Tobacco Documents Online

16. Bernfeld, P., Homburger, F. and Russfieldy A.B., Strain Differences in the Response of Inbred Syrian Hamsters to Cigarette Smoke Inhalation. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 53: 1141-1151, 1974. 17. Weber, K.H., Recent Changes in Tobacco Products and Their Acceptance by the Consumer. Proc. 6. Internatl. Tobacco Sci. Congress. Nov., 1976, Tokyo, Japan 47-63. 18. Russel, M.A.H., Smoking Problems: An Overview. Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse Monogr. 17: 13-33, 1977. 19. Wynder, E.L., Hoffmann, D. and Gori, G.B., Smoking and Health I. Modifying the Risk for the Smoker. Proc. 3 World Conf. Smoking and Health. DHEW Publ. No(NIH) 76-1221,1976, 564 pp. 20. Gori, G.B., Low Risk Cigarettes: A Prescription. Science 194: 1243-1246, 1976. 21. Gori, G.B. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarette, Report No. 1, DHEW Publ. No{NIH)76-905; Report No. 2 DHEW Publ. No(NIH76-1111; Report No. 3 DHEW Publ. No(NIH)77-1280, Report No. 4- in print. 22. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D., Tobacco and Health : P, Societal Challenge, New Engl. J. Med. 300: 854-903, 1979. 23. Hoffmann, D., Hecht, S.S., Schmeltz, I., and LaVoie, E., and Wynder, E.L., Recent Studies in Tobacco Carcinogenesis: Chemistry, Bioassay and Bioassay Monitoring. In print.

24. Sutton, S.R., Feyerabend, C., Cole, P.V. and Russel, M.A.H., Adjustment of Smokers to Dilution of Tobacco Smoke by Ventilated Cigarette Holders. Clin. Pharm. Therap. 24: 395-405, 1978. 25. Auerbach, 0., Hammond, E.C. and Garfinkel, L., Changes of BronchialEpithelium in Relation to Cigarette Smoking 1955-1960 va. 1970-77. New Engl. J. Med. 300: 381-386, 1979. 26. Garrik, M.E., Cullen, J.W., Gritz, E.R., Vogt, T.M. and West,'L.J., "Research on Smoking Behavior." Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse Res. Monogr. 17, 1977, 3'83 p. 27. Tso, T.C., Lowe, R. and DeJong, D.W., Homogenized Leaf Curing. I. Theoretical Basis and Some Preliminary Results. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 8: 44-51, 1975. 28. DeJong, D.W., Lam, J., Lowe, R., Yoder, E. and Tso, T.C., Homogenized Leaf Curing. II. Bright Tobacco. Beitr. Tabakforsch 8: 93-101, 1975. 29. Moser, G.P., "A Process for Removing Nicotine From Tobacco" U.S. Pat. 3 151 118, Sept. 29, 1964. 30. Jones, S.O., Ashburn, J.G., Stewart, G.M. and Moser, G.P. "Denicotinizing Process" U.S. Pat. 3 612 066, Oct. 12, 1971. 331. Zilkey, B.F. and Walker, E.K., Whole Plant Flue-cured Tobacco and Tobacco Sheet Smoke and Smoke Condensate Characteristics. In "Smoking and Health" Vol. 1, "Modifying the Risk for the Smoker", E.L. Wynder, D. Hoffmann, and G.B. Gori, eds. DHEW Pubi. No(NIH)76-1221: 57-65, 1976.

32. Tso, T.C. and Gori, G.B., A Novel Approach in Tobacco Production as Food Source and Smoke Material - Year 1976 and Year 2000. Proc. 6. Intern. Tobacco Sci. Congress. 33. Nov., 1976, Tokyo, Japan 81-86. Tso, T.C., Tobacco as Potential Food Source and Smoke Material. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 9: 63-66, 1977. 34. Wynder, E.L., and Goldsmith, R. The Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer. A Second Look. Cancer 40~: 1246-1268, 1977. 35. Wynder, E.L., Mabuchi, K., Maruchi, N. and Fortner, J.G. Epidemiology of Cancer of the Pancreas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 50: 645-667, 1973. 36. Hoffmann, D., Schmeltz, I., Hecht, S.S. and Wynder, E.L. Tobacco Carcinogenesis. In: "Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and ~ 4 Cancer", H.V. Gelboin and P.O. T"so, eds., Academic Press, d Vol. 1, 85-117, 1978. 0 37 Hecht Chen C and Hoffmann D S S B Tobacco-S cifi . . , . , . ., , ., pe c r~ ~ ,. Nitrosamines: Occurrence, Formation, Carcinogenicity, and ~ ~ Metabolism. Accounts Chem. Res. 12: 92-98, 1979. ~ 38. Hoffmann, D. and Wynder, E.L. Die quantitative Bestimmung von Phenolen im Tabakrauch. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1: 101-106, 1961. 39. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. Some Practical Aspects of the Smoking and Cancer Problem. New Engl. J. Med. 262: 540-543, 1960. , 40. Hoffmann, D., Adams, J.D. and Wynder, E.L. UnpubZished data.

TABLE 1 RANGE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN SMOKE OF CIGARETTESI COUNTRY CIGARETTES4 Nonfilter Regular Filter Perforated Filter mg/cig mg/cig mg/cig USA2 (23) 11.6-17.0 [8] 14.4-20.0 ['23] 2.8-12.8 [9l UK3 (8) 9-16 [9l 13-18 [1'0l -- Germany (17) .16-21 (7] 15.5-22.5 [17] -- 1975 1 Brackets - numbers of commercial cigarettes tested. Parenthesis - reference number. 2 Covers more than 90% of the US market in 1977/78: average values (mg); nonfilter 14.9; regular filter 17.08; perforated filter 8.93. 3Average values (mg): nonfilter 12.5; filter 16.1.

TABLE 2 THE LESS HARMFUL CIGARETTE 1979-1980 REDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CIGARETTE SMOKEI SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AETyODS SMOKE CONSTITUENTS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVIiPY2 "Tar" Nicotine BaP Carcinogenicity Tumor Promotion. REMARKS I. Agricultural Aspects robacco Type 3 (Bright - Burley) + + + + + Yew'Cultivars + + + ? Fertilization + + + + 7 (nitrate) II. Tobacco Processing -ut + + + +? ? Jse of Stems + + + ++ ++ 2econstituted robacco Sheets (RTS)4 + + + ++ + Some RTS gi hi h CO 2TS-Paper Process ++ + + ++ g + =-xpanded Tobacco + ++ + +7 + Expanded Stems + ++ + ++ ? III.Cigarette Production Paper Porosity + + + + ? =ellulose Filters Acetate + + + + + :harcoal Filters5 + + + + T Perforated Filters ++ ++ ++ + ? LNethodology known to be applied to comnercial U.S. cigarettes. Reductions: ++ >50%; + significant; + insignificant; +7 questionable; ? unknown. r Comparison of gram to gram "tar" on mouse skin tests andror hamster smoke inhalations. Replacing Bright with Burley Tobaccos. }Data given for RTS related to those not made by the paper process. 'Reductions of "tar", nicotine and BaP (and other nonvolatiles) and volatile N-nitrosamines are, in general, greater with cellulose acetate filters than with charcoal, filters.

TABLE 3 CHANGES IN SMOKE COMPOSITION OF U.S. CIGARETTES SMOKE AVERAGE DELIVERY PER CIGARETTE CONSTITUENT • BEFORE 19601 1978/794 1978f794 (LOW'nTAR" CIGARET" TPi+t 43 16 NICOTINE (MG) 3.0 1.1 0.6 CO (MG) 23 17 8.9 N0x ( uG) ' 270' 280 100 HCN (uG) 410 200 130 ACROLEIN (uG) 130 80 50 PHENOL (uG) 1002 60 20 BENZO(A)PYRENE (NG) 353 18 10 I 1Gori, 1976 (20); 2Hoffmann and Wynder, 1960 (38); 3Wynder and Hoffmann (39); 4Hoffmann et aZ, 1979 (40). .

1 TABLE 4 RECENT MODIFICATIONS TOWARD THE LESS HARMFUL CIGARETTE METHOD RESULT OF MODIFICATION REFERENCE Homogenized Leaf Curing Less Toxic Smoke 27,28 Denicotinizing of Tobacco Reduction of Smoke Alkaloids and other Pyridyl Derivatives 29,30 Close Planting of Tobacco Smoke Reduced in Toxicity and Tumorigenicity 31 Removal of_ Protein NOxF Reduction in Smoke of/HCN, N-Nitrosamines, Amines, Quinolines and Other Tumorigenic Agents 32,33 049~ 40LY0 i0 0 00

Figure 1. Age-adjusted relative risk of lung and larynx cancer for LTFS and N~FS by quantity smoked. Fraction=No.cases/No. controls, LTFS= long term filter cigarette smoker(s), NFS= nonfilter ciga- rette smoker(s), F= filter cigarettes, NF=nonfil- ter cigarettes. AY Lung cancer, males: No. cases= 143 LTFS, 150 NFS; B) Larynx cancer, mal~es: No. cases=66 LTFS, 86 NFS, C) Lung cancer, females: No. cases=50 LTFS, 13' NFS, D) Larynx cancer, fe- males: No. cases=20 LTFS, 17 NFS. Wynder and Stellman(7). LDAY.. GINCDI (bIET.[SG mE L)..MALCs MQ.OI. GGaRETTES SuOaED KR.OAT LPC ~CDl.(10.CRIICTT(L I). tD1X:LS b OI ClG+RElTE3SwOrtCO ([R DAT IUR.w. C.hC(R, w."f MD.: o.. Gfi.tnr(S SRDnED KR, Wt LaR.Mt CuCU1.. F(.ALES

Figure 2. Sales weighted average tar delivery of U.S. filter and nonfilter cigarettes, 1957-78..: FTC=Federal Trade Commission. Wynder and Stellman (7). SALES WEIGHTED AVERAGE TAR DELIVERIES ( FRONI' 1959 TO PRESENTI 35 30 ® s E 20 Q ~ u .- ~ 1 10 © 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71' . 72 7374 75 76 77 78 -V ,

Figure 3. Germany - Sales weighted average deliveries of total condensate and nicotine per cigarette - 1961-1975. Weber 1976 (17) 1960 1965 1970, 1975 © Moist condensate * Dry condensate 0 Nicotine