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. ..'M ~ . . S. f research Is a complex operation. involv- ing eontinuing interaction and feedback, and is not a simple, orderly process of transmitting infonmatlon from one place to another. Nev York 109D). IAe netmnat ror rataA weat~tad. D.Q, f9Tq) ateo eeub arot onb ndnesees md Nohr 1. US. Deparunent of Commeroe. TeeJwelogroal rnnoraNon: Ju Eovtronmter mW Mmwrtes<nr (Govemm6nt PrintWa ONoe. warLinaton. D.C., 1967)• 2 National Arademy of bdenxs, .(ppaed Re- atarb aed Teebnologkd Progrere (tiovero- rneat PrinUng o111t e, wasLiugtoo. D.C., 1967). 1 H. Genhinowas, Seleen 172. 514 (1971). 4. -. Amer. Sd. 45. 24 (19Sa). 3. Ib1s (c, of ovurse, a very almpthdc ptcoue. To a oomaidetable esuot, tsoaexr, the 9ea point of view Is held by the Bdvocates of garden eities, such as the Brttfsh "new ,osas;' oed permeates 1. Mcl(ag's Deeyn with No- ooe (American Muxom of Natural tTlstory. NBW8 AND OOMMHNT dmtlry of po{hdmhn /o dtla ond tovas b eLe, tpW>k 9odtbaM aui !p more aIDrral von presented pT w. H WbTn t>~ ~ . troblem of bow to m rtdeareh ft Volots t-drcope (DoubkAq, New Yortc, t966)). A oot: "7Ue tdea of (k1d teadna sodsl odenoe oomprebn!asive and laramtrae rxttlqne of mwt t~T(othere+ 8 amt ya atdslT atneptod br or ux acLooL of ttt0~ eodolop b ahm by dtqa at~n or polHy matee. Yet L. nelmmn, The urb'mn Prnorn (Pree Pters, there ts a m>ilaon trtembn of aaoeesdut New Yora, 1964). apDtled soklal adema «ewes an a rarge 6 6. Hardin, Sdena lat, 1243 (1969). em)e, eod the oasbog of-eooid typothaa, to 7. Teo rxomt raporo aamfae and ewloatc ooma mame (t tanposs8le b dsaY ttts po0eodal %aiue apedac easnap1es of dpptled reuare3 /a else or aorb w6rk" (p. 29). Amott+er NAS ropon aodsl ademw. tbe Arst (pofkr end hosrmrr to Ee publWd to 1971 b t>se "btaW wnfer. Rasmoq6 pi a VrtaMeAPY Stamg, A Cm mqe on eeseareb etrauda to lba beeaNoral Srudr (Nauout Asademy of Fdmoet, wasb aad oodat edaoa on oo.Loammtd prot* iagtoo. D.C. 1971)) eRamicw eLe wottr daos . lenh aod 6olldn "'Ibb aordteraae was held (or the O®ce of Feona®le OppornmltT py onder tlse )olot awydaa of tae bbldm of rae InssUnue for Reseerch on Po.ertr at the BeLa.lorN ndenaes of 1lre rylaneoal ilesearea !ld.atity or wbwqtie. It emWden pat caused iad ee 6a.feoameaW stndier onlr ua spedae Issu¢, tme dtsames, mare - BoMrd of 1te Nationat Aeademl of tidrates- tuoadly tLro I have !n thb ntletq the prob. Nattonal AKademr of Botdooatog. kms Invot.ed In asina emlrennribated tmtl- S. A. wdn0ecg, BeiL At. Sd. sd4(t966). emes as ireaavlorat ~ esaeanch aaou.rm L Eor a mme oompkta dteiesslm of tLe oom for missSon arendes. 'rbe eecoad teport t8r•• pksity of , aaviroameotal (~tol1lt~, tet H• hantnrd m,d Sodd S'ctrnct RettarrA Ar Uu aenhlnosra; fa FattroarmNUrt Qrmtl4 d Dtparm,~eor o) D.Jmr.ke: A Femet.ork Jot So1tq (Aiadrmte Pwrs, Nav Yottt, 1972), )uo,wgement (National Aadtav ot Sdea•eer„ rol. 1. OP. 14k. > :3.-;. , -- , . .'Y . ~:-_}.... ~~~~ 4.. ever, all the key playera 6ave been east --or will be as 'aoon as the appoint- ment of Frank J. Rauachbr, lr., as Ba• ker's anaccssior ih ot8oialky announced. The gaipt; In the for® •of the Na• tlonal Cancer Pltut, -whit:h will detail the ways to apead We masey, is tneariy completed ~ ;. . ;,,1.. . ;+s.tr% An essential feature of tlte tmw can• car act Is the direct tie it crteates teWeen National Can. er Act: Deciding on People, Policies, and Plans During the last year and a half, ari- enNats and politicians have been busy fightia'g over and bragging about the new, official U.S. commitment to the conquest of cancer. On 23 December 1971, President Nixon signed iato law th: National Cancer Act, which en- dows the National Cancer Institute (NCI) with privileged status and $1.6 billion to spend in the course of the next 5 years. Intermingled with lavish and optimis- tic words of praise for this new enter- prise is the often repeated caveat that biortedical research is a notoriously un- certain undertaking, that even the im- primatur of the White House and all that money cannot guarantee success. Be that as it may, no one, ir.cluding the most sophisticated scientist, is going in- to this without some expectation of tan- gible results, and, among the public, expectations are great indeed. Consider, for example, an exchange between B,ep- resentative Daniel Flood (D-Pa.), chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations' subcommittee on la- bor, health, education, and welfare, and Carl Baker, outgoing director of the NCI. Pl.ooD: Every time the phone riogs, I expect to pick it up ac ' have you tell me that we have broken through in cancer virus [research). lsb Baena: I don't think It happens as a- the NCI end the )iYhite d*ottsa 7he breakthrough like that. law provides for a strtlcttlral rnolgani• or again ration that makea tLs director of the ta.oon: What day are you going to NCI raspostisible to the PtesIdent-nol tell us, what month and year, "Hete, to the Secretarg of Health, Educetion, Hallelujah," as you have done with and Welfare (HEW) or to lhe head of polio and measles? slte National Insti.`utes of 1liealth (NIH), nAKna: I don't think it is going to as before. ,BotL the Seaxetaty of HEW come that way and the NIH director have thus lost To be sure, Flood's questions reflect control of the NCI budget Under the a simplistic view of the cancer prob- new provision, they may comment on 1em, but, just as surely, they represent the budget; but neither IIday change It the thinking of many members of Con- by so mtr:h as a comaia. It will go gress and the public. His notion that straight from Rauscher's desk to the we are on the verge of a breakttiro ugb Psesident. .';,, ,. ;#~ in cancer research is, one must admit, Another direct line to the White not something be made up out of whole Hotlse has been opened by the creation cloth. It is logically derived from the of the National Cancer I'aael, a ttittm- special pleading and hoo-ha that has viraus of one la)imn and hwo scientists, attended the passage of what was billed to ov" ahe csotitu dopetetion of the earlier as a "cancer cure program " NCI, reporting any bureaucratic quag. Cure or not, everyone is impatient for mires to preaident3al advisers Ken Cole something to happen. and James Cavanaugh, and, if need be, In this atmosphere of great expecta- to Nixon himself. "The Paesident," says tions, the cancer effort must get off the Cavanaugh, "wants to be sure that this ground-soon. In December, Nixoa cancer effort dooa not bcoo®e tangled declared, "With the enactment of the in red tape. We - plan to follow its ac- National Cancer Act, the major com- /ivities fairly closely." (Tbfs being so, ponents for our campaign against can-' a number of itleeatCheis have cer atr in place and ready to move catptesmd fear tbs~ V*Mam may be fotward." The President was a bit pre- .too eatrxfttlly, On high, mature. What he had was an outline, '; but, as yet; 'It ~ia say ttdttther but neither the characters nor the ccdpt this wlll.>be'IDreti~~t~'-L,• for the anticaacer drama. Now, bow• :mF 43enno C1 Scbmidte who Whinall,}r sd- •,~.., .

managembnt, Is potentially well auiteA to measuring the effleeta of innovation. Third, within the city council (or equivalent body) and within the admin- istrative structure of the mayor's office, there am frequent opportunities for those whose intercsts or responsibilities are affected by innovations to converse with each other. A public authority ch as the New York Port Authority o e Tennesseis Valley Authority is niso to lana ~~ation, but in a different w frotn a municipality. It has clearly a area of rssponsibility, but usually broad powers to maece changes in oon= tingent areas: These powets are some• times usecl brutally, but it is p~siblc to have wise and intelligent oooperation between the authority and the citizens who ate affected by Its activities. The freedom of many public authorities from political pressures and the large funds available to them enable tdtem to be dramatically innovative on ooca- sion. A P{lot Piroblent-0ttented lLaboratory I have implied that one result of applied research might be a change in t4.e planning agency's mode of opera- tion or even in its organization, in order to use effectively the results of research. This is atlother reason that the first institutions for the application of sesearch to society's problems should be small. What I am proposing is in itself an experiment. It should be re- garded as a pilot plant for the design of bigger efforts. The success of one or more of a series of small ex- periments could even bring about the, creation of political and sociologic environments or institutions would bring problems which t acend municipal or regional bo ries uc~der centralized or oootdinated Ian- ning and control, thus maiking ssible the application of research such problems. Even in industry e most successful research lab~rato es started as experiments. They did no spring full grown from the head of whatever god represents corporate mauagemmit. They grew in size and developed in structure in response to the demands on them and as the organizations sponsoring the research were tllomxlves reshaped in response to their responsibilities. One of the most Important results of a program to apply research to pub- lic problems may be the clear de.flni- tion of what modifications of laws and 20 APRIL 10r2 institutions are essential to progresa. In undetfakea to asz ii€ t~e cdpks and oider to achieve this kinrd of t=dt, organizations that have prtwen eo suc- the Interaction among stgplied research, oeasfut ib indusMal md'imMiasy edi- administration, and pobcy-tnaldng etux and tecL'nology .:ae usefiul for the should be ciose and oont(ouous. 'Ibis is a relationship difficult to maintain when the applied research is doae In a university or in a think tank. There ls still another reason, perhaps mea moro important, for having the applied nesearch an integral part of the organi- zation that is to use the research. A sigr.ificant element in the motivation of an applied research group i$ the realita- tion of achievement. The Wnds of re- search needed to provide the &nowledge r probiemrsolving are not always that are in vogue in mmcademic c3r• findividual engagetd in teaeatch yersity looks to his peers tor and their acceptance of iScantly oontribnting is an important um mm wa/ia .[an aw.vu- has a audi- e t, partlou- •yi~n9- audienoe audi- the ate pa his way to benefit m his~ that what he oiog is being is important to the search wo er. Workers in iindustrial ratories who have a sllb- atnount of freedom of choice projects, as well as ample facili- • often feel uneasy and out of place if they cannot see the relevance of at they are doing to the objectives the organization that employs them. In spite of a tendency to regard ioduu- trial research workers as mercenaries, a very high peroentage of them are in- spired by the commercial activities and stated objectives of their employers- there are geologists sincerely interested in finding more oil; organic chemists in developicg better plastim, fibers or antibiotics; and biologists in increasing yields of crops. When a commercial ob- jective is coupled with a problem that poses a real scientific challenge, the re- sult Is highly motivated research. When he is a member o: the team, the re- searcher realizes that good results in his own activity willl be recognized and used and will benefit hial. If he is a member of a consulting 8am or of a university faculty, he will not usually have that kind of feeling. If there is eny merit in the argumenta I have put fortb, it seems to me that one or more experiments dlould be ~ 0 ~ e . ; ~: ~ 4 1~' also as th des. in a approval; work as their ICnowi tive. The individ otiented inatitutt ence. To a oorsider larly If his work Is search, be still has of academia. But h ence of tirose w, and who ex worlw The f~ searcb stanti in t?re+mss. f-oriientcd re- al,libd to tod witbM t1re re- the grpblam part of tiho {moibiem. srtep, it would be de- ttp a Sudy teatn to $ites and problems. The of the team sporold dbpend of the aroa to be sdMied. sho,uld probably be aompe. industnial research meoagabdcnt, reting, political aoteaoq, eaoatlwn- sociology. psycbology, and eooiogy. This tearid would be ehatged with re-. formulating the problems foasa common language,into professional jargon. A team wonking with a oamoeon ob3ective finds little di116culty in oommttnication. Faa:-torface discussion gtoatly Qadii.- tetes mutual uadeistandiog 'ibe func- tion of the industrial rsaearrh director would be to provide dtddanoe that would permit the team to design pro- grams afiplicable to more than one situation or geographical atm and, in addition, to design •.the orgaoiza- tion in such a way that continuity of effort over a tong tlme ootlid be as- suted. This continuity would require a balance edf ehott-range ttttd long-range ems, In order to give both re- and users of research a sense allebge and an early sense of L Tbe teeW oped for the science to standiosiy su applying them or both the ghysical in order to bene8t this, it will bo a irther po]itidans, research workers in a maro'ar that en- caurages their interaction and mopera- tion. Thero Is no magic formula for accomplishing this. 'Ibe aaeibods that have been successful at+o ate divetse as the coqporations or ~on-oniestted agendes In which they hava ibeen nsed. The successful methods altt gtrobably be as diverse as the gav tc and other soclepolltical t~ea use of tbem. T'he the reoogtdti'.oRa that tie mpplicallan W that have been devel- on of physieal ogy have been out- It seems worth their , analogts to social sciences To do to bring to- rs, and

' vocarted taking the NCI out of NIH and building the cancer attack around an independent agency, heads the panel. He is managing partner of J. H. VVbit- ney and Company, a New York pri- vate venture capital firm that backs de- veloping, high risk businesses with money put up by the partners. (A aum- ber mf years ago, for example, the com- pany gambled-and won-on an inves- meat in the Minute Maid Corporation.) Schtriidt, who has told NCI ofiiciels that when he comes to Washingtan be wants to hear about what is wrong, not about what is going swimmingly, aided in the selection of R. Lee Clark and RobPrt A. Good as the scientific repre- sentatives on the panel of three. Clark, president of the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institut.e, is a surgeon better knowm for his ptactice of administrative medicine. Under his tenure, M. D. Anderson emer$ed as a cancer center in this country. Good, on the other hand, is a scientist (immunologist) and doc- tor (pediatrician) from the Universty of Minnesota Medical School, who is just now trying his hand at big-time ad- ministration. Last month he accepted the directorship of the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York, an outfit that is reputedly much in need of administrative ironing out. (Notorious for his habit of canceling out of meetings at the last minute, Good promised a better attendance record when he accepted the position on the panel.) While the panel advises the President, the National Cancer Advisory Board will advise the chief of the NCI. Cut- rently, the board is a 26•member body that will be whittled down to 18 as the terms of persons who are serving out their appointments to the old Cancer Advisory Council expire.` Everybody in this cancer hierarchy was selected by the Whitc House. It is already clear that the panel will have a major say in what goes on. By law, it must meet once a month at a session that is to be transcribed and made part of the public record. It may •'rhe new board contius or t?rank J, Dison, )ohn R. Hogness, Jonathan E. Rhoads, Hoa•- atd E. Skippet, Lauranre S. Rockerevet, W. Clarke Wescoe (6year termsl: Harold Amos. Elmee sobs4 Sidney Farbet, Donald E. lohnton. irvinr Af. London, (ierald P. Murphv (4-year terms); and Mary t.aaker, Harold P. Rusch, Wendell O. Seott. Fetderick Selu, Sol Spleael- man, lanua D, Waaon (2•year terms). Council enembers MAo will aerve on ahe board untll theit eurrent apDbintmellta eaplte are: Arnnld L. arown, James S. Ollmore, Jr., lohn R. ttanmann, Leon O. Jacobson, Kcnncth i. Krablxnhort, William W. Stdngletoa, Ptillippc Shubik. Danny 7Totnas 26 APRIL 1972 ~z- J~ e f meet more often. The baard must otm- Then, thmattetlVCI dire!ctorsbip vene four times a year to advise the bad to be. resolved. From the begin- director. Board members are still ning, it was widely assumed that t;ooaer unclear about what their futtction will or later Carf Bakes; would be replaced. be. Most observets betted on llnter, even Their first meeting in mid-March though lists of potential candidates for has been charaeteiuted as °an intvo- his job were dreuiatiag among White ductory, getting acquainted session," a House aRiciala at least as eaciy as last "circus," and an "outright disaster." In fall. $ut by winter, most eantxk scientists the first place, a consentws of members had come to the conclusion tilpt Baker is that they themselves think the board' would' remain in office tlkrougttout the a bit large as it stands. Add to that the first year of the prrogratn. 3'he White fact that at the Srst meeting t3t:ey tried House, however, has dbcidedl It wants to conduct business ia a room jammed _ a change now. with more than 10D observers, and Carl Baker, itead of the NCI for the you have what one member oalled last 3 yeats,• and a long4ime, NCI ad- "chaos." "How we can be expected to ministrator, has not endeared himself to carry on frank discussions in a cotkvea- White House figures and ba$ slowly tioa-like atmosphere is beyond me," he been losing ground with the scientific said. W. Ciarke Wescoe, president of community, which never adqniped him Winthrop Laboratories in New York, as an investigator but found bim ac- proposed that the cancer board clear ceptable as an administrator. Baker, an the room and meet in executive session. unpolished man who projects a poor Finally, it did. image, has lately been criticizdd for his What many members describe as an failure to liaten; be sometimeE speaks endless string of reports from NCI in non sequiturs because he has not staff members touting the activities of beard what was aaid to him. His a1- ahe institute was anniher source of con- leged railroading tactics with his ad- siderable irritation. Clearly, the mem- visory council have come under attack, bers of this board, headed by Philadel- •'a well as bis attitude that ft ie best to phia surgeon Jonathan Rhoads. who get on with the show and not dawdle was named its chairman by the Presi- around getting advice from e11 tddes, He dent, do not intend to be talked at; nor admits he finds the peer review system do they plan to be a rubber atamp of a waste of time, an Inconvenience that the NCI management as the former delays grant giving and takes the en- Cancer Advisotry Council has been ac- etgies of "a lot of senior people who cust,d of being. But just how they will should be doing other t3tings." And yet go about the business of effectively in- this aame man says. "We have been fluencing policy remains uncetta.in. acxused. I understand, ol; too much They next assemble during the third planning and too •iitfie Implementing. week in June. We think ft wUte to ftl _" wbat It is - The panel appointments were oom- dtat ae are trying to ,f1o: t pleted by the end of January; tlhose to launch oa 3be spendiaig." the board were made by early #tanch. , stalted Qa»grest for.-$430Q~WII1inn fe;r

.t •. :a, r•' ~C a .='.~f".~.~ ~ I T'• : i fiscal year 1973, e~ien though the can- cer act itself places the oeilung for the fiscal year at $53r) million. Asked whether the additional $100 million could be wise!y spent if alloc.ated, Baker told a House appnopriations dteating that it could. Why, tLen, he didn't ask for It in the first place is something of a mystery. In a sense, a host of things, many of them txntering around matters of per- sonality, have conspired to force Baker's ouster. It appears that there is no sin- gle, fatal faux pas that can be held against him. By iate March it was known among members of the inner circle that Frank Rauscher had been tapped for Baker's job, and by mid-April it was fairly widely known, although the White House has yet to make an official an- nouncement Meanwhile, the cancer community is half-functioning in limbo while waiting for the change of com- mand, and Rauseher is trying to estab- fish the new order as best he can in the a>9sence of the authority that has ` .. • _i•. 'i,..~" atill to be transfemed. The selection of taien who $guted iri-titc 6ho of whst Rauscher was made by the VVhite would everitually.:~beoonae ;dho multi- House and Schmidt. Clark and Good million dollar Spec3al •Vjjkua Cancer concurred. Nobody else's approval drea formally sought although a few board me+nbers were polled privately. Rauseber. 41, Is a native of Helier- , town, Pennsylvania. A Ph.D. graduate of Rutgers, he ia one of a long line of tumor vImlogists who ntudied under Vincent C3roupr, one of the piotteers In that field. He came to the NCI in 19,59, secured his soienttflc reputation in 1962 with the discovery of the Rauscher virus, which induces tumors in anini.als (he says the discovery was a combi¢ia- tion of "what I like to think was good virology plus a good deal of luck"), and moved into administration in 1964. It was then that Congress appropriarted $10 million for research on ean= viruses-the first large sum so ear- marked--ar+d Kenneth Endioott, who was then the head of NCI, asked Rauscher to help in drawing up the initial research plan. The other two NSF Official Resigns as Job Sinks The Administration policy of reducing the national output of scientists has squeezed an assistant director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) out of office, the second to resign within the last 8 months. Louis Levin, NSF assistant director for Institutional programs, said in a letter last week to President Nixon that the program he headed had been substantially phased out and he thought it proper to resign. The NSF assistant director for education, Uoyd Ci. Hurcphreys, quit lost Sept.-mber in protest against a decision by the Office of Management and Budget to withhold $30 million from the funds appropriated by Congress for the NSF's education support programs (Science, 17 Sep- tember 1971). Levin, who has been with the NSF for 20 years, told Science he is not resigning in pique, but ximply because of the shrinkage of the programs under him, from a high point of 380 million in 1967 to $12 million tcquested in next years budget. The decline, Levin notes, started during the previous Administration. The institutional support programs of the NSF were used, in part, as a kind of slush fund to fill the chinks between more categorical programs. Some funds could be used at the discretion of the institutions concerned, while others were assigned to building and improving the quality of instruction and research. The program was particularly important during the period of university expansion. Levin is remaining with the NSF as an assistant to the director. Hie duties will include "sponsoring of research on the ethical and human value implications of science." The NSF will not attempt to lay down guidelines, but simpi;r to encourage research that •`illuminates the issues" and provides a basis for Cecision-making, Levin said. The assistant directorship Levin vacates will presumably be allocated to some more fashionable NSF activity than institutional support, such as the fast arowing RANN (research applied to national needs) program, for which there is $80 million in next years budget, or the experimental R & D incentives program, a new S22-million venture designed to en- courage industrial investanent in R& D.--N.W. L!8B Pmgram (SVCP) were • 'Bairer and Louis Carreae, now'vits id Baioer'a top aides. "Witbin 6 moatbm," Bauscber neca116, ''thd program trag off and rua tning, • and I had to 'deddle vrheether to stay with it or retunn to the /ab. It wa,s then that I dhose to go inAo admirtistre,- tion:' The SVCP has beea off and run- ning ever since. Today it ia•ahe financial and organi:ational backbone of cancer virus reseaech in this eoAmtry, one af the few examples of a pmgrammed, targeted research ei#ort, and one of the mote oontroversisl pnograms around (tst+e Scienee, 24 Dea, g9'71).•= • Rattscher;, Itvnically:'wadt on to fo1, low in Baitex'a ~a footsteps, becoming sdeati@c dirs+etdr for etiobo in 1969, wben Bater succeeded F.ndi- cott. Both Itadioott and Iitaloer are aai$ to have ptedicted that Rauscher would oaa day head the insudtDt". ~~°+ °• Ilttle kabwn vattde •trhb'IVortd af r,anoer etioldegy, Rattscher, is widely re- gatded by his pews as a fair and intelfi- geat man. By and lnrge, tmord of his promotion has been warmly received within the P1CI, where even those staff ' scientists who ats lese tbaa vnthus{aatip about the choice say tDstltlte.ie "tial- anoed." "eerteinly closer to science than Baker," and '®n esrcntially boaeat person." From the outside, tbere has been Iktle tttspoase. Baker has received some calls frotn physicians protesting the fact that Rauscher is not an M.L:, but they reportedly have come fnom •individunls, not g<+ottpsi and qnyway it is generally thought that the objection 6as no valid basia. ' ' ' - Many members of ti:e • board, wben asked for their teaction, pointed out that they knesv 8atreeber only slightly but, as one aomnaented, "Y like what i•ve ta:ea." I;is performance at the first board msedng impsessed Mnet of Its members. (A few months ago, he made a ®imdle:ly •tiavo.mbte ,ita>pzagon on Richard Nixon during ceremonies markiog the oonveta3on of +Maryland's Fort Detrick from a chemical and bio- logicat warfate VeMer 4!%,et,dantxr- researeh facility.) ,x. •. , . Rauscber hns tbe' tacit approval of many board tmmbeta and the active astpport of otben. Of those'oontected by Selence, ~Ty pteon of Hatvard t~nioe8 '~ teegatto~ti opinion, saying, "it Is a very ~tpgoittt- tatent, a very, tad ani<, ve tto further eomment•" of itatucbar"a~~~ ~r a • ..rj.~~. t

0 ~ spokesmaa for Representative Paul Rogery (D-Fla.) who was instru- mental in teeing the cancer legislation through the House in its present form. "Usually." he said, "once a rumor of an appointment is as widespread as this now is, we begin to bear from a man's enemies. They seem to come crawling out of the woodwork. On this one, we haven't heard a thing." One of Rauscher's toughest jobs dur- ing the next few months will be to clean house at the NCI itself. Inevitably, that means he will have to get rid of some of his friends who have worked with him for years at the administrative levels of the institute. Such bloodletting won't be easy but is seen by both board members and persons close to the White House as an important test of his ability to lead well. "The NCI is full of people who are not up to running a program of this magnitude," one board member says. "The issue is whether Rauscher Is up to rooting them out." In spite of his ties to cancer virology, Rauscher is not as singlee-minded an advocate of this approach as many people assume. "I think I may surprise some of my friends in basic research: ' .he said recently, while talking about the areas he feels need new emphasis in the cancer war. He noted, as he has often in the past, that too little atten- tion Is being paid to environmental carcinogens, particularly in light of demographic data that suggest that a significant percentage of human can- cers are caused or triggered by environ- mental factors. Immunology, in his view (which he says is shared by Good), is "ripe for exploitation, but not for wide application In man." While fundamental cancer. research plows ahead, Rauscher would like to see more action in the area of cancer control, a catch-all phrase that refers to programs for early diagnosis (Pap stnears, mammography for bneast can- cer, and so forth), new techniques for early detection (identification of anti- bodies to cancer antigenr, for example), and education of both the public and thL medical community. Here. Rauscher and Baker disagree on just what cancer control means. Al- though throughout his tenure as direc- tor, Baker argued tenaciously that re- search should be geared to solving the human cancer problem, and talked about putting new tools in the hands of the physician, he balked at the idea of liberally interpreting the section of the National Canccr Act that deals with cancer control programs. The act does enjoin the NCI from spending funds for routine pt'tieat care, and Baker has contended that cancer control can be equated with patient cpre. Others strcwgly disagree. They want cancer control jprograms because they see them as a way of doing something about cancer now. "They," in this case, is a mixed group of persons that includes Rogers, who insisted that eanoer con• trol be written into the legislation, the Presidemt and his aides, the American Cancer Society, and Frank Rauscher. (Let it be said in all fairness that Rauscher consistently has wanted more programis aimed at doing what we can about cancer right away. Cancer con- trol is not something he has just dis- oovered) Cancer control was originally a POtNr oP vIsiW . Eirnction of NCL ZLe pnogra;n was dropped in 1964, and tranafertod to the Bureau of State Services. Them Is some e teluctanoe within NIH -to t3ce tt n.in- atated because of its implications to other iostitutes. • , ... Nevert2seless, cancer control is com- ing back into operation. The act puts a eeiling of $30 million on cancer eon- trol programs for 6scal 1973, raising the upper limit tm $40 million bjr 6scal 1974. (dn the appropriations tequests Baker submitted for fiscal 1973, he asks only 54 million for control.) Rauscher, however, says he Is deter- mined to get some useful cancer control programs going. By way of example, he points out that defunct pmgrnms to aereea lr,rge numbers of women for cervic9l cancer should be rejuvenated- Cancer Research: Youth and Superstars Younk btology researdiers should hasten to grub a diare oJ tIu new ntoney being poured into cancer n,manc6 and the 1Vattonal Caneer IttatUrtte (NCl), which o'rherwise wUl serve only to bolsrer still gnore tAte egoa of tlse fksrrrent superstars on the cancer scene." Tbfs ta the word set forth by James D. iYataon, proJessor of btology at Harvard and author of The Double HeliY, in a provoeative essay on, ~vtrcer research strategy pttblfshed in the New Republic (Z6 Febraary 1972). Wctson warns agotnat the ereattoa of •9ntgr establfsl»xetus wJtli all tJte power closely controlled by superstars wJw daily direct their Ph.D. ndntmsa to do this or that pta-Ncular experitnent.•' Anaread, Jre advaaates J.re-atyle irtaraidt groups in which younger arfentists shouid play a dominaea role. Walson fs a number o; the nswly created National Cancer Advisory Boanrf. Even if tbe NCI bureaucracy upon the advice of its advisory committees decides to back the formation of exciting new labs for fundamental •entmai oell biology, they are unlikely to know how to move. We must semember that until very recently most creative scientists avoided "cancer rest:arch" as if it were the plague. They smelled an imposgible task and did not want to enter an intellectual graveyard. Now there does not exist a confident body of senior canoer workers who; armed by p.=.,st sutxess have much feeling for what the fntune may bring. The scientists who probably have the best ideas as to which experiments make sense and how they should be accomplished are individuals in their late twenties or early thirties. But on the whole, they have been brought up to face a world not only where the real power is held by their eldets, but where common sense says to stick closely to the lab beneh and grind out enough real science so that tenure will come; then they can stop worrying whether they can do science. At their age it is all too easy to equate committee membership with •pnm,atur+e stuftiness and a secret desire to let one's stuc.ents and postdocs do all the n6ght work. . . . They must realize, however, that at this critical moment, there is no organir.ed or even disorganized group of wise dtdsionmakers who will map vut their science. The only predictable object above them is the bag of free money that our nation's people want well spent. It is much too big to sit unused for any period and very likely will fall upon those who ask for it 8tst. So if our better younger biologists get together and quickly ask to set up eaxible-tmd i8oitbitghori. tarian new departments (institutes) the financial wherewithal can be found.wi)Wn the NCI and eventually the universities to let such bodies tiom0~t4 en~e: But if they timorously sit back, the current superstars on the ~ get even nsore rtoncy to bolster titki* egos. 2a APwu. tott

1 )C _ ., ,..._. Great Lakes Water Treaty Signed President Nixon and Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau on 15 April signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agrceenent, the 8rat pact between two nations designed to protect and resuscitate a shared en- vironmental resource. The agreement follows 6 years of study by the lnternational Joint Corhnvssiod (IJC), a body set up in 1909 to deSne the two cwuntries' rights and iesponsibilities over the Great I.akes, aad 2 years of detailed negotiations over mutual water quality goals. The signing of the agreement coincides with the beginning of the International Field Year for the Great Lakes, which features a detailed analysis of Lake Ontario being conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratnon. The Great Lakes c.atnprise the world's most extensive bodies of fresh water and account for 20 percent of the fresh water In the lakes and rivers of the earth. Same 37 million people inhabit their shoraa, and this number is expected to double by the end of the century. The agreement calls for dramatic reductions in the pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, add the internatlonal portion of the St. Laatienoe Seaway, as well as for preventive maintenance to forestall the decline of Lakes Huron and Superior. Lake Michigan, which is encompassed by U.S. land, is omitted from the agreement. El:olbglcal Fr+eedoms Defined The pact holds that the lakes have a right to five freedoms: from toxic substances, nutrient overloading, oil, sludge, and noxious colors and odors. It spells out in tortuous detail the exact levels of filth and poison that will ultimalely be deemed acceptable and calls for a Joint Contingency Plan to deal with oil• spills. All the programs must be cither implemented or n route to implementation by the end of 1975. The agr•eemeot calls or no new money or legislation from the United States, although its faic~]itatioa will rely heavily on the new water quality bill, which is dew wallowing in House-.Senate conference with no compromise version in sight. The United States is expected to put about $3 billion into (areat Lakes water quality over tite' next 5 years. Some $2 billion will come from federal, state, and local sources for municipal waste treatment; $700 million to $1 billion is what indusrry is expected to put inUb waste treatment and reeycting facilities. The Canadian expenditure over the same period will be around $400 miWon. 'Ibe only controversisll part ot the agreemenc seems to be the matter of detergent phosphater,, which contribute heavily to eutropbication, the chief pollution problem in the two lower lakes. Canada has ordered the proportion of phosphates in detergents down from 20 percent to 5 per- cent by the end of the year. and ultimately to 2.2 percent. Tfte United States. In view o4 the j`act that no viable alternative to phosphates has been found. is leaving the matter to local discretion and is concenurating on the construction of treatment plants. The agreement envisages that phosphorous loadings into Lake Erie should go down from 32.000 tons this year to 16,000 in 1976, but conservationists say that eliminating phosphates could bring the 1976 iaput down to 11,000 tons. The IJC has been irostructed to form a Great Lakes Water Quality Board which will have tept+esentatives from all the eight states and two provinces affected by the agreement. The commission will be given money to set up a new office somewhere in the Great Lakes Basin, and has been assigned the tasks bf monitoring the cleanup, issuing annual reports on progress, and recommending adjustments En the agteement. It will have no enforcement powers, but the high-level nature of the pact is expected to supply motiwation Sesides, Environmental Protection Agency Director William Ruckelshaus says the United States now has a"sofemn commitment" to keeping the lakes alive and pure.--C.H. sso fi6,000 - women wM i11B10~ t~at tumor J this year. aU lntiodlewulyy--and that g!sater eNorts shotdld be lntuIttrted to f get lnformat<on abbut the benefits o aggressive chemotherapy • in certain aanoers. enrat as ledtkemia, out of the major centers and iaoo the .practioe of medicine at large. How the Nattonal Gtsncer Ac,t, which became effective only last Feb:uary, will ultimately be implamented, how that $1.6 billion plus srill eventually be de- ployed, is something that, In theory at least, will be decided in dstail, soon. Whether the program can be conducted efficiently, whether jt can be effectively coordinated to get results, remains to be seen. • , An exerrise in raelonal planning was initiated last winter by Baker, who con- tracted with a local management firm to atl4emb2e tbe Nai3oaal Cancer Plan. The NCI appointed eame 2$0 investi- gators to 41 panels, seut them at vari- ous times to Airiie E',iottse, a conference center outside Washington, to review their fields and draw up plans for future teseately and t6etoiy got for ttqelf massive quantities of data emd a;900; 000 btll. Haker, many 41ose to the project say. first saw fLe undertaking , as a ploy to satiafy the gdenti8c com- munity's desire to be heard. Ttie results of their labors, howrever, .aerR in the words of one NCI etaffer, "far more valuable than any of us anticipated." Said attother, "It showed that the in- vestigauors broadly agree on what is needed, and, by laying the problew out, we've been able to see gaps in our knowledge that have to be filled in before we can ptvo®ed." Copies of the teugh draft of the National Qanoer Flan have beea circu- labed among tbe matfon't scientists. The plan is now being h+ened into shape by the NCI nteff lnd by the chairmen of -the 41 panels. An executive report of the plan ahorold be available by late May. T6e challenge facing Rausctrer, the panel, and the board is oue of taking what, evenn in final form, will be a mass of data reflecting thousends of indi- vidual pieces of research and nzaking some coherent sens,e of tt. Z4tey wW have to lookk at all the bits and pieces of knowledge we have about the malig- >tant cell and, as Albert Sabin said not 4bag ago, 'boordinate them and attempt either to derive meaningful pannns or to delineate the gaps In onrc laowledge which pravent. dbowyadwdsi rof inean- ingful patterns." That Is noo mean tash. ~ana,to~ 1:~i~.troN ... =r~:.,~. ...._._..^- .~ 0