Tobacco Documents Online

HEART LUNG CA NON- SMOKERS, EMP HYS EMA ANIMAL, STUDIES LUNG CANCER POSITIVE AR~TICLES Vol. 203, No. 3 January 15, 1968, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Seltzer, Carl C., "An Evaluation o.f the Effect of Smoking on Coronary Heart Disease I Epidem- iolog:ical Evidence" "It is, therefore, difficult to see from the new epidemiologica~ data how valid causal inferences can be drawn th~7[cigare,tte smoking~ is linked to excess CHD death,s or that the excess CHD deaths j~_~{.~_-!~.~.~_ ezce~=~+U .],-~ ~re [i'caused by'] cigarette smoking. We do not know. whether or not there, is a casual connec- tion between cigarette smoking and. increased dearths from coronary heart disease." (page 199) March 1968, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, Cooper, David A., Crane, A. Reynolds, and Boucot, Katherine R., "Primary Carcinoma of the Lung in, Nonsmokers" "A considerable amount of litera~ture based' upon, epidemiologic, statistica~ and experimental studies relates smoking: to lung ca~ncer, although the finite cuse remain,s unknown. Because the concen~tration on, the effects of tobacco smoke may obscure the search for other factors involved in the etiology of lung: cancer, we report on 63 cases of lung cancer occurring: in nonsmokers from ~ series of 1,372 cases of proven primary carcinoma of the lung~. . . " (page 398) June 1968, Archives of Environmenta~ Hea~th, Vol. 16/6 Ito, Haruo & Aviado, Domingo M,., "Pulmonary Emphysema and Cigarette Smoke- Experimental Induction, and Use of Bronchodilators in Rats'" "The results are of particu,lar in,terest because they question, the validity of th,e widely accepted belief that cigarette smoke can promote the development of pulmonary emphysema." (Page 865) June 19681, Christopher's Textbook of Surgery~ W.B.S.~unders Company, Chapter 19, Langston, Hiram T. "The Thorax, Pleura and Lungs" "The evidence incriminating cigarettes in that report (Smokin~ and Health)came from statistica{ surveys. Whereas thee sta~tistical correlations may show an association between heavy cigarette smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer, clinica~ facets of the disease strongly dispute the cigarette's role as etiologic agent." (Pag~e 482!)

LUnG CANCER LUNG CANCER 1968, Medical Record and Annals 61(7)~:228-230 Fiorentino, Marco, "Lung Cancer in the U.S.: .Observations on the Age at Death:" "An examination of the trends of age at death,, however, brings up some points wh,ich do not seem to have an, immediate and clear explanation con,sistent with the theory of association (of cigarette smoking and lung cancer), often called causation." (Page 228) February 1969, Southern Medical ~ournal 62(2)232-235 Rigdon, R.H., "Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Consideration, of This Relationship" "A statistical association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated; however, such an a~ssociation does not constitute a 'cause and effect' relationship. Many scientists question this associa:tion. Experimental attempts have failed to support this statistical association." (page 235)

ANI~MAL STUDIES HEART GENETICS EMPHYSEMA PREGNANCY HEART' AI, R POLLUTION -2- June 1969, Journal of Applied Physio{ogy. Vo~.26,No.6 Ba~r,.W.J., Porter, N.S., Brown, D.P. & Wehner, A.P. "Apparatus ~or direct inhalation of cigarette smoke by dogs." "Most of these experiments, such. as exposing animals to cigarette. smoke in a smoke chamber or introducing cigarette smoke to the anesthetized animal through a tracheotomy aperture, ~ck similarity to human smoking habits. The validity o~ extrapolating results from such experiments to possible effects in man is therefore highly questionable." (Page 847) June 1969, Arch,ives of Environmental Health ,Vol.18 Cederlo~, Rune; Friberg, Lars; Hrubec, Zdenek, "Cardiovascular and Respiratory Symptoms in Relation to Tobacco Smoking - A Study o~ American Twins" "It seems that genetic factors are important in the development of coronary symptoms. We believe that along with social, d~etary, and other environmental factors, the genetic factors may contribute to. the higher prevalence among smokers than, among nonsmokers." (Page 940) October 1969~, Medical Counterpoint Rosenblatt, Milton B., "Emphysema, Quantophrenia, and Medical History" "The attempts by various public hea~th agencies to promote the Concept that emphysema is a new disease, rapidly increasing in frequency end resulting from exposure to c~garettes cannot be reconciled with, medical h~story." (Page 14 & 18) 1969:, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica - Suppl. 193, Department of pediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland "Groups at Risk in Low Birth Weight Infants and perinata:l Mortality" "...total perinatal mortality rates were identical for smokers and non-smokers, and~ reviewed by weight classes the mortal£ty rates of smoking mothers' infants were lower, the increased low. birth weight rates eiualizing the mortality rates."' (Page 50) 1969, pathogenesi;s of Coronary Artery Disease, McGraw-Mill Book Co. Friedman, Meyer "...this finding of an increased prevalence and incidence of coronary disease in Americans smoking cigarettes does not prove that such smoking per se caused this increase..." (Page 127) 1969:, Bull'etin of the St. ~ou~s Park Medical Center, 13(3)1-7 Fifer, William R~., "Air Po~liution - A Primer for Practicing Physicians" "There is mounting evidence that the serious chronic lung diseases such as lung c~nce~, chronic bronchitis and emphysema may result, at least in part, from air pollution." (Page 6) ~

PREGNANCY HEART NICOTINE ANIMAL STUDIES AUERBACH DOGS HEART AUERBACH DOGS PREGNANCY -3- 1970, Maternal Nutrition and the Course of Preqnancy National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Maternal Nutrition "...smoking is not significantly associated with excess fetal or neonatal mortality or the ilncid~nce of congenital malformation. (page 14), 1970,, Coronary Heart Disease ~n Seven Countries The American Heart Association, Inc. A~ Monograph # 29 Keys, Ancel, Editor "...there was little or no: indication of such relationships (a much h~gher incidence of CHD, and a higher aLl-causes death, rate for smokers) in the other 10,000-plus men~ in the study." (page 184), 1970, Psychonomic Science, 19/1:59-60 Martin, Joan, C.; Becket, R.F., "The E~fects of Nicotine Administration in Utero upon Activity in the Rat" "Holtzman male rat offspring whose mothers:were injected twice daily throughout ges~ation~with 3.0mg/kg n~cotine differed little from~ sa~line-injected control of{spring on actilvity measures in the wheel.''~ (Page 59) February 15., 1970, The New. York Times Brower, Lincoln Pierson, Letter to the Editor "Smoking: & Cancer" "AIII this experiment proves is: Whether or not smoking: causes lung cancer in beagles ~s as inconclusive now as it was before the experiment was carried out." March 19~0, Archives of Environmental Health~, VOW.20 Seltzer, Carl C. , "The Effect of Cigarette Smokilng~ on Coronary Heart Disease - Where do We Stand Nowg" "The statistica~ association of higher mortality from, CHD in cigarette smokers still remains to be explained. An explanation may lie in a constitutional and genetic predisposition both to cigarette smoking and CHD~" (Page 422) March 26, 1970, Conqressional Record Butler, Victor B., Letter £o. Hon. Tim Lee Carter "...the unpublished report by Dr. Auerbach must be viewed with considerable restraint. I sincerely hope that his reporting of 'early squamous ce~l bronchial carcinoma" in only two dogs will not be viewed by your committee ~s scientific proof as to. whether or not cigarette smoking has been established as the cause of lung cancer in humans." April 1970,, Obstetrics and Gvnecoloqy, Vol.35,No.4i Kirschbaum, Thomas H., Dilts, Preston V., Brinkman, Ch~r~es R~. "Some Acute Effects o~ Smoking in Sheep and Their Fetuses" "Intravenous injection of fresh solutions of nicotine, and simulate~ smoking of cigarettes were carried out upon pregnant ewes .... No significant changes were observed as a result of either nicotine administration or smoke inhalation." (Page 527)

EMPHYSEMA ANIMAL S TUDI E -3a- April 1970, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 20 Aviado, Domingo M., Sadavongviva~d:, Ch,iravat, Carrillo, Luis R., "Cigarette Smoke and Pulmon,ary Emphysema" "The failure to produce pulmonary emphysema by cigarette smoke cannot be attributed, to the occurrence of any one of these three factors. The experiments in rats have failed~ to support the wide-spread belief that cigarette smoke can induce experimental pulmonary ...... emphysema." (Page 4817)

AUERBACH DOGS AUERBACH DOGS STAT.ISTIICS AIR POLLUTION AUERBAC~ DOGS TWINS -4- May 9, 1970~ The New York Times Editorial.l, "The Cigarette-Cancer D&spu£e" "Scientific truth, is determined ultimately by open examination o~ data and full d~scussion~ by all competent persons in a field. The Hammond-Auerbach resu{ts should: be scrutinilzed~ intensively by all interested parties." June 1970, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly Editorial, "Tobacco ~nstitute vs American Cancer Society" "The stand~ taken by the American Cancer Society is difficu/t to understand. .If the evidence is sooverwhelming and proves the danger of cigarette smoking in humans, why the delay? Why should the publ~c wait months and perhaps years for results..." (Page ~4) June 29, 1970, Modern Medicine Alvarez, Walter C., "Some Statistical Practices We all Shou{d Know"' "I,t is a terribly dangerous thing for a man. to start a statistical bit of research with e£ther a strong conviction as to how things will come out, or a~ great reluctance to reach an unpleasant conclusion,." (page 65). August 21, 1970, Science, Vol. 169,~3947,723-733 Lave, Lester B., Seskin, Eugene P. "Air Pollution and Human Health,,~ "We therefore make the assumption that there would be a 25 to 50 percent reduction in morbidity, and mortality due: to bronchitis if air pollution in the major urban areas were abated by about 501 percent .... Approximately 25 percent of mortality from lung cancer can be saved by a 50 percent reduction, in air pollution, according to the studies cited above." (Page 7.30) September 15, 1970, The Kansas city Star James J. Ki~patriek column, "Major Cancer Study Gets Shunted As ide" Kilpatrick reviews the events fo~lowing the February 1970 press conference at which the Auerbach Dog~ Study results were released up. to September 1970 when the findings had still not been, published. October 1970, Archives of Environmental Hea~th, vol.2!l,p.508-513~ Friberg., Lars;~ cederlof, Rune; Lundman, Torbjorn & Olsson, Hans "Mortality in, Smoking Discordant Monozygotic and Dyzygotic Twins - A Study on the Swedish Twin Reglistry" "There is no indication in the present d~ta that the digferent- rel!ationships seen in the d~zygo~ic groups compared to the monozygotic groups were caused by differences in smoking habits or age distribution." (Page 512!)

LUNG CANC ER CANCER CURE: CANCER! CAUSE CANCER CAUSE HEART HEART -5- VOI.55~,NO.8 October 16, 1970, Journal o~ the Indian~Medical Association Malhotra, S.L., "Clues to the Possible Mode of Action, of Cigarette Smoke in the Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer"' "...there still remain many unsolved problems in, the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung whi;ch tend to obscure the cigarette hypothesis." (Page 265) November 13, 197.0, Chicago Today "Hint Breakthru in Cancer Fight" Weiss, David W.,I M.D., Hebrew Un~vers±ty, Jerusalem "There ~S increasing circumstantial evidence today that progressive, malignant disease may occur only in individuals who have a basic deficiency iln their ability to mount an immunologica~ attack on foriegn substances, £ncluding cancer ce{ls." December 3970, Clinical Medicine "Panic in the Public" Wallace E. Herrell, Editor-in-chief "I do not know, and I know of no one else who knows with certainty, the cause of cancer, but I seriousl~y doubt that it is tobacco." (:Page 14) December 14, 197.0, The Kansas Ciity T~mes "Stomach Linked to Cancer" Researchers Greenb~at£ & Mirvish "The experiment demonstrated that nitrites and some amines combined in the animals' stomachs: to form a sub/~stance known as nitrosamine. It was then absorbed into the blood and caused lung tumors." January 1971, Circulation, Volume XLIII Hammond, E. Cuyler; Garfinkel, Lawrence & Seidman, Herbert "Longevity of Parents and Grandparents in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Associated Var£ables" "Death rates from coronary heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, and stroke were found ~o be considerably h~gher among subjects with, short-lived parents than amongl subjects with long-lived parents. This was found to be the case for coronary heart disease among men...who never smoked~ cigarettes regularly." (Page 31) February i, 1971, Address g£ven before the 56th Annual Meeting National Dairy Counc~l, Houston, Texas Friedman, Meyer "For examp{e, ci;garettes are being accused of causing coronary disease in this country. What i,s the evidence? The evidence is very clear. Heavy smokers have more coronary disease than nonsmokers. That's the data. But again, more cadillacs, more heart disease. We know the Type A person smokes many more cigarettes: than, the Type B." (page 17).

AUZRBACH DOGS HEART LUNG CANCER AIR POLLUTION AUERBACH DOGS CANCER CAUSE STATISTI~CS -6- February 4, 1971, The Kansas City Star "Smoking Scare Fades" James J. Kilpatrick column, "The final published version is most curious of all. The Waldor~ causality has vanished. The two authors make no claim whatever that they 'produced lung cancer as a result of heavy cigarette smoking.' " February 4, 1971, The New England Journa~ of Medicine,vol.284,No.5 Jenkins, C. Davidl, "Psychologic and Social Precursors of Coronary Disease" (First of Two Parts) "These ~imitations in the current knowledge of the etiology and modes of prevention, of coronary disease argue for broadening the search for contributing~ causes and possible dynamics of pathogenesis, rather than merely intensifying the study of the few traditional 'risk factors .... (.Page 244) March, 6, 1971, The Medical Journal of Australia~ McCall, M,.G. & Stenhouse, N.S.. "Deaths from Lung Cancer in Australia" "The effect of an environmental agent such as air pollution would be strongl~y supported by evidence that the death rate from lung cancer in, British immigrants increases with increasing periods of residence in England before immigration to Australia .... Since smoking: habits do not vary greatly between the countries studied , the f~ndings reported here strongly support Dean's conclusion that the role of a~ir pollution, in the genesis of lung cancer has been seriously underestimated." (Page 525). March 15, 1971, Conqressionall Record, E~856 Buhler, Victor B.. letter to Hon,. Tim Lee Carter "My previous concern about this study has been confirmed by the finally published article, which, so completely fails to bear out the clailms announced at the American Cancer Society's press conference Wast February." -April 6, 1971, The Kansas City Star "Tendency to Repress Grief Called Possible Cancer Link" Dr. Claus Bahnson, reports that "persons who deny or repress grief after suffering~ deep personal loss are more likely to get cancer than persons who express emotion." Vol.216,No.~ Apri~ 19, 1971, The Journal of the American Medilcal Association Ludwig,, Edward G. &ColDette, John C. "Some Misuses of Health Statistics" "The quality of research appears to. be rather strongly related to the purposes for which the data are intended and~ the nature of the sponsoring~ agency. Data used for propaganda often suffer from, most, if not all, of the fallacies, we have described. Typically they are: incomplete, ba~sed upon inadequa~te sampling, and do not relate to, a general body of knowledge on the subject." (Page: 499)

- 7 - AUERBACH' DOGS April 30, 1971, Nature, Vol. 230 "Premature Puff for Smoking Beagles" Washington, Corresponden~ discusses the history of the Auerbach-Hammond Dog Study. "The moral of the story seems to be that publication shoul,d, where possible, precede excessive publicity." (Page 548:) }IEART May 31, 1971, The Journal of the~ American Medical Association, Vol. Meyer Texon letter to the Editor 216, No. 9 "...epidemiologica:l and:environmental studies can only yieldl statistical associations. A' primary causative mechanism, for atherosc{erosis must be a common denominator operating~ in all cases so that it determines its p~esence as wel~l as its absence in any given case."~ PREGNANCY J~ne 1971, American Journal of Epidemioloqy, Vol. 93, No. 6 Yerushal~y, J., "The Relationship of Parents' Cigarette Smoking to Outcome of Pregnancy-Imp{ications as to the Problem of Inferring Causation From Observed Associations" "...neonata~ mortality rate and: the rilsk of congenital anomalies of low-birth-weight infants were considerabl~y lower ~or smoking than~ for nonsmoking~ mothers." (Page 443) D~SEASEI June 197.1, Journal o~ the American Statistical Association, Vol. 66, RATES Sterllingl, Theodor D., "A' Review of the Claim that Excess #334. Morbidity and, Disability Can Be Ascribedl to Smoking'" " "This article analyzes an H~W report on smoking and morbidity based on, a study suffering from two major flaws. First, the data actually presented~ in the report may not warrant the conclusion that c~garette smoking~ ~eads to increases in d~sease: and disabi~ities..second, inadequate attention has been paid to the potential ~nfluence of various aspects, of the survey method on these findings." (Page 251)i MALE/FEMALE June 1971, British Journal of Disease of the Chest Vol. 65 RATI, O, Belcher, J. R., "World Wide Differences in the Sex Ratio of Bronchial Carcinoma"' "When the sex ratio is plotted against the total cig~arette consumption no constant re{ation is visible and~ it seems probable that the sex ratio is not rellated to the tobacco consumption per se, despite the fact that the variation is chiefly amongst the men. . F:rom the ~a~ts presented it seems unlikely tha~t the variation ~n the sex ratio is en- tirely due £o differences in tobacco, consumpS~on in dif- ferent parts of the world." (Page 214i)

- 7a - HEART HAMMONDS DATA August 1971, Archives of Intern,al Medicine., Vol. 128, No. 2 Keys, Ancel; Taylor, H. L.; Blackburn, HI.; Brozek, J.; Anderson., J. T.; Simonson, Ernst, "Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease ~ong Men. Studies for 23 Years" "Twenty-year coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence is analyzed for 279 men...smoking and relative weight seemed unimportant. " (Page 201) August 20, 1971, Science, Vol. 173 Sterling, Theodor D., "Access to Data" Lette~ to Editor Dr. Sterling d~iscusses Hammond's refusal to submit his data (obtained through American Can,ce~ Society vo]~unteer efforts), for public review. "The transactions of the scientific community must be conducted in public. This tenet is deeply engra:ined in the process: of scientific inquiry." (Page 676)

STATISTICS AUTOPSY LUNG CANCER AUTOPSY LUNG CANCER HEA RT AIR' POLLUTION -8- July-August ]i971, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 12/4 Feinstein,, Alvan R., "Clinical Biostatistics - X. Sources of 'Transition bias' in Cohort S£atis£ic~ ..... "For example, none of the cohorts investigated in research on cigarette smoking or the 'pill'~ was obta{ned by random sampling from a base populati;on of smokers and nonsmokers, or pil, l users andl non-pill users." (Page 7~7) September ~5, 1971, New York State Journal of Medicine, Vo1.71,#~18 ~osenblatt, Milton B.; Teng, Peter K.; Kerpe, Stase; Beck, Irene "Causes of Death in 1,000 Consecutive Autopsies" "Carcinoma of the lung was the only neoplasm which was greatly overdiagnosed clinica~ky and in which~ no unsuspected~ cases were found at autopsy." (Page 2~92) October 1971, Medical Counterpoint • Rosenblatt, Milton B.; Teng, peter; Kerpe, Stase; Beck, Irene "Prevalence of Lung; Cancer: Disparity between clinical and Autopsy certification" "There was a markedl contrast in accuracy in the diagnosis of lung cancer as compared with other internal neoplasms. A'utopsy confirmation in carcinomas~ of the colon, pancreas, stomach andl ovary was very high whereas in, carcinoma of the lung the diagnosis was verified in only 4~5 per cent of the cases." (Page 58) November 1971, Journal of Chronic Diseases, Vol.24/10,p.601-~l Jenkins, D.C.; Zyzanski, S.J.; Rosenman, R.H;.; Cleveland, G.L. "Association of Coronary-Prone Behavior Scores with Recurrence of Coronary Hea~rt Disease" : "Evidence has been accumulating in recent years that social and psychological factors are involved in an important way with the etiology of coronary heart disease...This overt behavior pattern (Type A.)I has been shown, to be associated with increased prevalence of coronary heart d~sease (CHD), by three different research groups..." (Page 601), ~971, Environment-Resources, Pollution & Society, Sinauer Assoc. Hickey, Richard J,., Chapter 9, "Air Pollution" "The evidence impl£cating smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, as a cause of ~ungl cancer is based primarily on statistZcal evidence...Since statistics are heavily involved, one might inquire whether the statistics have been interpreted with the rigorous objectivity demanded by scfence. Too often, unfortunately, when statistics are used in a problem which, has some 'moral' overtones (:some religions proscribe tobacco use; puritanism is skeptical of pleasure)i, biased, subjecZive interpretat£ons may not be far behind." (Page 206)

LUNG CANCER STRESS PREGNANCY LUNG CANCER! CRIITIQUE DOLL & HILL LUNG CANCER~ AIR POLLUTION -9" 1971, Textbook of Medicine, W.B. Saunders Co., p.923-24 Feinstein, Alvan R., "Neoplasms of the Lung:" "No singl~e cause for lung tumors has been id~ntified...The many conflicting claims and counterclaims about the cause of lung cancer will, probably not be resolvedl until prolonged, well,-desilgned! clinical epidemiologic studies can be conducted." (Page January 197.2, Fortune 924) "What Stress Can Do. to You" A general, discussion on, the subject of stress including references to~ Dr. Hans Selye and Dr. Meyer Friedman and Dr. Ray Rosenman. January 15, 1972, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecolloqy. 277-284 yerushallmy, J., "Infants with Low Birth, Weight Born Before Their Mothers S£arted to Smoke Cigarettes" "Smoking mothers have a higher incildence of low-birth-weight infant but in~ants of smoking, mothers do not suffer higher perilnatal mortality rates than those of nonsmokers. The low-birth-w.eight infants of smoking mothers have considerably lower perinatal mortality rates than low-birth-weight infants of nonsmoking~ mothers." (page 282-283). January 28, 1972, Nature 235(5335)1220-2 Rao., L.G.S., "Lung Cancer as an Endocrine Disease" "...the association with cigarette smokilng and lung cancer is far less significant than that with steroid abnormali£ies."(Page 221) January 29, 1972, The Lancet, pp.243-248 Seltzer, Carl C., "Critical Appraisal of the Roya~l College of Physicians" Report on Smoking and Health" "This reapprailsal of the full data provides strong support ~or Bradford Hiill's injunction about the hazards of analysing secu,~ar changes iln death rates. The reappraisa{l also raises ma~or d~ubts about the Royal College o~ Physicilans' conclusion that i~ has presen,ted 'the strongest evidence there is of the value o~ giving up cigarettes'." (Page 8). February 1972, America~ Jour~all of Public Healthp~52-58: S~erling, T.D.; Polllack, S.V. "The Incidence ef Lung Cancer in the ~.S. Since 1955 in Relation ~o~ the Etiology of the Dilsease" "The fact that the incidence of lung cancer is leveling~ off at a time when it ought to have increased (if smoking is the major cause of lung cancer) ought to. give us some pause. Together wilth other anomalies, these d~ta suggest the possibiili~y that par~icula~te pollution ra~her than smoking may be the primary sour~ o~ the incidence of lung cancer in the Unilted States." (page 158),

LUNG CANCER AIR POLLUTION }{EART HEART -I0- VOW. 63, NO. 3 March, 197.2!, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Langston,, Hiram, T., "Lung Cancer-future project£on" "Based on age incidence studies of lung cancer for the 301 year period ~rom 1939 to. i968~ at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Illinois, the following comments are justified: i. The currently recognized wave of increased incidence in lung cancer is principally composed of persons born between, ~ 1890 and 1900. 21. When this generation passes on there should be a marked redUction in the overall problem of lung cancer in this institutilon. This is to be expected by. about 1980." (Page 415): March 19~2, Indus£rilal Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 3 Penha~, P. Daniel;~ Amaral, Leonard:;~ Werthamer, Seymour "Ozone Air Pollutants and Lung Damage" "We have attempted to demonstrate that ozone, as the representative of oxidant air pollutants, ~s an ~njurious agent tomammalian lung:, including that of man. That it results in emphysema, and pulmonary ~ibrosis in animals, andposs£bly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in man, fs accepted by many .... It should be eonsideredl, perhaps, as much a factor iln the etiology of pulmonary cancer as cigarette smoking."' (Page 20) April 19721, Circulation, Volume XLV Keys, Ancel et al. "Probabilihy of Middle-Agedl Men Developing Coronary Heart Disease in Five Years" "Coronary heart disease (CMD)I is now commonly held to. have a multivariable causality; in other words, several!, perhaps many, variables promote the disease....It will be noted also that for the three most universal~y established risk factors, age, blood pressure, and cholesterol, the difference between the cases and noncases is larger for hard CHD: than for any CHD~ This indicates that the more secure the CHD d~agnosis, the more clearly is the disease related to age, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol." (page 815 &~819): May 1972, Geriatrics 27/5:74-9 Friedman, Meye~ & Kosenman, R.H. "The prudent Management of the, Coronary-prone Individual" "We and others also believe that any subject exhibiting a part£cular behavior pattern (Type A) also may be relatively coronary-prone .... Nor should it be forgotten that excessive cigarette smoking may only be the indicator of the presence of some other pathogen at play. For example, Type A subjects habitually smoke more cigarettes than. Type B subjects."

AIR~ POLLUTION ANIMAL STUDIES AI~R POLLUTIION LUNG CANCER! STA'TISTICS AIR POLLUTION -ii- June 1972, Ecoiibrium, Vol. i, No~ l, House publication of Shell 0il Co. Hickey, Richard "Environmental Chemical Mutagens: Are They Health Hazards?" (Excerpt printed in Ecolibrium) "It is a much, too co~on, part of sc£entific methodology these days, in dose-response experiments ~n biology, to employ unrealisti.cally high doses...of some chemical at varying levels in studies on small numbers of inbredl experimental animals. It is also commonplace to [extrapolate] high level findings into quite low dosage regions in which it is quite difficuLt to detect effects, and to assert on the basis of subjective judgement or opinion something about the effects in this low dosage region, and what it means to human health. How much~ regulation or law has been made by such speculation I will leave £o you, to estimate. Based on my understanding of science and scientific methods, extrapolation into unknown regions is scientificaLly invalids, and shou,ld be called by its proper name: speculation."' (Page 12) June 13, 1972!, Paper presented at the 6th Annual Conference on, Trace Substances in, Environmental Health, Columbia, Mo. Mancuso, Thomas, F~; Coulter, E.J.; Macdonald, E.J. "Milgrat~on and Cmncer Mortality Experience--A Study of Native 8nd Southern Born Nonwhite Ohio, Residents" ~ "The present study indicates that there are some factors mssociated with place of birth in the U.S., and in particular, birth in the South, whilch influence the subsequent death r~te of some cancer sites." (Page 23) 1972, Pa,thology Annual 7:45-79: Herroldl, Katherine McD., "Survery of H~stologic Types of Primary Lung Cancer in, U.S. Veterans" "There was no correla~tion found between the histologic type of primary lung. cancer and the amount of tobacco smoked among 'current smokers of cigarettes only'." (:Page 77)i "Extremely important from a biologic standpoint is that only ~ small percentage of hea~y cigarette smokers develop lung cancer." (page 7.4) JuLy, 1972, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 62!, No. 7, 909-9~6 Lave, Lester B;. Seskin, Eugene p., "AZr PoLlution, Climate:, and Home Heating:~ Their Effects on U.S. Mortality Rates" "These studies make it apparent that there is ~ close association between mortabity rates and a~ir pollution. This investigation strengthens the conclusions cited in a previous work that mortality rates could be lowered substantially by abating air pollution." (Page 915)

EMPHYSEMA TWIN STUDIES STATIISTICS -12- Jully, 1972, Bulletin of N.Y. Academy of Med~icine, Vol. 4~8, No. 6, 823-84,1 Rosenbla£t, Milton B., "Emphysema: Historical persective" (s~cl "It is difficult to reconcile the prevalence of emphysema in the 19th century with official statistics showing virtual nonexistence of the disease in the early decades of the 20th century~. The present view is not concerned~ with the reasons for this disparity except to poin~ that the sudden apparent increase of emphysema in the United States may well be an artifact produced by revision~ of the International List of the Causes of Death in~ 1949 permitting emphysema,, for the 9irs£ time, to be accepted as a primary cause o~ death." (:page 838~, August 1972,The Lancet Wakeham, Helmut R.R., "Smoking andl Health" "It is disturbing that twin data in relation, to smoking and mortality have been virtually ~gnored in major smoking and health reports such as those of the Royal College of Physicilans and the U.S. Publiic Health:Service. A~though the present d~ta base is small and resu,lts to d~te must be considered tentative, the twin data~ seem to weaken the in~erence of a causal connection between smoking and~ e~rly death which has been~ drawn from, the conventiona~ epidemio~ogica{ studies." (Page 275) September, 197.2, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 25, ~87-191 Seltzer, Carl C., "DZffe~ences Between Cigar and Pipe Smokers in. Heal%by White Veterans" "In studies involving smokilng and hea~th, the practice of combining pure cigar smokers and pure pilpe smokers into a single category wi~l also. have a blurring effect in those instances where the health or illness criteria are different for cigar and pipe smokers, as for example when considering morbidity or mortality, or both. That such a situation is possible is evidenced by the manifold differences in, disease mortality rates between pure cigar and pilpe smokers in two population studies." (Page 191)

ERRORS IN' DIAGNOS I S ASBESTOS AS,BESTOS TWIN STUDIES SMOKING & PREGNANCY -12a- September 1972, Journal of the A.merican Medical Association, Vol. 221 No. 13, Fredrick W. Bauer and Stanley L. Robbins, "An Au,topsy Study of Cancer Patients: I. Accuracy of the clinical Diagnoses (1955 to 1965), Boston City Hospital" Despite the select group which, our aut6psy patients represent the autopsy remains the indisputable arbiter of the accuracy of any clinical diagnoses for which these are morphologic criteria. Our study indicates that accurate clinical diagnoses of cancer in, municipal " hospitals are as much a problem today as they were a half-century ago." (Page 1474) -:- October 1972, The Kansas City Times (Oct. 5, 1972) Anonymous, "More Cancers Linked to Asbestos" "Asbestos, already linked with lung cancer in insulation workers, who smoke, was further linked yesterday with cancers of the esophagus, stomach,, colon and rectum. A substantial number of deaths over what would be expected from these cancers were found: in a study of insulation workers in the united States and Canada covering the period from 1943 through 1971." (page 18A) February 1973, The Kansas city Times (February 24, 1973) Anonymous, "'Deadly' Asbestos Danger" - "Calling asbestos a 'hidden time bomb' a noted: researcher told a Senate subcommittee yesterday the fibrous mineral will claim one million Amercian lives by the year 2000.. . . Millions of other persons are exposed to asbestos fibers to an unknown degree every dBy of their lives, without their knowledge, he said. 'We are all now. contaminated with asbestos,' he ~Selikoff] said. (Page 9A) February 19.7.3, The Lancet Hickey, Richard J., Clellandl, Richard C., Harner, Evelyn B., "Smoking, Bith-Weight, Development, and Pollution." "The greater concordance in smoking behaviour among monozygotic than among comparable dizygotic twin,s is compat- ible with the constitutional hypothesis, but discouraging to the smoking-causality hypothesis. The constitutional hypothesis asserts, in th,is case, that smoking: behaviour of women and the. birth-weights o.f their children are influenced by a common cause--the individu~l genotype. The validity of the smoking-mortality statistics is in question." (Page 270') 10051Z4965