Bliley PM
Philip Morris 'White Paper' on Smoking and Health
Abstract
States "Philip Morris acknowledges that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for certain types of lung cancer and several other diseases, because a statistical association exists between smoking and the occurrence of those diseases. (1990 Annual Report, p. 3)." Includes major headings: "I. Smoking and health (Personal smoking behavior; Industry position on smoking and health; Philip Morris position on smoking and health; Public awareness; Deaths 'due to' smoking; Civil litigation; Comparison of research vs. advertising expenditures; PM and industry-sponsored research; Industry fraud; 'Safer' cigarettes; Targeting youth; [and] The Tobacco Institute); II. Smoking and addiction (Overview; Smoking is a voluntary act; Smoking does not fit the scientific meaning of addiction; 1988 Surgeon General's report criteria for addiction; Smokers can quit smoking when they decide to do so; Nicotine gum and nicotine patch; Smoking as a gateway drug; DSM-III [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual] and DSM-IIIR; Conclusion; Addiction: Questions and answers; [and] III. CTR/TIRC [Council for Tobacco Research/Tobacco Industry Research Council] sponsored research related to nicotine (Research in the 1960s; ...1970s; ...1980s; 1990s)". Indicates "privileged and confidential attorney work product". Relates to Bates 2023194445, 2046819241, 2504099642.
Fields
- Company
- Philip Morris Cos., Inc.
- Type
- Report- Scientific
- Named Person
- Abood, Leo G., Ph.D. (Biochemist, U of Rochester Med. Ctr.)Outside research on nicotine analogs for PM. University of Rochester. Around 1980.
- Albanes
- Barker, W.L. Dr.
- Barry, H.
- Berntson, G. Dr.
- Charles
- Charles, J. Dr.
- Cipollone, Rose Defrancesco (Lung Cancer Victim, Plaintiff in Cipollone v. Liggett))
- DeNoble, Victor J., Ph.D. (PM Behavioral Research (1980-84))Associate Senior Scientist at PM Behavioral Research (83). Senior Researcher at Philip Morris from 1980-1984. Performed in-house PM rat studies on nicotine and addiction; was later fired by PM because of sensitive nature of what studies revealed about nicotine addiction.
- Dunn, William L., Jr., Ph.D. (PM Smoker Psychology Principal Scientist 1970s-80s)Principal scientist at PM during the 1970s and 1980s, nicknamed the "Nicotine Kid." Supervised Victor DeNoble, Paul Mele, Carolyn Levy and others. Led "smoker psychology" programs for PM.
- Friedman, L.N.
- *Hauserman, Max (use Hausermann, Max) (PM Chemist)Above Osdene and Farone. Hausermann (chemist) reported to senior VP Operations. Was VP Fabrique Tobac Reunine R&D. Fully knowledgable re INBIFO and Osdene programs.
- Henningfield, J.
- Holtzman, Alexander (PM Asst General Counsel. 1975-85.)
- Hutchison, R. Dr.
- Jaffe, J. Dr.
- Kessler, David A., M.D., J.D. (Former FDA Commissioner)appointed FDA Commissioner by President George Bush in December 1990.
- Kozlowski, L. Dr.
- Kueper
- Lajtha
- Lazarsfeld, P.F.
- McDow, Mr.
- Mele, P.
- Meyer, A.S.
- Osdene, Thomas Stefan, Ph.D. (Director of Science and Technology, Philip Morris [1986])Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry. Ten years of research when he started with PM in 1965. Worked in Chemical Research Division of PM 1965-66; Chemical and Biological Research Division 1966-69; Director of Research 1969-1984, also assumed independent position as Director of Research and Extramural Studies during these years; became Director of Science and Technology in 1984, reporting directly to Philip Morris USA Executive VP Mark Serrano. Involved with Center for Indoor Air Research (CIAR) 1988. Attended PM's Operation Downunder Conference in June, 1987. Retired 1993.
- Pages, Robert Alex, Ph.D. (PM scientist & researcher, c. 1980s)Robert A. Pages gave a deposition that was 25 pgs with one exhibit in the Carlisle v. Philip Morris Inc., et al case on 10/30/86 and he gave another deposition that was 207 pgs on 9/23/88 for the Rothgeb v. ATC, et al case. He was a Scientist and he worked for Philip Morris, Inc. and was born on 10/10/41 and is in infirm health. (PMI's Revised Initial Disclosure, June 27, 1996) (PMI's Introduction to Privilege Log and Glossary of Names, Estate of Burl Butler v. PMI, et al, April 19, 1996) Robert Pages, who gave depositions in 1986 and 1988, is apparently in poor health. (Alexandra Wagner, Ness, Motley letter to Grant Kaiser, 1/10/97)
- Pollock, Mr.
- Remington, James A. (PM Vice President)Specialty is biology
- Rosecrans
- Ryan, F.
- Sarokin
- Schachter, S. Dr.
- Sershen
- Shaw
- Srivastava
- Taussig, E.
- Wakeham, Helmut R. R., Ph.D. (PM R&D VP)Vice President and Director of Research & Development, Philip Morris
- Waldbillig, R. Dr.
- Waxman, H.
- Waxman, H. Sen.
- Winick
- Wolf, Dr. ---Defense
- Named Organization
- American Psychiatric Association
- American Psychological Association
- Annals of the New York Academy of Science
- American Psychiatric Association (Psychiatric professional group)Trade group for psychiatric health professionals.
- Columbia University
- Comparative Psychology Program
- Council for Tobacco Research
- CTR
- FDA
- Federal Trade Commission
- Federation of Experimental Biologists
- Food and Drug Administration
- Foundation for Behavioral Research
- Federal Trade Commission (Enforcement agency for laws against deceptive advertising)Enforces laws against false and deceptive advertising, including ads for tobacco products. Ensures proper display of health warnings in ads and on tobacco products;collects and reports to Congress information concerning cigarette and smokeless tobacco advertising, sales expenditures, and the tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of cigarettes.
- INBIFO, Intitut Fur Biologische Forschung (Philip Morris' secret biological research lab in Europe)"INBIFO" stands for Institut Fur Biologische Forschung, or Institute for Biological Research. It is located in Germany. Philip Morris acquired Inbifo on June 30, 1971. Its stated mission was "quantitative biological product evaluation" by using "comprehensive toxicological and physiological testing. Major activities are listed as: product evaluation and modifications, product ingredients and ETS-related technical knowledge and smoke components. Inhalation toxicology was a key feature of Inbifo. (Derived from Bates No. 2505235055/5088)
- Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Manuscript Review Board
- Nature
- Nicotine Analog Program
- Ohio State University
- Philip Morris Board of Directors
- Philip Morris Legal Department
- Philip Morris Research Center
- Proceedings of 1983 Society for Neuroscience
- Psychopharmacology
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
- Rockefeller University
- Science
- Shook, Hardy & Bacon
- Society for Neuroscience
- TI
- TIRC
- Tobacco Industry Research Committee
- Tobacco Institute
- University of Illinois
- University of Rochester Medical School
- Wesleyan University
- World Health Organization (Concerned with global public health)International organization concered with public health worldwide
- World Health Organization
- Operation/Project
- It's the Law
- Region
- Japan
- United States
- Keyword
- Withdrawal
- 10271357
- 10869453
- 10870764
- 10870807
- 10871388
- 10871390
- 10871467
- 10871855
- 10871979
- 1964 Surgeon Generals Report
- 1988 Surgeon Generals Report
- Acetaldehyde
- Addictive Aspects of Heavy Cigarette Smoking
- American Psychological Association Convention
- Annals of the New York Academy of Science
- Behavioral factors
- Beneficial effects of nicotine
- Biogenetic systems
- Cardiovascular system
- Causation
- Central nervous system
- Cipollone Case
- CNS
- Conference on Smoking Behavior
- Dependence
- Dopamine
- EEG
- Fourth Annual Symposium on Tobacco Alkaloids and Related Compounds
- Kueper v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco, et al. Case
- Nicotine spiking
- Peripheral nervous system
- Personal choice
- Reinforcers
- Synergism
- Tolerance
- Subject
- Additives
- Animal subjects
- Cessation
- cigarette design
- Cigarettes
- Consumption rates
- Fire safe cigarettes
- Health effects
- Human subjects
- Industry front groups
- industry sponsored research
- Lawsuits
- nicotine
- Pharmacology
- Research studies
- sales
- Smoke
- tar
- testimony
- tobacco industry structure
- addiction
- Brand
- Marlboro (PM)
Document Images
PRIVILEGED AND CONFIDENTIAL
ATTORNEY WORK PRODUCT
INDEX
Smoking and Health
II.
Smoking and Addiction
III.
CTR/TIRC Sponsored Research Relating to Nicotine
IV.
Fire-Safe Cigarettes
Philip Morris Research on Nicotine Pharmacology and
Human Smoking Behavior
Research Chronology
Allegations (and~or Questions) and Potential
Responses
3. Allegations (and Questions) Presented by
Waxman, Kessler and Others
SMOKING AND HEALTH
P~I_V!LEGED & CONEID,EB~IAL
PHILIP MORRIS "WHITE PAPER|| ON SMOKING AND HEALTH
I08~0807
Philip Morris acknowledges that cigarette smoking is a
risk factor for certain types of lung cancer and several other
diseases, because a statistical association exists between smoking
and the occurrence of those diseases. (1990 Annual Report, p. 3)
PM uses the term "risk factor" to refer to a factor, behavior or
other variable that has been statistically associated with a
specific disease. In the case of lung cancer, statistical studies
have reported that smokers develop the disease at a higher rate
than non-smokers. A risk factor may or may not be causally related
to the disease. In fact, it is a well-recognized and accepted
scientific principle that statistics can never establish causation.
As the authors of the 1964 Surgeon General's Report observed:
"Statistical methods cannot establish proof of
a causal relationship in an association. The
causal significance of an association is a
matter of judgment which goes beyond any
statement of statistical probability."
(p. 20)
However, statistical associations have value in that they suggest
avenues for further research and they raise questions about disease
causation which can only be answered on the biological or
mechanistic level.
10870807
To describe cigarette smoking as a risk factor is
consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge. This
description acknowledges that there is evidence from epidemiology
and other disciplines that suggests that smoking may contribute to
the production of some diseases, but it also recognizes the
limitations of and the inconsistencies in that evidence.
Consequently, the available scientific evidence does not rise to
the level of establishing scientifically a causal relationship. In
regard to lung cancer, for example, there are three facts that
support this view. First, despite years of effort and considerable
expense, no human-type lung cancer has been produced in
experimental animals as a result of the inhalation of fresh tobacco
smoke. Second, no constituent of tobacco smoke as found in the
smoke has been shown to cause lung cancer. Third, no biological
mechanism by which tobacco smoke might cause lung cancer has been
demonstrated by science. As two separate groups of researchers
observed recently:
10870807
"Although a large number of factors have been
associated with the development of malignant
neoplasms in humans, the mechanisms involved are
still largely unknown."
(Albanes & Winick, JNCI, 7/20/88, p. 772)
- 2 -
"Despite dramatic progress in the
understanding of carcinogenesis, the critical
genetic events and promotion factors required
for malignant transformation remain unknown."
(Shaw & Srivastava, JNCI, 9/1/93, p. 1377)
These are among the important questions that must be resolved
before a causal relationship can be scientifically proven or
rejected.
The complex nature of the diseases associated with
cigarette smoking is further demonstrated by the fact that they are
multifactorial in nature, meaning that many risk factors have been
statistically associated with their development. The following are
just a few of the conditions or behaviors, in addition to cigarette
smoking, which have been associated with these diseases: dietary
habits, family history and genetic make-up, age, occupational
exposures, place of residence, personality types, socioeconomic
class, and air pollution. These risk factors have been identified
by the same kinds of epidemiological studies that have addressed
cigarette smoking and health.
Philip Morris acknowledges that its views regarding
smoking and health are often not regarded as credible. However,
recent testimony by independent experts raises questions about
10870807 -- 3 --
whether causation has been proven. For example, Dr. Walter L.
Barker, a thoracic surgeon and Clinical Professor at the University
of Illinois, testified in 1993 that he believes the case against
cigarette smoking has not been proven. (Kueper v. R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Co. et al., January 21, 1993) In his testimony, Dr. Barker
stated that the statistical case against cigarette smoking is
flawed and that over the years he has noticed many anomalies in his
own clinical practice. These include the following:
(1)
Lung cancer was on the rise before smoking became popular
in the 1920's.
(2)
Cancer of the trachea is rare, even though the lining in
that part of the respiratory system is the same as that
of the major airways of the lung, and the trachea is
constantly exposed to cigarette smoke in smokers.
(3)
The rate of laryngeal cancer has remained remarkably
stable, even though it is composed of the same tissue as
the lung and trachea.
1~7~07
(4)
The amount of tobacco smoke exposure (the "dose") does
not affect the time when lung cancer is diagnosed. Lung
cancer generally occurs between the ages of 50 and 70
- 4 -
with a mean age of 60 years, regardless of when a person
started smoking.
Fewer than i0 percent of smokers, including "heavy"
smokers, develop lung cancer.
(6)
There are various demographic anomalies in the
statistical data, including the fact that Japanese men
smoke much more than American men, but have half the lung
cancer rate.
Philip Morris believes that the risks associated with
smoking are well-known to the public and that individuals should
have the right to choose whether to smoke. We insist that the
decision to smoke, like many other lifestyle decisions, should be
made by informed adults.
1087O807 -- 5 -
SMOKING AND HEALTH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
108~'0T~4
Personal Smoking Behavior
Qo
Do you smoke? When and why did you start?
received any medical advice about smoking?
Stop? Have you
What about your wife, children? Any advice to them?
What would you do if your children smoked?
Do you allow guests to smoke in your home? If not, why not?
Discussion: Smoking is a matter of personal choice. As an
individual, my doctor gives me advice, and I can choose to
take it or not.
10870764
It is the tobacco industry's view -- and my belief -- that
children should not smoke; that is a decision that should be
made by an informed adult. Philip Morris has encouraged
passage and enforcement of laws designed to restrict young
people's access to tobacco.
The decision to allow or not allow persons to smoke in a home
or private business should be made by the owner, not by the
government.
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