Tobacco Documents Online

-9- A record yes kept of all clgaretces issued throughout the three phases of this experlm~nC so ChaC some £ndicaClon of changes in cigarette consumption was available. When a subject had finished smoking a cigarette in the laboratory the cigarette holder containing the stub was placed in a tray cont&in4ns granulated ao1£d carbon dioxide. The length of the buCc was unassured and recorded. The ££1ter was then cuc from the c£gerette butt and analysed for nicot£ne by a GLC method (10). DATA HANDLING The smok£ng mnalyser records I00 measurements per second during a puff; 50 of which are pressure readings and 50 of which are flow readings. The muounC of data recorded from the 480 records of smoking pattern occupies over ZOO0 metres of magnetic tape with a packing density of 800 BPI. IC is noC pracC£cal Co axan~ne every facet of such an enormous amount of data, so the data ware reduced and condensed co 1ore m~naseable proportlons. This report ks based on an analysis of the data obtained from reduced format paper tapes, which have been transposed co separate sheers of tables and analysed manually. Even this reduced dace sac involves the mmnlpulaCion of some 2&,OOO basic dace points (ZnCmrval. Volume, Duration, Total Pressure to Draw Puff, Puff Number, Butt Length and Hicoc£ne retained in filter tip). After manual calculation of the data had been completed the reduced dace sac yes copied from the cables to punched cards. Programs were developed ~o combine the data in varLous ways Co confirm the results of the manual .analysls. The dace ware BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION ",,,.o Oo

-10- then amalysed by an analysis 0£ variance teclm£que to show the statistical s£Kniflcanee o£ the chanses. Further deta£1s of the statist£ca~ analys£s are shown in the Appendix. The~e weme three main objectives o£ the experiment wh£ch have been dealt vi~h separately, as Sections Z, 1Z and ZIZ. The data used in each section £s the slme but has been combined in dL£ferene ways to answer the speclfic questions posed by the objectives. BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION I m 02)

-Ii- PART ~ - EFFECT OF CIIANGED DELIVER~ ON SHOICXNG PAXTZ]~ RESULTS I Table 2 sho~8 the average results over all subjects and all replicates for each of the three phases of the e~perimenc. Table 3 sho~s the statistical significance of the changes be~een =he phases. A new method o£ m~slysLs Co show the degree o£ compqmsetion £or changed del4ve:7 is also presented, cogeche= with the results obcaLued (Table A) using Chls method. BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION I k..rl

-12- TABLE 2 EFFECT OF CHANGED DELIVERY ON SMOKING PATTERN Pauramecer Tonal Puff Vol,--a (ml) AveraKe Puff Volume Tor~al Puff DuraClon ~Averase Puff DuraClon (rod (IBC) (Sen) Tonal Interval benwten Puffs (sac) AveraKe Interval between Puffs (sen) Total Pressure Co Drew Puffs AveraKe Pressure Eo DzawPuff8 AveraKe Number of Puffs ~verase Bunt LenKch Estimated Number of CiKaretce8 Smoked per Day Nicotine Delivery EsCisuaCe~ frm Tilter Tip Analysis (era W.G. nc) -(cm ~.C. nc) (--) (~) De I ivery in Phase IT l~gher Lover K£Kher Lower Higher Lover Higher Lower RiKher Lower HIKher Lower H£sher Lower R~Kher Lover Phase I 545.8 570.5 43.8 45.2 28.6 30.3 2.3 2.4 439.1 437.0 38.5 36.5 526.3 554.9 42.4 44.8 Phase II 433.4 624.9 39.6 53.4 24.0 32.0 2.1 2.8 371.4 418.8 36.5 37.2 449.2 527.3 41.5 45.1 HiSher Lover B/Kher Lower HLshec Lover Hisher Lower 13.0 12.6 31.4 31.2 33.2 31.1 1.7 1.8 11.5 12.0 33.g 32.8 29.9 32.5 2.0 1.4 Phase XII ,, | 534.4 522.4 44.5 46.1 28.7 27.1 2.3 2.4 423.4 431.1 39.2 40.9 519.6 516.2 43.5 45.4 12.6 11.4 30.7 31.5 33.3 32.8 1.5 1.4 BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION m ',,,E) OD

-13- CLo~eL of Si~ific~ce 0.10) Ps~m~t~ l~[f Ikm~er. I~tt Igdmsch L£t Drme beLsumce Totm2 TAm A~iSht Tip N£¢ocine EJt JLmac~l uicot~e DelLvery To~al of Pressures to ~sv Puffs &verqt rreaJuce Tot~ Volume of ~uffs A~reZe VoLm~ TotaZ ~rscLon of 7~fe AverSe ~ati~ TotsL ~te~aI &Terse XKcereal ~UP 2 ~se ~ ik~ she 2~ delAv~? *(~8c~ Is ~se 2 in delive~ TtLJt£vt ~ re~8~Lve ~ uHm to ©out~ol ~LEarel:te ~mSer ~r Lom~ l~ 2 r3um l ~e 2 to )~ ao ~um~e lle ~hanEe R~r ~ser ~,n~ger Ik, chaa~e /~ase X ~o 9: no ~m~e No ~um~ S~ c~m~ No e~mSe No elumXe No ~mse ~r No ~m|e ~mr m~ . . BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION (,..j'l %O

The deEzee of compensation for chanKed delivery of nicotine may be calculated in the £oIlowlns way: let Ox ÷ OZZZ be the average measured intake of nicotine in 2 phases I and IXZ. lec EXZ be the expected in~ake of nicotine in phase IX if that e£KaretCe had been smoked £n c~e same way as £n phases Z and IlI (i.e. no compensation for changed delivery). let OZZ be the measured intake of nlcotine in phase XZ. Then the percentaKe compensation is defined as: (Oii -EII) IOl ;011~- EZT/ X 100 - Z compensation. where the value of EII is calculated using: z OI + OllI" where SII end SI +~II are the deliveries obtained by machine smoking 2 under standard conditions of the particular brands beinE examined. From the formula to calculate delree of coupensatiou it can be seen that i£ the observed intake (Ozl) of nicotine in phase 11 ~s equal to the utinutted (Ezz) /:atake of nicotine the percentese compensation is zero. Z£ the observed £ncake (Oil) i8 equal to the averale measured intake dr (i.e. perfect equalisatiou). This method has been applied to the daily nicotine intake (delivery peer eisarette x number of e£Karetcee smoked per da?) and is shown as Table &. BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION O (,..,y'! ',.,O

-15- TABLE 4 EFFECT OF CHANGXD DELIVERY ON DEGREE OF COI~ENSATION FOR DAZLY N~COTZNE INTAKE EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE Subjects Male Hale A11 All nel£very in Phase XX R£gher LoweY OI ÷ OilI EZI OXZ 2 (mE) ('~S) ii 59.6 77.8 60.3 50.1 45.3 54.7 53.1 57.X 43.9 55.3 65.4 66.5 33.O 43.7 Perceutase Compensanion ÷113.4 ÷ 6g.5 - 7.0 ÷ 87.0 BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION

-16- DISCUSSION OF R~S~LTS - It can be seen from Tables 2 and 3 chat, in general, smokers have sho~n a degree of compensation for changed delivery. The attm~pts to compensate have £nvolvad almost every mechanism that can be used on a G single cigarette. The number of c£garetces smoked per day was not: changed markedly. It is also worth noting that the human smokers have taken on average about twice the volume of smoke from the control clsarette as vould be taken by a machine operating under standard eondltlons. The interval between puffs was about half that taken by a machine. Pu£f durations and the number of puffs drawn v~re also greater for the htuuAn subjects than the standard s:oking conditions. l~eference to Table 3, the scaCletical evaluation of these results, shovs that there vere a fev differences in the way 4n which the male and female subjects smoked the cigarettes. Generally ~en took a miler volume of smoke per puff but more puffs per c~a=aCte than men. The pressure used to drav the puffs was lover; hence the sverage lit draw resLstance exparienced by female smokers was less than Chat experienced by male smokers. The degree of compensation for daily nleot£ne ~ntake (Table &) shove that the male subjects were closer to equallsaclon vhen smoking the high delivery cigarette Chart the low delivery cigarette. The female smokers shoved better regulation of daily nicotine intake for the lov delivery cigarette than the male subjects but virtually no compensation for the high dellvery cigarette. The levels of nicotine drawn from the cigarettes, calculated grom the amount remaln£ng in the filter tip assuming filtration ef££ciency BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION N m

-17- to be constant, are within the range of deliveries suggested by the results of Project WHEAT (Ii). Zt should be remembered, however, chat the results of the present study are object£ve measurements made from cigarettes smoked by human subjects in a laboratory. The conclusions drawn from Pro~ect WHEAT are target levels ~Lch should be achieved when the cigarettes are smoked by a machine under standard conditions. ~, however, human subjects smoked in a s~ilar manner to the standard machine smoking conditions, them deliveries would be s4,n£1ar. Zt was shown previously (6) that the volume og smoke taken by human smokJrs £rom cigarettes, with a n~¢ot~ne delivmry og 1.68 uS when smoked by machine, was AO6 ml. This demonstrates that £or clgaret~es with, by present standards, hlgh nicotine deliveries, human and machine smokir~ need not differ markedly. Although smokers have increased the intensity o£ smoking the lower delivery cigarettes and decreased the intensity of smoking the higher delivery cigarettes, they do not appear to have equelised deIivery vlth the control ciKarltte. Rowever, the n~cot£ne daliver£es quoted for these ¢isarettes should only be taken as approximate because It is known that the velocity of msoke passlng through a filter ~£ects its filtrat£ou efficiency (12), and the relationship is not linear. If the total volume of smoke drawn from a clgarette is divided by the coral duration of the pu£fs an average f£gure for the flow rate can be calculated. For a cigarette with a diumeter of O.8 um the velocity of the smoke is (numerically) approximately double the flow rate. Using the averale veloClt~.es meutsured in l:his experiment, the actual £illmration e££ic£encies of Che £ilcer ~ps analysed may be within ±IOZ o£ thac calculated ~rom BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION

-18- standard machine smoklnE conditions. As it is intended to duplicate representative smokir~ patterns of all the mubjeets used in this teat. ic is hoped Chac a better esCixuce of actual deliveries to the smoker will be obtained. One of the mechanisms by which a smoker mlsht be expected to compensate for reduced delivery is by smoking a greater number of cigarettes per day. S4milarly it might be expected that fewer of a higher delivery brand would be smoked. The evidence collected during this study suEEests that the number of cigarettes smoked per day is reasonably constant, i~respectlve o£ the delivery of the clgarecte. Zt should be made' clear, however, that the cigarette consumption figures quoted are approximate. Cigarettes were issued to the subjects on demand. The figures quoted will include those given away. It is also possible that smokers who ware offered, in affect, unlimited supplies of free c4garectes might have abused the system and become more generous or even stockpiled cigarettes. IC is to be expected that such abuses would not be large as all the participants in this experiment normally receive a weekly issue of cigarettes. BAT Co LTD - MINNESOTA TOBACCO LITIGATION m