Bliley PM
Tobacco Industry Research Committee -- Council for Tobacco Research
Abstract
Outlines the history of TIRC, what led to its establishment in 1954, and the release of the tobacco industry's Frank Statement to the media, which attested to the tobacco industry's commitment to research which would clear up the controversy of tobacco use and its link to lung cancer and other diseases. Discusses establishment of the Tobacco Institute in 1958 and TIRC's name change to Council for Tobacco Research in 1964. Names the various scientific directors of CTR, discusses the Scientific Activity Board and its purpose, and defines the CTR special projects, noting the involvement of outside counsel and industry executives. Duplicate of Bates #2015000059.
Fields
- Company
- Philip Morris Cos., Inc.
- Type
- SPEECH
- Named Person
- Gardner, William Ullman, Ph.D. (CTR Scientific Advisory Board grant reviewer)Dr. Gardner worked for Counsel for Tobacco Research -- U.S.A., Inc. He was a member of CTR's committee which reviewed grant applications in 1974. (UCSF000134) Gardner served on the Scientific Advisory Board for CTR and was a CTR Scientific Director. (N.M.'s CTR Who's Who) (PMI's Introduction to Privilege Log and Glossary of Names, Estate of Burl Butler v. PMI, et al, April 19, 1996). See Gardiner, Bill, TTLA Almanac - Names.
- Glenn, James Francis, M.D. (CTR Scientific Advisory Board.)
James F. Glenn was on CTR's Scientific Advisory Board. (PMI's Introduction to Privilege Log and Glossary of Names, Estate of Burl Butler v. PMI, et al, April 19, 1996). He was used as an expert in the Mississippi case.- Graham
- Haag
- Hartnett, Timothy V. (B&W exec)
Defense- Hoyt, William Thomas (CTR, President, Executive VP)
Previously with Hill & Knowlton- Larson
- Levin
- Little, Clarence Cook, Sc.D. (CTR Scientific Director, 1954-1971)
- Sarokin, Hadden Lee Judge (Judge (Fed. Dist Court); tried Cipollone case)
Judge Hadden Lee Sarokin is a Federal District court judge, United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, Newark, NJ. Tried Cipollone case. Removed from Haines case by the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals. Nominated 5/94? to the U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals (The Record 5/8/94). Sarokin later said his comments about the tobacco industry being "the king of concealment and disinformation" may have been unduly strong, "I agree the language was strong, maybe unduly strong"; "If I could take it back, I probably would" (AP 8/4/94).- Sommers, Sheldon Charles, M.D. (CTR Scientific Director c.1979, Industry Consultant)
Dr. Sheldon C. Sommers was an Industry Consultant, CTR Scientific Director and served on the CTR Scientific Advisory Board. (PMI's Introduction to Privilege Log and Glossary of Names, Estate of Burl Butler v. PMI, et al, April 19, 1996)- Warner
- Wynder, Ernst L., M.D. (Epidemiologist, Sloan Kettering, Anti-Tobacco Expert)
1993 First scientist to report in 1950 on the carginocencity of cigarettes in rats painted with tar. Assistant at Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research Directed the American Health Foundation (AHF) from 1984 to his death in 1998.- Lynch, Kenneth Merrill, M.D. (CTR Scientific Advisory Board 1954-74)
Kenneth Lynch was on the CTR SAB from 1954-1974. (Source: NM Tobacco Companies Personnel List) - Glenn, James Francis, M.D. (CTR Scientific Advisory Board.)
- Named Organization
- AJPH
- American Heart Association
- AP
- Arthur D. Little
- *Council for Tobacco Research-- U.S.A. Inc. CTR (Formerly Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC))
Created and funded by the tobacco industry to award grants to study of the link between smoking and disease. Part of a four decade effort to cast doubt on the links between smoking and disease.- Hill & Knowlton Inc. (Tobacco industry PR firm, 1953-68)
Public relations firm for the tobacco industry from 1953 through 1968.- Industry Technical Committee
- Liggett & Myers Inc. (Pioneer in the generic cigarette business)
Cigarette manufacturer; Pioneer in the generic cigarette business; L&M is the manufacturer of Chesterfield, Decade, Dorado, Duke of Durham in 1958, Eagle, Eve, L&M, Lark, Pyramid and Stride cigarettes- National Cancer Institute NCI
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute located in Rockville, MD- National Institutes of Health
- New York Times
- *Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) (Only use SAB with name of specific org.)
- Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health
- Time Magazine
- Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) (Renamed Council for Tobacco Research-USA (CTR))
Organized in 1954 as the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), and renamed the Council for Tobacco Research-USA (CTR) in 1964.- Industry Technical Committee
- Tobacco Information Committee
- Tobacco Institute (Industry Trade Association)
The purpose of the Institute was to defeat legislation unfavorable to the industry, put a positive spin on the tobacco industry, bolster the industry's credibility with legislators and the public, and help maintain the controversy over "the primary issue" (the health issue).- U.S. Public Health Service
- Yale University
- TIRC Board of Directors
- American Heart Association
- Keyword
- Frank Statement
- CTR Special projects
- Tobacco, Experimental and Clinical Studies
- 1964 Surgeon General Report
- Microbiological Associates Project
- Molecular biology
- Immunology
- CTR Special projects
- Thesaurus Term
- Test/Skin Painting (Testing)
- industry response
- antitrust legislation
- cancer
- heart disease
- industry sponsored research
- pathology
- epidemiology
- disease
- litigation
- media coverage
- tobacco organization
- public relations
- lung cancer
- newspaper
- industry response
Document Images
TOBACCO INDUSTRY RE:SEARCH COMMITTEE --COUNCIL FOR TOBACCO RESEARCH
Atmosphere RegardingSmoking. and. HeaLth in, Early 1950s
A. Absence:of credible science, pre-19,50
B. Epidemiologic studies beginning in 1950
i. Lev~n, et al.
2. British Doctors
C. Wynder and Graham skin. painting experiment in 1.95!3
I. Received tremend0u~s publicity
2. Increasing pressure for industry response
D. No trade olrgamizat~on because o~f anti,trust issues.
II. A FrankStatement. to Cigarette Smokers
Advertisement ran January 4, 1954, in 448 newspapers! in
258. U.S. cities** '~
i. Cited recentsc~entific developments
2. Stated industry position onsmoking and health
Use over.head
2015002362
Announced formation of organization to research, issues!
amd ~nform public
III. Formation of Tobacco~ ~ndustry Research Committee (TIRC)
A. All cigarette mamufacturers except Liggett
i. Liggett was funding, research at, Arthur D. Little
2. Representatives of companies, on Bo~ard of Directors
3. Officers electedl from Boardl
B. Role of Hill & Knowlton
i. Organizational andl administrative wo~rk performed
a. TIRC located in Hill & Knowlton (H&K), offices
2¸.
b. TOm Hoyt of H&K was Exe~cutiveSecretary
Handled public relations aspects, of smoking and!
C.
health controversy
FirstScientif~c Advisory Board**
1. Distinguished scientists, in relevant disciplines
recruited!
2¸.
Dr. Clarence Cook Little elected Chairman of SAB:
3. Search forScientific Director
D'. Research goals, andl policy
i. General mission to study tobacco in relation to
health (.~ncluding~ c6ronic disease, addiiction,
personality, etc..)
2. Early focus on. basic mechanisms o~f diseases like
cancer andl heart disease
3!. Grantees given complete freedom to research andl
publish
IV.. Org.anizational Activities. of TIRC, 1954:-1958
Most of 1954 spent analyzing research needs/directions
I. Full time Chairman appointed --Timothy Hartn~ett
2:.~ Dir.. Little chosenas ScientificDirector
a. Elected by other SAB members at one of their
earlymeetings.
B. Suspicion of scientific community
Some universities would not let
faculty apply for
TIRC grants
2.. Major concern wa~s freedom to research and publish
c. First studies funded in early 19,55
D. Research grant budget of $500,00~0 in 1954-1955.
E:. Industry Technical Committee
1. Company research anddevelopment directors
2. Organized prior to SAB
3. Assisted Hill &Knowlton in identifyingfirstmembers
Of SAB
4. Chairman of ITC attended SAB meetings
V. Controversial Public Relations Function of TIRC
Hill & Knowlton handled inquiries, from public and media
regarding TIRe
I. Period of increasing cla~ms regarding smoking and
health
201500:Z365
-- 4i --
2. Many issues dealt with scientific and technical
matters
B.: ~r. Little became ma~or spokesman
C. Some SAB~ members expressed concern about Dr. L~ttle"s
spokesman role
i. Dr. Little stepped down a~s SAB. Chairman in. 1.958
2. Dr. Kenneth Lynch became SAB Chairman
D¸ o,
Toba~cco Information Committee of TIRC-- 1957
i. Arranged publication of"Smoking and Health,'
2. Bulk of 350,000~ copies sent to doctors and dentists
E.. Formation of Tobacco Institute in 1958
I. Public relations function of TIRC diminished!
21. Role of Hill & Knowlton at TIRC lessened
VI. TIRC Scientific Act~vities, 1954-1958!
A. Conducted Pathologic-Anatomic Study
i.~ Twelve distinguished U.S. pathologists.
20 15002366
2:. Attempt to stamdardize diagnosis of lung cancer and
study distribution of disease
Embarked on broad: research program
I.: Basic and targeted studies on various diseases such
as CHD, GI, etc.
2:.. Experimental and animal studies (e.g.:, tobacco.
chemistry, skin painting,, cell culture)
3.. Studies a~imed at d, evelopingl experimental techniques
C. Fellowship, program
i.. Awarded to. medical schools to support research
activities of degree candidates
2. Selection amd area ofresearch left to medical school
dean
3. In first year of program (195:5)77 out of 79:medical
schools accepted fellowships
D.. Scientiffc litelraturelibrary
Z01500Z3G7
- 6 -
I. Collected scientific literature regarding tobacco
and hea~ith
2. Began publishing~ndex of relevant articles.
E. Supported Larson and Haag's "~Tobacco, Experimental andl
Clinica,lStudies"
i. Authoritative monog~rap~ of a~stracts of worldl
literature on tobacco, and health
2. Continuedsupportl throughfourvolumes a,s,a resource
for tobacco, ~nvestigators
VII.. TIRC from 1959-1964'
A. SAB further refined research, focus
I. FUnding ma,instream tobacco science
Increasing r,espect from scientific communfty
3. FUnding of lung cancer pathology study taken over
by U.S. Public Health Service
B. Attendance at board meetings by representatives! of the
Nationa~l Cancer Institute and American Heart Association
Co,
Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking, and Health
1. TIRC and health agencies made nom~nations
2.: TIRC submitted extensive scientif,fc information
3;. Dr. Little establ,~shed l,~nes of communication with
the Advisory Committee
4., Cooperation from industry acMnowledged in final
report but informatfon overlooked
Indu,stry informatiqn~ primarily experimental
b. 1964 S.,G.: Report mad, e its conclusions based!
primarily on, epidemiology
DI. Supportandlpublication ofsymposia, onsmok~ngand health
El. Name change to Council, for TobaccoResearch (CTR)~n 19614
I., Clarify that organization devotedlto hea~ith, research
and not industry technical or commercial stud!ies
2. Name change accompanied by complete
relationshipwithHi~l & Knowlton
[Summary: Early Years of Operation**]
severance of
VIII. CTR from, 1965-1970
A. Approval and review processes, for grants program refined**
B. Dr.. Little resigns, in 1969
C. Dr. Wi.~.liam Gardner of Yale U:niversity appointed
Sc:ientific Directorin 197.0
Funding activities in addition to Grants Program,
E., Beginningof Special Projects
i. Directed studies, to. analyze smoking andihea~h issues
21. Approved by Scientific Directo:r and not reviewed by
SAB!
Invo~vementof company andoutsidecounsel
IX. Council forTobacco Research, 1971-19:80
A., Broadening~ focus of Grant-ln.Aid Program to include more
inha~ational research
B!., Use of research contracts.
1.. Microbiological Associates Projlect
Development of smoke ~nhalation ma,chine
Funding of the large-scale inhalation project
C. SAB expands and grants budget increases
D.: Increasing~ emphasis on basic science research
i. Research focus! on basic mechanisms of chronic
diseases
Microbiological project, was attempt to fulfill
purpose of researching tobacco and health directly
Scientific areas, for research.
F.~ CTR g~rantees often recipients of NIH and' health
organization funding~
X. CTR, 1981~19!91
A.: Dr.. Sheldon Sommers becomes Scientific Directo~r in ~981
B. Publ icat f on of monograph regarding Microbiologica~
Associates research
I. Largest cigarette smoke inhalation projiect ever
performed
Sent to universities, and medical schools
; 01500Z,371
