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HEART LUNG CA NON- SMOKERS, EMP HYS EMA ANIMAL, STUDIES LUNG CANCER POSITIVE AR~TICLES Vol. 203, No. 3 January 15, 1968, The Journal of the American Medical Association, Seltzer, Carl C., "An Evaluation o.f the Effect of Smoking on Coronary Heart Disease I Epidem- iolog:ical Evidence" "It is, therefore, difficult to see from the new epidemiologica~ data how valid causal inferences can be drawn th~7[cigare,tte smoking~ is linked to excess CHD death,s or that the excess CHD deaths j~_~{.~_-!~.~.~_ ezce~=~+U .],-~ ~re [i'caused by'] cigarette smoking. We do not know. whether or not there, is a casual connec- tion between cigarette smoking and. increased dearths from coronary heart disease." (page 199) March 1968, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 16, No. 3, Cooper, David A., Crane, A. Reynolds, and Boucot, Katherine R., "Primary Carcinoma of the Lung in, Nonsmokers" "A considerable amount of litera~ture based' upon, epidemiologic, statistica~ and experimental studies relates smoking: to lung ca~ncer, although the finite cuse remain,s unknown. Because the concen~tration on, the effects of tobacco smoke may obscure the search for other factors involved in the etiology of lung: cancer, we report on 63 cases of lung cancer occurring: in nonsmokers from ~ series of 1,372 cases of proven primary carcinoma of the lung~. . . " (page 398) June 1968, Archives of Environmenta~ Hea~th, Vol. 16/6 Ito, Haruo & Aviado, Domingo M,., "Pulmonary Emphysema and Cigarette Smoke- Experimental Induction, and Use of Bronchodilators in Rats'" "The results are of particu,lar in,terest because they question, the validity of th,e widely accepted belief that cigarette smoke can promote the development of pulmonary emphysema." (Page 865) June 19681, Christopher's Textbook of Surgery~ W.B.S.~unders Company, Chapter 19, Langston, Hiram T. "The Thorax, Pleura and Lungs" "The evidence incriminating cigarettes in that report (Smokin~ and Health)came from statistica{ surveys. Whereas thee sta~tistical correlations may show an association between heavy cigarette smoking and the occurrence of lung cancer, clinica~ facets of the disease strongly dispute the cigarette's role as etiologic agent." (Pag~e 482!)

LUnG CANCER LUNG CANCER 1968, Medical Record and Annals 61(7)~:228-230 Fiorentino, Marco, "Lung Cancer in the U.S.: .Observations on the Age at Death:" "An examination of the trends of age at death,, however, brings up some points wh,ich do not seem to have an, immediate and clear explanation con,sistent with the theory of association (of cigarette smoking and lung cancer), often called causation." (Page 228) February 1969, Southern Medical ~ournal 62(2)232-235 Rigdon, R.H., "Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Consideration, of This Relationship" "A statistical association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated; however, such an a~ssociation does not constitute a 'cause and effect' relationship. Many scientists question this associa:tion. Experimental attempts have failed to support this statistical association." (page 235)

ANI~MAL STUDIES HEART GENETICS EMPHYSEMA PREGNANCY HEART' AI, R POLLUTION -2- June 1969, Journal of Applied Physio{ogy. Vo~.26,No.6 Ba~r,.W.J., Porter, N.S., Brown, D.P. & Wehner, A.P. "Apparatus ~or direct inhalation of cigarette smoke by dogs." "Most of these experiments, such. as exposing animals to cigarette. smoke in a smoke chamber or introducing cigarette smoke to the anesthetized animal through a tracheotomy aperture, ~ck similarity to human smoking habits. The validity o~ extrapolating results from such experiments to possible effects in man is therefore highly questionable." (Page 847) June 1969, Arch,ives of Environmental Health ,Vol.18 Cederlo~, Rune; Friberg, Lars; Hrubec, Zdenek, "Cardiovascular and Respiratory Symptoms in Relation to Tobacco Smoking - A Study o~ American Twins" "It seems that genetic factors are important in the development of coronary symptoms. We believe that along with social, d~etary, and other environmental factors, the genetic factors may contribute to. the higher prevalence among smokers than, among nonsmokers." (Page 940) October 1969~, Medical Counterpoint Rosenblatt, Milton B., "Emphysema, Quantophrenia, and Medical History" "The attempts by various public hea~th agencies to promote the Concept that emphysema is a new disease, rapidly increasing in frequency end resulting from exposure to c~garettes cannot be reconciled with, medical h~story." (Page 14 & 18) 1969:, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica - Suppl. 193, Department of pediatrics, University of Oulu, Finland "Groups at Risk in Low Birth Weight Infants and perinata:l Mortality" "...total perinatal mortality rates were identical for smokers and non-smokers, and~ reviewed by weight classes the mortal£ty rates of smoking mothers' infants were lower, the increased low. birth weight rates eiualizing the mortality rates."' (Page 50) 1969, pathogenesi;s of Coronary Artery Disease, McGraw-Mill Book Co. Friedman, Meyer "...this finding of an increased prevalence and incidence of coronary disease in Americans smoking cigarettes does not prove that such smoking per se caused this increase..." (Page 127) 1969:, Bull'etin of the St. ~ou~s Park Medical Center, 13(3)1-7 Fifer, William R~., "Air Po~liution - A Primer for Practicing Physicians" "There is mounting evidence that the serious chronic lung diseases such as lung c~nce~, chronic bronchitis and emphysema may result, at least in part, from air pollution." (Page 6) ~

PREGNANCY HEART NICOTINE ANIMAL STUDIES AUERBACH DOGS HEART AUERBACH DOGS PREGNANCY -3- 1970, Maternal Nutrition and the Course of Preqnancy National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Maternal Nutrition "...smoking is not significantly associated with excess fetal or neonatal mortality or the ilncid~nce of congenital malformation. (page 14), 1970,, Coronary Heart Disease ~n Seven Countries The American Heart Association, Inc. A~ Monograph # 29 Keys, Ancel, Editor "...there was little or no: indication of such relationships (a much h~gher incidence of CHD, and a higher aLl-causes death, rate for smokers) in the other 10,000-plus men~ in the study." (page 184), 1970, Psychonomic Science, 19/1:59-60 Martin, Joan, C.; Becket, R.F., "The E~fects of Nicotine Administration in Utero upon Activity in the Rat" "Holtzman male rat offspring whose mothers:were injected twice daily throughout ges~ation~with 3.0mg/kg n~cotine differed little from~ sa~line-injected control of{spring on actilvity measures in the wheel.''~ (Page 59) February 15., 1970, The New. York Times Brower, Lincoln Pierson, Letter to the Editor "Smoking: & Cancer" "AIII this experiment proves is: Whether or not smoking: causes lung cancer in beagles ~s as inconclusive now as it was before the experiment was carried out." March 19~0, Archives of Environmental Health~, VOW.20 Seltzer, Carl C. , "The Effect of Cigarette Smokilng~ on Coronary Heart Disease - Where do We Stand Nowg" "The statistica~ association of higher mortality from, CHD in cigarette smokers still remains to be explained. An explanation may lie in a constitutional and genetic predisposition both to cigarette smoking and CHD~" (Page 422) March 26, 1970, Conqressional Record Butler, Victor B., Letter £o. Hon. Tim Lee Carter "...the unpublished report by Dr. Auerbach must be viewed with considerable restraint. I sincerely hope that his reporting of 'early squamous ce~l bronchial carcinoma" in only two dogs will not be viewed by your committee ~s scientific proof as to. whether or not cigarette smoking has been established as the cause of lung cancer in humans." April 1970,, Obstetrics and Gvnecoloqy, Vol.35,No.4i Kirschbaum, Thomas H., Dilts, Preston V., Brinkman, Ch~r~es R~. "Some Acute Effects o~ Smoking in Sheep and Their Fetuses" "Intravenous injection of fresh solutions of nicotine, and simulate~ smoking of cigarettes were carried out upon pregnant ewes .... No significant changes were observed as a result of either nicotine administration or smoke inhalation." (Page 527)

EMPHYSEMA ANIMAL S TUDI E -3a- April 1970, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 20 Aviado, Domingo M., Sadavongviva~d:, Ch,iravat, Carrillo, Luis R., "Cigarette Smoke and Pulmon,ary Emphysema" "The failure to produce pulmonary emphysema by cigarette smoke cannot be attributed, to the occurrence of any one of these three factors. The experiments in rats have failed~ to support the wide-spread belief that cigarette smoke can induce experimental pulmonary ...... emphysema." (Page 4817)

AUERBACH DOGS AUERBACH DOGS STAT.ISTIICS AIR POLLUTION AUERBAC~ DOGS TWINS -4- May 9, 1970~ The New York Times Editorial.l, "The Cigarette-Cancer D&spu£e" "Scientific truth, is determined ultimately by open examination o~ data and full d~scussion~ by all competent persons in a field. The Hammond-Auerbach resu{ts should: be scrutinilzed~ intensively by all interested parties." June 1970, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly Editorial, "Tobacco ~nstitute vs American Cancer Society" "The stand~ taken by the American Cancer Society is difficu/t to understand. .If the evidence is sooverwhelming and proves the danger of cigarette smoking in humans, why the delay? Why should the publ~c wait months and perhaps years for results..." (Page ~4) June 29, 1970, Modern Medicine Alvarez, Walter C., "Some Statistical Practices We all Shou{d Know"' "I,t is a terribly dangerous thing for a man. to start a statistical bit of research with e£ther a strong conviction as to how things will come out, or a~ great reluctance to reach an unpleasant conclusion,." (page 65). August 21, 1970, Science, Vol. 169,~3947,723-733 Lave, Lester B., Seskin, Eugene P. "Air Pollution and Human Health,,~ "We therefore make the assumption that there would be a 25 to 50 percent reduction in morbidity, and mortality due: to bronchitis if air pollution in the major urban areas were abated by about 501 percent .... Approximately 25 percent of mortality from lung cancer can be saved by a 50 percent reduction, in air pollution, according to the studies cited above." (Page 7.30) September 15, 1970, The Kansas city Star James J. Ki~patriek column, "Major Cancer Study Gets Shunted As ide" Kilpatrick reviews the events fo~lowing the February 1970 press conference at which the Auerbach Dog~ Study results were released up. to September 1970 when the findings had still not been, published. October 1970, Archives of Environmental Hea~th, vol.2!l,p.508-513~ Friberg., Lars;~ cederlof, Rune; Lundman, Torbjorn & Olsson, Hans "Mortality in, Smoking Discordant Monozygotic and Dyzygotic Twins - A Study on the Swedish Twin Reglistry" "There is no indication in the present d~ta that the digferent- rel!ationships seen in the d~zygo~ic groups compared to the monozygotic groups were caused by differences in smoking habits or age distribution." (Page 512!)

LUNG CANC ER CANCER CURE: CANCER! CAUSE CANCER CAUSE HEART HEART -5- VOI.55~,NO.8 October 16, 1970, Journal o~ the Indian~Medical Association Malhotra, S.L., "Clues to the Possible Mode of Action, of Cigarette Smoke in the Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer"' "...there still remain many unsolved problems in, the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung whi;ch tend to obscure the cigarette hypothesis." (Page 265) November 13, 197.0, Chicago Today "Hint Breakthru in Cancer Fight" Weiss, David W.,I M.D., Hebrew Un~vers±ty, Jerusalem "There ~S increasing circumstantial evidence today that progressive, malignant disease may occur only in individuals who have a basic deficiency iln their ability to mount an immunologica~ attack on foriegn substances, £ncluding cancer ce{ls." December 3970, Clinical Medicine "Panic in the Public" Wallace E. Herrell, Editor-in-chief "I do not know, and I know of no one else who knows with certainty, the cause of cancer, but I seriousl~y doubt that it is tobacco." (:Page 14) December 14, 197.0, The Kansas Ciity T~mes "Stomach Linked to Cancer" Researchers Greenb~at£ & Mirvish "The experiment demonstrated that nitrites and some amines combined in the animals' stomachs: to form a sub/~stance known as nitrosamine. It was then absorbed into the blood and caused lung tumors." January 1971, Circulation, Volume XLIII Hammond, E. Cuyler; Garfinkel, Lawrence & Seidman, Herbert "Longevity of Parents and Grandparents in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Associated Var£ables" "Death rates from coronary heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, and stroke were found ~o be considerably h~gher among subjects with, short-lived parents than amongl subjects with long-lived parents. This was found to be the case for coronary heart disease among men...who never smoked~ cigarettes regularly." (Page 31) February i, 1971, Address g£ven before the 56th Annual Meeting National Dairy Counc~l, Houston, Texas Friedman, Meyer "For examp{e, ci;garettes are being accused of causing coronary disease in this country. What i,s the evidence? The evidence is very clear. Heavy smokers have more coronary disease than nonsmokers. That's the data. But again, more cadillacs, more heart disease. We know the Type A person smokes many more cigarettes: than, the Type B." (page 17).

AUZRBACH DOGS HEART LUNG CANCER AIR POLLUTION AUERBACH DOGS CANCER CAUSE STATISTI~CS -6- February 4, 1971, The Kansas City Star "Smoking Scare Fades" James J. Kilpatrick column, "The final published version is most curious of all. The Waldor~ causality has vanished. The two authors make no claim whatever that they 'produced lung cancer as a result of heavy cigarette smoking.' " February 4, 1971, The New England Journa~ of Medicine,vol.284,No.5 Jenkins, C. Davidl, "Psychologic and Social Precursors of Coronary Disease" (First of Two Parts) "These ~imitations in the current knowledge of the etiology and modes of prevention, of coronary disease argue for broadening the search for contributing~ causes and possible dynamics of pathogenesis, rather than merely intensifying the study of the few traditional 'risk factors .... (.Page 244) March, 6, 1971, The Medical Journal of Australia~ McCall, M,.G. & Stenhouse, N.S.. "Deaths from Lung Cancer in Australia" "The effect of an environmental agent such as air pollution would be strongl~y supported by evidence that the death rate from lung cancer in, British immigrants increases with increasing periods of residence in England before immigration to Australia .... Since smoking: habits do not vary greatly between the countries studied , the f~ndings reported here strongly support Dean's conclusion that the role of a~ir pollution, in the genesis of lung cancer has been seriously underestimated." (Page 525). March 15, 1971, Conqressionall Record, E~856 Buhler, Victor B.. letter to Hon,. Tim Lee Carter "My previous concern about this study has been confirmed by the finally published article, which, so completely fails to bear out the clailms announced at the American Cancer Society's press conference Wast February." -April 6, 1971, The Kansas City Star "Tendency to Repress Grief Called Possible Cancer Link" Dr. Claus Bahnson, reports that "persons who deny or repress grief after suffering~ deep personal loss are more likely to get cancer than persons who express emotion." Vol.216,No.~ Apri~ 19, 1971, The Journal of the American Medilcal Association Ludwig,, Edward G. &ColDette, John C. "Some Misuses of Health Statistics" "The quality of research appears to. be rather strongly related to the purposes for which the data are intended and~ the nature of the sponsoring~ agency. Data used for propaganda often suffer from, most, if not all, of the fallacies, we have described. Typically they are: incomplete, ba~sed upon inadequa~te sampling, and do not relate to, a general body of knowledge on the subject." (Page: 499)

- 7 - AUERBACH' DOGS April 30, 1971, Nature, Vol. 230 "Premature Puff for Smoking Beagles" Washington, Corresponden~ discusses the history of the Auerbach-Hammond Dog Study. "The moral of the story seems to be that publication shoul,d, where possible, precede excessive publicity." (Page 548:) }IEART May 31, 1971, The Journal of the~ American Medical Association, Vol. Meyer Texon letter to the Editor 216, No. 9 "...epidemiologica:l and:environmental studies can only yieldl statistical associations. A' primary causative mechanism, for atherosc{erosis must be a common denominator operating~ in all cases so that it determines its p~esence as wel~l as its absence in any given case."~ PREGNANCY J~ne 1971, American Journal of Epidemioloqy, Vol. 93, No. 6 Yerushal~y, J., "The Relationship of Parents' Cigarette Smoking to Outcome of Pregnancy-Imp{ications as to the Problem of Inferring Causation From Observed Associations" "...neonata~ mortality rate and: the rilsk of congenital anomalies of low-birth-weight infants were considerabl~y lower ~or smoking than~ for nonsmoking~ mothers." (Page 443) D~SEASEI June 197.1, Journal o~ the American Statistical Association, Vol. 66, RATES Sterllingl, Theodor D., "A' Review of the Claim that Excess #334. Morbidity and, Disability Can Be Ascribedl to Smoking'" " "This article analyzes an H~W report on smoking and morbidity based on, a study suffering from two major flaws. First, the data actually presented~ in the report may not warrant the conclusion that c~garette smoking~ ~eads to increases in d~sease: and disabi~ities..second, inadequate attention has been paid to the potential ~nfluence of various aspects, of the survey method on these findings." (Page 251)i MALE/FEMALE June 1971, British Journal of Disease of the Chest Vol. 65 RATI, O, Belcher, J. R., "World Wide Differences in the Sex Ratio of Bronchial Carcinoma"' "When the sex ratio is plotted against the total cig~arette consumption no constant re{ation is visible and~ it seems probable that the sex ratio is not rellated to the tobacco consumption per se, despite the fact that the variation is chiefly amongst the men. . F:rom the ~a~ts presented it seems unlikely tha~t the variation ~n the sex ratio is en- tirely due £o differences in tobacco, consumpS~on in dif- ferent parts of the world." (Page 214i)

- 7a - HEART HAMMONDS DATA August 1971, Archives of Intern,al Medicine., Vol. 128, No. 2 Keys, Ancel; Taylor, H. L.; Blackburn, HI.; Brozek, J.; Anderson., J. T.; Simonson, Ernst, "Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease ~ong Men. Studies for 23 Years" "Twenty-year coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence is analyzed for 279 men...smoking and relative weight seemed unimportant. " (Page 201) August 20, 1971, Science, Vol. 173 Sterling, Theodor D., "Access to Data" Lette~ to Editor Dr. Sterling d~iscusses Hammond's refusal to submit his data (obtained through American Can,ce~ Society vo]~unteer efforts), for public review. "The transactions of the scientific community must be conducted in public. This tenet is deeply engra:ined in the process: of scientific inquiry." (Page 676)