Bliley Lorillard
[CTR Research Proposals]
Abstract
Summarizes tobacco industry research projects designed to mitigate the relationship between smoking and disease. Offers projects intended to refute "misleading statements regarding cigarette smoking, commonly apprearing in anti-smoking propaganda." Includes several population-based data collection projects. Presents geographic studies designed to establish differences in lung cancer distribution that fail to correspond to differences in smoking habits. Outlines project description, purpose, term, cross reference, and "recommended auspices."
Fields
- Type
- REPORT
- Summary
- Author (Organization)
- CTR
- Named Person
- Berkheiser
- Saiger
- Hammond
- Kreyberg
- Ochsner
- Gillliam, Dr.
- Rosenblatt
- Diehl, Dr.
- Wynder
- Auerbach
- Langston
- Passey
- Wolfe, Dr.
- Russek
- Herman, D.
- Perrone
- Poche
- Leuchtenberger
- Saffioti
- Radford
- Hockett
- Yerushalmy
- Hester
- Kinsey
- McNiven
- Harris
- Dmochowski
- Trentin
- Huebner
- Toolin
- Stewart, S.
- Named Organization
- CTR
- Surgeon General's Advisory Committee
- Senate
- SAB
- Region
- Hawaii
- Japan
- Yugoslavia
- Poland
- Ireland
- Sweden
- Puerto Rico
- USA
- Mexico
- Africa
- Keyword
- Ten City Survey
- Classification 132-163
- Amish Menonites
- Mormans
- nuns
- Seventh Day Adventist
- Framingham
- Kasparian
- Polonium
- Nitrosamines
- Sprunt
- Harris inhalation index
- I-2
- II-25
- A (II-1,3,4)
- A (II-2)
- A (II-5,44)
- II-10
- A (II-8,9,10,22,23,32,33)
- A (II-14,15,16)
- Thesaurus Term
- Industry sponsored research
- Cancer
- Disease
- Tobacco use
- Tobacco industry structure
- Lung cancer
- Cigarette ingredient
- Cardiovascular disease
- Smoke
- Data analysis
- Animal research
- Respiratory disease
- Pollution
Document Images
Project:
I - 2
Demonstrate that there has been a change
in the population com~osition in about
the last 50 years due to the survlval to
the ~hronlc disease are of persons
we~tk lungs, w~k h~rts,
a. Document the decline In deaths
from respirntory d~se~se, hy ~e.
b; Autopsy study shOW,DE otherwise
da~ged lungs In ~ople With lung
~ancer (Berkhe~er type work).
c. Demonstration of the fac~
ani~is with ~evlously da~ged
d~elop lun~ cancer.
d. Plot thera~u¢Ic advances
the c~nges in death rates foF
~esp~atory disease.
e. Doc~en~ %he face that ~h~
~' ~otal re~p~a¢ory mo~b~ity
declining.
C_ross Reference:
Purpose: To:
II
(i) Illustrate that the population
composition has changed, and thus
support the constitutional hypothesis.
(2) Sho~ that ag0-adjusted death rate
~ompar isons cannot demonstrate that
I
reported increases in various diseases
associated wi~h smoking are a~trtbut-
able to smoktng.
Term: Long, with possible short-term results.
R~econnnended Auspices: C.T.R. and OUtside.
II
Purpose:
A study %o documen~ the decrease in mortality
from respiratory diseases other ~han lung cancer.
(~ollowin~ this study consider a similar study
with regard to all chronic disease deaths.)
To support the hypothesis that death from
respiratory dlse~ses has been reasonably
constant and.th~ ~ho only real ehan~ehas
'been in the type of respirator~'disease causing
death.
Term: Shor~.
~ecommended AusP,i~es: Outside.
II, - i
II - 3
Pro,j ecZ:
A (I7-I,,.3,4)
Arr&n~e for a cri¢ique by ~ panel of experCs
of sta.tistics relied upon by the Surgeon-
General's Advisory CommitZee.
l~/r~ose:
To demonstrate that the conclusions based
upon apparent statls~i.cal associations are
no~ justified.
Term: Short~
Recommended Auspices:
Ad Hoc.
l:,ro~ect:
purpose:
Sailer study involvln~ inclusi~on of m~ny -
more v~riahles in statistical analyse~.
To seek to. reduce the correl,ation of smoklnE
and disease by ~n~roductlon of additional
variables.
Term: LonE, with possible short-term results.
Recommended Auspices: Ad! Hoc ....
II
Pr o.~ ect:
Cri.~ical re-ex=mina~ion of Hammond m~tched
pair analyses. Dependinz on results, further
check could be done by comparin~ the twin
studies to Hammond's m~tched pairs.
purpose:
To follow up suggestions that Hammond's
matched pair s~udy will fall apart under
critical evaluation.
Term:
Lon3, with possible short-term, results.
Recommended Auspices: Ad "
Project:
A
Specific reZut~on, possibly by the panel
of experts, o~ misle---ding s1=~emen~s re-
gardin~ ci~are~:e smoking, com~monly appearing:
In. ~nt~-s~okin~ propaganda:
~. 250,000-300,000 excess deaths per year
from smoking.
b~ One million school children of ¢oday
wil~ die f~om l~un~ c~ncer b~ore ~h~y
70 yea~s of a~e.
c. 14.4 minutes of li~e are los~ wi~h each
ci.~e~ s,~o.~ed.
purpose:
'd. One in every %en smokers will ge~ lung
c~cer.
e. Twenty-seven mi:llion people liv'ing ~eday
will die prematurely due ~o smoking.
To refu~e untrue s~a~emen~s commonly made
in endeavorln~ ~o =farm ~he public ~bou~
cigarette smoking.
Term: Shor~.
Recommended Auspices: Ad Hoc.
II - 5
II - 44.
Project:
A
A collec¢ion ¢o be made of'gredictions that
have nee com~ true", including:
a. "AfCer women have been smokln~ for
a longer period of time, the incidence of
female ~ung cancer will equal: tha~ of men.."
b. "The ma:le population will be decimated
by lung cancer in ten years."
• c. "The curve of iun~ cancer will be like
tha~ ofother cancers."
d. "Benzpyrene and other ingredients of
~obacco smoke or condensate act as direct
carcinogens."
e. "The age of pea.k incidence will become
lower."
Purpose:
To demonstrate that the predictions made
years ago by the proponents of the cigarette
causation theory have not come ~o pass and
many have been~bandoned.
Term: Short.
Recommended Ausp.ice.s :
Ad Ho~. :
Pros ect :
~ur~qse:
Document that, regardless of what latent
period is assumed, %here has been no parallel
increase of lung cancer with ¢iEarette smoking,
To illustrate that, even usin~ any latent
period; suggested; by ICreyborg, Ochsner or others,
theincrease reported in lung cancer has not
~aralleled the increase in cigarette consumption,
Term: Short.
Recommended Ausgi.ces:
Outside.
II - 8
A' ~II-8,9,10,22,23,32,33)
II
Project:
Collect d~ta for selected areas or countries
concerning incidence and mortality.~ith re-
spec~ to the pertinent diseases:
(a) by years;
(b), by sex;
(c) by a~e;
(d) by area; including urban rural;
(e) by. race;
(f) by country of origin.
Purpose:
To establish zeogr~phiiea:l differences in,
distribution of lung cancer a,nd~other per-
tinen~ diseases not corresponding to dif-
ferences in smokin~ habits.
Term: Long, with possible short-term results.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
II - 9
Project:
,Study o~ geographic differences in the dis-
~rlbu~ion of lung cancer and the other per-
¢ilnen¢diseases among world populations.
Purpose:
To demonstrate geographic differences in
the incidence oZ the.pertinent diseases.
Term: Shor~.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
II- i'0
Project:
puTpose:
Cell, oct data £or selectcd areas or countries
regardin~ szokinc habits, usin~ available
indicia includinz per capita, male-~emale,
a~e, etc.
To secure data to correlate with cancer in-
cidence and incidenceof the other pertinent
diseases for use in. further studies.
Term: Shor~.
Reco~ended~Auspices:
Outside.
II- 22. Project:
Purpose:
Determine whether to¢al cancer incidence in
ethercountries is increasing and whether
lung cancer is increasing or decreasing in
proportion to o~h~r cancers. ~or this purpose
use age-adjusted ~i~ures.
To investigate whether ~here is simply a
change in si'~e of cancers and not an increase
in total cancers.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
A (iIv~-P/,9,10~22,23~32,33)
~7 _ 23.
Pro~ ~ec ~:
Purpose:
S~udy, in other countries, alon~ the l,ines
done by Dr. GilliRm in ~he U,S.A., respecting
chan~es in the rate of increase of lung cancer.
To investigate whether the rate of increase
of lung c~ncer is leveling o~f, as previously-
indicated in Oilli~m"s wor~
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspiees:
Outside.
II- 32.
Project :
Purpose:
Further documen~ znd! analyze the Ten, City
Survey and Prindle's comparative survey on
ai~ pollution to show th~tv~despread dif-
ferences in. the incidence of !un~ c~ncer
and the other pertinent diseases ~re not
explainable by d~fferences in s~ing habits.
To demonsZ~ate that s~oking habits do no~
account for widespread~differences in incidence
of the pertinen~ diseases.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices:
Outside.
A (~I-8,9,~!0,22,23,32,33)
II:
(
II - 33.
~ke geogruphical comparisons of disease rates o.f
i.mmigratin~ groups v~th those of n~i.ve
popui~.%ions, usin~ Dean type anslyses (consider
J~p~nese, I[a~nilans~ YuEoslavs, Po~es~ Irish,
'S%vedes,Pue~o ~ic~ns).
Purpose:
To demonstrate a dlfferen~ incidence of lun~
¢~nce~ and the other pertinent disezses in
ethnic ~roups not ¢o~respondin~: ~o their
smoking hnbits:.
Term: Long, %~Zh possible short-~orm results~
Reco..-unended Auspi, ces: Outslde. "
A
II
14.
Project:
Purpose:
~urther study nnd documentation, of ~he
frequency o~~ metastasis to the lung of
cancers a,risi, n~ in other prilm~ry sites.
• To demonstrate that a subsZantial per-
centage of l:un~ cancer m~y be primary
in o~her si~es.
Term: Short.
Recoimended Auspices:: Outside.
II - 15
15.
Projec¢:
Purpose:
Term:
Recommended Auspices:
Studi~s of ~he Zype done:by Rosenbl~E~
rela~inZ, to "~he difficulty in iden~ifylng
lung eance~ :~ primary or secondnry.
To demons~rL~e th=~ much of ~he claimed
incidence" of lung cancer may be me,asPic.
ShorE.
Outside.
A (II-14, 15~ 16)
Pro~ect:
A'nalyze the accuracy o,~ vital stati~stics
reportin~ primary and secondary lun~ cancers.
Purpose:
To demonstrate ~hat many cancers of the lun~
reported uudor Cl~assific~ion IS2-I~3 of
vital statistics arose in other sizes and
were~seconda~y in the lung. Further @urpose
' to refute Dr. DiehI's letter to the Sen=re
which in substance stated tha~ practically
all of the cancers so reported were primary.
Term: Short.
Reconuzended Auspi,ces :
Outside, Ad Hoc.
A (II.2S, 30, 31)
II - 28. Pro~ect:
Purpose:
A study of areas that constitute pockets
of high lung cnncor incidence without rel.stion
to smokin~ habits (compnrinz New Orleans, Ten
Cit[ Sux-vcy, E1 Paso, New Yo~k City, Pittsburgh
and perhaps ~exlcan vlomen and Dr. Palmer's
pro~ect in. the southern part of Africa).
To illustrate that there are areas which
have a hIch incidence of lunz cancer not
cor{espondinz to smokin~ hsbits.
Term: Long, with possible short-term results.
Recommended Auspices: (h:tsilde.
30.
P~o~ect:
A study of areas which, constitute pockets
of low lunE cancer incidence not correspondin~
to smokins habits. (Consider survey of desert
and mountain state areas, most of which were
omitted by H~mmond in his s~udy.)
Purpose: To demonstrate th=t cancer incidence is no¢
related to ~okin~ hzblts.
Term: Lon~, %vith possible sho~t-term results.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
II
II -Sl. Pro~ec~:
A study o~ the incidence of lunG: cancer and:
other pertinent diseases in non-smoklng popu-
lations (compare ~mish, ~enonltes, nuns and!
Mormons; consider a re-do of the Seventh Day
Adventist studies done by Wynder~ as to which
question has been raised.)
Purpose: To establish the incidence of lung cancer in
~on-smoking populRtions,
Term: Lon~.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
A
(II-47; IV-l,9; %'-2)
II
Pro~ect: Collect emphysema cases among non-smokers
and amonc yovnc people.
Cross-Reference: IV
Purpose:, To demon~tTate that both non-smokers nnd-
yo~n~ people who have smoked briefly
have emphys~ma~ thus dilutln@ any asso~lation
between smelting and emphysema.
Term: Long~ with possible shore-term results.
Recommended Auspices: Outside.
z. project:
Collect cases of epidermoid lung cancer in non-
smokers.: Prepare a slide demons~ration.
Cross-Reference:
and ~
Purpose:
To demonstrate that epidermold lung cancers do
occur in non-smokers and thus refute assertions
that these cancers only occur in smokers.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices:
Ad HOC.
A
IV- 9. project:
Collect autopsy data showing so-called "pre-
cancerous" changes in non-smokers occurring
as aresult of systemic causes, e.g., substances
such. as cortico-sterolds or some vlta~in deficiency,
etc,
Cross-Reference: III and V
Purpose:
To demonstrate that so-called "pro-cancerous"
changes occur from systemic conditions brought
about by medicines in co,men use, as well as
other systemic factors, and not necessarily
through direct contact with inhalants.
Term:
Recommended AuSpices:
Long-term, with possible short-term results,
Outside.
V-- 2. Project_:
Collect and prepare visual demonstrations
of sl, ides showing Auerbach-type:changes in
the lungs of a large number of non-smokers.
Cross Reference: IV
Purpose: To demonstrate the so-call:ed pre-cancerous
changes are found in the lungs of non-smokers.
V
Ter~: Short..
Reconnnended Auspices:
Ou ts id o.
Pro~ ect:
Purpose:.
Arrange for a vew of the literature with
regard to emohysema, particularly to document
that the cau.~3 or causes of emphysema are
To document how little is known about the
cause or causes of emphysema.,
Term,: Short o
"~ecommendedAusp~ccs:
Outside.
A (III-2)
[(
III
llll - 2,
CollectS11 o~ th~unpub,lished negative
animal experiments ~,th tobacco (including
skinpain,ting nnd ir~hal,ation) o
Cross-Referenc~:i VI
Purpose:
To bring togo~her the negative results with
respect to efforts to produce the pertinent
diseases in animals with, tobacco.
Term: Short.
Recommended, Auspices::
.~d Koc.
A (III-14)
Ill - 14. Project:
Studies to determine whether there are cancers
"without so-called "pre-cancerous" changes and
to demonstrate that there are so-called "pre-
cancerous" ch-~nges which do not progress to
cancer. Collection of slides showing these.
A slide and history demon.stra~ion of
"pre-cancer" in ~eas ot~r than
(e.g. uterine cervix, oral cavity,
skin, e~c.), which ~ve recessed ~ re~in~
the s~e £~oughout a ~r£od of ye~s
She~ diagnosis~
~oss-Re~erence: V
~ose: To demons£ra~e tha~ the so-called "pre-
cancerous" changes referred $o by Auerbach
and o~rs ~e no~ in fact prec~sors
C~cer.
Te~: ~ng, with possible shor$-tem results.
Reco~ended A~pices: Outs£de.
I'II -- IT,
A (III-17; IV-5)
Pro;~ect.:
Clinical studies to be conducted by Lan~ston
and others to show that duration and amount
smoking have no relation to the age of peak
incidence of lung cancer,
Cross-Reference:
Purpose:
To fortify Passey's observations that the
amount and duration of smoking do not affect
the time when lung cancer appears and thus tO
Cast doubt on any causal hypothesis.
Term: Long, wlth. possible short-term results.
Recommended Auspices: Outside and Ad Hoo (Langston study
now inproEress),
Project:
Conduct a study to compare the age of peak
incidence of lung cancer in d~fferent geo-
graphical areas. Endeavor to tie this in-
formation to the peak age of starting smoking,
if posslble, and also to the average age at
death in the particul'ar, area.
Cross-Reference: II
• " Purpose:
To determine whether the peak age of lung
~ancer incidence is affected by variables
and, £~,so,, to demonstrate wha~ variables
affec~ it. Also to refute Kreyberg"s theory
of a 40-year l'atent period.
Terg: Short.
Recommended Auspi.ce~:
Outside.
III
~II - 26, Pro~ect:i
Purpose:
Documentation of the discrepant data in the
Alb~ny and ~T~mingham studies concerning
Ca~d~ovascul~r disease (expansion of ob-
servations o~ Dr. ~o~ffe.) Correlate Albany
and Framln~h=a findln~s with Russek findings that
there is mo~,~ hear~ disease inno~-smokers th~n
in ex-smokerso
To demonstrate the inadequacy of exlstlnE
ep,ldemiological data indicating smoking as a
cause.of hen~ disease.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices:
Ou~slde.
A (III-31)
Expand the Kasparian type experiments which
measure the effect on an artery size, of
cigarettes, alcohol, etc., and determine
whether an investigator can measure the effect
of Stress and other factors besides smoke and
alcohol on the coronary arteries.
Cross-Reference: IV
purpose:
To develop a means for measuring the effect
of stress on the coronary arteries as a sus-
pect in the causation of cardiovascular disease
and to show no effect on the coronary arteries
of the inhalation of cigarette smoke.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices: Ad Hoc.
IV- 10. Pro~ect:
Collect colored! pho~o~raphs of gross lun~
tissue o3 smokers and non-smokers from a
variety of ~eo~raphical areasp including
cities of varyin~ population density.
Cross-Reference: V
Purpose:
To refutethe popular misconception that
smoking cigarettes changes the gross al)-
pearance of human lungs.
Term: Short.
Recommended Auspices: Ad Hoc.
VI.- 5.
Pro.Jec~,: • Consider skin-p~intinK tests with believed
harmless subst-~nces in every-day use such
as tom~to juice, eg~ yolk, skin salv~s,
coffee, etc.
~rpose: To inyes~i~e whether skin cancers can be
~uced by p~intin~ wiCh a v~r~ety of so-
called ~rmless substances as was done with
~ob~cco smoke condensate
Lon~.
Reco~ended A~plces: Outside. (C.T.R. would llke
w~k in this field, bu~ Ad Ho~questions
adv~ab~llty of C.T.R.
II - 6
Further studies
(a) to point out the chain of association
.which producvs a statistical but non-causal
association between cigarette smoking and
certain dise~essuch, as pepticulcerj
cirrhosis o~ ~he liver~ etc.
Cross-Re~erence: III ~nd IV'
II
l~u~pose,:
To demonstrate that many associations are
obviously non-causal and that~ accordingly,
there is no adequate basis for claiming that
causation is established by any particular
association.
Term: .Long.
Recommended Auspices:
Outside and Ad Hoc, with C.T.R.
assistance.
B (II-19)
II -- lg. Pro~ect:
Expand Doris'Herman*s study to show that
the lncrease in lung cancer incidence £s
primarily adenocarcinoma and not epidermoid
at least in certain geographic areas.
Cross-Re~erence;
Purpose:
Term:
Recommended Auspices:
III
To refute the theory that the increase in
lung cancer is primarily epidermo£d.
Long~ with possible short term results.
Outside. •
B (II-36)
, ,I, iI -36.
P~o~ect:
Purpose:
Investigate possibility of additional
statistical studies, such as those made by
Perrone and Poohs, which sho~ed no association
between smol, in~ and lun~ cancer.
To refute the many st~tlstlcal studies in which
an association is shown.
Tel"m: Long,
Recommended A~spices: Outside.
B (III-3)
lll--S.
Pro~ ect:
Purpose:
Examine the or~=ns of Louchtenberger's nice
for any pathological changes, and compare
smol¢in~ and, non-smoking nice.
Todetermine~ether sn~ing resulted in any
patholo~icalchancos in ~ouse organs and to
give a basis ~or a lonE-term study of diseases
other than lun~ cancer by inhalation experinenta-
tiQn.
Te~m: .Short, but possibly resulting, ln long-term pro~ecto
R~commended Auspices: Ad Iloc°
llIl- 5.
Pro~ect: Conduct Saffio~£ type oxperlment involving
the use of hemn~ite dust in putting benzpyrene
~n the~lun~s which produce I00~ cnncer in
experimen~nl anlnals bus ~nstead of benzpyrene
use whole smoke,
Cross-Reference: IV, V and Vl
- \
Purpose: To'e~lore ~hc ~ossibilit~ of showing no
p~oduction of lung cancc~ bY the use of cigarette
smoke in a ~o~ most closely res~mbllng the
who~e smoke, while cancer is produced I00~
by the use of known carcino@cns such, as benm-
pyren~.
Term: Short-term pilot.
Reco-,~ended Auspices:
C.T.R. (Saffloti not to be used).
III- 19, l~o~ec~:
Conduct experlmen~s to check ~he accuracy
of Radford~s identifica~ion and measuremen~
of polonium. Ex~mlne human lungs in ~nokers
and non-smokers dupllcatlng R~dford's.experi-
mento Measure polonium in pipe and cigar smoke.
Check oral cavity tissues for polonium, posslble
polonium dose response studies In mice. Secure
relevant da~a of h~'mnn dose response to polonium"
from the A~omi¢ Energy Commission (from mlnes
in the Western United States of America),
Investigate the source of polonlum in huma~
existence and where tobacco gets polonium.
.Compare sources In the atmosphere and otherwise
and check geographical differences in polonium
content of tobacco; compare wi~h lung cancer
incidence. Explore posslbilicy of ch;cklng
.polonium count in gr~zlng
.Term:
T6 do basic fete.arch onthe presence and
importance o.f polonium'in the envLronment,
including tobacco.
Long, with possible shor~-termresul~s.
Rec~nmended Auspices: C.T.R. (SABwill conside~ paz~
Of '~hls next week).
Pro~ ect:
l~trpos~:
Inves$iEaCe ni~ros~mlnes.
Basic research to investigate whether
nltrosamlnes in ciEarette smoke play any
Important role in the caus~tlon of dlse~Seo
Term: LonE.
Recommended Auspices:
C.ToR.
Project:
Purpose:
Investt~te free ~ad£cals,
Baskc research to tes~ theory that z'ree
r&d£ca~s £n smoke cause d£se~se.
Term: Long.
Reconmended Ausp£ces:
C.T.R.
purpose:
Xnves~igatQ ~l~nddQr cancer enzyme block.
To test ~he ~heory ~ha~ ciEare~te, emok£nE
causes &n enzyme block whlch £n ~urn ~use8
bladder cancer.
.Term: LonE,
RecOmmended AusPices :
C.T,R,
(Proposed by Dr. Hockett).
I~I - 32.
Pro~ec~:
purpose:
Experimental studies of smoking and prematuritT,
Confirm Yerushalmy's and Hester's work on the
non-.effect of mothers' smoking on the,well-
being and health of their babies.
T erm: Lon~.
Recommended Auspices:
C,T.R.
s
Project :
Combine~. review by. pathologists and a
statistician of al, l Auerbach-type data,
Includin~ a rearran~gement of the data
for a mu~ti-variable analysls~ Also a
revicw of ~roblems in classifying cancer
and "'pro-cancer".
Cross-Reference : IV
Purpos..____~e: To, question Auerbach's conclusions by
showing the existence of relevant variables
and that his total cases were too, few to
permit analysis of these variables. To
document the extent of disagreemen~ among
pathologists about histological classlf!catiO~So
Term: Long.
Recommended Auspices :
Outs
VI - 3.
Pr o~ ect :
pose
Determine and document the occurrence of
human types of lung cance.r in animals.
To establish that -nimals can develop human
types of lung cancer, and that, therefore,
mouse adenomas are not an appropriate index
of carcinogenic activity. This will fortify
ottr position ~ha~ only the production of
human type lu.ng cancer in animals is relevant.
Term: Long.
Recommended Auspices- C.T,R. and Outside.
VI
VI - 4.
,,Project_:
Comprehensive studies O~ lung aden,om~s in
various s~rains of mice, including both
susceptible and resistant strains.
Purpose:. TO show that lung adenonms are not an
appropriate index of carcinogeniciiy.
Term.: .Long, with possible short-term pilots.
Recommended Auspicos : C.T.R., Outside and Ad Hoc.
Project:
Purposez
A study of differences between smokers and
non-smokers and between the pertinent disease
victims and contrbls In the following known
o~ suspected genetically tnfluencedcharac-
(a) b~ochemtcal: (e.g. blood type, endocr~ne~
(b) 'neurologlca~
• (c) sensory (e.~. taste, sm~ll, etc.)
(d) use of alcohol
(In this connection check Klnsey data and
similar behavior studies.)
Term:
Recommended'Auspices:
To support the constt~u't~onal hypothesis
regarding the pertinent diseases.
Lon g. ~
C. T.
C (llI-l~ IV-13,14,15)
,Pro~ ect,:
Extensive progrnm of experiments in, animals
involving production of the pertincnt diseases
by inhalation techniques and oCherwiSeo This
~11 be a major undertaking involving use of
numbsr of investigators and laboratorles~ The
first objective is the establishment of usable
experimental models for production of the
pertinent diseases. In each series of experi-
ments, many variations will be systema¢ically
imposed upon the modelo The program w~ll take
man~ years, ~u¢ m~ny useful results should be
available within'two years or so from initiation
of the pro~,'~no Some of this work is underway
and much of i~ can ~o. for~rard concurrently°
• Takin~ o~erlment~ production of lung
eancer by ~l~tl.on techniques as an e~ample:
Io Dc~'olop n b~sic model by which
c~nco~ can be ~eprodueed .in a ~Iven
torya~±m~l with a particul~r aEent with
pre~ictabiefrequencyo ,
2°. Vary the agent--i,eo see Wha~agenCs,
including, tobacco ~noke, will produce
III-1
C (III-i; IY-13,14,15)
III
C (III-1; IV-13~14~15)
Expand the Sprunt~type experiment
tnvolvtn~ the damaging of animal lungs
-with various a~ents~ including vlruses~
to produce tun@ cancer.
.Purpose:
To determine the el.feet of previous
. lung damage and virus in the production
of lung cancer.
Term: 'Long.
Reco~uaended.Auspicgs~:
C,T.R.
Project: Continue experiments to, induce bung
'cancer by the in~ection of common viruses,
by common viruses plus smoking, or viruses
plus pol'lutlon, or viruses plus bacteria.
Cross-Reference:
Purpose.:
To i;nves¢igate the role of viruses in
lun~ canoes causaEion.
Term: Lon~. "
Recommended Auspices:
project)
C.T.R. (Presently proposed
C (III-1; IV-13,14, 15)
Pro~'ec~:
Purpose:
Term:
~tudy possfble carcinogenfcity of X-ray
(~n both diagnost£c and therapeut£c
doses)'and drugs, by adding these factors
In experiments ~volvlng damaged lungs,
viruses and other suspected carcinogenic
factors.
To inves$igate X-rays and. drugs as possible
• factors in lung cancer causation.
Lon~.
Recommended Auspices: C.T.R.
IV
Pro~ect:
Studies
C (I11-6,7; VI-I,2)
a. To determine more accurate measurement
of actual irahalation by humans of pipe,
clear and. cigarette smoke. (E.~. blood
'~nd urine tests by ~cNiven et al.)
b. To ascertain the difference between
the effects of c~arette, pipe and cigar
smoke on animals.
Co 'To find chemical and physlcal differences
in cigarette, pipe and ci~arsmolte.
Cross-Reference: .II
III -- 7.
Term,:
To test the reliability of inhalation data in
smokinghistories obtained by present methods and
to explore the various forms of smoke for
differences which may contribute to the epi-
demlologlcal data,
Recommended Auspices: C.T,R.
~ro~ect:
Study to demons~ra:te by carbon 12 ta~ged
tobacco that the Leuchtenber~er index of
carbon, mono:~de intake is more reliable than
the Harris ind,:: in the measurement of inhalatiO~o
Cross-Reference: VI
Purpose:
To develop rei~ab!o methods for measurement in
future inhala~ion research and to expose the
inadequacy of the~arris inhalation index.
Term: Long.
Recommendod Auspi,ccs:
C.T.R.
C (III-6,,7; VI-I,~'-)
P~oO ect:
put pose
Devise methods" to measure inh~lation
and exhalation of smoke in people and
in ani~ls. Establish the dt~ferenee's
between ani~ls and ~n and between
dOg,event men with regard to both
~la~ion and ex~latlon, Includtn~
and c~ar smoktng £n ¢h~s study. Also
com~re in an~16 the amount of s~ke
brough~ tn¢o the lungs in. smoke
with t~¢ which ~y be ~orced tn¢o the~
lungs through other means.
To investigate a method or methods by
which human smoking hab~-,1;s can best, be
approximated for expertmen¢al purposes,
• Term: Long.
Recommended Auspices :
C.T.R. ~
C (III-6,7| VI-I,2)
vi-
2,
PTo/iect': Compare the whole smoke used by C.oT.R.
.. with the who.lo smoke used by others,
includin~ Harris, to see if chemical or
physic-~-i differences in the smoke can be
.shown. Compare the various methods with
hunmn smoking.
Cross-Reference: III
To determine which experimental smoking
• techniques best approxlm~to the smoke
inhaled by the hunmn smoker nnd: to investl-
gate the de,-Tee Of d Lfference between the
smoke H~rris used and that Inhaled by the
human ~moker.
Term:
Recommended Auspices :
Lon~ Ivith possible shoat-term results.
CoToR.
c
Conduct experiments involving the introduction
into animals by means other than inhalation of
a variety ofharmless and harmful substances
to show tha~ lung cancer nnd changes in lung
tissue ¢'an be produced systenically and are not
specific ~o the inhalation of cigarette smoke.
Cross-Reference: IV and V
Purpose: To demonstraCethat lung cancer can be caused
bysysCemic infl:uenco and no¢ n.ecessar~ly by
inhalation.
Term: Long, with possible shore-term results.
Recommended Auspices: C.T.R.
~ojec~:
Experiments to investigate possible carcinogenic
e~fects of polio vaccines (Dmochowski)., ~lu
vaccines, etc. (See also work o~ Trentin,
Huebner, Toolin, Sarah Stewart, etc.)
To explore the possibility tl~t various
vaccines may be factors in the causation of
• cancer.
Term: Long.
Recommended Auspices: C.T.R.
• VII - 2.
P~ o,~ ect :
Put posle.:
Recommended
Various experiments show~n~ effects
of stress (including p~rt~cularly those
already done) superimposing smoking.
T~ investi~ate~he possible ~llev~ting
effec%s of smokin~ onl stress.
~n~, with p~siblo shorE~te~m results.
C.T.R.,: Ou%side an~ ~d H~,
