleusky, R, Harrist and C. Skrovan. Effects of varied durations of physical training on improvement in cardiore.spiratory endurance. J. Human E~ol. 6:61-68, 1977. SmolEnsky, M.H., S.E. Tatar, S.A. Bergman, J.G. Losman, C.N. Baruard, C.C, Dacso and I,A, Kraft, Circadian rhythmic aspects of cardiovascular function. A review by chr~.nobiologic statistical methods. Chrono~ 3:337-371, 1977. Smolensky, M., J. Jovonovich, G.-Kyle and B. Hsi. Chronotoxicity in rodents challenged with propranolol HCL (Inderal). In: .Chronopharmacolo~,, A. Reinberg and F. Halberg (eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979, pp. 263-271. Smolensky,.-M.H., A. Reinberg and J. Queng. Chronobiology and ¢hronopharmacology of allergy. An~. 47(4):234-252, 1981. . ~.cinberg, A., M.H. Smoleusky and F. Levi. Therapeutic implications of time dependencies. In: Topic.s. Pharmaceutical .Sci.ences 1985, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, (Biomedical Division), 1985, pp. 191-205. Reinbcrg A.,.M.H. Smoleusky and G. Labrcc.que; New aspects in chmnopharmacology. Ann. Rey. Chronopharmaco.l. 2:3-26, 1986. Smolcnsky, ~M.H., P.H. Scott and W. Kramer. Clinical significance of day-night differences in serum the.opb~ii:;. -. concentration with special reference to TheoDur. ~. Allert, v C!in. Immun01. 78: 716-722, 1986. Smolensky, M.H;, P.J. Barnes, A. Reinberg and J.P2 McGovcrn. Chronobiology and asthma. I. Day-night differences ., in bronghial patency and ~yspnes and circadian rhythm dependencies. J_. Asthma 23(6):321-343, 1986. RandEm, B., M.H, Smolcusky, B. Hsi, D..Albdght and S. Burge. Field survey of circadian rhythm in PEF ofclectronics workers suffering from colophony-induced asthma. Chronobioioev Internat'L 4(3):263-272, 1987. Smoleasky, M.H.,$.P. McGovern, P.H. Scott and A. Reinberg. Chronobiology and asthma. II. Day-night differences in the kinetics.and effe~ts ofbronchodilator medications. J. Asthma 24(2):91'I34, 1987. SmolEnsky, M.H. Chronobiology and epidemiology.. Pathol. Biol. 35(6):991-I004,-I987. Rcinberg, ~., M.H. Sulol~.asky,. G. I~brecque and M~ Hallek. Aspects of chronopharmacology and. chronotherapy in • . children, Chronobiologia 14:303;325~ 1987. Rcinberg, A., M.H. Smoleusky,. G..E.~.~D~_~Alonzo aad J.P. M~;Govera. C'm'uaoblology and asthma. I'~. Timing corticbtherapy to biological rhythms to optimizetreatment goals. J. Asthma 25(4):219-248, 1988. Smolensky, M.H. Medical chronobiology. Amer.. J_. Medicine 85(Suppl Ib): 34-46, 1988. Albright, D., A. Voda, M.H. SmolEnsky, B.P: Hsi and M. Decker. Circadian rhythm in hot flash in natural and surgically induced menopausE. Chronobiol~ Intcrnat'.l. 6:279'284, 1989.

. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . ' Give the following information for the key personnel and consultants and collaborators. Begin with the pnncipal investigator/program director. Photo<mpy this page for each person. NAME i[ POSITION ,ll ~~SCO PORT~PI ~ H~ of H~m¢~ion Unit EDUCATION. (B~in ~th ~umate or o~er i~al pmte~onal ~n, s~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~s~ml ~.} ~R INS~ON AND LOCATION DEGR~ . CONFERRED RE~ OF STUDY O~ Forest no~i~, ~nicago M~ Sch~U ~niv.ofHeal~ Sciences, Chicago, Illinois~ USA. g~se~h F¢11o v 1979/80 : ~olo~ RES~RCH AND PRO~SSION~ ~PERIENCE: ~ng .~ ~ese~ ~n, ~ ~ ~m~i~l o~er, ~ous emplo~nt, ex~ence, ar honom. Key ~nnel in~ ~e pd~ ~e~gator ~ aw ot~r t~ ~ ~e in ~ ~e~fic ~etop~m or ex~ion of the projec ~laureate I~el p~d ~ey ~e ~ a s~ ~y to ~ ~ de~nt or exxon of the p~. I~ wesent mem~rship c "any Federal G~emment public a~ ~m~. ~L ~ ~mno~l ~r, t~ psst thr~ yearn and to represen~ ea~er ~bli~o~ ~nent to t~ ~pli~n. DO NOT ~CEED ~':~ PAGES. ~cwer for ~cy ~tcmafion~ P~ERS D~ING ~ PAST ~ ~ARS 1, Po~uppi F, Momm~ L~ Mm~ M, Di Chi~ V, ~pmna M. ~ss of nocmm~ dectin~ of bI~ 2. Po~uppi F, Bali B, ~v~ AR, ~s~si M, V~pon~ a~ na~u~fic pepfid~ ~ in~ ~ no~otensive pos~nopaus~ wom~n ~ a function of ag~. ~olo~ 1991;78(4):317-322. 3. Po~aluppiF~ Mon~ ~ Ver~mi L, degli U~ E. ~f~ of ~ conv~ng enz~e inhibit~ qu~ap~ on autono~c function in no~otensiv~ ~ ~ssenfi~ h~nsiv~ subject, C~ ~er Res 1991;50(2):231, •.238. 4. Po~uppi F, Momm~ L, F~Ii~ M, ~mi L, D'Am~osi A,~v~ini AR, Bali B, deg~ Ube~ E. Consis~em chmg~s in ~ ~~ ~~ of bl~ p~ss~ ~d a~ h~ f~I~. C~onobiol ~t 1991;8(5):4~2~39. 5. T~fofini G, M~ A, Po~uppi F, Menega~ M, ~b~sio MR, Bali B, Pmsini R, D~g~ ~ EC. 1991;73(5):945-951. " 6. Po~uppi F, Mon~ L, y~i L, T~ G, ~v~ini AR, G~i P, Bali B, deg~ ~ EC, ~ss of n~ ~¢ ~ pl~ con~n~on of a~ na~c p~pfid= ~diolo~ 1992;80(5-6):312-323. 7. P~uppi F, Mon~ ~ F~lini M, Vcr~i L, Bali B, Dc~ ~ EC. Differences in bl~ ~ssum m~lafion of congCsfiv~ hc~f~, ~f~ ~d ~t~ ~cn~ ~lam ~ ch~g~s h ~ c~a~g patt~ of a~ na~fic p~pfid¢. E~ H~m J 1992;I3~):99~996.: ~. Dcgli U~ E~ S~v~o~ S, T~fofini G, M~ A, Am~sio ~, Rossi R, Po~luppi F, P~shi R. Effect of dclto~hin on ~~-~ m@onsc to insuHn-hduc~ h~oglyc¢~ ~d o~nc c~co~ph- ml~ing ho~onc in h~thy ~. J Oh End~nol M~ 1992;75(2):37~374. 9. Po~uppi E, T~fofini G, ~~ A, V~r~i L, Am~sio u~m EC. C~--~.~m of C~cito~n gcn~-.mht~ ~pfide h uncomp~cat~ essen~ h~enensiom J H~en~ns 1992; 10(10): 1227't2M. 10. Po~uppi F,. Con~11i P, Avoni P, Sfo~ E, Vcr~L, degH Ub~ EC, Lug~csi E. C~c~ ~~ of bl~ pressure ~d hc~ mt¢h fa~lf~ inso~ ~ htc~s~pl. Cycle Rcs 1992;23(3):227-~9~ 11. degli U~.EC, S~vadofi S, T~fofini G, M~ A, Am~osio MR, Rossi ~ Po~uppi F, Vcrgn~i L, P~sini R. ~-Opioid rcceptom ~d ~e s~cfion of ~w~ ho~onc (GH) h ~: Effect of opioid ~-mccpmr (15)'

agonist deltorphin on GH responses to GH-rclcasing hormone and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Neurucndocr/nology 1992;56(d):907,912.. 12. Fontani G, Vergnani L, Salvadori S, Voglino N, Aloisi AM, Portaluppi F,degli Ubcrti EC. Effect of dermorphin on behavior and hippocampal electrical activity in rabbits, Life $ci 1993;52(3):323-8. 13: Fontani G, Vergnani L;Salvadori S, Voglino N, Aloisi AM, Portaluppi F, Degli Ubcrti EC. Effect of deltorphin on behavior andhippocampal electrical activity in mbbits.Physiol Behav 1993 Feb;53(2):285, 90. 14. Portaluppi F, Vergnani L,' degli ~ EC; Atrial natriumtic 1~ptide and blood pressure regulation. Clues ¢'~ from a chronobiological approach. Chronobiol Int 1993;10(3):176-189. LL~I 5. Portaluppi F, Vergnani L, Margutti A, ,Ambrosio MR,.Bondandli M, Trasforini G, Rossi R, Degli Uberti ~ EC. Modulatory effect of the renin-angiotcnsin system on the plasma levels of calcitonin gone-related pcptidc in normal man, J C1in Endocrinol Mctab 1993;77(3):816-20; ~¢~I 6. dcgli Ubcrd EC, Ambr0sio MR,Vcrgnani L; Portaluppi F, Bondanc.Ili M, Trasforini G, Margu~ A_, ¢-~ Salvadori S. S.tress-induccd activation of sympathetic ncrcous system is attenuated by the selective d .-opioid receptor agomst dcltorphin in healthy man. J C1in Endocrinol Mctab 1993;77(6): 1490-1494.. Zi7. Portaluppi F, Cortclli P;,Avoni P, Sforza E, Vcrgnani L, dcgli Ubcrti EC, Lugaresi E. Loss of sleep activity and cimadia~, rhythms of blood prcssurcin fatal-famflird insomnia. J Hypcrtcns 1993; 11 (Suppl: 5):$469-$470. ~18.Trasforini G; Margutti A, Vergnani L Ambrosio MR, Valentini A, Rossi R, Portaluppi F, degli Uberti EC. Evidence that enhancement of cholinergic tone increases basal plasma levels ofcalcitonin gene-rdated peptide in normal man. J Clin Endoerinol Metab I994;78(3):763-766; ~19. Portaluppi F, CorteHi P, Avoni P, Vergnani L, Contin NL Maltoni P,Pavani A, Sforza E; degH Uberd EC, ~, Gambetti P, Lugaresi E. Diurnal blood pressure variation and hormonal correlates in fatal familial insomnia • Hypertension 1994;23(5):569-576. ~20. Portaluppi F, Cortelli P, Avoni P; Vergnani L, Maltoni P, Pavani A, Sforza E, degli Uberti EC, Ga~abetti "1". P, Lugaresi E. Progressive disruption of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in fatal familiai insomnia~ J Clin. I'-" Endocrinol Metab i994;78(5):1075,1078 ~21. Manfredini R, Gallerani M, Porraluppi F, Salrni R, Chieriei F, Fersini C. Circadianvariation in the occun'ence of paroxysmal supraventricular taehyeardia in elinieally healthy, subjects. Chronobiol Int ~. 1994;11:in press. .~__. Portaluppx 1::, Manfredim R, degh Ubertx. EC, Fersmx C. Time-dependent effect of isradipine on the i-- nocturnal hypertension of chronic renal failure..Am J-Hypertens 1994;7:in press. .~. REPRESENTATIVE EARLIER PAPERS Lid 1. Portaluppi F, degli Uberd E, Strozzi C, Margutti A, Montanari L, Rambaldi R, Trasforini G, Pansini R. 03, 10: Slow,release nifcdipine: effect on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure in essentinl hypertension. Acta Cardiol 1987;42(1):37-47. Portaluppi F, Stroz.zi C, degli Uberti E, Rambaldi R~ iTrasforirti G, Margutti A, Montanari L, Fersini Pansini R. Does placebo lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients? A nordnvasive ehronobiologi.cal. study. Jpn Heart J 1988;29(2):189-197. Por-~aluppi F, Ml?ntanari L. Consistency of circadian blood pressure pattern assessed by non-invasive monitoring and eosinor analysis in hospitalizedhypertensive patients. Acta Cardiol 1988;43(5):605-613. Portaluppi 1=, Montanari L, Capanna M; Ferlini M. Chronobiologie vs. sphygmomanometrie assessment of hypertension in a hospital setting. CIin.Cardiol 1989;I2(7):380-383. Portaluppi F, Montanari L, Bagni B, degliUberti E,, Trasforini G, Margurd A. Circadian rhytbm-~ of atrial natriuretie peptide, blood-pressure and heart rate in normal subjects. Cardiology 1989;76(6):428-432. Portaluppi F, Montanari L, Feriini M, Capanna M. Are we overtreating hypertensive patients? Chronobiologie vs. sphygrnomanometrieevaluation of. ambulatory antihypertensive therapy. Jpn Heart J Portaluppi F, Bagni B, degli Uberti Zasiella M, Patti M. Circadian rhythms, of atrial nawiureti'e peptide, renin, aldosterone, cortisoi, blood pressure and heart.rate in normal and hypertensive subjects. J Hype=ens" 1990;8(1):85~95: Pormluppi 1=; Pradella A, Montanari L, Degli Uberti E,-Trasforird G, Margutti A, Cavallini AR, Bagni B. Atrial strain is the main determinant of release of atrial natriuretic pepfide, Int J Cardiol I9.90;29(3):297-303 PortaluppiF, Montanari L, Pansini'K-:-~f-fects of the converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate in essential hypertension. Curt Ther Res 1990;48(4):613'622. Pomaluppi F, Montanari L, Ferlini M, Gilli P. Altered circadian rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate in non-hemodialysis chronic renal failure, Chronobigl I~nt 19c~9;7(4):321-327.

,The New. York-, Ac.ademy of Sciences FoundinqT Membership~ and Independence The Academy, founded in 1817, ~is now in its 1.79th year. It is the third oldest scientific society in Amedca andone of New York City's oldest and ._roost endudng cultural institutions. The Academy's mission includes complimentary commitments to science and. society through ,leadership in both ideas and in. programs of action. In service to science, it will sharpen its efforts to facilitate exchanges among scientists in New York and around the wodd. In service to society, it is expanding its activities in public communication, policy-debate, and science education to illuminate and improve the quality,timeliness, and reliability of contributions .of science to global social and economic progress.- Today, it is an international.organization with over 43,500 members .in more than 150 countries-nearly fifty percent of whom reside outside the United States. With a balanced annual operating budget of just under $10 million, and little governmental support, the Academy has an unusual degree of independence. Plans for the 1990s In December 1993, the Academy's Board of Governors adopted a strategic plan that builds on and expands the Academy's position at the intersection of science, business, education, health care, and government. In December 1994, the Plans were reviewed and updated with clear priorities and action plans. Conferences and Publications Approximately 20-30 scientific conferences are held annually in locations around the wodd. A new emphasis on presenting the metropolitan region as a global science .and technology center is resulting in more conferences, being scheduled in New York. Conference proceedings are published in the Academy's Annals, which are among-the oldest (172 years) and most frequently quoted sources of scientific research, About 30Annals are distributed each year to more than 745 libraries and to tho'usands of scientists and engineers worldwide. Additionally, the Academy publishes The Sciences, a bi-monthly magazine with a circulation Of almost 75,000. The Sciences has earned many national awards for scientific and artistic distinction in presenting scientific information to an educated lay public. W'~h a lead grant from the Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, the Academy will issue a sedes of .publications on science policy issues drawn from meetings .of. its Science, Policy Association. Science Policy and Economic Development~ Since 1985, the Academy has sponsored a Science Policy Association that brings together leaders of business, education, philanthropy, the-professions, policy, makers, government officials, scientists, and engineers to discuss policy-related issues at the intersection of science, technology, education, and economic development. Scienceand technology serving economic development--in the New York region as well as in national and global policy-is a rising pdority of the Academy. Through policy analysis and through outreach, prestige, and the ability to convene experts from a vadety of disciplines, the Academy aims to share experiences, problems, and solutions. K-12 Science and Math Education The Academy's programs support science teachers and teaching in the City~s-and the region's-public, private; and parochial~ schools. They encourage about 3,000 students and teachers to do science, provide internships in corporate,=govemment, and other laboratories, encourage achievement through the Academy's six annual Science and Technology Expos for students in grades 5-12, and seek to advance public awareness of science, technology, and issues such as infrastructure and competitiveness. The Academy recently published the. first directory of professional science and educational development opportunities for science teachers and is looking =to design and implement.a new series of initiatives for teachers. Our education priorities are motivation and presentation of opportunities and initiatives leading to a more scientifically literate and prepared workforce. We bring the talents of scientists, social scientists, and engineers to.the K-12 education process as mentors for students and teachers, and as catalysts for improvement and change in science education in the City's public schools~ A Junior Academy for high schoo.I students was establishedjn---¢963 and now has about 1 ;000 members.

Science and Engineering Across Disciplines Differing=from traditional professional organizations, the Academy seeks to function at the intersection of disciplines and issues. :Through sections in twenty-four scie.ntlfic and engineering areas, the Academy provides continuing education opportunities whereby scientists meet with the leaders in their, and other fields. More than 180 meetings of scientists and engineers are held annually atthe Academy's headquarters. Sections on Science Education., and on Women in Science, cross all disciplinary boundaries to focus on opportunities and special needs in these crucial areas. Section meetings are open to the public without charge; The Lyceum Club ~ In 1993, the Academy sponsored the foundingof the Lyceum Club, a program for retired .and semi-retired Academy members that provides daytime discussion programming and a talent bank of highly skilled individuals whose services are available to school, non-profit, for-profit, and government agencies. Human Rlqhts of Scientists The Academy has an active program which promotes the human rights of scientists; physicians;-engineersl= and educators irrespective of the political or economic policies of the countries in whiohsuch individuals reside. The Academy ~was credited by Andrei Sakharov and Fang Lizhi with coordinating the international pressure that led to.. their reiease.~ Both made their first U.S. appearances at theAcademy. Today, w~th the Committee of Concerned Scientists, the Academy is assisting emigree scientists from the former Soviet Union, the Peoples' Republic of China: and other countries to adjust to and find positions in the U.S. while simultaneously working on behalf of scientists worldwide to ensure the free pursuit of scientific careers and free expression; And we continue to work on behalf of scientists such as Vii Mirzayanov of Russia, whose work to eliminate chemical weapons testing has proved the role of.the new Russian constitution. The Gallery of Art and Science ~ In fall, 1994; the Academy formalized its longstanding exhibition program of artand science with the appointment of a curator and establishment of an alliance with the State .University of New York at Binghampton. The opening exhibition, Madness in America, received an enthusiastic and extensive review in The New York Times. Programs change throughout the year; the public is invited without charge.. ~ The New York Academy Of Sciences - orqanization, support, and leadership The New York Academy of .Sciences is located at Two EastSixty-third Street, New York, New York. Open to all who. are interested in science, it-is a non-profit 501(c)(3) supported by membership dues, publication and .magazine sales, and from the gifts of corporations, foundations, members, and friends around the wodd, It sponsors a thriving Corporate Membership program, and collaborates with corporation, foundations, individuals, and other organizations in presenting science-based programs for the public good, The Academy has a Board of Govemors of distinguishe~! individuals from all sectors. The Board, and the Academy's president, chief executive officer, and staff benefit strongly from the President's Council which is comprised of individuals, of extraordinary, accomplishment and with broad expertise who are chosen for their leadership in,fields important to the Academy's mission. Academy committees draw heavily on leaders from business, education, and the non-profit sector, advancing the Academy's work as thecenter where people, ideas, and issues in science and. technology-based social and economic development converge. (18) 2/95 =

THE NEWI YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Chairman of the Board Joshua Lederberg Raymond & Beverly Sackler Foundation Scholar and University Professor The Rockefeller University 1230. York Avenue New York, NY 10021 President Dr. Henry M. Greenberg • Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and Director, Coronary Care Unit St. Luke'skRoosevelt Hospital Center 425 West 59th Street New York, New York 10019 President-Elect Dr. Martin L. Leibowtiz Managing Director Salomon Brothers, Inc: 7 World Trade Center 41 st Floor New York, New Yorl~ 10048 Treasurer Mr. Henry A. Lichstein Vice President Citibank, N.A. 399 Park Avenue New York, .NY 10043. (19) . • Phone (_1_~ 2 [:.a~t t~3rd Street. New ~'~rk. NY 101121 • ~ ~ ,~3,~-0230 • Fax t212) 838-5640 • Cable NYACscI "

Governors Dr. Eleanor Baum Dean, School of Engineering The Cooper Union 51 Astor Place New York, New York 10003 o Dr. Barry-R. Bloom Professor, Weinstock Professor Department of Microbiology and Immunology Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris park Avenue Bronx, NY 10461 Dr. D. Allan Bromley Professor of Physics Yale University New Haven, CT 06520 Mr. Edward Cohen Chairman,-CEO, Managing Partner Ammann & Whimey; Inc. 96 Morton Street New York; New York 10014,3309 Dr, Susanna Cunningham~Rundles Asso'eiate Professor of Immunology Comell University Medical College 1300York Avenue New York, New York 10021 Mr. Bill Green .... Director N.Y.C. Housing Development Corporation 75 Maiden Lane New York, NY ~10038 (20)

Governors (cont.) Sandra Panem Managing Partner Vector Fund Management L.P. 17-51 lake Cook Road Suite 350 Deerfield, IL 60015 Dr. Richard A. Rifla'nd Chairman, Sloan-Kettering Institute Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue New York, New York 10021 Dr. Dominick Salvatore Professor and Director of Graduate Program Department~ of Economics Fordham .University Bronx, New York 10461 Dr. David E: Shaw Managing General Partner D.E, Shaw & CO.. 120 West 45th Street 39th Floor New York, New York 10036 • Mr. William C. Steere, Jr. President & CEO Pfizer, Inc. 235 East 42nd Street New York, New York 10017-5755 Dr. Shmuel - Winograd Director, mathematical Sciences Dept. T:I Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 (21).

Past Chairman Dr. Cyril M. Harris ~ , Charles Bachelor Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering Columbia University " New York, New York 10027 Honorary Life Governor Mr. William: T. Golden 40 Wall Street Room 421 New York, New York 10005 General Counsel Ex-Officio Mrs. Helen L. Kaplan Skadden, Arps, .Slate,. Meagher & Flora 919 Third Avenue New York, New York. 10022 Chief Executive Officer Ex-Officio Mr. Rodney W.. Nichols The New York Academy of Sciences 2 East 63rd Street• New York; New York 10021, Secretary Ex-Officio Ms. Svetlana Kostic-Stone The New York Academy of Sciences 2 East 63rd Street New York, New York 10021: (22)

Salaries Conference Director Development Manger Conference Coordinator Administrative Assistant Promotion Coordinator Pro j ect .Budget~ 1,800.00 1,260.00 5,880.00 2,275.00 1,767..00 Benefits (31%) Conference Expense Conference Promotion Typesetting-and Printing-~ Postage and Shipping. Conference Materials Conference Facility Rental AV Technician/Audio~Taping. Receptionist Speakers'~ Food Function Reproduction Expenses 6,000.00 2,200.00 2,500.00 1,000.00 3,000~00 3,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 400.00 Travel. Staff Travel $ 3,000.00 Domestic Speakers' Travel $~ 4,500.00' Foreign. Speaker's Travel $ 10,000.00 Speakers'. Per Diem(sls0.00/n±~t~-~)$ 8,100.00 .Supplemental Support: Junior~Faculty.2X500 ~ $ ~ 1,000.00 Graduate Students 2X500 $ 1,000~00 Minority Attenders 2X500 $- 1,000.00' Publications Annals Academy Expense (12%) Rent Utilities Telephone Fax General Administration SUB-TOTAL TOTAL. Conference Sources of Support SmithKline Beecham Bristol Mayer~ Squibb ~3) $ 12,.982.00 $ 4,024.00 $ 20,.i00.00 $~28,600..00 .$ 18,000..00 $.83,706,00 $ 10,045.00 $ 1,50.0.00 $ 2,000.00

Budget 2) 3)¸ Justification Speakers' Travel. and Per Diem $1, 0o.oo. Junior Investigators, graduate students and Minority Attenders $1,800.00 Conference Promotion: Paid-Advertisements.in special • journals, purchase of mailing list, promotional brochures $1;500.00 Total. requested funds:.' $ 5,000,00 (24)

Internal Revenue Service District Director NewYork Academy of Sciences 2 East 63rd Street New York, NY " 10021-7289 Department of the Treasury 10 MetmTech Center 625 FuRon Strut Bmok~n, NY 11201 , Date: 0C! ! 5 1992' Person to Contact: • Patricia Holub Contact Telephone Number: (718) 488-2333 EIN" 18-1773640 Dear .Sir or Madam: Reference is made to your request for verification of the tax exempt.status of New ~ork Academy of Sciences. A determination or :ruling letter issued to an organization granting exemption under the Internal Revenue Code remains in effect until the tax exempt status has-.been, terminated, revoked or modified. Our records indicate that exemption was granted as shown below. Sincerely yours, Patricia Holub Manager., Customer Service Unit Name of Organization: New York Academy of Sciences Date of Exemption Letter: March 1936 Exemption granted pursuant to section.501(c)(3)of the Internal Revenue Code. ~ Foundation Classification (if applicable): Not-a private foundation, as you are an organization described in section. 50S(a)(2) of the Internel Revenue :Code. (25)

Combined Financial Statements The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and Tectmotbg3r of the Cityof New York Years ended June30, 1994 and 1993 with Report of Independent Auditors YOUNG LLP

I I 1 l 1 I l ] ] ]~ I i I 1 The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and Technolog3, of the City of New York Combined Financial Statements ~ Years ended June 30, 1994 and 1993 Contents ' Report of I.ndepend~nt Auditors. ....... : ............ ~ ............................................................... 1 Combined Balance Sheets ............................................... i ........... : ................................... 2 Combined Statements of Support, Revenue, Expenses and Changes in Fund Balances " 3 Combined Statements of Cash Flows .................................... ~ ................. ....................... 4 Notes to Combined Financial Statements 5 (27)

~ ~RNST & ~OUNG LLP • 787 Seventh Avenue . • Phone: 212 773 3000 _ New York, New York ] 0019" Report of Independent Auditors Boards of Governors The New York Academy. of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and . Technology of the City of New York Au~st 29, 1994 We have audited the accompanying combined balance sheets of The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City.of New York (colleetively,the "Academy;,) as of June 30, 1994 and, 1993, and the related- combined statements of support, revenue, expenses-and changes in fund balances and c~sh flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the.Academy,s management. Our responsibility-is ~o express an Opinion on these" financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan .'and perform the audits, to obtain reasonable, assurance about whether the f'maneial, statements arc ~free. of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting.the anaounts and disc.!osures in the financial statements~ An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estiro_-res made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our In our opinion, the financiaI statements referred to above-present fairIy, in all: material respects, the combined financial position" of The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City of New York at .~une 30, 1994 and 1993, and the combined results, of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

.I 1 ! i ! I ! I | I I Assets Cash and cash equivalents Receix, ables: The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and Technolog3r: of the City of New. York Combined Balance Sheets 1994 June 30 ~ 1993 Sales of pubIications, Iess allowance for doubtful accounts of $33,000 in 1994 and $39,000 in 1993 Grants Other Investments (Note 2) Prepaid expenses and deferred costs Property and equipment, at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization (Note .3) Total assets Liabilities and fund balances Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Deferred membership dues and conference, registration fees Deferred subscription revenue Deferred support .(Note 4)~ . Total Iiabilities Commitments (Note 7) Fund balances (deficit) (Note 5): Unrestricted: The New .York Academy of Sciences The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City of New York Total unrestricted Restricted . - Endowment Total ftmd balances Total Iiabilities and fund balances $ 749,000 631,000 240,000, 284,000 1,954,000~ 146,000 830,000 $4.834,000 $4,202.000 $1,159,000 645,000 209,000 140,000 1,io4,oo0 132,000 813,000 sx,oss,ooo $ 821,0oo 1,630,000 1,547,000 799,000 692,000 716,000 649,0O0 4,2.33,000 3,709,0O0 (84,000) (188,0O0) 29,000 25.000 (55,000) (163,000) 656,000 656,000 ~01,000 493i000 $4,834,000 $4;202,000 See accompanying notes.. (29)

¸" I I The New York Academy of Sciences ,anti The.American Institute of Science and . Technology of the Cityof New York,. Combined Statements of Suppo~ Revenue, Expenses andChanges in Fund Balances Suppor~ .and revenue Membership dues• Publication sales and advertising Grants and contributions for conferences and • pubhcations, and conference re~stration fees Educational program contributions Speci:t! program fees and contributions- Other :..-rants and contributions Invest ment income Total .support and revenue Year,ended June 30 1994. 1993[ $2,930,000 3~385,000 L~86,000 386,000 290,000 736,000 $2,933,000 3,060,000 1,372,1300 344,000 267,000 589,000 68,000 8,633°000 Expenses Pro~:uu services: Me t~tbership_ maintenance Publications Conthrences. Educational programs Special programs , Total program services 643,000 4,217;000 1,374,000 577,000 599,000 457,000 3,923,000 1,554,000 442,000 825,000 7,410,000 7,201,000 Suppt,tting services: Membership recruitment . Fund raising Genrral and administrative expenses, including-interest .... expense of $18,000 in 1993 Total supporting services ' Total expenses Excess of support .and revenue over expenses Total fund balances--beginning-of year Total fund balances_--,end of year. See at',.ompanying notes. " 720,000 420,000 678,000 340;000 289,000 301,000 1,429,000 8.839,000 1,319,000 8,520,000 108,000 493,000 113,000 380,000 $ ~ 601,000 $ 493,000.; (30)

-| I I 1 ] ] ] l ] ] l 1 ] l 1 l The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute. of Science and Technolog-yof the C_i~o..f New York Combined Statements of Cash Flows Cash flows from operating activities - Excess of support and revenue over. expenses ~ Adjustments to reconcile excess of support and revenue over expenses to net .cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of.bond discounts Unrealized depreciation (appreciation) on. investments Changes in. operating assets and Liabilities: Increase in receivables : (Increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and deferred costs Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities Increase in deferred membership dues and conference re~istration fees Increase in deferred support. Increase in deferred subscription.revenue Net cash provided by operating activities Year ended June 30 1994 1993 $ 108,000 $ 113,000' 145,000 (8,00O) 7,000 (161,ooo) (14,000) 267,000 83,000 67,000 107,000 209,000 (21,000) (18,00o), (162,000) 35,000 (186,000) 21,0o0 196,000. 168,000 -. 601,000 355,000 ~ Cash flows from investing activities Purchases of investments Sales of investments Purchase of fixed assets Net cash used by investing activities (3,568,000) 2,719,000 ~ (162,000) (1,708,000) 1,547,000 (92,000) (1,011.t)00) (253,000) - (373,000) - (373,000) (410,000) (271,000) 1,159,000 1,430,000 ~ $ 749,000 $1.159,000 Cash flows from t'maacing activities Repayment of debt - Net cash used by f'mancing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents • Cashand cash equivalents--be~nning~of year Cash and cash equivalents----end of year • See accompanying notes~ (31)

The New-York Academy of. Sciences ~ and The American Institute of Science and Technolog3, of the C_i .ty_of New York Notes to combined FinanciaI Statements June 30, 1994 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation .and Signitieant Accounting Policies Organization and Basis of Presentation ~ ~.:- ~ The accompanying combined.financial statements include the accounts of The New-York Academy of Sciences and~The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City of New York (the "Institute") (collectively, the "Academy"), two not-for-profit scientific arid educationaI organizations that are under common control. Both organizations are Section 501(c)(3) organizations, exempt from Federal income taxes under Section 501(a) " " of the Internal Revenue Code. Fund Accounting To ensure observance of limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources avail- able to the Academy, the accounts of the Academy are maintained in accordance, with the principles of fund accounting. This is .the procedure.by which resources for various purposes are classified for accounting and reporting purposes into funds established according to their nature and purposes. In the aceompanying.fanancial statements, the Academy has combined the activities of the following, fund groups: • Operating funds, which iiaclude unrestricted ~and restricted, resources, represent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of the Academy's opera- tions ..... . . • Endowment funds represent funds that are subject to restrictions of gift instruments, requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and only the income be used. Restricted Resources.. : ...... . Various organizations-and other parties ~.ward grants and mal~e contributions to the Academy to assist in-defraying expenses in connection with conferences, special projects, edueationalprograms and other endeavors. Resources restricted by thedonor, grantor or other outside contributor for particular, operating purposes are deemed to be earned and reported as revenue when the Academy has incuzred expenditures in compliance with the specific restrictions, subject to the Academy's revenue.and expense recogrtition policies related to furore conferences and special projects (see below). Amounts received but not yet earned are reported as deferred support. (32).

I ] ] J ,j J ,j The New York Acaderriy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and ~ Technology of the City-of-New York Notes to, Combined Financial Statements (continued) 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policie~ (continued) . Membership Dues and Subscription Revenue : Membership privileges include. 'among other things, a subscription to the Academy's magazine, The Sciences, and the ability to participate in the Academy's ~conferences and m.eetings and receive certain other publications. The Academy does not allocate its rfiembership dues among the various membership privileges. ....... Membership dues and subscription revenue are recogaaized as revenue over the respective membership and subscription periods. Deferred membership dues and deferred subscrip- tion revenue relate to amounts received that apply to future periods. In fiscal 1993, the Academy changed its accounting policy to recognize subscription rev- enue from nonmember subscriptions of The Sciences over the ~ubscription period.-ha prior years, such revenue was recognized on a.cash basis: The effect of this change is not material to the accompanying financial statements. Conferences and Special Projects Revenue and expenses related to conferences and special projects are recognized upon completion of the conference or special project.~ • . Property and Equipment . Property and equipment are recorded at •cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lirces of the related assets or, for lease~ hold improvements, the Shorter Of the estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases. Cash Equivalents ' The Academy considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or .less to be cash equivalents, Mutual: funds held in the Academy's investment portfolio are not considered to be cash equivalenrs~ ~ 03) i

] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] The New York Academy of Sciences and ~ The American Institute .of Science and Technology of the CitY-~of,New York . -. Notes to Combin6d Financial Statements (continued). 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued). Investments Investments in U,S. Treasury bills: and notes are recorded at amortized cost. Investments in mutual funds are recorded at market value... Fhnctional Allocation of Expenses ~ . The costs of providing the various programs and other activities have . been summarized ona functional basis in-the statements of support, revenue, expenses and-changes in fund balances. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated among the programs and supporting services benefited. In fiscal 1994, the Academy revised its allocadon of general and administrative expenses among program and supporting services categories to more accurately reflect such relationships. The accompanying fiscal 1993 functional expenses •have been reclassified to conform to the fiscal 1994 presentation. 2. Investments Investments consist of the following at June 30, 1994 and. 1993: 1994 1993 Cost Value ,., U.S. Tre.~sary bills and notes (carrying- value apprordmat~s market value) Brandywine Funds Scudder Growth and Income Fund Vanguard Fixed Income Securities Fund Total investments 904,000~ $ 904,000 $ 679.000 $ 682.000 197,000 186,000 - - 384,000 387,0O0 - - 477.000 477.000 404.000 422.000 $I~62.000 $I.954.000 $1.083.000 $1.104.000 I ., (34)

.] I I The New, York Academy .of Sciences and The American I_nstimte of Science and Technology of the City.of-New York " Notes to Combined Financial Statements (contnued) 3. Property and Equipment, at Cost ." Property and equipment, . at cost, consist of the following at June 30, 1994 and 1993: 1994 1993 $ Land ' Building and improvements. Furniture, fixtures and equipment Computer equipment: and sofxware Leasehold improvements Less accumulated depreciation and amortization Net property and equipment 4. Deferred Support. 266,000 $. 266,000: 648,000 :/ 648,000 782,000 717,000 585,000 488,000 175,000 175,000 2,456,000 2,294,000 1,6z¢i,ooo 1,48i.o0o ' $ s3o,ooo $ 813.ooo Following is the activity in deferred support.for the years ended June 30, I994 and I993: Balance at July I, 1992 Additions: Restricted contributiom Deductions: Revenue re.cognized for restricted funds expended Balance at June 30,. 1993. Additions: Rcstricte~ contributions Deductions: ~. Revenue recognized for restricted funds expended Balance at June 30, 1994 Scholarship Prize Funds Funds $ .54,000 51,o0o 82,000 3%000 Grants and Other Revenue Applicable to Future Projects $ 317,000 1,382,000 Total Deferred Suvpor~ $ 453,000 1,470,00o 20.000 1.254.000 1.274.000 105,000 99,000.. 445,000 649,000 1,000 1,217,0@0 1~13,0~0 - 1.146.000 1-146.000 $105.000 $100.00~ $ 511.000 $ 716.000 (35)

I The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Ins~itur~ of Science and Technology of the C!~o.f New York Notes ,to Combined Financial S~ements (continued) 5. Fund Balances ~ ~ .- ' The following is a summary of the changes in fund balances (deficit) for the years ended June 30, 1994 and 1993: " " ' Um'estricted Restricted...Endowment_ Total Funds Funds Funds Funds Fundbalances, July 1, 1992, as ' " previously t~orted $ I30,000 $ - $150,000 $ 280,000 Restatement.(see below) (406.000) - 506:000 100.000 " . . Fund balances (deficit), July 1, 1992, as restated., (276,0.00) - 6~6,000 380,000 Excess bf support mad revenue ~ ~ ..... o~)er expenses 113.000 " - - ' 113.000 Fund balances, June 30; 1993 (~63,000) " $ - 656,000 493,000 Excess of support and revenue -- over expenses 108.11tt0 - - 108.000; Fund balances (deficit), • June 30, 1994 $ (S,5.000~ $ - $ 656.00O $ 60i.000 During fiscal 1993, the Academy determined that certain borrowings made ha prior years from the endowment funds principal balances to the unrestricted funds :had been er- roneously recorded as fund balance transfers. The Academy has restated the unrestricted and endowment fund balances (deficit) as of June 30, 1992 to'properly reflect the. prior years' transactions as interfund borrowings. In addition, the Academy has restated the endowment fund balance as of June 30, 1992 to properly include an •endowment pledge~ made in a prior year: As of June 30, 1994 and 1993, interfund borrowings ag~regated approximately $406,000. The Academy intends to explore various, alternatives to repay the interfund~ borrowings or, if possible, to eliminate the restrictions of the related ~ft instruments. 6. Line of Credit " As of June 30, 1993~ the Academy had available a $500,000 line of creditwith a bank. There were no borrowings under theqixie ~/t June 30, 1993,During fiscal year 1994, the line of credit arrangement was terminated~ ~ (36)

The NewYork Academy of Sciences and ~ The American Institute of Science and Technology of the Cit~f New York Notes to. Combined Financial Statements (continued) 7. Commitments Lease Commitment The Academy leases office space-under the terms of an operating Iease agreement that expires in September 1995. Future minimum rental comm/tments under the terms of the lease are approximately $37,000 in fiscal 1995 and $7,000 in fiscal 1996. R~nt expense aggregated approximately $47,000 and $39,000 for the years ended June 30, .1994 and 1993, respectively. ' " Pension Plan Retirement benefits for eligible employees are provided through individual annuities with Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association.. Pension expense ~was approximately $272,000 and $260,000 for the years ended June 30, 1994 and 1993, respectively, and represents the cost of individual insured annuities for each of the covered employees. 8. The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City of New York . The Institute administers gT.ants awarded by the New York State. Department of Agriculture and distributes these grants as awards to various individuals.. The balance sheet and statement of revenue and expenses of the Instimt~ as of and for the year ended June 30, 1994 and 1993 are as follows: - Assets Cash Grant receivable Total assets Fund balance Balance Sheet June 30 1994 1993 . $15,000 $15~000 14,000 10,0t30 $ 29,ooo, $ 25,000 " $ 29,000 $ 25,000 (37)

The New York Academy of Sciences and The American Institute of Science and TechnologT of the C_ i_t~=0,fNew York -.. Notes to Combined Financial Statements (continued). 8. The American Institute of Science and Technology of the City of New York (continued) Statement of Revenue. and Expenses Contributions, Awards Excess of revenue over expenses $ 4,0001 $ - 9. Accounting for Contributions and Financial Statement Display In 2Iune 19.94, the F'mancial-Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. I 16, Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions- Made ("SFAS 116"), and Statement .of Financial Aeeotmting Standards No: 117, Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations ("SFAS 1 I7"). SFAS 116 establishes standards of accounting forcontributions and applies to all entities that receive or make contributions. Among other things, SFAS 116 requires.contributions. received and unconditional promises to give to be recognized as revenue in the period re- ceived at their fair values. Conditional promises to give arc.to be recognized when the.y become unconditional; that is, when the conditions are substaudally met. SFAS 117 establishes broad standards for reporting information in" general-purpose ex- ternal financial statements issued by not-for-profit organizations, and reqitires that all not- for-profit organizations provide a statement of financial position, a statement of activities, a~d a statement of cash flows that focus on the entity.as a whole. Amounts related to an organization's financial position and activities are to be repotted in three elasses of net assetswpermanently restricted, temporarily restricted, and unrestricted. SFAS 116 and 117 wLI1 be effective no later than for the Academy's fiscal year ending June 30, 1996. Management believes that SFAS 116 and 117 wiHnot have an adverse impact On its financial position, although SFAS 117 will require a change in the presen- .tar.ion of its fmanci~ statements. (38) .11